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It is demonstrated numerically that nonlinear localized excitations in the form of dissipative discrete breathers can be induced spontaneously through the mechanism of modulational instability in nonlinear magnetic metamaterials comprised of binary arrays of split-ring resonators. Specifically, a variety of high amplitude dissipative breathers can be produced by frequency chirping of the driving field, which concentrate a large portion of the total energy of the metamaterial within only a few lattice sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the emergence of robust multiclustered chimera states in a dissipative-driven system of symmetrically and locally coupled identical superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) oscillators. The "snakelike" resonance curve of the single SQUID is the key to the formation of the chimera states and is responsible for the extreme multistability exhibited by the coupled system that leads to attractor crowding at the geometrical resonance (inductive-capacitive) frequency. Until now, chimera states were mostly believed to exist for nonlocal coupling. Our findings provide theoretical evidence that nearest-neighbor interactions are indeed capable of supporting such states in a wide parameter range. SQUID metamaterials are the subject of intense experimental investigations, and we are highly confident that the complex dynamics demonstrated in this paper can be confirmed in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the middle of the second decade of the 21st century, Complexity Science has reached a turning point. Its rapid advancement over the last 30 years has led to remarkable new concepts, methods and techniques, whose applications to complex systems of the physical, biological and social sciences has produced a great number of exciting results. The approach has so far depended almost exclusively on the solution of a wide variety of mathematical models by sophisticated numerical techniques and extensive simulations that have inspired a new generation of researchers interested in complex systems. Still, the impact of Complexity beyond the natural sciences, its applications to Medicine, Technology, Economics, Society and Policy are only now beginning to be explored. Furthermore, its basic principles and methods have so far remained within the realm of high level research institutions, out of reach of society's urgent need for practical applications. To address these issues, evaluate the current situation and bring Complexity Science closer to university students, a series of Ph.D. Schools on Mathematical Modeling of Complex Systems was launched, starting in July 2011 at the University of Patras, Greece (see ). These Schools lasted two weeks each and included, beyond introductory lectures, a conference component of 2-3 days where students were exposed to recent results mainly presented by young researchers. The Ph.D. Schools continued successfully, the 2nd one taking place at Pescara, Italy (2012), (see ), the 3d one at Heraklion, Crete, Greece (2013) (see ) and the 4th one in Athens, Greece (2014) (see ) (2014). This Special Theme volume contains the proceedings of the 5th Ph.D. School-Conference of this series held at the University of Patras, Greece, 20 30 July, 2015 (see ) and includes many of the introductory lectures and research talks presented at this event. The primary concern of all those that participated in these events was to emphasize the role of mathematics, modeling and numerical simulation, which are indispensable for understanding what we call complex behavior of physical, biological, technological and socio - economical systems. In the discussions that took place, a great number of participants expressed the need to formulate a unifying theory of complex systems based on the main conclusions that have been reached so far in the science of Complexity. As Guest Editors of this volume, we also feel that it is important to reach some fundamental conclusions concerning common phenomena, theories and methodologies that arise in Complexity. We should all work to explore common rules and approaches, particularly in view of the remarkable challenges that face us all regarding complex social problems that threaten present day society and civilization as we know them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of a large array of coupled semiconductor lasers is studied numerically for a nonlocal coupling scheme. Our focus is on chimera states, a self-organized spatiotemporal pattern of coexisting coherence and incoherence. In laser systems, such states have been previously found for global and nearest-neighbor coupling, mainly in small networks. The technological advantage of large arrays has motivated us to study a system of 200 nonlocally coupled lasers with respect to the emerging collective dynamics. Moreover, the nonlocal nature of the coupling allows us to obtain robust chimera states with multiple (in)coherent domains. The crucial parameters are the coupling strength, the coupling phase and the range of the nonlocal interaction. We find that multiclustered chimera states exist in a wide region of the parameter space and we provide quantitative characterization for the obtained spatiotemporal patterns. By proposing two different experimental setups for the realization of the nonlocal coupling scheme, we are confident that our results can be confirmed in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In quantum targeted energy transfer, bosons are transferred from a certain crystal site to an alternative one, utilizing a nonlinear resonance configuration similar to the classical targeted energy transfer. We use a computational method based on machine learning algorithms in order to investigate selectivity as well as efficiency of the quantum transfer in the context of a dimer and a trimer system. We find that our method identifies resonant quantum transfer paths that allow boson transfer in unison. The method is readily extensible to larger lattice systems involving nonlinear resonances.

Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) of the spleen is an uncommon primary benign condition with specific histopathological characteristics. The majority of the patients are usually asymptomatic and present for treatment after an incidental finding on a routine abdominal imaging. The differential diagnosis includes other benign tumours, as well as primary malignancy or metastases of unknown origin. We report a 55-year-old woman who was presented to the surgical team of our hospital for splenectomy after the investigation of an incidental splenic lesion led to the diagnosis of SANT. The pathology report of the specimen repeated the initial diagnosis. The patient has not yet presented any complication or recurrence of the disease 8 months after the operation. From such infrequent cases, the most valuable conclusion which can be yielded is that the more the number of patients reported, the more the knowledge about the disease is broadened., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

We theoretically investigate the optical properties of a one-dimensional non-Hermitian dispersive layered system with saturable gain and loss. We solve the nonhomogeneous Helmholtz equation perturbatively by applying the modified transfer matrix method and we obtain closed-form expressions for the reflection or transmission coefficients for TM incident waves. The nonreciprocity of the scattering process can be directly inferred from the analysis of the obtained expressions. It is shown that by tuning the parameters of the layers we can effectively control the impact of nonlinearity on the scattering characteristics of the non-Hermitian layered structure. In particular, we investigate the asymmetric and nonreciprocal characteristics of the reflectance and transmittance of multilayered parity-time (PT)-symmetric slab. We demonstrate that incident electromagnetic wave may effectively tunnel through the PT-symmetric multilayered structures with zero reflection. The effect of nonlinearity to the scattering matrix eigenvalues is systematically examined.

Background: Venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) frequently occur in cancer patients. Risk assessment models (RAMs) for cancer-associated thrombosis have been proposed. However, advanced urinary tract cancer (aUTC) was not adequately represented in these models. We studied the incidence of VTEs, the risk factors, and the applicability of recently described RAMs., Patients and Methods: Data from 335 patients with aUTC treated with chemotherapy between April 1995 and September 2015 in a single institution were analyzed., Results: A total of 95.2% received platinum-based first-line chemotherapy. Twenty-nine patients (8.7%) experienced VTEs. The 6-, 12-, and 24-month VTE incidence was 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-10.6), 8.1% (95% CI, 5.4-11.5) and 9.4% (95% CI, 6.4-13.1), respectively. No significant association of VTE incidence with the Khorana risk score was observed. History of vascular event (VTE and/or arterial thromboembolic event) was significantly associated with the development of VTE. Patients with such history had a 6-, 12-, and 24-month VTE incidence of 16.2% (95% CI, 6.6-29.7), 19.2% (95% CI, 8.4-33.3), and 25.2% (95% CI, 12.5-40.1) compared to 6.2% (95% CI, 3.7-9.4), 6.6% (95% CI, 4.1-10), and 7.1% (95% CI, 4.4-10.6) of those who did not. The discriminatory ability of this factor adjusted for leucocyte count, sex, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and type of chemotherapy reached 0.79 (95% CI, 0.71-0.87) compared to the 0.58 (95% CI, 0.49-0.66) for the Khorana risk score., Conclusion: Development of tumor-specific algorithms for the risk of VTEs is advisable. Patients with aUTC and a history of vascular events are at high risk for VTE development, and prophylaxis should be prospectively studied in this group., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Kidney cancer is a lethal neoplasm that affects several thousands of people every year. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common histologic type. Recent developments in the therapeutic approach include antiangiogenic targeted approaches and Immunotherapy. Thus, the therapeutic algorithm of RCC patients and the survival outcomes have changed dramatically., Methods: Herein we present a retrospective study of the patients treated in our Department with an antiangiogenic agent -Axitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor- as a third or further line treatment. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS, including the available clinicopathological data of the patients included., Results: Axitinib was found to be active in patients who received this treatment beyond second line. The toxicity profile of this regimen did not reveal any unknown adverse events., Conclusions: Our real world data reflect that axitinib is a safe and effective option, even beyond the second line.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all countries of the world producing a substantial number of fatalities accompanied by a major disruption in their social, financial and educational organization. The strict disciplinary measures implemented by China were very effective and thus were subsequently adopted by most world countries to various degrees. The infection duration and number of infected persons are of critical importance for the battle against the pandemic. We use the quantitative landscape of the disease spreading in China as a benchmark and utilize infection data from eight countries to estimate the complete evolution of the infection in each of these countries. The analysis predicts successfully both the expected number of daily infections per country and, perhaps more importantly, the duration of the epidemic in each country. Our quantitative approach is based on a Gaussian spreading hypothesis that is shown to arise as a result of imposed measures in a simple dynamical infection model. This may have consequences and shed light in the efficiency of policies once the phenomenon is over., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NACT) followed by Interval Debulking Surgery (IDS) is an accepted frontline treatment in patients with advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC). Histopathologic assessment of tumor post NACT may provide a surrogate for response to treatment. The present study aims to characterize the pathological response and to examine its prognostic significance in these patients. Medical records of women with EOC treated in our institution from 2011 to 2016 were retrospectively identified. IDS specimens were reviewed by study pathologist and Chemotherapy Response Score (CRS), lymphocytic infiltration, necrosis and mitosis were assessed. 55 patients with EOC treated with NACT were identified and 48 had complete clinical and pathological data. Median age was 63 years. CRS assessed at omentum predicted PFS when adjusted for age, stage, debulking status (complete, optimal, suboptimal) and post IDS bevacizumab administration (mPFS CRS 1 vs 2 vs 3: 10.3-14-18.7 months 95% CI [7.4-15.7], [12.2-22.9], [13.5-31.3]). Presence of lymphocytic infiltration was associated with improved OS (log-rank test P = 0.015). Post IDS bevacizumab was associated with shorter PFS in patients with lymphocytic infiltration. BRCA status was known for 25 patients and presence of BRCA1/2 mutations was strongly correlated with lymphocytic infiltration (P = 0.011) but not CRS omentum (P = 0.926). Our study confirms the predictive value of CRS in EOC patients treated with NACT and IDS, but also demonstrates the prognostic significance of lymphocytic infiltration as well as its possible interaction with bevacizumab treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr. Liontos, receiving honoraria by Roche, Astra Zeneca, Astellas, MSD, Janssen, BMS and IPSEN, Dr. Koutsoukos, receiving honoraria by Roche, BMS, MSD and IPSEN, Dr. Zagouri receiving honoraria by Roche, Novartis, Eli-Lilly, Dr. Dimopoulos, receiving honoraria by Janssen, Celgene, Takeda, Amgen, Genesis Pharma and BMS, Dr. Bamias, receiving grant support from BMS, Astra Zeneca and MSD and honoraria from Roche, BMS and MSD. Dr. Sotiropoulou, Dr. Kaparelou, Mr. Tzannis(,) Dr. Tsironis, Dr. Kyriazoglou, Dr. Tsiara, Dr. Zakopoulou, Dr. Thomakos, Dr. Haidopoulos and Dr. Rodolakis declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background :Metastatic RCC (mRCC) treatment has been revolutionized with 11 approved targeted agents. We report patterns of practice, outcomes and pharmacoeconomic analyses after the introduction of targeted therapy. Patients and methods : CRISIS was a retrospective multicenter study of mRCCpatients who received targeted therapy . Results were related to the start of 1st-line therapy, with a cut off at 1 January 2011 in order to depict the impact of increased availability of effective options. Results : 164 patients, were included. 70.1% and 44.5% received 2nd and 3rd-line therapy, respectively. More patients were treated in 2nd-line after 1 January 2011. After a median follow-up of 55.1 months, median progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 10.7 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 8.3-13.7), 7.3 (95% CI: 5.1-8.6), 5.8 (95% CI: 3.8-7.8) and 34 (95% CI: 28.5-39.8), 22.4 (95% CI: 16-32.1), 18.3 (95% CI: 12.4-26.4) months for first, second and third line, respectively. Efficacy of sunitinib and pazopanib in 1st-line were similar. The mean total cost/patient was 35,012.2 Euros (standard deviation [SD]: 28,971.5). Conclusions : Our study confirms previous real-world data suggesting that continuing advances in the treatment of mRCC produce favorable outcomes in everyday practice. Pharmacoeconomic analyses are important for cost-effective utilization of emerging novel therapies.

Ewing's sarcoma of the cervix is a rare entity and presents with considerable challenges in diagnosis and therapy. Herein, we report a case of a cervical Ewing's sarcoma presenting with FIGO stage Ib, diagnosed during the first trimester of the patient's pregnancy. Imaging with CT scans, MRI of her abdomen and PET-CT verified the locoregional extension of the tumor. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and RT-PCR detected the pathognomonic EWS/FLI fusion gene. Favorable prognostic factors regarding the stage, clinocopathological and molecular characteristics of the tumor are also described. Due to the rarity of the disease, at present, there is no universal consensus on the optimal therapeutic approach. The literature has been reviewed and the therapeutic schemes and available clinical data have been discussed. The patient presented in this case report was treated aggressively with tri-modality therapy and underwent radical hysterectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with Vincristine-Ifosfamide-Doxorubicin-Etoposide and radiotherapy. The patient remains free of this disease 42 months following the diagnosis of her tumor.

Background: Uterine sarcomas consist a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal gynecological malignancies with unclear therapeutic recommendations and unspecific but poor prognosis, since they usually metastasize and tend to recur very often, even in early stages., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all female patients with uterine sarcomas treated in our institution over the last 17 years. Clinico-pathological data, treatments and outcomes were recorded. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted and time-to-event analyses were estimated using Cox regression., Results: Data were retrieved from 61 women with a median age of 53 (range: 27-78) years, at diagnosis. Fifty-one patients were diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma (LMS), 3 with high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), 5 with undifferentiated uterine sarcoma (UUS), 1 with Ewing sarcoma (ES) and 1 with Rhabdomyosarcoma (RS). 24 cases had stage I, 7 stage II, 14 stage III and 16 stage IV disease. Median disease-free survival (DFS) in adjuvant approach was 18.83 months, and median overall survival (OS) 31.07 months. High mitotic count (> 15 mitoses) was significantly associated with worse OS (P < 0.001) and worse DFS (P = 0.028)., Conclusions: Mitotic count appears to be independent prognostic factor while further insights are needed to improve adjuvant and palliative treatment of uterine sarcomas.

This clinical trial assessed the efficacy and toxicity of panitumumab combined with oxaliplatin and capecitabine as first-line treatment in KRAS exon 2 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. Patients with exon 2 KRAS wild-type mCRC received panitumumab 9 mg/Kg, oxaliplatin 130 mg/m 2 , and capecitabine 2000 mg/m 2 repeated every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR, minimum 42 responses). We retrospectively assessed mutations in genes implicated in CRC with massively parallel sequencing; ERBB2 and EGFR amplification with fluorescence in situ hybridization, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density. Among 78 patients enrolled, 45 (57.7%) completed 6 cycles. Most common grade 3-4 toxicities were skin rash (19.2%), diarrhea (18%), and neuropathy (6.4%). Among 5 (6.4%) potentially treatment-related deaths, 2 (2.6%) were characterized toxic. Objective response occurred in 43 (55.1%) of the patients (complete 6.4% and partial response 48.7%; stable 17.9% and progressive disease 7.7%), while 3.8% were non-evaluable and 15% discontinued their treatment early. Additional mutations in KRAS/NRAS/BRAF were found in 11/62 assessable (18%) tumors. After 51 months median follow-up, median progression-free (PFS) was 8.1 and overall survival 20.2 months, independently of KRAS/NRAS/BRAF or PI3K-pathway mutation status. Patients with TP53 mutations (n = 34; 55%), as well as those with left colon primary tumors (n = 66; 85%), had significantly better PFS, also confirmed in multivariate analysis. Although the clinical trial met its primary endpoint, according to the current standards, the efficacy and tolerability of the drug combination are considered insufficient. Extended genotyping yielded interesting results regarding the significance of TP53 mutations.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01215539, Registration date: Sep 29, 2010.

During the last years, translational research has contributed in many advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) discovering genetic alternations or recognizing the immuno-escape and neo-angiogenesis of lung cancer. Although the majority of these advances took place in the non-squamous histological subtype, therapeutic options for patients diagnosed with advanced squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC) have been also enriched significantly with the addition of nab-paclitaxel in the conventional chemotherapy; the introduction of necitumumab, afatinib and erlotinib in the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) axis and of ramucirumab in the inhibition of VEGF-induced angiogenesis and last with the approvals of nivolumab, pembrolizumab atezolizumab and durvalumab soon in the promising field of immunotherapies. Agents targeted various other pathways including FGFR, IGF-1, PI3K, CDK4/6, MET and PARP inhibitors are under investigation in order to open new prospects in the treatment of SqCLC. In this review, we present all published data that led to recent approvals for the treatment of advanced SqCLC and all ongoing clinical trials that keep searching for new molecular targets following a more-personalized approach., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Targeting genomic alterations, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements, have radically changed the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the case of ALK-rearranged gene, subsequent rapid development of effective genotype-directed therapies with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) triggered major advances in the personalized molecularly based approach of NSCLC. Crizotinib was the first-in-class ALK TKI with proven superiority over standard platinum-based chemotherapy for the 1st-line therapy of ALK-rearranged NSCLC patients. However, the acquired resistance to crizotinib and its diminished efficacy to the central nervous system (CNS) relapse led to the development of several novel ALK inhibitors, more potent and with different selectivity compared to crizotinib. To date, four ALK TKIs, crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib and brigatinib have received approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and even more agents are currently under investigation for the treatment of ALK-rearranged NSCLC. However, the optimal frontline approach and the exact sequence of ALK inhibitors are still under consideration. Recently announced results of phase III trials recognized higher efficacy of alectinib compared to crizotinib in first-line setting, even in patients with CNS involvement. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding the biology of the ALK-positive NSCLC, the available therapeutic inhibitors and we will focus on the raised issues from their use in clinical practise., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Monteggia and Galeazzi fractures account for 1-5% of total forearm fractures. A combined Monteggia and Galeazzi fracture is an extremely rare injury. We present a case of a Gustillo-Henderson type 2 open combined bipolar Monteggia and Galeazzi fracture, as well as fracture of the ulnar coronoid process in a 49-year old male. The patient was treated surgically, with open reduction and internal fixation. At 6 months postoperative, he was diagnosed with pseudarthrosis and underwent surgery with autologous bone grafting from the iliac crest. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient presented an extension deficit of 5° in elbow, a 15° deficit in pronation and 20° deficit in supination of the wrist. The patient continues to work as a painter without significant problems in his everyday routine and he is still regularly engaged in cycling. Additionally we provide a historical background of these injuries.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents an established and internationally approved therapy for movement disorders. In the present retrospective analysis, we evaluated disease-specific longevity of dual channel impulse generators (IPG) used in different movement disorders. We correlated the battery lifetime with electrical stimulation settings, "total electrical energy delivered" (TEED), stimulation modi (monopolar, double monopolar and bipolar) and targets. Specifically, we reviewed the longevity and stimulation settings of 464 IPGs implanted between 1996 until 2011 in a single university center. Disease entities comprised Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 257), dystonia (n = 130) and essential tremor (ET, n = 50). Further subanalyses aimed at assessing differential longevity in different subtypes of PD and dystonia. The main finding relates to longer IPG longevity in ET (thalamic DBS) and PD (subthalamic DBS) vs. dystonia (pallidal DBS; 71.9 ± 6.7 vs. 51.5 ± 2.3 vs. 37 ± 2 months). In PD the tremor-dominant type was associated with a significant shorter battery survival than in the akinetic-rigid type without tremor or the "balanced" type with tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity (38.8 ± 3.9 vs. 53.6 ± 3.4 vs. 58.8 ± 4.1 months), while there were no significant differences in longevity between the subtypes of dystonia. Frequency, amplitude, pulse widths and TEED correlated inversely with battery lifetime. Pallidal DBS in dystonia is associated with a shorter lifetime of IPGs than subthalamic or thalamic DBS for PD or ET. The present results may contribute to the rapidly evolving refinement of DBS devices. Future studies that assess energy consumption both in patients with and without IPG replacement could help to avoid potential underestimation of longevity of IPGs.

We study the existence and stability of discrete breathers in a chain consisting of alternating light and heavy particles, with nearest-neighbor coupling containing quartic soft or hard anharmonicity. This study is focused on breathers with frequency in the gap that separates the acoustic and optical bands of the phonon spectrum. Simple analytical and physical results obtained through explicit solutions of algebraic equations demonstrate the possibility of the existence of gap breathers with both types of symmetry, i.e., symmetric and antisymmetric. The specific pattern depends on the type of anharmonicity present, i.e., soft or hard, and whether the center of the breather is on a light or a heavy particle. These analytical results are verified systematically through the use of a numerically exact procedure from the anticontinuous limit.

We study the spatial decay profile of compactlike discrete breathers in nonlinear dispersive lattices. We show that the core region of such nonlinear localized excitations can be described by a cosinelike spatial shape while the tail region decays with a faster than exponential law, such as a superexponential one. We discuss the relation of the tail decay to properties of space-time separability.

In this article, the advantages, disadvantages, indications, contraindications, and the details of overdenture treatment are outlined and a case is presented. We prepared an overdenture for a patient who came to the Clinic of Removable Prosthodontics of the University of Athens. The patient had a severe abrasion of his teeth as well as reduced vertical dimension (2.5 cm). The construction was made in such a way that we obtained a good esthetic results with no great expense, as the financial condition of the patient was the factor that influenced the plan of treatment basically.

This is a study aiming at: a) reviewing the information found in the relevant literature as regards the etiology, incidence, distribution, implication and management of the tori mandibularis, b) evaluating the incidence, location and morphology of this bony mass in a sample of Greek population and c) comparing the findings with those of other investigators. The material consisted of 357 patients, from 20 years old and onwards, who had consecutively visited the Clinic of Removable Prosthodontics for some problem. After clinical examination and tabulation of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: a) the etiology of appearance of tori mandibularis remains unknown; b) in our sample, 12.8% had this condition; c) the incidence was higher in men (60.4%) than in women (39.5%); d) in our sample, the higher percentage of individuals showing the condition originated from Thraci (Northern Greece) while the lower came from Hepiros; e) No indication of a heredity factor was found; f) this condition is more often bilateral than unilateral and g) the torus mandibularis was extending from the canine to the area of the first premolar in 54.4% of the cases.