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Objective: Pediatric postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 or "long COVID" is a multisystemic disease with a wide range of symptoms more than 4 wks after initial infection. This study explores the quality of life in children with long COVID and how preexisting conditions affect symptoms and quality of life. Design: A retrospective single-center study of 97 patients was completed to analyze PedsQL quality of life in pediatric patients with long COVID and associations between preexisting conditions, long COVID symptoms, and PedsQL scores. Results: Children with long COVID had significantly lower quality of life compared with previously published normative samples (PedsQL Core: P < 0.001; Fatigue: P < 0.001; Family Impact: P < 0.001). Number of long COVID symptoms, age, and preexisting history of depression, allergies, and developmental delay affected the overall fatigue PedsQL scores. Preexisting mood disorders were associated with a higher prevalence of worsening mental health symptoms (anxiety, P = 0.01; depression, P = 0.04), dizziness/lightheadedness/vertigo (P = 0.02), and change in appetite (P = 0.04). Conclusions: Long COVID has a significant impact on the quality of life of children and their families. Children with long COVID can benefit from multidisciplinary care addressing fatigue, mental health, and family coping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to high altitude might cause the body to adapt with negative energy and fluid balance that compromise body composition and physical performance. In this field study involving 12 healthy adults, sex-balanced, and aged 29 ± 4 years with a body mass index of 21.6 ± 1.8 kg/m2, we investigated the effects of a 4-day trekking up to 4556 m a.s.l. on Monte Rosa (Alps, Italy). The food intake was recorded using food diaries and nutrient averages were calculated. The bio-impedance analysis was performed at low and high altitudes, and a wearable biosensor (Swemax) was used to track hydro-saline losses in two participants. Daily total energy intake was 3348 ± 386 kcal for males and 2804 ± 415 kcal for females (13%–14% protein, 35% fat, 44%–46% carbohydrates). Although there was a significant body weight loss (65.0 ± 9.3 vs. 64.2 ± 9.10 kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.398), no significant changes in body composition parameter were found but a trend in the increase of the bioelectrical phase angle in males (p = 0.059, d = −0.991). Body water percentage significantly changed (p = 0.026, η2p = 0.440), but the absolute water did not, suggesting that the weight loss was not due to water loss. Salivary and urinary osmolality did not change. A reduction in sweat rate at higher altitudes was observed in both participants. Interestingly, salivary leptin increased (p = 0.014, η2p = 0.510), and salivary ghrelin decreased (p = 0.036, η2p = 0.403). Therefore, the 4-day trekking at altitude of hypoxia exposure induced changes in satiety and appetite hormones. High altitude expeditions require more specific nutritional guidance, and using multiplex analysis could help in monitoring fluid balance and body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous supplementation with ketone beverages has been shown to reduce plasma glucose levels during acute nutritional ketosis. It remains to be investigated whether growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15)—an anorexigenic hormone—is involved in this process. The aim was to investigate the effect of a ketone ester beverage delivering β-hydroxybutyrate (KEβHB) on plasma levels of GDF-15, as well as assess the influence of eating behaviour on it. The study was a randomised controlled trial (registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03889210). Individuals were given a KEβHB beverage or placebo in a cross-over fashion. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 min after ingestion. Eating behaviour was assessed using the three-factor eating questionnaire. GDF-15 levels were not significantly different (p = 0.503) after the KEβHB beverage compared with the placebo. This finding remained consistent across the cognitive restraint, emotional eating, and uncontrolled eating domains. Changes in the anorexigenic hormone GDF-15, irrespective of eating behaviour, do not appear to play a major role in the glucose-lowering effect of exogenous ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylphenidate (MPH), a first-line treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) management, has been the focus of debate for decades regarding its effect on growth. The aim of this PRISMA meta-analysis was to determine the effect of MPH on height in children/adolescents with ADHD and its predictive factors based on literature reports. Available full-text articles were systematically reviewed to identify clinical studies of pediatric ADHD patients with height Z-score (HZS) data for monotherapy MPH-treated and non-treated groups. We estimated standardized mean differences (SMDs) of HZS or its changes from baseline (ΔHZS) between groups, then identified associated factors through subgroup analyses and meta-regression. For before–after treatment studies, the paired standard errors of ΔHZS were re-estimated to demonstrate in the forest plot. Risk of bias was analyzed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Among the 29 eligible studies, 26 reported ΔHZS with self-control groups, and ΔHZS or absolute HZS were compared to other external controls in 11 studies. A significant reduction was observed between post-MHP and pre-MPH use, with high heterogeneity (SMD = – 0.40; 95% confidence interval = [ – 0.54, – 0.27]; I2 = 91%). The study region, ADHD subtype, and stimulant-naïve status of patients at baseline may modify the effect on HZS. Because of the high clinical heterogeneity in observational studies, clinicians should consider the negative effect of MPH on height in ADHD patients by determining whether patients fulfill appropriate high-risk criteria. Further well-designed longitudinal studies are required to better quantify this effect, especially with prolonged treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals vary in their ability to taste, and some individuals are more sensitive to certain tastes than others. Taste sensitivity is a predictor of various factors, such as diet, eating behavior, appetite regulation, and overall health. Furthermore, taste sensitivity can fluctuate within an individual over short to long periods of time: for example, in daily (diurnal) cycles, monthly (menstrual) cycles (in females), and yearly (seasonal) cycles. Understanding these temporal patterns is important for understanding individual eating habits and food preferences, particularly in the context of personalized and precision nutrition. This review provides a summary of the literature on taste sensitivity patterns across 3 temporal dimensions: daily, monthly, and yearly. Good evidence for diurnal patterns has been observed for sweet taste and fat taste, although the evidence is limited to rodent studies for the latter. Obese populations showed limited variation to sweet and fat taste sensitivities over a day, with limited variation in sweet taste sensitivity being linked to insulin resistance. There were mixed observations of temporal variation in sensitivity to sour and umami tastes, and there were no patterns in sensitivity to bitter taste. Menstrual patterns in sweet taste sensitivity were consistent with patterns in food intake. Other taste modality investigations had mixed findings that had little agreement across studies. Hormonal changes in females influence taste sensitivity to some degree, although the overall patterns are unclear. Seasonal patterns have been less well studied, but there is weak evidence that sweet, salty, and bitter taste sensitivities change across seasons. Differences in seasonal taste patterns have been observed in subgroups susceptible to mental health disorders, requiring further investigation. Patterns of taste sensitivity are evident across multiple temporal dimensions, and more research is needed to determine the influence of these patterns on food intake. Dysregulation of these patterns may also be a marker of certain diseases or health conditions, warranting further investigation. Notably, the alimentary tastes (umami, fat, and carbohydrate) are underrepresented in this research area and require additional investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Efforts to combat frailty and preserve good health in older adults have highlighted oral frailty as an early indicator of overall frailty. Individuals showing oral frailty are at an elevated risk of insufficient nutritional intake compared with those without oral frailty; however, underlying mechanisms remain poorly explored. In this cross‐sectional study, we aimed to examine the link between oral frailty and undernutrition, especially regarding poor appetite and low dietary diversity. Methods: The analysis included 2727 late‐stage older adults (mean age 79.9 ± 4.3 years) who underwent dental checkups in a prefecture in Japan from 2016 to 2020. The examination involved a questionnaire survey (covering basic information, frailty screening index, appetite index: Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire; and dietary variety: Dietary Variety Score) and a measurement survey (including intraoral confirmation, oral diadochokinesis and masticatory efficiency test). Individuals with three or more indications of poor oral function, identified through oral function assessment, were defined as showing oral frailty. Binomial logistic regression and path analyses examined associations among oral frailty, Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire and Dietary Variety Score. Results: Among those analyzed, 1208 (44.3%) participants were categorized into the oral frailty group. Binomial logistic regression analysis showed that Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (odds ratio for oral frailty per 1‐point increase 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.84–0.93) and Dietary Variety Score (odds ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.92–0.98) were significantly associated with oral frailty. The path analysis showed individual associations between each examined factor. Conclusions: Oral frailty was associated with decreased appetite and dietary variety in late‐stage older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 626–633. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional, endocrine, and neurological signals converge in multiple brain centres to control feeding behaviour and food intake as part of the allostatic regulation of energy balance. Among the several neuroendocrine systems involved, the leptin, glucocorticoid, and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP1) systems have been extensively researched. Leptin is at the top hierarchical level since its complete absence is sufficient to trigger severe hyperphagia. Glucocorticoids are key regulators of the energy balance adaptation to stress and their sustained excess leads to excessive adiposity and metabolic perturbations. GLP1 participates in metabolic adaptation to food intake, regulating insulin secretion and satiety by parallel central and peripheral signalling systems. Herein, we review the brain and peripheral targets of these three hormone systems that integrate to regulate food intake, feeding behaviour, and metabolic homeostasis. We examine the functional relationships between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 at the central and peripheral levels, including the cross‐regulation of their circulating levels and their cooperative or antagonistic actions at different brain centres. The pathophysiological roles of these neuroendocrine systems in dysregulated intake are explored in the two extremes of body adiposity – obesity and lipodystrophy – and eating behaviour disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Quality of life (QoL), appetite, cachexia, and biomarkers [albumin, hemoglobin (Hb), neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CXCL5) and citrullinated histoneH3 (H3Cit)] were compared for 40 cases with advanced cancer and 40 healthy controls. Baseline differences and significant relationships were explored for biomarkers with QoL, appetite, and cachexia. Methods: In a prospective case–control, age and sex matched study, the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life–C30 questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30) for QoL, the Functional Assessment of Anorexia and Cachexia Therapy assessment (FAACT A/CS-12) for appetite, and a five-factor cachexia assessment tool for cachexia assessment were performed. Routine hematological measurements and blood chemistry analyses together with ELISA procedures and a Multiplex® bead array platform, were used for biomarker analysis. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were undertaken. P < 0.05 defined statistical significance. Results: Global health status (QL-G), functional scales (QL-FS), and symptom scales (QL-SS) differed for cases and controls (p < 0.01). In cases, differences were observed for QL-G (p < 0.01), QL-FS (p < 0.01), and QL-SS (p = 0.01) compared to standardized references values. FAACT A/CS-12 scores differed significantly between cases and controls (p < 0.01) and 30% of cases scored “poor” appetites. Cachexia was present in 60% of cases. Albumin, lymphocytes, platelets, Hb, platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), CRP, TNFα, all at p < 0.01, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (p = 0.02), IL-6 (p < 0.04), and IL-8 (p = 0.02) differed significantly between cases and controls. No difference was found for CXCL5 or H3Cit. Albumin NLR, Hb, PLR, SII, TNFα, IL-8, and CRP showed significant relationships with all aspects of QoL. QL-FS was significantly related to CXCL5 (p = 0.04), significant relationships with FAACT A/CS-12 included: NLR (p = 0.002), Hb (p < 0.001), and PLR (p < 0.01). NLR, PLR, SII, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, and CRP correlated positively to cachexia and albumin while Hb and lymphocyte count correlated negatively to cachexia. Conclusion: CXCL5 and H3Cit were not reliable biomarkers for cancer cachexia, nor significantly related to QoL, appetite or cachexia. Albumin, NLR, Hb, PLR, SII, TNFα, IL-8, and CRP were reliable indicators of QoL, appetite, and cachexia. Future research should include other novel biomarkers namely growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), fractakline, interferon gamma (IFN-y), IL-16, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and macrophage procoagulant–inducing factor (MPIF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brewers spent grain (BSG) is a valuable source of arabinoxylans with potential beneficial effects on glucose values. This pilot randomised crossover double-blind trial compared the effects of panettone, a sweet baked-product, enriched with BSG-fibre (p-rich) to unenriched panettone (p-standard) on glucose and insulin blood values and appetite scores. Ten healthy volunteers consumed each food in a random order. Blood variables and appetite scores were assessed at fasting and at different intervals after each food consumption. Glucose values were significantly higher after p-standard intake at 90-min (89.9 ± 16.1 vs 74.6 ± 19.4 mg/dL) and 120-min (81.1 ± 9.85 vs 72.1 ± 14.0 mg/dL). The areas-under-the-curve (AUCs) were lower for both glucose (p =.043) and insulin values (p =.036) with p-rich. At 240-min, satiety was higher (p =.006), and desire-to-eat lower (p =.008) with p-rich; desire-to-eat AUC was lower with p-rich too (p =.029). The integration of a small amount of BSG-derived fibre into a sweet food led to improved glycaemic control and appetite regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People living with mesothelioma have a high symptom burden that can affect dietary intake and the development of malnutrition, subsequently impacting on patient‐related and treatment outcomes. The present study aimed to develop a better understanding of the experiences of diet and appetite in people living with mesothelioma and their informal carers. Methods: Twenty‐three participants took part in semistructured interviews including 12 people living with mesothelioma (10 pleural and 2 peritoneal) aged 56–83 years and 12 informal carers, predominantly their spouses. Open ended questions focussed on experiences of appetite and diet, as well as approaches to maintain adequate food intake. Thematic analysis was applied. Results: Four themes were generated that included unintentional weight loss and poor appetite during diagnosis and when undergoing medical intervention. Participants managed their appetite and diet by taking each day at a time and this was influenced by the physical and emotional experiences of mesothelioma. The informal carer took on the lead role of managing their relatives' diet and implemented their own nutritional strategies and there were challenges with dietary advice. Conclusions: Appetite was viewed as a multidimensional experience and was grounded within the biopsychosocial model. The findings offer important insights into opportunities informing the development of effective interventions that provide meaningful benefits for individuals living with mesothelioma and their family. Key points: Weight loss and appetite problems are common in mesothelioma and comprise a multidimensional experience.Better management of patient's symptoms may improve appetite.There is scope to develop effective interventions that provide meaningful benefits for people living with mesothelioma and their family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunger is a psychological state that serves physiological energy homeostasis. I argue that it is a pure underived desire to eat and examine its role in homeostasis. After scene‐setting explanations of homeostasis and desire, I argue that hunger is a close phenomenological match with underived desire. Then, I show why desire is an apt instrument for energy homeostasis. Finally, I argue that energy homeostasis is a multi‐factorial future‐regarding behavioural strategy. Hunger is a special purpose sensory state that serves only to implement the strategy. Thus, it is a sensory desire. I conclude by reflecting on the credibility of this desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity, a major health hazard in both developed and developing countries, is greatly influenced by an individual's eating behaviour or appetitive trait. While eating disorders are known to be associated with abnormal body composition and cardio-metabolic risks, on par with metabolic syndrome, knowledge regarding the relationship between appetitive traits and body composition and anthropometric indices is very limited. Aim: To assess the appetitive traits of young and middle-aged individuals and correlate them with their body composition, anthropometric indices, and appearance anxiety. Materials and Methods: Sixty-eight healthy volunteers aged 19-45 years were included in this cross-sectional study. The appetitive traits, appearance anxiety, and perceived body shape of the study participants were assessed using the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ), Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI), and Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS). Body composition was assessed using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). The correlation between appetitive trait scores and the study parameters was assessed using the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient test. Comparison of appetitive traits between males and females was done using the Independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 43 males and 25 females. Significant negative correlations were observed between food avoidance scores and body composition parameters such as BMI, waist-to-height ratio, lean mass, dry lean weight, body cell mass, basal metabolic rate, and Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI). While food approach behaviour was similar between females and males, the overall food avoidance behaviour trait (53.4±11.2 vs. 47.26±9.09, p=0.016) and satiety responsiveness (12.28±3.2 vs. 10.51±2.93, p=0.024) were significantly more pronounced in females than in males. Moreover, the food avoidance behaviour of females revealed significant negative correlations with BMI, fat mass, lean mass, body cell mass, basal metabolic rate, Body Fat Mass Index (BFMI), free-fat mass index, and CDRS scores. Conclusion: The food avoidance trait is associated with abnormal changes in specific body composition parameters in adults. Satiety responsiveness and body dis-satisfaction related to being overweight are more common among young females and are associated with abnormal changes in their body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cachexia is an irreversible condition that involves a significant loss of body weight, muscle mass, and adipose tissue. It is a complex condition that involves a variety of metabolic, hormonal, and immune-related factors, with the precise mechanisms not yet fully understood. In this review, the prevalence of cachexia in different types of cancer as well as the potential risk factors was evaluated from literature retrieved from databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus. Potential risk factors evaluated here include tumor-related factors such as location, and stage of the cancer, as well as patient-related factors such as age, gender, and comorbidities. Several findings were observed where cachexia is more prevalent in male cancer patients than females, with higher incidences of weight loss and poorer outcomes. This may be due to the different muscle compositions between gender. Additionally, cachexia is more prevalent at the later stages, which may be brought about by the late-stage diagnosis of certain cancers. The anatomical location of certain cancers such as the pancreas and stomach may play a significant factor in their high prevalence of cachexia. These are sites of the synthesis of digestive enzymes and hormones regulating appetite. Cachexia is an issue faced by cancer patients which could affect their recovery. However, it is poorly understood, which limit therapeutic options. Hence, understanding this disease from different perspectives (clinical and pre-clinical), and bridging those findings could further improve our comprehension and consequently improve therapeutic options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural and synthetic cannabinoids are being used worldwide to treat various symptoms in cancer patients. This study aims to map the therapeutic benefits and adverse effects associated with the use of cannabis-based drugs in these outcomes. Methods: Following Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines a scoping review was conducted. The study protocol was available in the Open Science Framework public repository. An extensive search strategy involving databases like Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Google Scholar, and Open Gray for gray literature analysis was executed by a skilled librarian. The inclusion criteria were primary studies (observational and randomized) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids in cancer patients. The review encompassed studies of diverse designs, publication years, and types, as long as they addressed cannabinoids' impact in oncology. Results: Twenty-nine (82.86%) out of total of 35 were randomized and 6 (14.14%) were non-randomized. About 57.1% of studies utilized registered products as interventions, with THC being the most natural cannabinoid cited in variable doses and administration routes. Moreover, 62.85% of studies specified the cancer types (breast, lung, sarcomas, hematological and reproductive system), while only one study detailed cancer staging. The evaluated outcomes encompassed nausea and vomiting (77.14%), appetite (11.43%), pain (8.57%), and tumor regression (2.86%) across different proportions of studies. Conclusion: Cannabinoids show promise in managing pain, emesis, and anorexia/cachexia linked to cancer progression. New randomized clinical trials with a larger number of participants and observational studies on long-term safety are crucial to affirm their medicinal utility for cancer patients unresponsive to conventional drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe hypercalcemia associated with vitamin D intoxication or malignancy in children is a rare and life-threatening condition. There is little published experience with Zoledronic acid (ZA) in the treatment of pediatric severe hypercalcemia. Here, we present two pediatric cases of severe hypercalcemia, one due to vitamin D intoxication and the second to malignancy, in which ZA was used as the first-line bisphosphonate in the treatment. While both cases responded well to a single dose of ZA, the second case experienced hypocalcemia requiring calcium treatment after ZA infusion. Our report shows that ZA may be an effective option in the treatment of severe pediatric hypercalcemia, although patients should be followed closely after infusion due to the risk of hypocalcemia. We provide additional published evidence for the effectiveness of ZA in correcting severe pediatric hypercalcemia and hope this will encourage future studies with larger numbers of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Exercise training may influence on appetite hormones and energy homeostasis. Aims: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with elastic band (ERT) on ghrelin (GHRL) and obestatin (OBST) hormones' concentration changes in overweight men. Methods: Twenty male overweight (25 < BMI ≤ 29.5 kg/m2) voluntary participated in the current study and randomly assigned in the resistance training with elastic bands (ERT; n = 10), and control (Con; n = 10). Elastic resistance training was done three sessions in week in non-consecutive for 8 weeks. Blood sample was gathered before ERT and was repeated 48 h interval with the last session of exercise training. GHRL and OBST were assessed in the plasma. Also, functional capacity (Push UP: PU; Squat: SQ) was assessed, and body fat percentage (BF %) was estimated. Results: We found that there was a significant difference in GHRL in the ERT than control [time × group (p = 0.045; F = 4.38)]; however, there was no significant difference in OBST (p˃0.05). It was also seen that the interactive effect of time in the ERT (time × group) was significant for PU and SQ [(p = 0.004; F = 8.02), and SQ (p = 0.011; F = 8.1], respectively. Also, a decrease was found in BF% in the ERT than control (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded elastic resistance training with elastic bands improve the functional capacities and ghrelin hormone, and should be taken into consideration in the design of weight control protocols. This implicitly states that stretching resistance training increases metabolism and improves calorie intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the GPCR superfamily have a wide variety of physiological roles and are therefore valuable targets for developing effective medicines. However, within this superfamily are receptors that are less well characterized and remain orphans, including GPR84. This receptor is stimulated by ligands derived from dietary nutrients, specifically medium chain fatty acids (C9–14), and novel synthetic agonists. There are data demonstrating the role of GPR84 in inflammatory pathways, in addition to emerging data suggesting a key role for GPR84 as a nutrient‐sensing GPCR involved in metabolism by sensing energy load via nutrient exposure and subsequent signalling leading to modulation of food intake. Exploring GPR84 pharmacology, its localization and what drives its expression has revealed multiple roles for this receptor. Here, we will reflect on these various roles of GRP84 demonstrated thus far, primarily by exploring data from pre‐clinical and clinical studies in various physiological systems, with a specific focus on the gastrointestinal tract. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appetite (satiation and satiety) is an essential element for the control of eating behavior, and as a consequence human nutrition, body weight, and chronic disease risk. A better understanding of appetite mechanisms is necessary to modulate eating behavior and food intake, and also provide a practical approach for weight management. Although many researchers have investigated the relationships between satiation/satiety and specific factors including human physiology, psychology, and food characteristics, limited information on the interactions between factors or comparisons between the relative importance of factors in contributing to satiation/satiety have been reported. This article reviews progress and gaps in understanding individual attributes contributing to perceived satiation/satiety, the advantages of considering multiple factors together in appetite experiments, as well as the applications of nondestructive sensing in evaluating human factors contributing to relative appetite perception. The approaches proposed position characterization of appetite (satiation and satiety) for personalized and precision nutrition in relation to human status and healthy diets. In particular, it is recommended that future studies of appetite perception recognize the inter-dependence of food type and intake, appetite (satiation and satiety), and individual status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypopituitarism is a relatively rare complication of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. However, almost all available reported cases were total anterior pituitary hypofunction, isolated growth-hormone deficiency, or isolated gonadotropin deficiency. Here, we firstly describe a patient with partial hypopituitarism with ACTH deficiency as the main manifestation as a complication of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on fat appetite have focused on long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) due to their obesogenic properties. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), conversely, exhibit antiobesogenic effects; however, the regulation of MCT intake remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mice can distinguish between MCTs and LCTs, and the specific appetite for MCTs is governed by hepatic β-oxidation. We generated liver-specific medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)-deficient (MCADL−/−) mice and analyzed their preference for MCT and LCT solutions using glyceryl trioctanoate (C8-TG), glyceryl tridecanoate (C10-TG), corn oil, and lard oil in two-bottle choice tests conducted over 8 days. In addition, we used lick microstructure analyses to evaluate the palatability and appetite for MCT and LCT solutions. Finally, we measured the expression levels of genes associated with fat ingestion (Galanin, Qrfp, and Nmu) in the hypothalamus 2 h after oral gavage of fat. Compared with control mice, MCADL−/− mice exhibited a significantly reduced preference for MCT solutions, with no alteration in the preference for LCTs. Lick analysis revealed that MCADL−/− mice displayed a significantly decreased appetite for MCT solutions only while the palatability of both MCT and LCT solutions remained unaffected. Hypothalamic Galanin expression in control mice was elevated by oral gavage of C8-TG but not by LCTs, and this response was abrogated in MCADL−/− mice. In summary, our data suggest that hepatic β-oxidation is required for MCT-specific appetite but not for LCT-specific appetite. The induction of hypothalamic galanin upon MCT ingestion, dependent on hepatic β-oxidation, could be involved in the regulation of MCT-specific appetite. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Whether and how medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) intake is regulated remains unknown. Here, we showed that mice can discriminate between MCTs and LCTs. Hepatic β-oxidation participates in MCT-specific appetite, and hypothalamic galanin may be one of the factors that regulate MCT intake. Because of the antiobesity effects of MCTs, studying MCT-specific appetite may help combat obesity by promoting the intake of MCTs instead of LCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: Whilst glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP1‐RAs) are effective for treating adolescent obesity, weight loss maintenance (WLM; preventing weight regain) remains a challenge. Our goal was to investigate appetite/satiety hormones and eating behaviours that may predict WLM with exenatide (a GLP1‐RA) versus placebo in adolescents with severe obesity. Methods: Adolescents who had ≥5% body mass index (BMI) reduction with meal replacement therapy were randomized to 52 weeks of once‐weekly exenatide extended release or placebo. In this secondary analysis, eating behaviours and appetite/satiety regulation hormones post‐meal replacement therapy (pre‐randomization to exenatide or placebo) were evaluated as possible predictors of WLM. Percent change in BMI from randomization to 52 weeks served as the primary measure of WLM. Results: The analysis included 66 adolescents (mean age 16.0 years; 47% female). Lower leptin response to meal testing was associated with greater WLM in terms of BMI percent change in those receiving exenatide compared to placebo (p = 0.007) after adjusting for sex, age and BMI. There were no other significant predictors of WLM. Conclusions: Prior to exenatide, lower leptin response to meals was associated with improved WLM with exenatide compared to placebo. The mostly null findings of this study suggest that GLP1‐RA treatment may produce similar WLM for adolescents with obesity regardless of age, BMI, sex and eating behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID; CBT‐AR) theoretically targets three prototypic motivations (sensory sensitivity, lack of interest/low appetite, fear of aversive consequences), aligned with three modularized interventions. As an exploratory investigation, we: (1) evaluated change in candidate mechanisms in relationship to change in ARFID severity, and (2) tested if assignment (vs. not) to a module resulted in larger improvements in the corresponding mechanism. Method: Males and females (N = 42; 10–55 years) participated in an open trial of CBT‐AR. Results: Decreases in scaled scores for each candidate mechanism had medium to large correlations with decreases in ARFID severity—sensory sensitivity: −0.7 decrease (r =.42, p =.01); lack of interest/low appetite: −0.3 decrease (r =.60, p <.0001); and fear of aversive consequences: −1.1 decrease (r =.33, p =.05). Linear mixed models revealed significant weekly improvements for each candidate mechanism across the full sample (ps <.0001). There were significant interactions for the sensory and fear of aversive consequences modules–for each, participants who received the corresponding module had significantly larger decreases in the candidate mechanism than those who did not receive the module. Discussion: Sensory sensitivity and fear of aversive consequences improved more if the CBT‐AR module was received, but lack of interest/low appetite may improve regardless of receipt of the corresponding module. Future research is needed to test target engagement in CBT‐AR with adaptive treatment designs, and to identify valid and sensitive measures of candidate mechanisms. Public Significance: The mechanisms through which components of CBT‐AR work have yet to be elucidated. We conducted an exploratory investigation to test if assignment (vs. not) to a CBT‐AR module resulted in larger improvements in the corresponding prototypic ARFID motivation that the module intended to target. Measures of the sensory sensitivity and the fear of aversive consequences motivations improved more in those who received the corresponding treatment module, whereas the lack of interest/low appetite measure improved regardless of if the corresponding module was received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A systematic search was conducted in Medline Ovid, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up until March 2021 following PRISMA guidelines. Studies included evaluated ghrelin, GLP‐1, PYY or appetite sensation via visual analogue scales (VASs) before and after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in adults. A multilevel model with random effects for study and follow‐up time points nested in study was fit to the data. The model included kcal consumption as a covariate and time points as moderators. Among the 2559 articles identified, k = 47 were included, among which k = 19 evaluated ghrelin, k = 40 GLP‐1, k = 22 PYY, and k = 8 appetite sensation. Our results indicate that fasting ghrelin levels are decreased 2 weeks post‐RYGB (p = 0.005) but do not differ from baseline from 6 weeks to 1‐year post‐RYGB. Postprandial ghrelin and fasting GLP‐1 levels were not different from pre‐surgical values. Postprandial levels of GLP‐1 increased significantly from 1 week (p < 0.001) to 2 years post‐RYGB (p < 0.01) compared with pre‐RYGB. Fasting PYY increased at 6 months (p = 0.034) and 1 year (p = 0.029) post‐surgery; also, postprandial levels increased up to 1 year (p < 0.01). Insufficient data on appetite sensation were available to be meta‐analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anamorelin was approved in Japan in 2021 to treat cancer cachexia associated with non‐small cell lung, gastric, pancreatic, or colorectal cancers. Post‐marketing surveillance is being conducted to evaluate the real‐world safety and effectiveness of anamorelin. Methods: This prospective, observational surveillance registered all patients who started treatment with anamorelin after April 21, 2021. Hyperglycemia, hepatic impairment, conduction disorders, and their associated adverse events related to treatment were defined as main safety specifications. Body weight (BW) and appetite were assessed as effectiveness specifications. Results: This analysis was based on data as of January 21, 2023. The safety and effectiveness analysis sets included 6016 and 4511 patients, respectively. Treatment‐related adverse events in ≥1% of patients were hyperglycemia (3.9%) and nausea (2.6%). The incidences of hyperglycemia, hepatic impairment, conduction disorders, and their associated adverse events related to treatment were 4.8%, 1.2%, and 1.1%, respectively. The mean changes (standard error [SE]) in BW from baseline to weeks 3, 12, 24, and 52 were 0.64 (0.05) kg, 1.19 (0.12) kg, 1.40 (0.21) kg, and 1.42 (0.39) kg, respectively. The mean changes (SE) in Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Treatment 5‐item Anorexia Symptom Scale total scores from baseline to weeks 3, 12, 24, and 52 were 3.2 (0.09), 4.8 (0.18), 5.2 (0.30), and 5.3 (0.47), respectively, exceeding the clinically meaningful improvement score (2.0 points). Conclusion: The overall safety of anamorelin raised no new safety concerns, although continued caution may be required for hyperglycemia and nausea. Improvements in BW and appetite were also observed in real‐world clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale Poor appetite is considered a key factor in the development of malnutrition, a link that can be explained by alterations in dietary intake. Given the limited data on dietary characteristics in community-dwelling older adults with poor appetite, the present study aimed to examine whether poor appetite is associated with lower nutrient intake and more unfavourable food choices. Methods In 569 participants of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam aged ≥70 years appetite was assessed using the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire and dichotomised into normal (>14) and poor (≤14). Intake of energy, 19 nutrients, 15 food groups, the Dutch Healthy Diet Index 2015 (DHD15) and Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were calculated from a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary differences between appetite groups were examined using Mann–Whitney U test and binary logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results Mean age was 78 ± 6 years and 52% were female. Appetite was poor in 12.5% of participants. Energy intake was 1951 (median; quartiles 1–3: 1,653–2,384) kcal/day with no difference between appetite groups. Poor appetite was associated with lower intake of protein (OR 0.948, 95%CI 0.922–0.973), folate (0.981, 0.973–0.989), zinc (0.619, 0.454–0.846), vegetables (0.988, 0.982–0.994) and lower scores of DHD15 (0.964, 0.945–0.983) and MDS (0.904, 0.850–0.961), as well as higher intake of carbohydrates (1.015, 1.006–1.023), and vitamins B2 (4.577, 1.650–12.694) and C (1.013, 1.005–1.021). Conclusions Community-dwelling older adults with poor appetite showed poorer diet quality with a lower intake of protein, folate, zinc and vegetables, compared with those reporting normal appetite and should be advised accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate if consumption of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast (PRO) leads to a lower subsequent ad libitum energy intake at lunch and the rest of the day compared with ingestion of an isocaloric low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast (CHO) or no breakfast (CON). The study was designed as a randomized controlled 3-period crossover study. Thirty young (18–30 yr) females with overweight to obesity (body mass index >25 kg/m2) in random order completed 3 separate experimental days where they consumed either a PRO, CHO, or CON breakfast test meal followed by an ad libitum lunch meal 3 h after breakfast. Participants were allocated to a sequence group by their inclusion number. The PRO and CHO breakfasts were matched in dietary fiber and fat content. Energy intake at lunch was calculated and dietary records were obtained for the rest of the day to calculate the total daily energy intake and macronutrient intake. Ratings of appetite sensations between meals and palatability of the test meals were assessed using visual analog scale sheets in intervals ranging from 10 to 30 min. In addition, blood samples were obtained at multiple time points separated by 10 to 60 min intervals between breakfast and lunch and were analyzed for appetite-regulating gut hormones, insulin, and glucose. Finally, performance in a cognitive concentration test was tested 150 min after breakfast. Compared with CHO and CON, the area under the curves for satiety, fullness, and satisfaction in the 3 h after breakfast were significantly higher after PRO, whereas the areas under the curve for hunger, desire to eat, and prospective eating were significantly lower after PRO. The appetite-regulating gut hormones cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and ghrelin in the hours after breakfast, energy intake during the ad libitum lunch meal, and the total daily energy intake did not differ significantly between PRO, CHO, and CON. However, the cognitive concentration test score was 3.5 percentage points higher for PRO, but not CHO, versus CON. A dairy-based high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast increased satiety sensation in the hours after breakfast but did not reduce total daily energy intake compared with an isocaloric low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast or omitting breakfast. However, performance in a cognitive concentration test before lunch was enhanced after the high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast, but not the low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast, compared with omitting breakfast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a key factor in appetite suppression. However, the effect of Lcn2 on appetite in terms of sex differences has not been thoroughly studied. Methods: Young (3-month-old) whole-body Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2−/−) mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to investigate obesity, food intake, serum metabolism, hepatic lipid metabolism, and regulation of gastrointestinal hormones. Results: Lcn2 deficiency significantly increased the body weight and food intake of male mice when fed ND instead of HFD and females when fed HFD but not ND. Compared to wild-type (WT) male mice, the adiponectin level and phosphorylated form of adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the hypothalamus were both increased in ND-fed Lcn2−/− male mice but decreased in HFD-fed Lcn2−/− male mice. However, in female mice, adiponectin and its energy metabolism pathway were not altered. Instead, estradiol was found to be substantially higher in ND-fed Lcn2−/− female mice and substantially lower in HFD-fed Lcn2−/− female mice compared with WT female mice. Estradiol alteration also caused similar changes in ERα in the hypothalamus, leading to changes in the PI3K/AKT energy metabolism pathway. It suggested that the increased appetite caused by Lcn2 deficiency in male mice may be due to increased adiponectin expression and promotion of AMPK phosphorylation, while in female mice it may be related to the decrease of circulating estradiol and the inhibition of the hypothalamic ERα/PI3K/AKT energy metabolism pathway. Conclusion: Lcn2 plays in a highly sex-specific manner in the regulation of appetite in young mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically based therapies such as GLP-1 agonists are used to treat patients with obesity. Medical-surgical nurses should be knowledgeable about GLP-1 agonists so they can educate patients on proper administration, monitoring, and prevention and management of potential adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute morning fasted exercise may create a greater negative 24-hr energy balance than the same exercise performed after a meal, but research exploring fasted evening exercise is limited. This study assessed the effects of 7-hr fasting before evening exercise on energy intake, metabolism, and performance. Sixteen healthy males and females (n = 8 each) completed two randomized, counterbalanced trials. Participants consumed a standardized breakfast (08:30) and lunch (11:30). Two hours before exercise (16:30), participants consumed a meal (543 ± 86 kcal; FED) or remained fasted (FAST). Exercise involved 30-min cycling (∼60% VO2peak) and a 15-min performance test (∼85% VO2peak; 18:30). Ad libitum energy intake was assessed 15 min postexercise. Subjective appetite was measured throughout. Energy intake was 99 ± 162 kcal greater postexercise (p <.05), but 443 ± 128 kcal lower over the day (p <.001) in FAST. Appetite was elevated between the preexercise meal and ad libitum meal in FAST (p <.001), with no further differences (p ≥.458). Fat oxidation was greater (+3.25 ± 1.99 g), and carbohydrate oxidation was lower (−9.16 ± 5.80 g) during exercise in FAST (p <.001). Exercise performance was 3.8% lower in FAST (153 ± 57 kJ vs. 159 ± 58 kJ, p <.05), with preexercise motivation, energy, readiness, and postexercise enjoyment also lower in FAST (p <.01). Fasted evening exercise reduced net energy intake and increased fat oxidation compared to exercise performed 2 hr after a meal. However, fasting also reduced voluntary performance, motivation, and exercise enjoyment. Future studies are needed to examine the long-term effects of this intervention as a weight management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing interest in exploring factors that influence the success or otherwise of welfare policies in democratic countries, such as the interrelationships between the proposed policy and the context it will be introduced into, such as the sociodemographic characteristics of the population and the population's previous experience with welfare policies. However, there has been little exploration of factors that could influence general population support for long-term care for older people. The aim of this study was to investigate the general population's attitudes for determinants of high-quality aged care and different mechanisms for funding and any impact of individual characteristics on these. A representative sample of the Australian general population aged 18 years and over (N = 10,315, 52% female, 22% aged 65 years and over) drawn via quota sampling participated in the survey online. Participants were asked to rate the importance of a list of 10 determinants of quality care and their support for four models of funding, both using a five-point Likert scale. We identified consistently high expectations for long-term care services across the general population, especially among older people, females, those with a family member in care, and those living in rural or regional areas. In terms of how governments practically fund a high-quality long-term care system, we also identified broad support among the general population for both payment of a co-contribution towards the cost of care by older people using services and increased government funding for the system. Over 40% of participants said they would be willing to pay additional tax to improve access and quality of aged care services. While often neglected by governments in the past who assumed voter apathy on the topic, by comparison, our findings indicate that there is currently a strong appetite among the general population for improvements to the quality of care provided and that they are willing to consider changes to the funding model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder is a severe mood disorder associated with a marked decrease in quality of life and social functioning, accompanied by a risk of suicidal behavior. Therefore, seeking out and adhering to effective treatment is of great personal and society-wide importance. Weight changes associated with antidepressant therapy are often cited as the reason for treatment withdrawal and thus are an important topic of interest. There indeed exists a significant mechanistic overlap between depression, antidepressant treatment, and the regulation of appetite and body weight. The suggested pathomechanisms include the abnormal functioning of the homeostatic (mostly humoral) and hedonic (mostly dopaminergic) circuits of appetite regulation, as well as causing neuromorphological and neurophysiological changes underlying the development of depressive disorder. However, this issue is still extensively discussed. This review aims to summarize mechanisms linked to depression and antidepressant therapy in the context of weight change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the course of caring, nurses often experience the death of patients, and this experience has an effect on the nurse. Every nurse responds to this experience in a different way, and it can be either a negative emotional response, or a positive emotional response. As part of their curriculum, R425 first-year student nurses are placed in clinical facilities to acquire competency in nursing skills, and here they may be exposed to patients dying. R425 is a South African Nursing Council regulation relating to the approval of and the minimum requirements for the education and training of a nurse (General, Psychiatric, and Community) and Midwife, leading to registration. End-of-life care can be rewarding, yet emotionally and psychologically challenging. Little is known about R425 first-year student nurses' experiences of patients dying while being cared for by nurses on clinical placement. The study, therefore, explored and describes R425 first-year student nurses' experiences of the death of a patient during clinical placement. Method: A qualitative exploratory descriptive and contextual research design was adopted, and a purposive, nonprobability sampling approach applied. Data were collected through unstructured individual interviews with 15 R425 first-year student nurses. Data were analysed using content analysis. Results: Four themes emerged, namely, knowledge, psychological trauma, low self-esteem, and nutritional disorders, and subthemes were identified. Results reveal both negative and positive responses to encountering the death of patients, with more negative responses, and fewer positive responses. Conclusion: Results show that first-year student nurses struggle to cope with the death of a patient, mainly because they lack knowledge and the skills required to provide end-of-life nursing. It is the requirement for student nurses to be competent in a skill, 'last office', which involves laying out of a dead person. Such skill can be deferred in the first year of study, and can only be introduced at a later stage, either in third year or fourth year of study, when students are better equipped with knowledge and skills relating to dealing with death. There is a need to review the curriculum of R425 first-year student nurses, so that outcomes such as death and dying can be introduced in the third or fourth year of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fibers prevent obesity through reduction of hunger and prolongation of satiety. A number of mechanical and endocrine signals from gastrointestinal tract are stimulated by fibers and their fermentation products, reach regions of brain involved in the regulation of appetite, and ultimately reduce food intake. Gastric distention, delayed gastric emptying, prevention of hypoglycemic, increased amounts of unabsorbed nutrients reaching to the ileum, and stimulation of enteroendocrine cells for secretion of cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY are among mechanisms of fibers in decreasing hunger and prolongation of satiety. Fermentation of fibers produces short-chain fatty acids that also stimulates enteroendocrine cells to secrete GLP-1 and PYY. Randomized controlled trials have shown reductions in energy intake and body weight along with increased satiation and reduced hunger following consumption of fibers. Prospective cohort studies have confirmed these results but the extent of weight loss in some studies has been small. Controversies exist between studies particularly for the effect of fibers on the gastrointestinal hormones, subsequent food intake, and the resultant weight loss. More studies are needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn especially for the effect of fibers on appetite-related hormones and weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Numerous investigations have studied relationships between satiation, satiety, or food intake and single factors like food composition and resting metabolic rate. However, a comprehensive framework connecting food, physiological, and psychological factors together has not previously been reported. As an exploratory study with a trained panel consisting of nine participants, the contributions of twenty‐eight variables (seven food, seven psychological, and fourteen physiological factors) to satiation, satiety, and food intake of a mid‐morning snack were investigated. Both human factors and foods had contributions to perceived satiation and satiety, but with large differences in loadings, especially for metabolic factors. Food factors, including nutrient and energy contents, were major determinants of food intake, with only small contributions from human factors. Investigating diverse factors together provides a comprehensive approach linking appetite to both food and human factors. This study suggests the potential to guide manipulation of satiation, satiety, and food intake depending on individual psychological and physiological profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appetite of fish significantly influences aquaculture efficiency and fish welfare. However, accurately assessing fish appetite has posed a challenging problem. Currently, the study of fish feeding behaviour relies primarily on the overall information obtained from images of fish schools, often overlooking the distinctive behavioural traits of individual fish. Analysing the behaviour of individual fish is hindered by challenges such as intraclass variation and cross-occlusion within real aquaculture environments. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a novel method for assessing appetite based on individual fish behaviour. The ByteTrack model was improved to enable stable tracking of each fish within a school under complex conditions. Additionally, this paper employs the spatiotemporal graph convolutional neural network (ST-GCN) to extract the movement characteristics of individual fish, facilitating accurate appetite assessment. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves 98.47% accuracy in appetite assessment, surpassing the performance of other state-of-the-art methods. This paper provides a new opportunity and effective means for analysing fish behaviour and appetite in intricate environments. • ·An appetite assessment method based on YOLOv8-ByteTrack and ST-GCN was proposed. • ·The method integrates fish features into spatial-temporal sequences. • ·The method prevents data loss caused by fish school stacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The absence of a cure for dementia, combined with the increased longevity of the baby boom generation, is resulting in a dramatic increase in the number of people living with dementia. Aging-related changes coupled with dementia-related behavioral symptoms pose unique challenges for those living with dementia as well as those who provide care. There is evidence that improved sleep can improve health and well-being. Research also supports using auditory interventions as a form of nonpharmacological therapy. Objective: This study evaluated the effects of a customized auditory (sonic) treatment during sleep on the mood, behavior, quality of life, functional ability, and health condition of individuals living with the symptoms of dementia. Workforce outcomes were evaluated as a secondary outcome. Methods: A controlled before–after design with a mixed-method approach was used to evaluate the impact of the sonic sleep treatment during baseline, intervention, and discontinuation time frames. Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed in participants' cooperation with care (p =.0249) and daytime drowsiness (p =.0104). Other nonstatistically significant improvements included bed mobility, appetite, bathing self-performance, toilet use, incidence of falls, following requests and instructions, and nighttime insomnia. While workforce outcomes remained unchanged, staff were supportive of resuming the sonic sleep treatment after the discontinuation time frame. Conclusions: The sonic sleep treatment demonstrated improved outcomes for individuals living with dementia. This supports using an appropriate auditory stimulus as a fundamental component of care for individuals living in memory care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Further research is required to understand hormonal regulation of food intake during pregnancy and its association with energy intake. The objectives are to (i) compare postprandial responses of plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) between trimesters, (ii) compare postprandial appetite sensations between trimesters, and (iii) examine trimester-specific associations between GLP-1 levels, appetite sensations, and usual energy intake. At each trimester, participants (n = 26) consumed a standard test meal following a 12 h fast. Plasma GLP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method at fasting and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min postprandial. A visual analogue scale assessing appetite sensations was completed at fasting and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min postprandial. Mean energy intake was assessed using three web-based 24 h dietary recalls at each trimester. Lower postprandial GLP-1 responses were observed in the 2nd (p = 0.004) and 3rd trimesters (p < 0.001) compared to the 1st trimester. Greater postprandial sensations of desire to eat, hunger, and prospective food consumption were noted in the 3rd trimester compared to the 1st trimester (p < 0.04, for all). Fasting GLP-1 was negatively associated with fasting appetite sensations (except fullness) at the 2nd trimester (p < 0.02, for all). Postprandially, significant associations were observed for incremental areas under the curve from 0 to 30 min between GLP-1 and fullness at the 2nd (p = 0.01) and 3rd trimesters (p = 0.03). No associations between fasting or postprandial GLP-1 and usual energy intake were observed. Overall, GLP-1 and appetite sensation responses significantly differ between trimesters, but few associations were observed between GLP-1, appetite sensations, and usual energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical characteristics of chyme during gastrointestinal digestion are considered to significantly affect nutrient digestion and absorption (such as glucose diffusion), which has an impact on postprandial satiety. The present study aims to analyze the hydration rate (HR) and rheological properties of deacetylated konjac glucomannan (DKGM) at different degrees and then explore their effects on rice texture, digestive properties, and the subjects' post-meal appetite. The present results show that, as the deacetylation degree (DD) of KGM increased, the intersection point of the viscoelastic modulus shifted to a high shear rate frequency, and as the swelling time of the DKGM was prolonged, its HR decreased significantly. The results of the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion tests show that the hardness and chewability of the rice in the fast-hydration group (MK1) were remarkably reduced. In contrast, the slow-hydration group (MK5) exhibited an outstanding ability to resist digestion. The kinetics of starch hydrolysis revealed that the HR of the rice in the fast-hydration group was 1.8 times faster than that of the slow-hydration group. Moreover, it was found that the subjects' appetite after the meal was highly related to the HR of the MK. Their hunger (p < 0.001), desire to eat (p < 0.001), and prospective food consumption (p < 0.001) were significantly inhibited in the slow-hydration group (MK5) compared to the control. This study explored the nutritional effects of the hydration properties derived from the DKGM, which may contribute to modifying the high glycemic index food and provide ideas for the fabrication of food with enhanced satiating capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Obesity is a heterogeneous disease with variable treatment response. Identification of the unique constellation of contributors to obesity may allow for targeted interventions and improved outcomes. Objective: Identify empirically derived phenotypes of pediatric patients with obesity based on appetitive and psychological correlates of obesity. Methods: This cross‐sectional study included patients aged 5–12 years who were treated in a weight management clinic and completed standard intake questionnaires including Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), Vanderbilt ADHD Scale and Pediatric Symptom Checklist. Phenotypes were elicited using latent profile analysis of 12 indicators: eight CEBQ subscales, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results: Parents/guardians of 384 patients (mean age 9.8 years, mean BMI 30.3 kg/m2) completed the intake questionnaires. A 4‐phenotype model best fits the data. Hedonic Impulsive phenotype (42.5%) exhibited high food enjoyment and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Inattentive Impulsive phenotype (27.4%) exhibited overall low food approach and high food avoid behaviours, and highest inattention. Hedonic Emotional phenotype (20.8%) scored the highest on food enjoyment, internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Picky Eating phenotype (9.3%) scored the lowest on food approach, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Conclusion: Appetitive traits and psychological symptoms appear to cluster in distinct patterns, giving rise to four unique phenotypic profiles, which, if replicated, may help inform the development of tailored treatment plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly recognized peptide hormone that acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) blunting the effects of ghrelin and displaying ghrelin-independent actions. Since the implications of LEAP2 are beginning to be elucidated, we investigated if plasma LEAP2 concentration varies with feeding status or sex and whether it is associated with glucose metabolism and appetite sensations. Methods: We performed a single test meal study, in which plasma concentrations of LEAP2, ghrelin, insulin and glucose as well as visual analogue scales for hunger, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, fullness were assessed before and 60 min after breakfast in 44 participants (n = 21 females) with normal weight (NW) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB). Results: Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration was ~ 1.6-fold higher whereas ghrelin was ~ 2.0-fold lower in individuals with OW/OB (p < 0.001) independently of sex. After adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and sex, pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed a direct relationship with BMI (β: 0.09; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.13; p < 0.001), fat mass (β: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.09; p = 0.010) and glycemia (β: 0.24; 95%CI: 0.05, 0.43; p = 0.021), whereas plasma ghrelin concentration displayed an inverse relationship with BMI and fat mass but not with glycemia. Postprandial plasma LEAP2 concentration increased ~ 58% in females with OW/OB (p = 0.045) but not in females with NW or in males. Pre-prandial plasma LEAP2 concentration displayed an inverse relationship with hunger score (β: − 11.16; 95% CI: − 18.52, − 3.79; p = 0.004), in a BMI-, sex- and ghrelin-independent manner. Conclusions: LEAP2 emerges as a key hormone implicated in the regulation of metabolism and appetite in humans. Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (April 2023). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05815641. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orofacial function is believed to influence an individual's diet. knowledge on appetite and enjoyment of eating in orofacially impaired individuals is scarce. Objective: We aimed to explore potential associations between impaired orofacial function, that is, orofacial pain, jaw function limitation and xerostomia, respectively, and diet, appetite, taste perception, as well as the enjoyment of eating. Methods: An online questionnaire was shared among Aarhus University's dental patients and through social media. A convenience sample of 351 individuals responded (97 men, 254 women, aged 18–86 years). Participants were divided into groups with and without orofacial pain or xerostomia based on responses. Questions about food intake, appetite, meal‐related well‐being and oral/general health were included. Data were analysed using Mann Whitney U tests, Spearman's correlation, Chi‐square tests, and t‐tests. Results: Participants with (n = 123) and without (n = 228) orofacial pain differed significantly regarding age, perceived oral/general health, frequency of consumption of for example cooked vegetables and raw whole fruit, perception of sourness, chewiness, and nausea/pain when eating (p ≤.031). Participants with (n = 101) and without (n = 250) xerostomia differed significantly regarding perceived oral/general health, intake of prepared fruit, alcohol, ice cream/mousse/pudding, general appetite, intake of breakfast and liquid snacks, nausea/pain when eating, taste and chewiness of food (p ≤.038). Conclusion: Diet, appetite, taste and sensory perception, as well as enjoyment of eating of individuals reporting orofacial pain and/or xerostomia differed slightly to that of individuals free of such symptoms. However, due to the explorative nature of this study, the results should be interpreted with caution pending further research on potential long‐term effects on nutritional status and well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culinary herbs and spices are primarily known as flavor enhancers, research suggests that black pepper (Piper nigrum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) have now been proven to prevent many non‐communicable chronic diseases such as diabetes. Bioactive components of black pepper and turmeric ameliorate glucose metabolism and appetite regulation. The present research was designed to investigate the impact of turmeric and black pepper on blood glycemia, gastrointestinal well‐being, appetite, and palatability. In a randomized crossover study, four iso‐caloric experimental meals each having 50 g of available carbohydrates were subjected to healthy human participants (N = 20). Turmeric and black pepper were incorporated in the breakfast meal, 1 g black pepper (BP), 1 g turmeric (TR), and combination of the (BP + TR) was added in the breakfast. Standard questionnaires were used to evaluate palatability, subjective appetite, and gastrointestinal well‐being. Blood glycemia, subjective gastrointestinal well‐being, and appetite were measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min. Experimental meals BP and BP + TR resulted in lower blood glycemia (p <.05) significantly compared to control meal. A decrease in perceived eating ability and hunger, and an increase in satiety after BP + TR and BP meal was observed. No significant changes were observed after consuming test meals on gastrointestinal well‐being. Compared to control and BP + TR meals, BP and TR meals had considerably lower palatability. Results showed that compared to the control intake of starchy meals supplemented with black pepper and turmeric reduced postprandial glycemia, hunger, and perceived eating ability without affecting gastrointestinal well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Sudden smell loss is one of the early symptoms of COVID‐19. Although it is stated that the loss of smell and taste following COVID‐19 improves within a few weeks, there are also cases that do not improve for a long time. The aim of this study is to reveal long‐term smell loss experiences after COVID‐19. Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted. We conducted semistructured interviews with 11 participants who had smell loss for at least 3 months. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and evaluated using a thematic analysis for qualitative data. Results: Nutrition and appetite, personal hygiene, threats to safety and emotional changes were the main themes created by the authors and were the areas where participant expressions focused. The participants used oral/nasal corticosteroid therapy for smell loss and received short‐term olfactory training, but could not find a solution. Conclusions: Long‐term smell loss problems, which were neglected during the pandemic period, should be carefully evaluated due to their negative effects. Understanding and focusing on the negative effects of loss of smell may contribute to the solution of long‐term smell loss problems. Patient and Public Contribution: Eleven participants who experienced long‐term loss of smell following COVID‐19 contributed to the study. They enriched the study by describing the effects of their experiences. There was no other participation or contribution from the public to the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appetite hormone dysregulation may play a role in the pathomechanisms of bipolar disorder and chronic irritability. However, its association with executive dysfunction in adolescents with bipolar disorder and those with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) remains unclear. We included 20 adolescents with bipolar disorder, 20 adolescents with DMDD, and 47 healthy controls. Fasting serum levels of appetite hormones, including leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and adiponectin were examined. All participants completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Generalized linear models with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, and clinical symptoms revealed that patients with DMDD had elevated fasting log-transformed insulin levels (p =.023) compared to the control group. Adolescents with DMDD performed worse in terms of the number of tries required to complete tasks associated with the first category (p =.035), and adolescents with bipolar disorder performed worse in terms of the number of categories completed (p =.035). A positive correlation was observed between log-transformed insulin levels and the number of tries required for the first category (β = 1.847, p =.032). Adolescents with DMDD, but not those with bipolar disorder, were more likely to exhibit appetite hormone dysregulation compared to healthy controls. Increased insulin levels were also related to executive dysfunction in these patients. Prospective studies should elucidate the temporal association between appetite hormone dysregulation, executive dysfunction, and emotional dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Symptom management is a key goal of palliative cancer care. There is growing interest in the use of cannabis-based medicines or products for the management of physical and psychosocial symptoms associated with cancer or cancer treatment, including pain, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, and mood disorders. However, research on medical uses of cannabis has been limited because of legal restrictions and stigma. The goal of this review is to explore the potential role of cannabis and cannabinoids in the management of cancer-related symptoms. Limited evidence suggests that cannabis may improve cancer-related pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, appetite and chemosensory changes, insomnia, and mood disorders; however, cannabis is associated with several neuropsychiatric and systemic adverse effects and drug interactions. In this review, we discuss the potential role of cannabis and cannabinoids in the management of cancer-related symptoms. There is limited evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of cannabis-based products in treating cancer-related pain and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Regarding the role of cannabis-based products in the treatment of insomnia and mood disorders, most studies looked at these symptoms as secondary outcomes with mixed results. Cannabis-based products have adverse effects, ranging from neuropsychiatric to systemic effects to potential drug interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer is the most common medical condition among Canadians who receive Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID). We aimed to evaluate if people who choose MAID have worse symptoms compared to those who do not. Using data from cancer patients in Alberta who died between July 2017 and January 2019, we carefully compared two groups: those who received MAID (n = 149) and those who did not receive MAID (n = 149). Both groups had worsening symptoms in the year before death. Those who received MAID had slightly worse anxiety and slightly worse lack of appetite than those who did not receive MAID. Overall, our results showed that symptoms between the groups were similar, and that those who received MAID did not have worse overall symptoms. This study highlights the importance of regular symptom screening and early symptom intervention for all patients with advancing cancer. Cancer is the primary underlying condition for most Canadians who are provided Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID). However, it is unknown whether cancer patients who are provided MAID experience disproportionally higher symptom burden compared to those who are not provided MAID. Thus, we used a propensity-score-matched cohort design to evaluate longitudinal symptom trajectories over the last 12 months of patients' lives, comparing cancer patients in Alberta who were and were not provided MAID. We utilized routinely collected retrospective Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) data from the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r) reported by Albertans with cancer who died between July 2017 and January 2019. The data were analyzed using mixed-effect models for repeated measures to compare differences in symptom trajectories between the cohorts over time. Both cohorts experienced increasing severity in all symptoms in the year prior to death (β from 0.086 to 0.231, p ≤.001 to.002). Those in the MAID cohort reported significantly greater anxiety (β = −0.831, p =.044) and greater lack of appetite (β = −0.934, p =.039) compared to those in the non-MAID cohort. The majority (65.8%) of patients who received MAID submitted their request for MAID within one month of their death. Overall, the MAID patients did not experience disproportionally higher symptom burden. These results emphasize opportunities to address patient suffering for all patients with cancer through routine collection of PROs as well as targeted and early palliative approaches to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study analyzed data from the Long-term care Information system For Evidence (LIFE) database to examine the effects of motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness on food intake and weight loss. Methods: Of the 748 nursing home residents enrolled in the LIFE database, 336 met the eligibility criteria for this cross-sectional study. Motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness were rated on five-point Likert scales (e.g., good, fair, normal, not so good, and not good). We applied Spearman rank correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses to analyze the relationships between these three items, daily energy and protein intake, and body weight loss over 6 months. Results: The mean participant age was 87.4±8.1 years and 259 (77%) were female. The required levels of care included--level 1, 1 (0%); level 2, 4 (1%); level 3, 107 (32%); level 4, 135 (40%); and level 5, 89 (27%). The mean daily energy intake was 28.2±7.8 kcal/kg. The mean daily protein intake was 1.1±0.3 g/kg. The mean weight loss over six months was 1.2±0.7 kg. We observed strong positive correlations among motivation to eat, appetite and food satisfaction, and food consciousness (r>0.8). These three items were significantly associated with higher daily energy intake but not with daily protein intake. Only appetite and food satisfaction were significantly associated with lower weight loss over six months. Conclusion: The observed associations of appetite and food satisfaction suggest that these factors may be more important to assess than motivation to eat or food consciousness among older adult residents of long-term care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tailored nutrition counseling enhances the efficacy of routine treatment for substance (alcohol/drugs) use disorders (SUDs). For this purpose, it is important to understand the current nutritional status of addicts and the changes in their nutritional status during the treatment process. Furthermore, the consumption of sweets to manage substance cravings is common among people with SUDs, but the evidence for the effectiveness of this practice is limited and conflicting. We therefore hypothesized SUD treatment would be associated with increases in appetite, nutrient intake, and anthropometric measurements in addicts, and that these changes, including changes in sweet consumption, would not be associated with decreased substance craving. Data for this prospective observational study were collected from 38 adult male patients who completed 21 days of inpatient SUD treatment. During the treatment, the participants' levels of appetite (P < 1.0 × 10−4), the frequency of main meals (P < 1.0 × 10−4), intake of macro- and micronutrients (P <.05 for each), and anthropometric measurements (P ≤ 5.9 × 10−4), significantly increased. Furthermore, it was found that the patients had a significant increase in sweets craving (P < 1.0 × 10−4) and sweets consumption (P = 1.2 × 10−3) during treatment. However, there was no significant difference between the individuals whose craving decreased and those whose craving did not decrease at the end of the treatment (P >.05 for both). The findings suggest the need to offer dietary counseling to individuals undergoing inpatient SUD treatment, given the substantial changes in nutritional status, and that increased consumption of sweets is not an effective strategy to reduce substance craving. Individuals undergoing treatment for substance use disorder experienced a significant decrease in cravings for substances. However, they also reported an increase in cravings for and consumption of substitute psychostimulants, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, and sweets. This shift was accompanied by an increase in appetite and anthropometric measurements. Therefore, personalized dietary counseling is a crucial component for individuals receiving treatment for substance use disorders, given these changes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postprandial metabolism is a relevant indicator of overall metabolic health, which can be influenced by a single bout of exercise before food consumption. The present study examined the effects of an acute, fasted, low-intensity exercise on postprandial metabolism and appetite sensations. We hypothesized that exercise would induce an increase in postprandial fat oxidation, associated with better satiety responses. Twenty-two healthy adults (16 females) attended the laboratory twice separated by a minimum of 3 days to perform 2 conditions: (1) a control condition and (2) an exercise condition (EX) with a 30-minute low-intensity walking exercise performed before the breakfast (500-kcal fixed meal). Subjective appetite sensations were assessed before and up to 60 minutes after the meal in regular intervals. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured until 2 hours after the meal. Energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation were higher in the EX condition (condition effect: P <.01). There was no effect of exercise on appetite sensations and overall fat oxidation, but a higher increase in relative and absolute fat oxidation was observed from 15- to 45-minutes postmeal in EX compared with control (time × condition interaction effect: P <.05). In the EX condition only, postprandial satiety was associated positively with postprandial fat oxidation and negatively with carbohydrate oxidation. To conclude, a fasted low-intensity exercise induced an enhancement of postprandial metabolic flexibility through the modulation of fat oxidation. Substrate oxidation appeared to be related to satiety only after exercise, suggesting a specific regulation of appetite induced by exercise. This study explored the effects of low-intensity exercise in a fasted state on postprandial satiety and energy metabolism, compared to a control condition. The exercise impacted significantly the postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation, and although it did not modify the appetite sensations, significant correlations between satiety and substrate oxidation were observed after exercise, but not after the control condition. ↗: increase , →: associated with, CHO: carbohydrate. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]