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Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network analysis benefits from precise point positioning with undifferenced (UD) or double differenced (DD) integer ambiguity resolution (IAR). Position time series with UD-IAR and a practical DD-IAR are compared for a mixture network consisting of 57 global and 82 regional stations with 4-year observations. The sparse global stations are more affected by different IAR methods than the regional stations of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC). The most significant differences between UD-IAR and the practical DD-IAR are observed in velocity estimations, with averages of 0.15 and 0.30 mm/yr for the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. UD-IAR can achieve smaller root mean square at 70–83 % of the daily solutions than the practical DD-IAR for global stations. Nevertheless, moderate differences of frame parameters and annual variations are introduced by different IAR methods. The IAR is also proved to be one of the potential origins for Global Positioning System (GPS) draconitic signals and white noise at high frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College students are learning a foreign language must know how to translate the spoken or written content from the respective language into English. These approaches do not help the college students to develop the capacity for rational thinking and adequate the motivation for the English translation. The educational principles are not in line with the qualities of the students in the typical English translation classroom teaching, and the teaching methods are out-dated. In the older process of the teaching English translation, many unreliable, vague aspects need to be considered, such as recognizing students' fundamental English knowledge, unique circumstances, language proficiency, cultural differences, and the ambiguity of the source language. The main issue with the current English translation evaluation methodology is that it cannot be easily to deal with thecomplex fuzzy indices when judging the accuracy of the student translations. An algorithm named FCAM-AHP-ANFIS is proposed to provide an effective and accurate method for evaluating and predicting students' English translation outcomes to overcome the traditional shortcomings. According to the proposed approach, students can learn about passive translation, but they may struggle to actively improve their translation skills. College students can benefit from the decision-making aid provided by the extensive evaluation technique due to its high availability and precision. The fundamental benefit of the fuzzy technique over more traditional forms of the assessment is that it accounts for the ambiguity and uncertainty of the making judgments at the human level and provides a coherent framework that includes the indistinct findings of the several steps in evaluating an English translation. The Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Model (FCAM) is a decision-making method that uses the fuzzy logic to assess the quality of English translations among the college students. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to calculate each criterion's relative importance and determine the optimal weighting for each criterion utilized in the assessment model. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used to analyze the translated data and generate predictions for the students' translation outcomes. The experimental outcomes show the accuracy of the English translation assessment scores are 95.6% with 97% precision, 96% recall, and 96.5% of f1-score metric in addition to Root Mean Square (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on ethnographic data and mapping exercises, this article explores North West Park in Copenhagen, Denmark and asks how lighting forms perceptions of urban space. The park was inaugurated in the late 2000s and has been praised for its bold landscape and lighting design. However, it was received in more ambiguous ways by users, explaining their experience of it in words such as "magical" and "kitsch." This ambiguity highlights how current urban design may entail a reconfiguration of how visibility unfolds. Urban spaces have largely been lit to be seen. However, current trends in lighting design increasingly aim for spaces to be felt. Beyond visibility as the ability to see and be seen, we argue that the park design also evinces a more fundamental attuned visibility, conceptualized through the notion of ways of feeling. In a broader sense, we suggest that the increasingly atmosphere-oriented design of urban spaces facilitates a pressure to feel something. That is, this type of design is not solely functional but demands emotional responses – although undeterminable and open-ended. For the users, the atmospheric design raises questions about how lighting shapes urban life during dark hours in the field of tension between usage and architectural imaginations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution we introduce the dual mixed-integer least-squares problem and study it in relation to its primal counterpart. The dual differs from the primal formulation in the order in which the integer ambiguity vector a ∈ Z n and baseline vector b ∈ R p are estimated. As not the ambiguities, but rather the entries of b are usually the parameters of interest, the attractiveness of the dual formulation stems from its direct computation of b. It is shown that this potential advantage relies on the ease with which an implicit integer least-squares problem of the dual can be solved. For the convoluted cases, we introduce two methods of simplifying approximations. To be able to describe their quality, we provide a complete distributional analysis of their estimators, thus allowing users to judge whether or not the approximations are acceptable for their application. It is shown that this approach implicitly introduces a new class of admissible integer estimators of which we also determine the pull-in regions. As the dual function is shown to lack convexity, special care is required to be able to compute its global minimizer b ˇ . Our proposed method, which has finite termination with a guaranteed ϵ -tolerance, is constructed from combining the branch-and-bound principle, with a special convex-relaxation of the dual, to which the projected-gradient-descent method is applied to obtain the required bounds. Each of the method's three constituents are described, whereby special emphasis is given to the construction of the required continuously differentiable, convex lower bounding function of the dual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are edging closer to the center of critical inquiry in the Anthropocene because they are intimately tied to legacies of settler colonialism, forced migration, related practices of extractive capitalism, and their environmental and human harm. Ostensibly sessile, plants travel constantly through their adaptations to ensure their survival and reproduction. In the modern period, this movement was taken to unprecedented scale by humans, triggering massive displacement of people and disruption to ecosystems. Among the many instances of plant movement, the scandalous mobility of invasives unsettles us because it exposes the worst excesses of the Anthropocene. This essay focuses on the practice of multimedia artist Precious Okoyomon, whose installations feature prominently kudzu, the most notorious weed in the US. The highest concentrations of kudzu are found in the former Cotton Belt—Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi—making it cotton's unlikely successor. The essay analyzes how Okoyomon's kudzu installations explore the dark side of the landscape, peeling off layers of human and environmental harm while acknowledging the resilience of more-than-human life. But a focus on invasive species also challenges plant theory's celebration of entanglement, showing how the theoretical effort to produce the plant as a generalized concept bumps against the contingencies of its natural history in time and place, its ontological slipperiness, its ethical ambiguity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jordan Peele's horror movie, Us, takes moral ambiguity to its logical extreme by creating a world, or, rather, two worlds, in which good and evil mirror each other on multiple planes—the narrative, the visual, the spatial, the racial, the ethical—and by its use of a biblical verse—Jer 11:11. The Wilsons, who inhabit "our" world, view the "Tethered", who inhabit a nether world, as evil insofar as they have emerged from the shadows to terrorize and kill them. The Tethered, however, view the humans as evil, insofar as they take for granted the ability to enjoy and act in the world. Like the prophet Jeremiah, the film draws the audience's attention to its own iniquity—and the consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concept analysis is a useful qualitative research method for psychologists aiming to define, clarify or critique concept meaning and use in theory, practice or research. This article explains Reformative Concept Analysis (RCA), a novel method derived from nursing and political science concept analysis approaches, and reformed for applied psychology research. First, the role of concepts as epistemological vessels in psychological theory and practice is described. Some problems with concept use in clinical practice and research are highlighted, to demonstrate why critical analytic methods to improve concept definition and utility are needed. Then, overviews of some existing concept analysis methods are provided, with summaries of their strengths and limitations from an applied psychology perspective. The importance of comparing and combining meaning frameworks constructed from qualitative narratives and literature review is highlighted. Finally, the eight stages of RCA method are set out, along with some ontological, epistemological, design, rigour and presentation considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, policy learning has emerged as a theoretical lens to provide an alternative understanding of powering-based approaches to the policy process and policy outcomes. This has been a success story, with policy learning gaining presence among theoretical frameworks on the policy process. However, the puzzling-powering dichotomy is reductive. In real-world policy processes, we find both puzzling and powering. Also, we cannot reduce the value of learning to what is not explained by power alone. This Introduction shows how puzzling and powering interact and with what consequences on policy processes, moving beyond the dichotomy. We present how the four contributions of this Special Issue explore this territory and suggest how to approach the design of governance architectures for learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on two experiments that aimed to test the hypothesis that English listeners orient to full pronunciation forms—"canonical forms"—in judging the tempo of speech that features deletions. If listeners orient to canonical forms, this should mean that the perceived tempo of speech containing deletions is highly relative to the speech's articulation rate calculated on the basis of surface phone strings. We used controlled stimuli to test this hypothesis. We created sentences with one ambiguous word form (for example, support~sport), to give half of the listeners an orthographic form that includes support and the other half an otherwise identical orthographic form with sport. In both experiments, listeners judged the tempo of the sentences, which allowed us to assess whether the difference in imposed interpretation had an impact on perceived tempo. Experiment 1 used a tempo rating task in which listeners evaluated the tempo of experimental stimuli relative to comparison stimuli, on a continuous scale. Experiment 2 used a tempo comparison task in which listeners judged whether second members of stimulus pairs were slower or faster than first members. Both experiments revealed the predicted effect of the imposed word interpretation: sentences with an imposed "schwa" interpretation for the ambiguous word form were judged faster than (the same) sentences with an imposed "no schwa" interpretation. However, in both experiments the effect was small and variables related to the experimental design had significant effects on responses. We discuss the results' implications for our understanding of speech tempo perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive control facilitates the resolution of representational conflict during language comprehension when incompatible interpretations vie for selection due to linguistic ambiguity. However, it remains unknown if control is required only when conflict arises between multiple, strongly supported interpretations, or even when there is substantial evidence for one interpretation and competition from weak alternatives. We investigated referential ambiguities such as “She will eat the red … ”, in which listeners temporarily consider multiple red objects as potential referents, including those that are partially consistent with the input (e.g. heart satisfies “red” but not “eat”). We introduce a remote visual-world paradigm to track listeners’ interpretive commitments via webcam, combined with a cross-task adaptation manipulation of cognitive-control engagement. We replicated subtle competition effects in referential ambiguity but found that upregulated cognitive control did not modulate competition. This suggests that a competing representation must reach a certain activation threshold before conflict arises, requiring cognitive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn their highly influential push for a “strong program” in Cultural Sociology, Jeffrey Alexander and Philip Smith argue for deep cultural codes of “good” versus “evil,” which they equate to the “sacred” versus the “profane,” respectively. However, Dmitry Kurakin argued that, in equating the “good” with Durkheim’s “sacred” and “evil” with the “profane,” Alexander and Smith depart from Durkheim’s original meaning where both good and evil are part of the sacred. While I agree with Kurakin on this, I critique his subsequent interpretation of Durkheim on the “ambiguity of the sacred” and hold he has not adequately addressed what difference this correction makes for the strong program. In contrast, I argue that the real problem of ambiguity, as well as for the strong program, lies with the profane rather than the sacred – it is what Durkheim saw as profane that gets omitted from the strong program’s analyses via its conflation of the “profane” with “evil.” I conclude with a discussion of how, by bringing the profane back in, we can expand and deepen the analysis of culture beyond “the times of tension, unease, and crisis” emphasized by Alexander and Smith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the connection between the online commentary on the South Korean novel, and later film, Kim Ji-Young, Born 1982 (2016; film released in 2019), and the perception of feminism within South Korea. To capture how Kim Ji-Young’s “meaning” is entangled with popular beliefs about feminism, I analyze audience reception through Kim Ji-Young’s paratexts: (a) tweets and (b) comments responding to newspaper articles mentioning the novel and/or film Kim Ji-Young from the Korean platform Naver. I examine paratexts to reveal that the “meaning” Kim Ji-Young has in online spaces is not determined solely by the novel or film-as-referent. I show that Kim Ji-Young the source text has become inextricable from the mélange of preconceptions regarding what constitutes a “feminist” stance in Korea, ranging from the stereotype of the selfish “feminist” who shirks her maternal duty towards the nation to the discontent of stay-at-home moms. I show that online misogyny has forced those who support Kim Ji-Young’s feminist message to employ what rhetorician Leah Ceccarelli describes as “strategic ambiguity.” This involves simultaneously disavowing Kim Ji-Young‘s feminism while praising the text’s feminist politics, a tactic used to shield themselves from attacks by misogynistic trolls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a duopoly game with ambiguity aversion regarding uncertainty in demand and constant expectations concerning competitor production. The focus is on an asymmetric Cournot game where players engage in robust optimization and have different beliefs about the possible realizations of the random parameters of the price function. The players' ambiguity aversion introduces multiple equilibria and instability that otherwise would not be present. The investigation of the global dynamics of the game reveals the emergence, through border-collision bifurcations, of periodic and chaotic dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the capability for single-receiver AR (Ambiguity Resolution), real-time GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) satellite integer clock has been the research hotspot of GNSS community in the past decade. Robust ambiguity datum is one prerequisite for high-quality integer clock. In this paper, with undifferenced AR model derived, a robust ambiguity datum definition method is proposed to isolate the signal biases from the integer ambiguity. Firstly, based on the ambiguity graph, the ambiguity datum is selected with the minimum spanning tree algorithm. Secondly, the ambiguity datum is transferred to the subsequent epochs through signal bias connection. Moreover, additional datum ambiguities are introduced to accommodate the arising of receiver and satellite in real-time circumstance. With the combination of ambiguity graph and signal bias, the efficient definition and smooth transition of ambiguity datum are assured for the real-time processing. To validate the approach, simulated real-time integer clock estimation for GPS/Galileo/BDS-3 satellites are conducted with one-month (January 2022) data from about 100 global IGS (International GNSS Service) network stations. Experiments show that the proposed robust ambiguity datum can produce accurate real-time integer clock. The average WL (Wide-Lane) and NL (Narrow-Lane) fixed rates exceed 99 % and 95 %, respectively, for most of the GPS/Galileo satellites. While comparable WL fixed rate is achieved for the BDS-3 satellites, the NL fixed rate is about 5 % lower as a result of poor orbit quality and imperfect measurement model. With eclipsing satellites excluded, the standard deviations between real-time integer clock and post-processed reference clock reach 0.018 ns and 0.016 ns for the GPS and Galileo constellations, respectively, which are 28 % and 24 % smaller than those of corresponding float clocks. In contrast, the standard deviations of float and integer clocks are similar for the BDS-3 constellation. Further improvements on the background models, including unconservative force modeling, satellite attitude modeling and antenna calibration are required to achieve ultimate accuracy, especially for the BDS-3 satellites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pama Croaker, Otolithoides pama, is an economically important fish species in Bangladesh. Intra-family similarities in morphology and typical barcode sequences of cox1 create ambiguities in its identification. Therefore, morphology and the complete mitochondrial genome of O. pama, and comparative mitogenomics within the family Sciaenidae have been studied. Extracted genomic DNA was subjected to Illumina-based short read sequencing for De-Novo mitogenome assembly. The complete mitogenome of O. pama (Accession: OQ784575.1) was 16,513 bp, with strong AC biasness and strand asymmetry. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) among 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of O. pama was also analyzed. The studied mitogenomes including O. pama exhibited consistent sizes and gene orders, except for the genus Johnius which possessed notably longer mitogenomes with unique gene rearrangements. Different genetic distance metrics across 30 species of Sciaenidae family demonstrated 12S rRNA and the control region (CR) as the most conserved and variable regions, respectively, while most of the PCGs undergone a purifying selection. Different phylogenetic trees were congruent with one another, where O. pama was distinctly placed. This study would contribute to distinguishing closely related fish species of Sciaenidae family and can be instrumental in conserving the genetic diversity of O. pama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain-based applications are becoming more and more widespread in business operations. In view of the shortcomings of existing enterprise blockchain evaluation methods, this paper proposes a multi-source heterogeneous blockchain data quality evaluation model for enterprise business activities, so as to achieve efficient evaluation of business activity information consistency, credibility and value. This paper proposes a multi-source heterogeneous blockchain data quality assessment method for enterprise business activities, aiming at the problems that most of the data in enterprise business activities come from different data sources, information representation is inconsistent, information ambiguity between the same block chain is serious, and it is difficult to evaluate the consistency, credibility and value of information. The method firstly proposes an entity information representation method based on the Representation learning for fusing entity category information (CEKGRL) model, which introduces the triad structure of related entities in blockchain, then associates them with enterprise business activity categories, and carries out similarity calculation through contextual information to achieve blockchain information consistency assessment. After that, a trustworthiness characterization method is proposed based on information sources, information comments, and information contents, to obtain the trustworthiness assessment of the business. Finally, based on the information trustworthiness characterization, a value assessment method is introduced to assess the total value of business activity information in the blockchain, and a blockchain quality assessment model is constructed. The experimental results show that the proposed model has great advantages over existing methods in assessing inter-block consistency, intra-block activity information trustworthiness and the value of blockchain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constraint satisfaction theories were prominent in the late 20th century and emphasized continuous, rich interaction between many sources of information in a linguistic signal unfolding over time. A major challenge was rigorously capturing these highly interactive comprehension processes and yielding explicit predictions, because the important constraints were numerous and changed in prominence from one context to the next. Connectionist models were conceptually well-suited to this, but researchers had insufficient computing power and lacked sufficiently large corpora to bring these models to bear. These limitations no longer hold, and large language models (LLMs) offer an opportunity to test constraint satisfaction ideas about human language comprehension. We consider how LLMs can be applied to study interactive processes with lexical ambiguity resolution as a test case. We argue that further study of LLMs can advance theories of constraint satisfaction, though gaps remain in our understanding of how people and LLMs combine linguistic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods for evaluating decision-making provide valuable insights yet may fall short in capturing the complexity of this cognitive capacity, often providing insufficient for the multifaceted nature of decisions. The Kalliste Decision Task (KDT) is introduced as a comprehensive, ecologically valid tool aimed at bridging this gap, offering a holistic perspective on decision-making. In our study, 81 participants completed KDT alongside established tasks and questionnaires, including the Mixed Gamble Task (MGT), Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and Stimulating & Instrumental Risk Questionnaire (S&IRQ). They also completed the User Satisfaction Evaluation Questionnaire (USEQ). The results showed excellent usability, with high USEQ scores, highlighting the user-friendliness of KDT. Importantly, KDT outcomes showed significant correlations with classical decision-making variables, shedding light on participants' risk attitudes (S&IRQ), rule-based decision-making (MGT), and performance in ambiguous contexts (IGT). Moreover, hierarchical clustering analysis of KDT scores categorized participants into three distinct profiles, revealing significant differences between them on classical measures. The findings highlight KDT as a valuable tool for assessing decision-making, addressing limitations of traditional methods, and offering a comprehensive, ecologically valid approach that aligns with the complexity and heterogeneity of real-world decision-making, advancing research and providing insights for understanding and assessing decision-making across multiple domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee non-green behavior (ENGB) is an important obstacle to corporate green transformation; however, existing literature has paid little attention to ENGB. Based on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study establishes a model to explore whether and how role stressors affect ENGB and test the hypothesis using a structural equation model with data for employees. The results show that ENGB can be divided into four dimensions: green ignoring behavior, green exclusionary behavior, green silent behavior and green disregardful behavior. There are significant differences in the effects of the three role stressors on four ENGBs. Among them, role conflict directly induces green ignoring behavior and green exclusionary behavior, while its impact on the other two ENGBs is not significant. However, role ambiguity and role overload indirectly induce four ENGBs through the mediation of emotional exhaustion. These findings provide strong recommendations for corporations to reduce ENGB by mitigating employee role stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On August 15, 2021, American military forces withdrew from Kabul, and the sanctioning of Afghanistan began. Marred by the usual problems—ineffective, counterproductive, unwieldy—these sanctions revealed three additional puzzles. First, although grounded in targeted sanctions, they transformed into de facto comprehensive sanctions. Secondly, that transformation was instantaneous and unprompted. Thirdly, a near-famine followed within weeks. I make nested analytical, functional, and explanatory arguments. The analytical argument is that targeted sanctions are best understood not as tools of international coercion but primarily as domestic regulations. The functional argument is that the Office of Foreign Asset Control (OFAC) uses tactical and strategic ambiguity to maximize its regulatory reach over financial intuitions, humanitarian aid organizations, and money transfer organizations. The explanatory argument returns to the puzzles. I argue that, without any signal from OFAC, which was the signal, and reflecting OFAC's regulatory domination, when the Taliban took Kabul, the international financial community, humanitarian aid organizations, and remittance providers all dissociated from Afghanistan with immediate effect and particularly acute consequences on food entitlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambivalence describes a conflict between contrasting valences, for example, when an image appears bitter but sweet. Such a potential for revealing ever-new facets of an object or situation might trigger interest that has been related to a combination of perceptual challenge with anticipation of coping or new experience. Interest might be even intensified when we heighten our awareness of the potential multiplicity of interpretations. We present two studies with artistic photographs examining the relationship between ambivalence and interest. The first study utilized explicit evaluations and revealed a positive relationship between estimated ambivalence and interest as well as an increase in interest after exploring positive and negative semantic facets of an image. The second study utilized a forced-choice paradigm that was captured by a high-speed eyetracker. It defined dwell time and choice-ratio as alternative measures of interest. When we asked participants which of two images they wanted to learn more about, they chose ambivalent photos more often and looked slightly longer at them. We discuss these findings and further examine the potential role of artistic context for interest in ambivalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on in-depth interviews with 29 active drug robbers (25 male, 4 female) from St. Louis, MO (USA), we explore restraint among people and in circumstances where there should be none. Focusing on greed restraint at the crime's payoff point (i.e., not taking everything one could when rewards are seized), we identify the decision-making constructs and conceptual pathways by which this happens and discuss their implications for improved specification of the relationship between criminal propensity, self-regulation, and risk sensitivity. We contend that self-centeredness is the one dimension of criminal propensity that is sufficiently receptive to risk sensitivity to make self-regulation possible, and that individuals with low trait self-control can show state self-control when ambiguity aversion and reference point expectations align to sate anomic greed. This refinement offers novel pathways for future study of dual-influence models of crime, and suggests that offender decision-making is best conceptualized as a process that unfolds during crimes rather than a discrete event that precedes them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can be utilized for long-distance and high-precision time transmission. With the ongoing development of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites and the rapidly changing geometric relationships between them, the convergence rate of ambiguity parameters in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) algorithms has increased, enabling fast and reliable time transfer. In this paper, GPS is used as an experimental case, the LEO satellite constellation is designed, and simulated LEO observation data are generated. Then, using the GPS observation data provided by IGS, a LEO-enhanced PPP model is established. The LEO-augmented PPP model is employed to facilitate faster and more reliable high-precision time transfer. The application of the LEO-augmented PPP model to time transfer is examined and discussed through experimental examples. These examples show multiple types of time transfer links, and the experimental outcomes are uniform. GPS + LEO is compared with exclusive GPS time transfer schemes. The clock offset of the time transfer link for the GPS + LEO scheme converges more swiftly, meaning that the time required for the clock offset to reach a stable level is the briefest. In this paper, standard deviation is employed to assess stability, and Allan deviation is utilized to assess frequency stability. The results show that the clock offset stability and frequency stability achieved by the GPS + LEO scheme are superior within the convergence time range. Controlled experiments with different numbers of satellites for LEO enhancement indicate that time transfer performance can be improved by increasing the number of satellites. As a result, augmenting GPS tracking data with LEO observations enhances the time transfer service compared to GPS alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unknown relative motions between synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and a ground moving target will lead to serious range cell migration (RCM) and Doppler frequency spread (DFS). The energy of the moving target will defocus, given the effect of the RCM and DFS. The moving target will easily produce Doppler ambiguity, due to the low pulse repetition frequency of radar, and the Doppler ambiguity complicates the corrections of the RCM and DFS. In order to address these issues, an efficient ground moving target focusing method for SAR based on scaled Fourier transform and scaled inverse Fourier transform is presented. Firstly, the operations based on the scaled Fourier transform and scaled inverse Fourier transforms are presented to focus the moving targets in consideration of Doppler ambiguity. Subsequently, in accordance with the detailed analysis of multiple target focusing, the spurious peak related to the cross term is removed. The proposed method can accurately eliminate the DFS and RCM, and the well-focused result of the moving target can be achieved under the complex Doppler ambiguity. Then, the blind speed sidelobe can be further avoided. The presented method has high computational efficiency without the step of parameter search. The simulated and measured SAR data are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, the digital twin (DT) concept has effectively revolutionized conventional bridge monitoring and management. Despite their overall success, current bridge DTs encounter conceptual ambiguities, hindering their inherent potential for practical implementation. Moreover, intelligent decision support models have not been properly considered as a component of the bridge DTs framework to enhance the reliability of decisions for asset maintenance. Therefore, this paper conducts a scientometric analysis and a comprehensive state-of-the-art review, exploring current bridge DT research trends and architectures and introducing an enhanced conceptual framework for bridge DTs. To this end, more than 480 research publications have been reviewed, compared, and analyzed. The research result encompasses the redevelopment of a multilayer DT framework, fostering its implementation in the full lifecycle of bridge infrastructure while exploring the potential integration of decision support systems and data fusion from advanced technologies to improve the overall efficiency of implementing DT technology in bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambiguity is ubiquitous in language; lexical ambiguity refers to instances where a single word has multiple meanings. The current investigation examined homonyms, words that have the same orthography and pronunciation in English but multiple meanings (e.g., BANK, meaning "financial institution" or "river's edge"). The processing of homonyms requires the engagement of executive control processes, for example, to select the appropriate meaning of the homonym while reducing interference from other meanings. Executive function processes are known to change over the lifespan and may be impacted by experiential factors such as bilingualism. The present study uses event-related brain potentials as an index of lexical access to examine whether bilingualism influences homonym processing in older adults. The results indicate that patterns of lexical access differ as a function of bilingual status in older adults and compared to young adults, suggesting that language experience may moderate language processing in both young and older adults, at least in situations where language processing is demanding on executive function, such as in the processing of homonyms. Importantly, we show that older bilinguals show a somewhat similar pattern of ambiguity processing as their younger counterparts, while age differences were observed in monolinguals when comparing across studies. This suggests that bilingual language experience may have a mitigating impact on age-related changes in ambiguity processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines early twentieth-century Japanese writer Kajii Motojirō's short story 'Remon' ('The Lemon,' 1925) and explores the intersection of Kajii's descriptions and an emerging urbanscape in Kyoto. Turn-of-the-century Kyoto undertook a massive scale of urbanization, remaking itself as a resurgent imperial capital. Instead of taking note of transformations of the scenery or the frenzies of new experiences, 'Remon' illustrates the narrator's movement unintelligibly suspended in Kyoto's back alleys. The repeated juxtaposing of different forms of representational media in the narrative also creates intermedial confusion, intensifying the sense of perceptual uncertainty. The article contends that reading the descriptions of ambiguous in-betweenness in the text reveals Kajii's writerly engagement with the urbanization of Kyoto and leads us to a reevaluation of Kajii's investment in literary modernism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Test the effect of perceived likelihood of arrest on criminal behavior under a relaxed set of measurement assumptions. Specifically, responses that are commonly associated with inaccurate reporting practices–particularly, the 0%, 50%, and 100% categories–can be treated as partially identified. By doing so, scholars are able to bound the effect of perceived arrest risk on criminality, which provides more credible, although less precise, estimates of β 1 . Scholars can use this approach to not only produce more defensible findings, on the whole, but also gain insight into the possible threat posed by measurement misspecification. Methods: Point estimates of a perceived certainty effect were elicited via Quasi-Poisson regression using data derived from the Pathways to Desistance study. These estimates were subsequently bounded under progressively weaker measurement assumptions by a series of hill-climb algorithms. Results: In nine out of seventeen total algorithms, the worst-case bound remained in the expected direction and was statistically significant. For as long as a relatively minor level of response inaccuracy is assumed, supportive conclusions can be drawn. Conclusions: Support for a certainty effect can be found under relaxed measurement assumptions, up to a point. This not only provides further support for the deterrence hypothesis, but also implies the effect might be somewhat resilient to measurement error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to understand the retraction phenomenon in the arts and humanities domain through an analysis of the retraction notices—formal documents stating and describing the retraction of a particular publication. The retractions and the corresponding notices are identified using the data provided by Retraction Watch. Our methodology for the analysis combines a metadata analysis and a content analysis (mainly performed using a topic modelling process) of the retraction notices. Considering 343 cases of retraction, we found that many retraction notices are neither identifiable nor findable. In addition, these were not always separated from the original papers, introducing ambiguity in understanding how these notices were perceived by the community (i.e. cited). Also, we noticed that there is no systematic way to write a retraction notice. Indeed, some retraction notices presented a complete discussion of the reasons for retraction, while others tended to be more direct and succinct. We have also reported many notices having similar text while addressing different retractions. We think a further study with a larger collection should be done using the same methodology to confirm and investigate our findings further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new models have been recently introduced for studying the remaining rotational ambiguity in the bilinear decomposition of matrix data. One of the models is N‐BANDS, which yields two extreme profiles per sample component, corresponding to maximum or minimum signal contribution function or relative component area under its concentration profile. It is highly useful for computing the relative root mean square error due to rotational ambiguity in estimated analyte concentrations (RMSERA), which numerically quantifies the impact of the phenomenon in terms of prediction uncertainty. Since N‐BANDS successfully consider the presence of instrumental noise in the data, it is extremely useful for the analysis of real data sets. The other model is SW‐N‐BANDS, which is similar to N‐BANDS, but is applied in a sensor wise manner, that is, computing the maximum and minimum intensity value at each sensor. It provides the boundaries of the full set of feasible profiles, and helps to better understand the behavior of a given component under the application of several constraints. Both models are described in light of both simulations and experimental data, illustrating their main characteristics of importance to analytical chemistry studies. The new N‐BANDS and SW‐N‐BANDS are described for estimating and interpreting rotational ambiguity effects in analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While results-based performance measurement has become a common practice in governing relationships with external stakeholders, many nonprofits are struggling with severe tensions when implementing results-based management practices inside the organization. This article draws on performance management research in accounting and management to analyze why results-based management poses particular challenges for nonprofits. As its first contribution, the article conceptualizes dedication to values as a particular characteristic of nonprofit organizations that involves high role ambiguity among nonprofit staff. Second, it specifies a particular tension associated with results-based management practices in values-focused work: Results-based management helps to reduce role ambiguity, but by doing so it creates role conflict. Third, the article proposes the interactive use of results-based information as an approach to how organizations with a high dedication to values can increase role clarity for nonprofit staff, while avoiding role conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we explore students' engagement with critical feedback in an authentic university setting. Findings support the centrality of strong relationships in the feedback process. Study 1 was the first conceptual replication and extension of Yeager et al.'s (2014) wise feedback intervention to test the effectiveness/efficacy in a new setting. Undergraduate students (n = 94) were randomly assigned to receive a wise feedback message (explicitly stated the instructor's high expectations and belief in the student's ability to meet those expectations) or a control message. Although we did not replicate prior findings, we observed high initial levels of institutional and relational trust, which was maintained across the semester for students in both conditions. In Study 2, we conducted interviews with BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, People of Color) students (n = 6), to explore the underlying assumptions of wise feedback (i.e., attributional ambiguity) and their experiences with critical feedback in higher education. Although these discussions were nuanced, and will be unpacked further, generally students highlighted the role of feedback in bolstering or deteriorating their relationships with instructors. These findings have implications for educators who are tasked with providing critical feedback while simultaneously protecting relational dynamics with students. Practitioner points: Undergraduate students who received wise feedback did not report statistically significant changes in school or relational trust. These findings stand in contrast to earlier research conducted with middle school students. Because older students have more experience with feedback throughout their academic career (for better or worse), it is possible that a more intensive intervention may be necessary to help overcome their pre‐existing expectations.Instructional decisions such as planning for students to have opportunities to meaningfully engage with feedback (through time in class or encouraging resubmissions) may contribute to students' development of feedback literacy and comfort/confidence actively participating in the feedback process.Not only do educators need to provide students with high‐quality feedback comments (e.g., specific, timely, action‐oriented), they should also consider how the broader learning environment, including student–teacher relationships, facilitate or discourage feedback interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes two robust Kalman filters to solve the issue of inaccurate modeling in multiplicative noise systems due to epistemic limitations. First, we construct all conceivable state/measurement transition probability densities as an ambiguity set. This ambiguity set chooses the Wasserstein distance or the moment‐based metric as the distance metric. Besides, this set is an inequality set with a chosen tolerance, which can be seen as a non‐negative radius ball. Then, by combining the robust solution of the least favorable model in that ball with the alternating direction method of multipliers or an efficient direct solution method, we propose two robust Kalman filters based on the minimum mean square error criterion. A classical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed robust filters in comparison to existing state‐of‐the‐art filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) bills itself as an alliance. It is seen as Russia's hedge to NATO, yet it often acts in an inconsistent manner vis-a-vis its members when they face crisis situations. These situations are complicated by the fact that the alliance engages in a policy of strategic ambiguity without making a firm commitment to either side of a dispute. Since Russia often acts as a security guarantor on a bilateral level for these states, staying in the alliance may become counterproductive. In order to prevent defection of its members and assuage their fears of abandonment, while maintaining this unofficial policy of strategic ambiguity, and thus help the alliance patron, Russia, avoid entanglement, reassurances are needed. These reassurances come in the form of sunk costs, specifically joint annual military exercise, and the 2022 intervention in Kazakhstan. These sunk costs by the CSTO enhance its reputation for reliability, while maintaining its policy of strategic ambiguity. They reassure its members, assuaging their fear of abandonment, and keeping them invested in the alliance. This will be shown through the use of process tracing in a case study that examines an internal alliance dilemma with two of the organization's members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For qualitative data analysis (QDA), researchers assign codes to text segments to arrange the information into topics or concepts. These annotations facilitate information retrieval and the identification of emerging patterns in unstructured data. However, this metadata is typically not published or reused after the research. Subsequent studies with similar research questions require a new definition of codes and do not benefit from other analysts' experience. Machine learning (ML) based classification seeded with such data remains a challenging task due to the ambiguity of code definitions and the inherent subjectivity of the exercise. Previous attempts to support QDA using ML rely on linear models and only examined individual datasets that were either smaller or coded specifically for this purpose. However, we show that modern approaches effectively capture at least part of the codes' semantics and may generalize to multiple studies. We analyze the performance of multiple classifiers across three large real-world datasets. Furthermore, we propose an ML-based approach to identify semantic relations of codes in different studies to show thematic faceting, enhance retrieval of related content, or bootstrap the coding process. These are encouraging results that suggest how analysts might benefit from prior interpretation efforts, potentially yielding new insights into qualitative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is rapidly developing interest in legal coding, the development of machine-consumable code representations of legal rules. However, interpretive ambiguities inherent in legal rules make it challenging to directly translate law into code. Interpretive ambiguities pose challenges for legal coders, who must determine the extent to which they disambiguate rules, as well as the interpretive methods applied. Similar interpretive issues have been historically addressed in the field of legal translation. This paper argues that a legal translation framework, known as the principle of fidelity, can be used to better understand and resolve interpretive ambiguities inherent in the legal coding process. Three models of fidelity prominently discussed in legal translation literature are adapted and applied to legal coding. Accordingly, the application of fidelity models to the legal coding process could provide new understanding and methods to address complex interpretive ambiguities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, MapReduce has become a popular tool for handling big data. At the same time, uncertainty is related to arbitrariness, fuzziness, ambiguity, irregularity and incomplete knowledge. In RS theory, the uncertainty behaviour of the data in the dataset of interest is managed by using upper and lower approximate sets and classification accuracy. The RS model is integrated with data clustering technique for optimal outcomes. With this motivation, this study designs an Optimal Clustering with RS‐Based Rule Generation Model (OC‐RSRGM) for data classification on MapReduce environment. The OC‐RSRGM technique aims to generate an optimal set of rules using RST for the data classification process and it involves a two‐stage process namely Optimal Fuzzy c‐Means Clustering (OFCM) and RSRGM‐based rule generation with classification. The OFCM technique is derived to eradicate the local optimal problem of the FCM (Fuzzy c‐Means) model using Barnacles Mating Optimizer (BMO). It provides the decision‐makers with all the information needed to design appropriate mechanisms to support their decision‐making activities. The Hadoop MapReduce tool is used to handle big data. The proposed method combines an FCM, BMO, RS theory to accomplish effective decision‐making. The OC‐RSRGM technique can be employed to continuous value dataset where data point does not offer any class details and it might be uncertain. To validate the performance of OC‐RSRGM technique, a detailed experimental analysis is carried out to highlights the betterment of OC‐RSRGM technique. The proposed OC‐RSRGM technique has obtained an effective outcome with the CT of 5.43 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the alternative uses task (AUT), a well-established creativity assessment, participants propose alternative uses for common items (e.g., a brick) within a 2–3 min timeframe. While idea evaluation is likely involved, the emphasis is strongly on idea generation. Here, we test the value of presenting a word overlapping an image compared to a word only prompt, and we introduce a cyclic adaptation of the AUT explicitly calling on participants to choose their best idea. In Experiment 1, as compared to word only, word + image prompts increased idea fluency but reduced idea originality and variability within a group of native Polish speakers. Thus, word + image prompts improve AUT baselining. In Experiment 2, different participants produced as many ideas as possible within two minutes (List) or their single best idea at the end of each of three 30 s ideation cycles (Cycle). Although originality did not differ between List and Cycle overall, the first three ideas in List were rated as less creative than the ideas in Cycle. Overall, we conclude that using disambiguating images reduces spurious interindividual variability in the AUT while introducing idea evaluation in the task allows us to assess creativity beyond idea generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present paper is the last of a series of three papers, constituting a whole project of translation and commentary composed of translated extracts from the “Catalogo no. 2 – Le madri di tutte noi”, published by the Milan Women’s Bookstore in 1982. The idea for the project was conceived by Silvia Niccolai and Angela Condello, who selected the extracts and provided the written commentaries on the original texts. The Yellow Catalogue, in which we find collective discussions, pages of personal diaries and, overall, the enterprise of a group of women debating over their literary symbolic mothers (who to read? And why?), is an interesting example of a political use of literature. After four decades from its publication, it still proposes inspiring and fresh suggestions for feminist political action and critique, while representing an interesting occasion for researching the philosophical roots of feminism. In particular, the debate on the literary “mothers,” i.e. on the female authors that can contribute to the formation of a feminine symbolic, shows the kind of concerns of difference feminism in Italy (especially during the Seventies). The text offers, in other words, the opportunity to enter a world that nowadays – with the new, varied streams of feminism and the battles over the neutralization of sexual identity – is less frequent, and nevertheless we find it important in order to understand the social, political and cultural power of feminism. The project is composed like follows: Paper No. 1, In search of a feminine symbolic, by Angela Condello, already published on Law& Literature and Paper No. 2, From Novels to the Figures, themes and strategies for a political practice. Paper No 2 is structured in two parts. Part One, entitled “Interest in Reality.” For every woman’s autobiography, by Silvia Niccolai, is already published in Law & Literature; Part Two is the present paper: coauthored by Angela Condello and Silvia Niccolai, it addresses issues of sexual difference, identity and ambiguity, and the theories behind the idea of body and life at the core of the Catalogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third generation of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS-3) can transmit five-frequency signals. The real-time satellite clock offset of BDS-3 is typically generated utilizing the B1I/B3I combination with the ambiguity-float solutions. By conducting the ambiguity resolution (AR), the reliability of the satellite clock offset can be improved. However, the performance of BDS-3 ambiguity-fixed real-time satellite clock offset with B1C/B2a signals remains unknown and unrevealed. In this contribution, the performance of the BDS-3 ambiguity-fixed satellite clock offset with the new B1C/B2a signals is investigated. One week of observation data from 85 stations was used to perform ambiguity-fixed satellite clock offset estimation. For B1I/B3I and B1C/B2a signals, the wide-lane (WL) uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) on the satellite end is fairly stable for one day, while the narrow-lane (NL) UPD standard deviation (STD) amounts to 0.122 and 0.081 cycles, respectively. The mean ambiguity fixing rate is 80.7% and 78.0% for these two signal combinations, and the time to first fix (TTFF) for the B1C/B2a signals is remarkably shorter than that of the B1I/B3I signals. The STDs of the ambiguity-float and -fixed satellite clock offsets are 0.033 and 0.026 ns, respectively, for the B1I/B3I combination, and it is reduced to 0.024 and 0.023 ns for B1C/B2a signals, respectively. Using the estimated UPD and clock offset products, the positioning performance of the kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP)-AR results amounts to 1.56, 1.23, and 4.46 cm in the east, north, and up directions for B1I/B3I signals, respectively. It is improved to 1.36, 1.16, and 4.25 cm using the products estimated with the B1C/B2a signals, with improvements of 12.8%, 5.7%, and 4.7% in three directions, respectively. The experiments showed that the performances of the ambiguity-fixed satellite clock offsets and the PPP-AR results using B1C/B2a signals are better than those of B1I/B3I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterosexual university students continue to endorse sexual scripts that preference men's desire and sustain gendered power imbalances in sexual relationships and encounters, leading women to risk pregnancy by engaging in unprotected sex. Because young women also endorse norms encouraging them to protect themselves and their partners from unintended pregnancy, women are caught in a bind between two often competing norms. We conducted semi-structured individual interviews with university women (n = 45) to examine how they navigate these competing norms. We found that women explained risky contraceptive decisions by saying they "just weren't thinking," thus employing strategic ambiguity, or vague language used to maintain social status, to navigate between competing norms. Our findings suggest that women were actually thinking about risks and making calculated decisions in the moment which often privileged men, putting themselves at risk and sometimes causing distress. To save face, women presented the idea that they "just weren't thinking" in different ways that conformed to traditional notions of romance and sexuality: being in the moment, love and trust for their partner, and deferring to the perceived or actual wishes of men. We conclude that there is a need to promote and achieve affirmative sexuality which includes women feeling empowered to express their own sexual needs -- whether that be consent or refusal, contraception, pleasure, or all of these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine-grained representation is fundamental to species classification based on deep learning, and in this context, cross-modal contrastive learning is an effective method. The diversity of species coupled with the inherent contextual ambiguity of natural language poses a primary challenge in the cross-modal representation alignment of conservation area image data. Integrating cross-modal retrieval tasks with generation tasks contributes to cross-modal representation alignment based on contextual understanding. However, during the contrastive learning process, apart from learning the differences in the data itself, a pair of encoders inevitably learns the differences caused by encoder fluctuations. The latter leads to convergence shortcuts, resulting in poor representation quality and an inaccurate reflection of the similarity relationships between samples in the original dataset within the shared space of features. To achieve fine-grained cross-modal representation alignment, we first propose a residual attention network to enhance consistency during momentum updates in cross-modal encoders. Building upon this, we propose momentum encoding from a multi-task perspective as a bridge for cross-modal information, effectively improving cross-modal mutual information, representation quality, and optimizing the distribution of feature points within the cross-modal shared semantic space. By acquiring momentum encoding queues for cross-modal semantic understanding through multi-tasking, we align ambiguous natural language representations around the invariant image features of factual information, alleviating contextual ambiguity and enhancing model robustness. Experimental validation shows that our proposed multi-task perspective of cross-modal momentum encoders outperforms similar models on standardized image classification tasks and image–text cross-modal retrieval tasks on public datasets by up to 8% on the leaderboard, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. Qualitative experiments on our self-built conservation area image–text paired dataset show that our proposed method accurately performs cross-modal retrieval and generation tasks among 8142 species, proving its effectiveness on fine-grained cross-modal image–text conservation area image datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to address the 'scant attention' (to use Barney Glaser's words) given to formal grounded theory by revisiting and reformulating the concept of accuracy (interchangeably used with accurate descriptions and empirical evidence) which Glaser blames to be the reason behind grounded theorists neglecting formal grounded theorizing. A novel concept called pragmatic accuracy is introduced to meet the requirements of formal grounded theorizing. Pragmatic accuracy by supplementing inductive reasoning with abductive places methodological self-consciousness at the center of formal grounded theorizing as there is a continual need for scrutinizing the core assumptions of a researcher and those of their participants'. This study does not entirely reject Glaser's approach of shunning accuracy. Rather it teases out the contradiction between Glaser's words and practice towards qualitative descriptions and shows how he, in a coauthored formal grounded theory, recognizes the importance of empirical references and explanatory definitions. Along with Glaser, Charmaz' and Kearney's views on accuracy are also unpacked and brought in harmony with the requirements of formal grounded theorizing. A case is made through pragmatic accuracy to encourage a sustained focus on the inclusion of empirical content in an emerging formal theory to increase its applicability and generalizability. The reformulated pragmatic accuracy also offers two lengths for formal grounded theories, article-length and book-length, depending upon the requirements of the topic and the researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have presented a novel probabilistic model called the neutrosophic Burr-III distribution, designed for applications in neutrosophic surface analysis. Neutrosophic analysis allows for the incorporation of vague and imprecise information, reflecting the reality that many real-world problems involve ambiguous data. This ability to handle vagueness can lead to more robust and realistic models especially in situation where classical models fall short. We have also explored the neutrosophic Burr-III distribution in order to deal with the ambiguity and vagueness in the data where the classical Burr-III distribution falls short. This distribution offers valuable insights into various reliability properties, moment expressions, order statistics, and entropy measures, making it a versatile tool for analyzing complex data. To assess the practical relevance of our proposed distribution, we applied it to real-world data sets and compared its performance against the classical Burr-III distribution. The findings revealed that the neutrosophic Burr-III distribution outperformed than the classical Burr-III distribution in capturing the underlying data characteristics, highlighting its potential as a superior modeling toolin various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) pose a significant hazard to the security of the general public, especially in developing nations. A daily average of more than three thousand fatalities is recorded worldwide, rating it as the second most prevalent cause of death among people aged 5–29. Precise and reliable decisionmaking techniques are essential for identifying the most effective approach to mitigate road traffic incidents. This research endeavors to investigate this specific concern. The Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS) is a strong and efficient method for addressing ambiguity, particularly when the concept of Pythagorean fuzzy set fails to provide a solution. This research presents two innovative aggregation operators: the Fermatean fuzzy ordered weighted averaging (FFOWA) operator and the Fermatean fuzzy dynamic ordered weighted geometric (FFOWG) operator. The salient characteristics of these operators are discussed and important exceptional scenarios are thoroughly delineated. Furthermore, by implementing the suggested operators, we develop a systematic approach to handle multiple attribute decisionmaking (MADM) scenarios that involve Fermatean fuzzy (FF) data. In order to show the viability of the developed method, we provide a numerical illustration encompassing the determination of the most effective approach to alleviate road traffic accidents. Lastly, we conduct a comparative evaluation of the proposed approach in relation to a number of established methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many widely different problems have a common mathematical structure wherein limited knowledge leads to ambiguity that can be captured conveniently using a concept of invisibility that requires the introduction of negative values for quantities that are inherently positive. Here I analyze three examples taken from perception theory, rigid body mechanics, and quantum measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]