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Simple Summary: The differential diagnosis between small melanocytic lesions and choroidal nevus is challenging. We usually rely on clinical risk factors to establish the need for immediate treatment vs. close monitoring followed by treatment if the lesion grows. We aimed to describe the features of small indeterminate choroidal melanocytic lesions visualized on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to identify the predictors of growth. Our findings show that the vessel diameter quantified by OCTA can help differentiate between choroidal nevi and small melanomas, when considered together with clinical risk factors. In this study, we aimed to identify the features of indeterminate choroidal melanocytic lesions visualized on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to identify the predictors of growth. We retrospectively evaluated 86 patients with indeterminate lesions treated at our centre from 2016 to 2021. Clinical management involved active surveillance followed by brachytherapy if growth was detected. The lesions were classified into two groups according to whether they grew (small melanomas) or remained stable (choroidal nevi). Growth was detected in 19 (22.1%) lesions. All patients underwent OCTA at baseline. These images were compared to identify the possible predictors of growth. Significant between-group differences were observed in thickness (p = 0.00), greatest basal diameter (p = 0.00), number of risk factors (p = 0.00), symptoms (p = 0.001; relative risk [RR]: 4.3), orange pigment (p = 0.00; RR: 6.02), and ultrasonographic hollowness (Kappa sign); p = 0.000; RR: 5.3). The melanomas had significantly more vessels with a diameter ≥ 76.3 µm (p = 0.02; RR: 2.46). The time to growth in these lesions was significantly shorter (p = 0.05) than in lesions with smaller vessels. These findings show that vessel diameter quantified by OCTA can help differentiate between choroidal nevi and small melanomas, when considered together with clinical risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal pigments are characterized by a diverse set of chemical backbones, some of which present photosensitizer-like structures. From the genus Cortinarius, for example, several biologically active photosensitizers have been identified leading to the hypothesis that photoactivity might be a more general phenomenon in the kingdom Fungi. This paper aims at testing the hypothesis. Forty-eight fruiting body-forming species producing pigments from all four major biosynthetic pathways (i.e., shikimate-chorismate, acetate-malonate, mevalonate, and nitrogen heterocycles) were selected and submitted to a workflow combining in vitro chemical and biological experiments with state-of-the-art metabolomics. Fungal extracts were profiled by high-resolution mass spectrometry and subsequently explored by spectral organization through feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), including advanced metabolite dereplication techniques. Additionally, the photochemical properties (i.e., light-dependent production of singlet oxygen), the phenolic content, and the (photo)cytotoxic activity of the extracts were studied. Different levels of photoactivity were found in species from all four metabolic groups, indicating that light-dependent effects are common among fungal pigments. In particular, extracts containing pigments from the acetate-malonate pathway, e.g., extracts from Bulgaria inquinans, Daldinia concentrica, and Cortinarius spp., were not only efficient producers of singlet oxygen but also exhibited photocytotoxicity against three different cancer cell lines. This study explores the distribution of photobiological traits in fruiting body forming fungi and highlights new sources for phototherapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackeye peas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) are mainly used as a vegetable throughout the world, however they may contain significant concentrations of quercetin, myricetin, cyanidin, and delphinidin for potential use as a functional vegetable. Thirty-eight blackeye pea genotypes were selected from the core collection in the USDA, ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit's cold storage at 4 °C during 2016. Information regarding concentrations of quercetin, myricetin, cyanidin, delphindin, and correlations among these as well as additional seed traits including seed coat color, seed pattern color, seed pattern, seed texture, and years in storage would add value to the blackeye pea genotypes for use as a functional vegetable. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the red seeded accession originating from Mozambique, PI 367927 produced the highest quercetin (469.53 µg/g) and myricetin (212.23 µg/g) concentrations. The black seeded genotype, PI 353236, originating from India, produced the highest cyanidin (1,388.82 µg/g) concentration. However, PI 353236 and the brown seeded genotype, PI 353352 from India produced the highest concentrations of delphinidin (1,343.27 and 1,353.94 µg/g), respectively. Several correlations were observed and interestingly only delphinidin showed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.293*) with years in cold storage indicating that delphinidin declined in the seeds stored the longest (from 4-45 years) at 4 °C. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained how the flavonols, anthocyanidins, and the additional seed traits contributed to the variation of the blackeye pea genotypes. The cluster analysis showed six clusters representing low to high phytochemical concentrations. The genetic parameters including σ2g, σ2p, GCV, PCV, h2h, and GG indicate that improvement in these phytochemical traits is possible through selection. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations showed that improving one phytochemical significantly improved the other except for cyanidin with delphinidin. These results can be used by scientists to develop blackeye pea cultivars with high flavonol and anthocyanidin concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of enzymatic treatment of Candida antarctica lipase B on a phenolics-rich extract from purple corn (Zea mays L.) (PCE) was evaluated. PCE was obtained by solid–liquid extraction with 80% ethanol. PCE was treated with lipase B in acetonitrile using octanoic acid as acyl donor for 72 h. Acylated and non-acylated PCE were tested for thermal stability at 80 °C, ɑ-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and molecular docking. The enzymatic treatment promoted the generation of a reaction product identified by HPLC along with a bathochromic shift (530 to 570 nm) in the extract. Enzymatic treatment increased (p < 0.05) the half-life of total anthocyanins in solution at 80 °C from 6.05 to 10.05 h. Additionally, enhanced (p < 0.05) the ɑ-glucosidase inhibitory activity at a concentration of 0.5 mg eq. C3G/mL (11.7% non-acylated and 33.2% acylated). Molecular docking using predicted acylated structures of major anthocyanins in PCE was correlated with biochemical evaluation on ɑ-glucosidase; for instance, cyanidin-3-(6″-n-octanoyl)-glucoside (−9.4 kcal/mol) had a more favorable binding energy than non-acylated cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (−8.4 kcal/mol) with the catalytic site of ɑ-glucosidase. A ligand–protein interaction analysis showed that the acyl group plays an important role in stabilizing anthocyanins in the catalytic cavity of ɑ-glucosidase. Our results suggest that treatment with lipase B is a promising strategy to improve technological and biological potential of pigments from purple corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eye, an increase in galectin-1 is associated with various chorioretinal diseases, in which retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells play a crucial role in disease development and progression. Since little is known about the function of endogenous galectin-1 in these cells, we developed a galectin-1-deficient immortalized RPE cell line (ARPE-19-LGALS1−/−) using a sgRNA/Cas9 all-in-one expression vector and investigated its cell biological properties. Galectin-1 deficiency was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Cell viability and proliferation were significantly decreased in ARPE-19-LGALS1−/− cells when compared to wild-type controls. Further on, an increased attachment of galectin-1-deficient RPE cells was observed by cell adhesion assay when compared to control cells. The diminished viability and proliferation, as well as the enhanced adhesion of galectin-1-deficient ARPE-19 cells, could be blocked, at least in part, by the additional treatment with human recombinant galectin-1. In addition, a significantly reduced migration was detected in ARPE-19-LGALS1−/− cells. In comparison to control cells, galectin-1-deficient RPE cells had enhanced expression of sm-α-actin and N-cadherin, whereas expression of E-cadherin showed no significant alteration. Finally, a compensatory expression of galectin-8 mRNA was observed in ARPE-19-LGALS1−/− cells. In conclusion, in RPE cells, endogenous galectin-1 has crucial functions for various cell biological processes, including viability, proliferation, migration, adherence, and retaining the epithelial phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are a type of natural pigment that has numerous health benefits. In recent years, the interaction of anthocyanins with gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota has been presented as a viable paradigm for explaining anthocyanin activities. The current study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the potential modulation of GI microbiota by anthocyanins in human health improvement. Clinical trials were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Knowledge, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and ClinicalTrials.gov with no language restrictions. Eight clinical trials (252 participants) were selected from the 1121 identified studies and the relative phylum abundance extracted from the trials was analyzed using a random-effects model. Based on the analysis, anthocyanins had no effect on the relative abundance of Firmicutes (standard mean difference [SMD]: –0.46 [–1.25 to 0.34], P =.26), Proteobacteria (SMD, –0.32 [–0.73 to 0.09], P =.13), nor Actinobacteria (SMD, –0.19 [–0.50 to 0.12], P = 0.24), but influenced the abundance of Bacteroidetes (SMD, 0.84 [0.17 to 1.52], P =.01) when compared with placebo/control. No significant influence on the relative abundance was detected when the data were analyzed following the "posttreatment vs. pretreatment" strategy. Our preliminary analysis revealed that the effects of anthocyanins on human GI microbiota vary between studies and individuals, and at the current stage, the clinical trials regarding the effects of anthocyanin interventions on human GI microbiota are lacking. More trials with larger sample sizes are needed to promote the clinical application of anthocyanins. The current study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of anthocyanins on gastrointestinal microbiota in human bodies. Eight clinical trials (252 participants) were selected from the 1121 identified studies. Based on the analysis, anthocyanins had no effect on the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria , and Bacteroidetes when compared with placebo. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marennine, a blue pigment produced by the blue diatom Haslea ostrearia, is known to have some biological activities. This pigment is responsible for the greening of oysters on the West Coast of France. Other new species of blue diatom, H. karadagensis, H. silbo sp. inedit., H. provincialis sp. inedit, and H. nusantara, also produce marennine-like pigments with similar biological activities. Aside from being a potential source of natural blue pigments, H. ostrearia-like diatoms present a commercial potential for the aquaculture, food, cosmetics, and health industries. Unfortunately, for a hundred years, the exact molecular structure of this bioactive compound has remained a mystery. A lot of hypotheses regarding the chemical structure of marennine have been proposed. The recent discovery of this structure revealed that it is a macromolecule, mainly carbohydrates, with a complex composition. In this study, some glycoside hydrolases were used to digest marennine, and the products were further analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). The reducing sugar assay showed that marennine was hydrolyzed only by endo-1,3-β-glucanase. Further insight into the structure of marennine was provided by the spectrum of 1H NMR, MS, a colorimetric assay, and a computational study, which suggest that the chemical structure of marennine contains 1,3-β-glucan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi play an important role in the solution to important global problems. Making use of processes and goods that are based on fungi can help promote sustainability by making the most efficient use of natural resources. Fungi stand apart from other organisms due to their extraordinary capacity to generate organic compounds. They are necessary for the psychological and physiological well-being of people worldwide. They are excellent producers of vitamins, pigments, hydrolytic enzymes, biofuels, organic acids, polysaccharides, and secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, anticancer treatments, hypocholesterolemic pharmaceuticals, and immunosuppressants. Other secondary metabolites include biofuels. In addition, polysaccharides are produced by them. We provide a condensed explanation of the significance of secondary metabolites in a variety of industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, the textile industry, and the transportation industry. In addition to providing a better understanding of biosynthetic regulation and the possibilities of genetic engineering, improved laboratory processes for the selection of nontoxigenic fungal strains have permitted the manufacture of larger quantities of safe commercial items. The significance of fungi in industrial settings is the topic that will be investigated in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga that can grow heterotrophically by using acetate as a carbon source. Carotenoids are natural pigments with biological activity and color, which have functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vision protection, etc., and have high commercial value and prospects. We transformed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with the BKT genes from Phaffia rhodozyma (PrBKT) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrBKT) via plasmid vector, and screened out the stable transformed algal strains C18 and P1. Under the condition that the cell density of growth was not affected, the total carotenoid content of C18 and P1 was 2.13-fold and 2.20-fold higher than that of the WT, respectively. CrBKT increased the levels of β-carotene and astaxanthin by 1.84-fold and 1.21-fold, respectively, while PrBKT increased them by 1.11-fold and 1.27-fold, respectively. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of C18 and P1 showed that the overexpression of CrBKT only up-regulated the transcription level of BKT and LCYE (the gene of lycopene e-cyclase). However, in P1, overexpression of PrBKT also led to the up-regulation of ZDS (the gene of ζ-carotene desaturase) and CHYB (the gene of β-carotene hydroxylase). Metabolome results showed that the relative content of canthaxanthin, an intermediate metabolite of astaxanthin synthesis in C18 and P1, decreased. The overall results indicate that there is a structural difference between CrBKT and PrBKT, and overexpression of PrBKT in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii seems to cause more genes in carotenoid pathway metabolism to be up-regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A subject of great interest is the bioprospecting of microorganisms and their bioactive byproducts, such as pigments. Microbial pigments have various benefits, including being safe to use due to their natural makeup, having therapeutic effects, and being produced all year round, regardless of the weather or location. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces phenazine pigments that are crucial for interactions between Pseudomonas species and other living things. Pyocyanin pigment, which is synthesized by 90–95% of P. aeruginosa, has potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Herein, we will concentrate on the production and extraction of pyocyanin pigment and its biological use in different areas of biotechnology, engineering, and biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melanin pigments eumelanin (EM) and pheomelanin (PM), which are dark brown to black and yellow to reddish-brown, respectively, are widely found among vertebrates. They are produced in melanocytes in the epidermis, hair follicles, the choroid, the iris, the inner ear, and other tissues. The diversity of colors in animals is mainly caused by the quantity and quality of their melanin, such as by the ratios of EM versus PM. We have developed micro-analytical methods to simultaneously measure EM and PM and used these to study the biochemical and genetic fundamentals of pigmentation. The photoreactivity of melanin has become a major focus of research because of the postulated relevance of EM and PM for the risk of UVA-induced melanoma. Our biochemical methods have found application in many clinical studies on genetic conditions associated with alterations in pigmentation. Recently, besides chemical degradative methods, other methods have been developed for the characterization of melanin, and these are also discussed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Breast cancer is the second most common cancer and the most commonly occurring cancer among women in the world. It is estimated that more than 2 million cases emerged in 2020 and that this number will increase even more in the coming years. More specifically, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 10–20% of invasive breast cancers and represents a consistent subgroup of breast cancers with heterogeneous clinical presentation, behavior, pathology, and response to treatment. The standard therapy for TNBC patients consists of chemotherapy; however, about 50% of patients develop drug resistance, promoting poor overall survival. Thus, studies have focused on discovering complementary therapeutic options, including the use of anthocyanins. In this sense, the systematic review and meta-analysis can be seen as a powerful tool in the compilation and statistical analysis of data from primary articles to prove the effects promoted by anthocyanins in TNBC cells suggested in the literature. Background: Studies have suggested the chemopreventive effects of anthocyanins on breast cancer carcinogenesis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of anthocyanins on triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) cultured in vitro. Methods: We searched for all relevant studies that evaluated the mechanisms of migration, invasion, Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways, and apoptosis, using PubMed and Scopus. Means and standard deviation were used, and a randomized effects model was applied, with a confidence interval of 95%. Statistical heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Chi2 test and I2 statistics. All analyses were performed using RevMan software (version 5.4). Results: Eleven studies were included in the systematic review and ten in the meta-analysis, where the roles of anthocyanin-enriched extract or cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C-3-O-G) on MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells were investigated. Discussion: There was a significant reduction in invasion (mean difference: −98.64; 95% CI: −153.98, −43.3; p ˂ 0.00001) and migration (mean difference: −90.13; 95% CI: −130.57, −49.68; p ˂ 0.00001) in TNBC cells after anthocyanins treatment. Anthocyanins also downregulated Akt (mean difference: −0.63; 95% CI: −0.70, −0.57; p ˂ 0.00001) and mTOR (mean difference: −0.93; 95% CI: −1.58, −0.29; p = 0.005), while JNK (mean difference: −0.06; 95% CI: −1.21, 1.09; p = 0.92) and p38 (mean difference: 0.05; 95% CI: −1.32, 1.41; p = 0.95) were not modulated. There was also an increase in cleaved caspase-3 (mean difference: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.11, 2.16; p = 0.03), cleaved caspase-8 (mean difference: 1.64; 95% CI: 0.05, 3.22; p = 0.04), and cleaved PARP (mean difference: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.32). Although the difference between control and anthocyanin groups was not significant regarding apoptosis rate (mean difference: 3.63; 95% CI: −2.88, 10.14; p = 0.27), the analysis between subgroups showed that anthocyanins are more favorable in inducing overall apoptosis (p ˂ 0.00001). Conclusion: The results show that anthocyanins hold promise in fighting against TNBC, but their effects should not be generalized. In addition, further primary studies should be conducted so that more accurate conclusions can be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proven toxicity and environmental burdens caused by artificial dyes have motivated dyeing industries to turn to natural alternatives. Plant-based dyestuffs are an interesting group of alternative crops. Reunion Island located in the Indian Ocean is the only European region in the southern hemisphere. It has a great number of assets to find new molecules in the abundant plant biodiversity. However, the dye-producing plants diversity in this island had not been documented to date. Methodology: The assessment of the Reunion Island's plant biodiversity through the "PLANTIN" project allowed us to establish here the first ethnobotanical inventory of plants growing on Reunion Island which may have promising properties as a new alternative source of dyes or colorants for the industries. First, an ethnobotanical survey focused on the uses of plants traditionally used in dyeing was conducted on local stakeholders. Then, the importance of different criteria (e.g., endemicity, accessibility and cultivability, plant organs used for the extraction, industrial interests of the species, etc.) has been considered to establish a classification method of the species, to finally select the most interesting plants which have been further harvested and investigated for their coloring property and dyeing application on natural fibers. Results: The results showed that local people have accumulated traditional knowledge of dyeing plants, but that this approach had been discontinued in Reunion. The uses of 194 plant species potentially rich in dyes or pigments, belonging to 72 different families, with diverse botanical status (endemic, native, introduced or alien-invasive species) have been recorded. Then, 43 species were harvested and their coloring property were investigated. It demonstrated that dyes extracted from promising species, e.g., Terminalia bentzoe, Weinmannia tinctoria, Thespesia populnea, Erythroxylum laurifolium, Morinda citrifolia, Leea guinensis, Ochrosia borbonica, Danais fragrans, Terminalia cattapa, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Coccoloba uvifera, amongst others, could be used as new textile dyes. Their efficacy in the wool and cotton dyeing has been successfully demonstrated here. Conclusion: These plant-based dyestuffs showed promising coloring properties with different shades that could meet industrial application requirement. It's an area that could promote local cultural inheritance, create opportunity for business and farmers, and that can make a significant contribution to preserving endangered native species by supporting reforestation schemes. Additional researches are in progress to evaluate the safety of these plant-based colored extracts, their chemical composition and biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm, and the average five-year survival rate drops to 5% for patients with the metastatic disease. Raman spectroscopy probes molecular vibrations by inelastic scattering of laser light. In a retrospective study, control and cancer specimens were prepared from ten human bladder resectates and label-free assessed by Raman microspectroscopic imaging. A data analysis workflow without preprocessing identified the locations and signatures of normal bladder, bladder cancer, necrosis, epithelium, and lipid inclusions. Furthermore, microplastic particles, pigments or carotenoids were detected in 13 out of 20 specimens inside tissue and near tissue margins and their identity was confirmed by spectral library surveys. Hypotheses about the origin of these foreign materials are discussed. Our approach with minimal user interference offers prospects for future clinical translation such as intraoperative tumor detection and label-free material identification in complex matrices. Raman spectroscopy offers label-free assessment of bladder tissue for in vivo and ex vivo intraoperative applications. In a retrospective study, control and cancer specimens were prepared from ten human bladder resectates. Raman microspectroscopic images were collected from whole tissue samples in a closed chamber at 785 nm laser excitation using a 20× objective lens and 250 µm step size. Without further preprocessing, Raman images were decomposed by the hyperspectral unmixing algorithm vertex component analysis into endmember spectra and their abundancies. Hierarchical cluster analysis distinguished endmember Raman spectra that were assigned to normal bladder, bladder cancer, necrosis, epithelium and lipid inclusions. Interestingly, Raman spectra of microplastic particles, pigments or carotenoids were detected in 13 out of 20 specimens inside tissue and near tissue margins and their identity was confirmed by spectral library surveys. Hypotheses about the origin of these foreign materials are discussed. In conclusion, our Raman workflow and data processing protocol with minimal user interference offers advantages for future clinical translation such as intraoperative tumor detection and label-free material identification in complex matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proven toxicity and environmental burdens caused by artificial dyes have motivated dyeing industries to turn to natural alternatives. Plant-based dyestuffs are an interesting group of alternative crops. Reunion Island located in the Indian Ocean is the only European region in the southern hemisphere. It has a great number of assets to find new molecules in the abundant plant biodiversity. However, the dye-producing plants diversity in this island had not been documented to date. Methodology: The assessment of the Reunion Island's plant biodiversity through the "PLANTIN" project allowed us to establish here the first ethnobotanical inventory of plants growing on Reunion Island which may have promising properties as a new alternative source of dyes or colorants for the industries. First, an ethnobotanical survey focused on the uses of plants traditionally used in dyeing was conducted on local stakeholders. Then, the importance of different criteria (e.g., endemicity, accessibility and cultivability, plant organs used for the extraction, industrial interests of the species, etc.) has been considered to establish a classification method of the species, to finally select the most interesting plants which have been further harvested and investigated for their coloring property and dyeing application on natural fibers. Results: The results showed that local people have accumulated traditional knowledge of dyeing plants, but that this approach had been discontinued in Reunion. The uses of 194 plant species potentially rich in dyes or pigments, belonging to 72 different families, with diverse botanical status (endemic, native, introduced or alien-invasive species) have been recorded. Then, 43 species were harvested and their coloring property were investigated. It demonstrated that dyes extracted from promising species, e.g., Terminalia bentzoe, Weinmannia tinctoria, Thespesia populnea, Erythroxylum laurifolium, Morinda citrifolia, Leea guinensis, Ochrosia borbonica, Danais fragrans, Terminalia cattapa, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Coccoloba uvifera, amongst others, could be used as new textile dyes. Their efficacy in the wool and cotton dyeing has been successfully demonstrated here. Conclusion: These plant-based dyestuffs showed promising coloring properties with different shades that could meet industrial application requirement. It's an area that could promote local cultural inheritance, create opportunity for business and farmers, and that can make a significant contribution to preserving endangered native species by supporting reforestation schemes. Additional researches are in progress to evaluate the safety of these plant-based colored extracts, their chemical composition and biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eumelanin is a ubiquitous biological pigment that rapidly and efficiently deactivates excited states created by UV or visible radiation. Paradoxically, photoirradiation of eumelanin also generates radicals and harmful reactive oxygen species, but the relationship between these pathways and excited‐state deactivation is uncertain. Here, greatly expanding the excitation tuning range (225–620 nm) and probing window (400–1500 nm) in femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of the synthetic eumelanin, DOPA melanin, enables the detection of photogenerated radials with ultrafast time resolution for the first time. Despite its heterogeneous nature, the transient absorption signals can be modeled by two spectral components assigned to solvated electrons and photogenerated radicals. Radical absorbance measured several nanoseconds after excitation increases exponentially with increasing photon energy, matching the trend in radical yields measured in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. Spectral modeling of the transient signals reveals two radical generation mechanisms: (1) photoionization by UV light; and (2) photoinduced charge transfer among eumelanin chromophores by UVA and visible wavelengths capable of reaching the pigment in skin. Concurrent ultrafast relaxation and radical generation underlie the ability of eumelanin to be both photoprotective and photodamaging, and the branching between these pathways likely depends on the wavelength of the absorbed light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The prevalence of age-related cognitive decline has been on the rise as the global population age, putting the independence and quality of life of elderly at risk. Anthocyanin, as a subclass of dietary flavonoids, may have a beneficial impact on cognitive outcomes. Objectives To examine the effects of dietary anthocyanin supplementation on cognition of the cognitively healthy middle-aged and older adults. Data Sources PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, EMBASE, ProQuest and Cochrane databases were searched. Data Extraction and Analysis Thirteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Anthocyanin-rich supplementation was found to significantly improve the processing speed of the older adults (95%CI 0.08, 0.44; P = 0.004). No significant differences were observed between intervention and control groups on memory, attention, executive function and psychomotor performance. Current neuroimaging studies have found promising effects of anthocyanin supplementation on brain activation and cerebral perfusion. Conclusion Anthocyanin-rich supplementation may preserve cognitive processing speed and neuro-activities in older adults, which improves their daily functioning and quality of life. This review provides useful insights to guide direction and methodological designs for future studies to explore the underlying mechanisms of anthocyanins. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Registration PROSPERO registration No. CRD42021228007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanin is a biological pigment formed by indoles and phenolic compounds. It is widely found in living organisms and has a variety of unique properties. Due to its diverse characteristics and good biocompatibility, melanin has become the focus in the fields of biomedicine, agriculture, the food industry, etc. However, due to the wide range of melanin sources, complex polymerization properties, and low solubility of specific solvents, the specific macromolecular structure and polymerization mechanism of melanin remain unclear, which significantly limits the further study and application of melanin. Its synthesis and degradation pathways are also controversial. In addition, new properties and applications of melanin are constantly being discovered. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the research of melanin in all aspects. Firstly, the classification, source, and degradation of melanin are summarized. Secondly, a detailed description of the structure, characterization, and properties of melanin is followed. The novel biological activity of melanin and its application is described at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Abnormal acetylation modification is a common epigenetic change in tumorigenesis and is closely related to the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our previous studies have suggested that black raspberry (BRB) anthocyanins have a significant chemopreventive effect against CRC. This study investigated whether protein acetylation plays an important role in BRB anthocyanins-mediated regulation of CRC progression. Methods: We used the AOM-induced CRC mouse model and the CRC cell lines SW480 and Caco-2 to explore the potential role of acetylation of histone H4 and NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins (non-histone proteins) in the antitumor process mediated by BRB anthocyanins. The expression of related proteins was detected by western blot. ROS level was detected by immunofluorescence. Results: BRB anthocyanins affected the acetylation level by down-regulating the expression of Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and up-regulating the expression of MOF and EP300. The acetylation level of lysine sites on histone H4 (H4K5, H4K12 and H4K16) was increased. Furthermore, following BRB anthocyanins treatment, the expression of ac-p65 was significantly up-regulated and the NF-κB signal pathway was activated, which in turn up-regulated Bax expression and inhibited Bcl-2, cyclin-D1, c-myc and NLRP3 expression to promote CRC cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and relieve inflammation. Conclusion: The findings suggested that protein acetylation could play a critical role in BRB anthocyanins-regulated CRC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher plants generate new leaves from shoot meristems throughout their vegetative lifespan. The tempo of leaf initiation is dynamically regulated by physiological cues, but little is known about the underlying genetic signaling pathways that coordinate this rate. Two maize (Zea mays) mutants, terminal ear1 (te1) and phytochrome B1;phytochrome B2 (phyB1;phyB2), oppositely affect leaf initiation rates and total leaf number at the flowering time: te1 mutants make leaves faster whereas phyB1;phyB2 mutants make leaves slower than wild-type plants. To test whether PhyB1, PhyB2, and TE1 act in overlapping or distinct pathways to regulate leaf initiation, we crossed te1 and phyB1;phyB2 created an F2 population segregating for these three mutations and quantified various phenotypes among the resulting genotypes, including leaf number, leaf initiation rate, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of juvenile leaves, stalk diameter, and dry shoot biomass. Leaf number and initiation rate in phyB1;phyB2;te1 plants fell between the extremes of the two parents, suggesting an additive genetic interaction between te1 and phyB1;phyB2 rather than epistasis. Therefore, we conclude that PhyB1, PhyB2, and TE1 likely control leaf initiation through distinct signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence induced by ultraviolet light has been observed in many animals, from invertebrates to mammals. Fluorophores (chemical compounds responsible for fluorescence) have been studied in feathers of bird species; for example, porphyrins (one of the most abundant biological pigments) in feathers of some owl species produce red-orange fluorescence. We conducted a fluorescence study on 13 European owl species, and found fluorescence in all of them. Contrary to what was previously reported, we also found fluorescence in the snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus). We also investigated fluorescence of different body and feather areas of the owls, and found similarities between species and some differences depending on occupied landscape, nest and life type, activity period, and plumage colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betalains are plant pigments with biological properties and can be used instead of synthetic colorants to confer color and functional properties to foods. The objective of this work was to carry out the chemical characterization of two varieties of prickly pear of Opuntia ficus‐indica, one of yellow‐orange coloration (Mandarina) and the other of purple coloration (Vigor), through measurements of chemical parameters and color in pulp, antioxidant activity, total phenolic compounds, and betalain content. Considering the thermolability of betalains and their potential applications in food, the thermal stability and activation energy of betacyanins from Vigor variety and betaxanthins from the Mandarina variety were also evaluated and compared with those from beetroot, the main source of betalains. Results for chemical characterization agreed with previous prickly pear reports of other regions, while the thermal degradation kinetics of betalains showed a first‐order degradation pattern with respect to time and temperature treatment. Betacyanins from Vigor prickly pear showed similar thermal stability to those from beetroot, which was reflected in similar values of activation energy, while betaxanthins from Mandarina prickly pear showed a higher stability, and therefore a higher activation energy, than those from beetroot. Based on the results, the prickly pear varieties used in this study can be considered as a good source of betalains with potential applications in food and, in addition, the methodology for the evaluation of thermostability can be used to compare the stability of betalains from different sources in a temperature range of 50–90°C. Practical Application: The varieties of prickly pear used in this study can be considered a good source of red‐purple and yellow‐orange easily extractable pigments. In addition, we report a methodology that can be used for the evaluation of the thermal stability of these pigments and to compare this stability between different plant sources. Gaining knowledge on betalain thermal stability will make it possible to propose specific applications, for example, in processed foods requiring different pigment stabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is one of the common factors leading to age-related eye diseases in older adults. Factors such as high oxygen consumption, high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cumulative exposure to high-energy visible light in the eyes, lead to excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, hence triggering apoptosis of ocular cells and giving rise to ophthalmic diseases. Dietary supplements such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, and vitamins have antioxidant properties which may be of benefit in retaining better vision or reversing vision impairment; thus, studies have been conducted to understand the role of dietary supplements in the treatment or prevention of ophthalmic diseases. While high concentration of carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin decrease the risk of developing age-related macular disease, anthocyanins and vitamins play a role in the treatment and prevention of other ophthalmic diseases: saffron extract reduced intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients; bilberry extract prevented impairments in lenses and retina, as well as alleviate symptoms of dry eye disease; high concentration of beta-carotene may reduce the risk of developing cataract. Further studies with clinical measurements are required to investigate the effectiveness of antioxidants on visual function and ophthalmic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the necessity for more environmentally benign processes in synthetic organic chemistry, and in particular in photocatalysis, a recourse to photocatalysts that are also found in nature and mimic natural processes to accomplish organic transformations is very appealing. Synthetic useful reactions such as oxidations, reductions, carbon‐oxygen, carbon‐carbon and carbon‐sulfur bond formation reactions, and E‐to‐Z geometrical isomerization reactions photocatalyzed by biological natural pigments, vitamins, cofactors, and compounds with antiviral activity will be discussed in this account. Interestingly, due to the remarkable redox properties and triplet energies of some of these catalysts that are found in nature, both electron transfer (ET)‐ and energy transfer (EnT)‐driven photocatalytic processes can be accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the role of dietary anthocyanins in preventing cognitive decline in older adults shows promise. This study investigated the association between usual anthocyanin intake and indices of memory and cognition in 40 older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment that were recruited to a randomized clinical trial. It was hypothesized that daily anthocyanin intake would be similar to healthy older adults and that higher anthocyanin intake would be associated with better cognitive performance. Cognitive performance was assessed using a battery of tests including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Dietary intake was assessed through 3-day food records and anthocyanin intake was quantified using the PhenolExplorer food composition database. Multivariate linear regression compared differences in cognitive performance between higher (>10 mg/d) and lower consumers (<10 mg/d). Overall, participants had low median intake of anthocyanins (5.3; interquartile range [IQR], 32.1 mg/d), with the lower consumer group eating negligible anthocyanins (median, 0.13; IQR, 1.5 mg/d), and the higher consumer group eating above the national average (median, 35.5; IQR, 71.5 mg/d). On the RAVLT, the higher anthocyanin consumer group recalled a greater number of words after a short delay and a distracter task (B, 2.07; standard error [SE], 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18-3.96; P =.03) and longer delay of 20 minutes (B, 2.68; SE, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.43-4.94; P =.02); and forgot less words after a long delay of 20 minutes (B, –2.63; SE, 0.63; 95% CI, –3.90 to –1.35; P <.001). Further investigation of the protective role of the usual consumption of dietary anthocyanins for memory and cognition in pathological and normal aging appears warranted. Trial registration: This cross-sectional study uses baseline data from a randomized controlled trial registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001184268). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural and functional changes of the intestinal barrier, as a consequence of a number of (epi)genetic and environmental causes, have a main role in penetrations of pathogens and toxic agents, and lead to the development of inflammation-related pathological conditions, not only at the level of the GI tract but also in other extra-digestive tissues and organs. Anthocyanins (ACNs), a subclass of polyphenols belonging to the flavonoid group, are well known for their health-promoting properties and are widely distributed in the human diet. There is large evidence about the correlation between the human intake of ACN-rich products and a reduction of intestinal inflammation and dysfunction. Our review describes the more recent advances in the knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms through which ACNs can modulate the main mechanisms involved in intestinal dysfunction and inflammation, in particular the inhibition of the NF-κB, JNK, MAPK, STAT3, and TLR4 proinflammatory pathways, the upregulation of the Nrf2 transcription factor and the expression of tight junction proteins and mucins. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The study emphasizes 10 novel three-component deep eutectic solvents (3CDES) as sustainable green alternatives. • Catalytic activity of these 3CDES is evaluated against the multicomponent, single-pot synthesis of substituted-1 H -pyrroles. • 3CDES catalyst (3CDES-7) demonstrates recyclability, maintaining efficiency across cycles with higher product yield. • The study showcases the synergy of MCR and 3CDES, fostering green and efficient sustainable synthesis. Pyrrole and its analogs have garnered immense attention due to their multifaceted biological significance and versatile applications, ranging from medicinal agents to fundamental biological pigments. Despite their prominence, pyrrole synthesis with multiple substituents is complex and calls for innovative approaches to green chemistry. This study delves into synthesizing novel 3,5-dimethyl-1 H -pyrroles via multicomponent reactions (MCRs) employing deep eutectic solvents (DES). Due to their eco-friendly nature, these DESs provide a safer substitute for traditional solvents. Specifically, a novel three-component DES (3CDES) was formulated, showcasing promising catalytic activity for multiple cycles with excellent product generation. The synergy between MCR and DES elucidates their combined potential in fostering a sustainable and efficient green synthesis route with the E-factor of 0.1699. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, betalain-containing fruits and vegetables have gained increased importance in research and food industry. The extracted betalains are safe to consume and are considered as health promoting molecules. In vitro and in vivo studies highlighted the antioxidant and the biological activities of these pigments. However, the bioavailability of betalains, their ability to protect/treat oxidative stress related diseases and their health promoting properties were investigated using mainly rodents and human models. To enlarge the sphere of application of these pigments, research trials should be extended to farm animals. This paper details the bioavailabilty and the in vivo radical scavenging activity of these molecules and proposes their use as natural animal feed additives for future debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a yellow Maillard pigment named pyrizepine was identiied from a heated solution containing thiamine and glucose. Here, we examined the formation scheme of this pigment and some biological properties. The mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data of pyrizepine prepared from [6-13C] glucose showed that the carbon at 6-position of glucose was inserted at 2 different positions of pyrizepine. 5-(Aminomethyl)-2-methylpyridin-4-amine (AMPA), a degradation product of thiamine, was detected in the reaction solution. The pigment also formed in the solution containing AMPA in place of thiamine. These results showed that pyrizepine formed from AMPA and C4 fragments derived from glucose. Pyrizepine showed antioxidative activities in the superoxide dismutase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and H-ORAC assays. The pigment did not show mutagenicity with the Ames test. A trace amount of the pigment was detected in a pan-fried ground pork sample added glucose using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead pollution is a major environmental challenge worldwide. Therefore, dietary interventions that are aimed at preventing lead's deleterious effects on body organs are needed. The study's goal was to study and compare the protective effect of cold and hot beverages of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) red calyces (CRB and HRB, respectively) on liver and kidney insufficiency associated with lead exposure in male rats. Adult albino rats (32 males) were divided into four groups of equal number, including a normal control (group 1), while groups from 2 to 4 received lead acetate (20 mg/kg body weight/day) and were kept untreated (group 2). The 3rd and the 4th groups received CRB and HRB (0.5 ml/100 g body weight/day), respectively, for 6 weeks. The gain in the body and relative weights of the liver and kidneys were calculated. Liver and kidney functions were determined in serum, while lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and oxidative stress markers were established in tissues. Specimens from the liver and kidney of sacrificed rats were histopathologically examined. The total activity of antioxidants and total content of anthocyanin of both beverages were determined. Lead exposure resulted in its accumulation in tissues, leading to overweight and liver and kidney insufficiency along with oxidative stress, which was further confirmed by histological staining. CRB was more efficient than HRB in preventing the deleterious effects of lead intoxication. Due to their antioxidant properties, the present study proved that Roselle red calyx beverages, particularly the cold ones, are protective agents against lead-associated disorders in a rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate 'Punica granatum ' offers multiple health benefits, including managing hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and enhancing wound healing and infection resistance, thanks to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been symbolized by life, health, femininity, fecundity, and spirituality. Although laboratory and animal studies have been conducted on the healing effects of pomegranate, there needs to be a comprehensive review on its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in chronic disorders. We aim to provide a comprehensive review of these effects based on in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies conducted in managing various disorders. A comprehensive search of in-vitro , in-vivo , and clinical findings of pomegranate and its derivatives focusing on the highly qualified original studies and systematic reviews are carried out in valid international web databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Relevant studies have demonstrated that pomegranate and its derivatives can modulate the expression and activity of several genes, enzymes, and receptors through influencing oxidative stress and inflammation pathways. Different parts of pomegranate; roots, bark, blossoms, fruits, and leaves contain various bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and ellagitannins, that have preventive and therapeutic effects against many disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological diseases, and cancers without any serious adverse effects. Most recent scientific evidence indicates that all parts of the pomegranate can be helpful in treating a wide range of chronic disorders due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Since the safety of pomegranate fruit, juice, and extracts is established, further investigations can be designed by targeting its active antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents to discover new drugs. [Display omitted] • Pomegranate traditional utilizations made it a holistic and symbolic herb world widely. • Pomegranate's advantages are mentioned in almost every religion and culture. • Every part of pomegranate is rich of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds. • Pomegranate is a powerful weapon against cancer, CVDs, musculoskeletal, sexual, and neurological ischemic diseases. • Its extracts have potential benefits against endocrine system dysfunction, skin photoaging, and drugs fatal side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorful shells in mollusks are commonly attributable to the presence of biological pigments. In Pacific oysters, the inheritance patterns of several shell colors have been investigated, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of melanogenesis and pigmentation. cAMP-response element binding proteins (CREB) are important transcription factors in the cAMP-mediated melanogenesis pathway. In this study, we characterized two CREB genes (CREB3L2 and CREB3L3) from Pacific oysters. Both of them contained a conserved DNA-binding and dimerization domain (a basic-leucine zipper domain). CREB3L2 and CREB3L3 were expressed highly in the mantle tissues and exhibited higher expression levels in the black-shell oyster than in the white. Masson-Fontana melanin staining and immunofluorescence analysis showed that the location of CREB3L2 protein was generally consistent with the distribution of melanin in oyster edge mantle. Dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that CREB3L2 and CREB3L3 could activate the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) promoter and this process was regulated by the level of cAMP. Additionally, we found that cAMP regulated melanogenic gene expression through the CREB-MITF-TYR axis. These results implied that CREB3L2 and CREB3L3 play important roles in melanin synthesis and pigmentation in Pacific oysters. [Display omitted] • Two transcription factors (CREB3L2 and CREB3L3) were characterized from Pacific oysters. • CREB3L2 and CREB3L3 regulated MITF expression under cAMP regulation. • A cAMP-CREB-MITF axis regulated melanogenesis in Pacific oysters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tilapia as an economically important fish is also an excellent model for studying pigment cell biology and body color formation. In the present study, we engineered a red tilapia by mutation of hps5 using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of a target site in exon 2. Disruption of HPS5 led to a significant decrease in the numbers of melanophores and iridophores, and a significant increase in xanthophores, which led to a yellowish-transparent body color in early stages (5–30 dpf, days post fertilization). Slow recovery of iridophore numbers, and increased numbers of xanthophores with shorter nearest-neighbor distances than in wild-type fish was observed at 150 dpf, which finally led to a red tilapia with reddish pigmentation in fins. The hps5 −/− mutants also showed several transparent cracks (absence of melanin, iridophores and xanthophores) in iris development. Besides, hps5 was also found to be fundamental for xanthophore development, and even the distance between each of them. Our hps5 mutants provide an excellent new model for studies of HPS5 function. Additionally, the red tilapia mutants may also have potential to serve as new germplasm for aquaculture, or function as a gene resource for genetic modification and breeding of red tilapia and the other related ornamental and food fish in aquaculture. More importantly, this study may have significant values in the area of development and evolution of pigmentation patterns of fish species. [Display omitted] • A red tilapia has been engineered by targeting hps5 with CRISPR/Cas9. • Disruption of HPS5 leads to decrease or even absence of melanophores and iridophores. • A large increase of xanthophore number with shorter nearest-neighbor distances was found in the mutants. • Slow restoration of iridophores was detected in the mutants in later developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hancornia speciosa Gomes is a fruit and medicinal species used for treating infectious diseases of the genitourinary system. However, its mechanism of action against microbes is still not fully understood. Infections in the genitourinary system caused by Candida spp. are associated with its fungal resistance and pathogenicity. New plant-derived compounds are an alternative to fight these Candida infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti- Candida effects of extracts of the stem bark of H. speciosa. This research investigated the chemical composition of sulfuric ether (EEHS) and methanolic (MEHS) extracts, their drug-modifying action on fluconazole, and their anti-virulence action on the morphological transition of Candida species. The extracts (EEHS and MEHS) of the stem bark of H. speciosa were chemically characterized via qualitative phytochemical screening and by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-ESI-QTOF). The extracts were evaluated regarding their antifungal effects and fluconazole-modifying activity against Candida albicans , Candida krusei , and Candida tropicalis using the broth microdilution method. Additionally, the study evaluated the inhibition of fungal virulence in Candida species through morphological transition assays. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, aurones, catechins, chalcones, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, leucoanthocyanidins, tannins (condensed and pyrogallic), and xanthones in both extracts of the stem bark of H. speciosa. The UPLC-MS-ESI-QTOF analysis identified the same compounds in both extracts, predominating phenolic compounds. Some compounds were first time recorded in this species: gluconic acid, cinchonain IIb, cinchonain Ib isomer, and lariciresinol hexoside isomers. Most of the intrinsic antifungal activity was observed for the MEHS against C. krusei (IC 50 : 58.41 μg/mL). At subinhibitory concentrations (MC/8), the EEHS enhanced the action of fluconazole against all Candida strains. The MEHS exhibited greater efficacy than fluconazole inhibiting C. krusei growth. The EEHS completely inhibited hyphae appearance and reduced pseudohyphae formation in C. albicans. The stem bark of H. speciosa is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic. Phenolic compounds can have important roles in fighting infectious diseases of the genitourinary system, such as candidiasis. The extracts of H. speciosa improved the action of the drug fluconazole against Candida species, inhibited hyphae appearance, and reduced pseudohyphae formation. The results of this study can support the development of new therapeutics against resistant strains of Candida. [Display omitted] • The stem bark of Hancornia speciosa is a source of potential compounds against Candida. • Compounds not previously described for this species were recorded. • The morphological transition of Candida albicans was inhibited by H. speciosa extract. • H. speciosa was able to potentiate the activity of the fluconazole against resistant strains of Candida spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • GYP is a water-soluble natural edible pigment primarily derived from the Gardenia fruits. • GYP offers diverse biological benefits and is widely used in food processing. • Explored the broad application trends of GYP in food and health industries in the future. • Discussed the challenges faced by the future development of GYP, and proposed feasible solutions. Food coloring plays a vital role in influencing consumers' food choices, imparting vibrant and appealing colors to various food and beverage products. Synthetic food colorants have been the most commonly used coloring agents in the food industry. However, concerns about potential health issues related to synthetic colorants, coupled with increasing consumer demands for food safety and health, have led food manufacturers to explore natural alternatives. Natural pigments not only offer a wide range of colors to food products but also exhibit beneficial bioactive properties. Gardenia yellow pigment is a water-soluble natural pigment with various biological activities, widely present in gardenia fruits. Therefore, this paper aims to delve into Gardenia Yellow Pigment, highlighting its significance as a food colorant. Firstly, a thorough understanding and exploration of various methods for obtaining gardenia yellow pigment. Subsequently, the potential functionality of gardenia yellow pigment was elaborated, especially its excellent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Finally, the widespread application trend of gardenia yellow pigment in the food industry was explored, as well as the challenges faced by the future development of gardenia yellow pigment in the field of food and health. Some feasible solutions were proposed, providing valuable references and insights for researchers, food industry professionals, and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Curcumin (Cur) as a natural pigment and biological component, can be widely used in food and beverages. However, the water insolubility of Cur significantly limits its applications. In this study, we prepared a series of nanocrystals via ultrasound-assisted method to improve the solubility and availability of Cur. The results showed artemisia sphaerocephala krasch polysaccharide (ASKP), gum arabic (GA) and wheat protein (WP) were outstanding stabilizers for nanocryatals except traditional agent, poloxamer 188 (F68). The obtained curcumin nanocrystals (Cur-NC) displayed a rod-shaped, crystal- and nanosized structure, and extremely high loading capacity (more over 80 %, w/w). Compared with raw powder, Cur-NC greatly improved the water solubility and dispersibility, and the slow and complete release of Cur of Cur-NC also endowed them excellent antioxidant capacities even at 10 μg/mL. Importantly, as functional factor additive in beverages (e.g. water and emulsion), Cur-NC could increase the content of Cur to at least 600 μg/mL and retain a good stability. Overall, we provided an effective improvement method for the liposoluble active molecules (e.g. Cur) based on the nanocrystals, which not only tremendously enhanced its water solubility, but also strengthened its bioactivity. Notably, our findings broadened the application of water-insoluble compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanin is a multifunctional biological pigment that recently emerged as endowed with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and with high potentialities in skin protection and regenerative medicine. Here, a biomimetic magnesium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite (MgHA) was synthesized and decorated with melanin molecules starting from two different monomeric precursors, i.e. 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and dopamine (DA), demonstrating to be able to polymerize on the surface of MgHA nanostructures, thus leading to a melanin coating. This functionalization was realized by a simple and green preparation method requiring mild conditions in an aqueous medium and room temperature. Complementary spectroscopy and electron imaging analyses were carried out to define the effective formation of a stable coating, the percentage of the organic compounds, and the structural properties of resulting melanin-coated nanostructures, which showed good antioxidant activity. The in vitro interaction with a cell model, i.e. mouse fibroblasts, was investigated. The excellent biocompatibility of all bioinspired nanostructures was confirmed from a suitable cell proliferation. Finally, the enhanced biological performances of the nanostructures coated with melanin from DHICA were confirmed by scratch assays. Jointly our findings indicated that low crystalline MgHA and melanin pigments can be efficiently combined, and the resulting nanostructures are promising candidates as multifunctional platforms for a more efficient approach for skin regeneration and protection. [Display omitted] • 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) and dopamine (DA) are able to polymerize on the surface of nanohydroxyapatite. • Coated nanostructures show good antioxidant and scavenging activity. • Coated nanostructures are biocompatible and enhance fibroblasts' wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Recent evidence reports microplastics' presence in human tissues and fluids. • MicroRaman spectroscopy is employed to detect microplastics in biological samples. • 66 microparticles fragments were found in 10 kidney tissues and 10 urine samples and 26 out 66 were characterized. • SpeComp open-access software was developed to ease microRaman spectra comparison. • The most often detected pieces and pigments are polyethylene, polystyrene, hematite. There is a growing concern within the medical community about the potential burden of microplastics on human organs and tissues. In this study, we investigated by microRaman spectroscopy the presence of microplastics in human kidneys and urine. Moreover, an open-access software was developed and validated for the project, which enabled the comparison between the investigated spectra and a self-created spectral database, thus enhancing the ability to characterize polymers and pigments in biological matrices. Healthy portions of ten kidneys obtained from nephrectomies, as well as ten urine samples from healthy donors were analyzed: 26 particles in both kidney and urine samples were identified, with sizes ranging from 3 to 13 μm in urine and from 1 to 29 μm in kidneys. The most frequently determined polymers are polyethylene and polystyrene, while the most common pigments are hematite and Cu-phthalocyanine. This preclinical study proves the presence of microplastics in renal tissues and confirms their presence in urine, providing the first evidence of kidney microplastics deposition in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are important pigments for flower color, determining the ornamental and economic values of horticultural plants. As a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of anthocyanidins, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to generate the precursors for anthocyanidins (i.e., leucoanthocyanidins) and anthocyanins. To investigate the functions of DFRs in plants, we cloned the GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 genes from the petals of Gentiana lutea var. aurantiaca and transformed both genes into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc method. We further investigated the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of T1 generation transgenic tobacco plants selected based on the hygromycin resistance and verified by both PCR and semiquantitative real-time PCR analyses. The phenotypic segregation was observed in the flower color of the transgenic tobacco plants, showing petals darker than those in the wild-type (WT) plants. Results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the contents of gentiocyanin derivatives were decreased in the petals of transgenic plants in comparison to those of WT plants. Ours results revealed the molecular functions of GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 in the formation of coloration, providing solid theoretical foundation and candidate genes for further genetic improvement in flower color of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blue honeysuckle (BH; Lonicera caerulea L.), which is a traditional medicinal plant, is known to be a rich source of anthocyanins and phenolic acids due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its anti-obesity effects, which are a result of attenuating abnormal lipid and glucose metabolisms, have also been reported. Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of BH on genes and proteins that are involved in the adipocyte differentiation using 3T3-L1 cells. Methods: The effects of the water extracts of the BH were examined on adipogenesis and lipolysis using a biochemical and molecular analysis of the 3T3-L1 cells. Results: Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) from the BH extract was determined in order to contain 1.67 mg/g by the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The lipid accumulation in the adipocytes was reduced, which ranged from 58 to 26% in the BH (500 and 1,000 µg/mL) compared to the control group. The lipolysis that was measured by the glycerol content was not affected by the BH at 1,000 μg/mL. The BH downregulated the expression of the main transcription factors of the adipogenesis pathway, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, 1, 2, adipose differentiation-related protein, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, and acetyl CoA carboxylase, while increasing the expression of the Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase α. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the BH is a good source of C3G, and it could be effective in regard to inhibiting the adipogenesis as opposed to the lipolysis, which indicates the potential for natural anti-obesity ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed for the first time experiments on laser remote sensing of the moisture content of biological objects essential for the agricultural industry. Probing was carried out using a fluorescence lidar based on a pulsed solid-state laser (527 nm, 5 ns, 1 kHz, 200 μJ/pulse), developed at the Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, and a gated intensified charge coupled device camera. The spectra of laser fluorescence of various biological objects of plant origin were recorded at different humidity values. The loss of water was accompanied by the degradation of biological pigments, causing an uneven increase in the intensity of bands in the fluorescence spectrum for different spectral ranges. The ratio of the spectral bands of chlorophyll a (680 nm) and protochlorophyllide (630 nm) has the best correlation with residual moisture, which opens up a promising direction for lidar measurement and monitoring of moisture/dry matter in silage or perennial grasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coloration is a complex phenotypic trait involving both physical and chemical processes at a multiscale level, from molecules to tissues. Pigments, whose main property is to absorb specific wavelengths of visible light, are usually deposited in specialized organelles or complex matrices comprising proteins, metals, ions, and redox compounds, among others. By modulating electronic properties and stability, interactions between pigments and these molecular actors can lead to color tuning. Furthermore, pigments are not only important for visual effects but also provide other critical functions, such as detoxification and antiradical activity. Hence, integrative studies of pigment organelles are required to understand how pigments interact with their cellular environment. In this review, we show how quantum chemistry, a computational method that models the molecular and optical properties of pigments, has provided key insights into the mechanisms by which pigment properties, from color to reactivity, are modulated by their organellar environment. These results allow us to rationalize and predict the way pigments behave in supramolecular complexes, up to the complete modeling of pigment organelles. We also discuss the main limitations of quantum chemistry, emphasizing the need for carrying experimental work with identical vigor. We finally suggest that taking into account the ecology of pigments (i.e. how they interact with these various other cellular components and at higher organizational levels) will lead to a greater understanding of how and why animals are vividly and variably colored, two fundamental questions in organismal biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed for the first time experiments on laser remote sensing of the moisture content of biological objects essential for the agricultural industry. Probing was carried out using a fluorescence lidar based on a pulsed solid-state laser (527 nm, 5 ns, 1 kHz, 200 μJ/pulse), developed at the Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, and a gated intensified charge coupled device camera. The spectra of laser fluorescence of various biological objects of plant origin were recorded at different humidity values. The loss of water was accompanied by the degradation of biological pigments, causing an uneven increase in the intensity of bands in the fluorescence spectrum for different spectral ranges. The ratio of the spectral bands of chlorophyll a (680 nm) and protochlorophyllide (630 nm) has the best correlation with residual moisture, which opens up a promising direction for lidar measurement and monitoring of moisture/dry matter in silage or perennial grasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with a number of assets useful for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, it is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. However, the process leads to an enantiomeric mixture where the biologically assimilable forms (3R, 3′R or 3S, 3′S) are a minority. Microbial production of (3R, 3′R) astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is an appealing alternative due to its fast growth rate and easy large-scale production. In order to increase X. dendrorhous astaxanthin yields, random mutant strains able to produce from 6 to 10 mg/g dry mass have been generated; nevertheless, they often are unstable. On the other hand, site-directed mutant strains have also been obtained, but they increase only the yield of non-astaxanthin carotenoids. In this review, we insightfully analyze the metabolic carbon flow converging in astaxanthin biosynthesis and, by integrating the biological features of X. dendrorhous with available metabolic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, as well as the knowledge gained with random and site-directed mutants that lead to increased carotenoids yield, we propose new metabolic engineering targets to increase astaxanthin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) may improve forearm muscle oxygenation and enhance performance in high-level rock climbers. As such, using a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design study, twelve participants performed an oxidative capacity assessment, and two successive exhaustive exercise trials (submaximal forearm muscle contractions at 60% of their maximal volitional contraction). Each visit was conducted following 7-days intake of 600 mg·day−1 NZBC extract or placebo. Oxidative capacity was estimated by calculating the oxygen half time recovery using near infrared spectroscopy. Time to exhaustion (s), impulse (kg·s), and minimum tissue saturation index (min-TSI %) were assessed during both the exercise trials. Muscle oxidative capacity was greater with NZBC (mean difference [MD] = 5.3 s, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 0.4–10.2 s; p = 0.036; Cohen's d = 0.94). During the exercise trials, there was an interaction for min-TSI % (time x condition, p = 0.046; η p 2 = 0.372), which indicated a greater level of oxygen extraction during trial two with NZBC extract (MD = 9%, 95% CI = 2-15%) compared to the placebo (MD = 2%, 95% CI = 1–7%). There was a decrease in time to exhaustion (p <0.001, η p 2 = 0.693) and impulse (p = 0.001, η p 2 = 0.672) in exercise trial two, with no effect of NZBC extract. In high-level rock climbers 7-days NZBC extract improves forearm muscle oxygenation with no effect on isolated forearm muscle performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative whitening strategies to hydrogen peroxide have been proposed, such as the inclusion of abrasive and/or pigmented particles in the toothpaste. This study compared the whitening effectiveness of a toothpaste containing Blue Covarine (BC) vs. an in-office whitening treatment using 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) in teeth stained. Bovine incisors blocks (6.0x6.0x2.0 mm) were stained with green tea (GT), orange soda (OS), or red wine (RW). The samples were randomly assigned into 8 groups (n=15), according to the type of staining and whitening treatment: G1 - no staining, BC (Control); G2 - no staining, HP (Control); G3 - GT, BC; G4 - GT, HP; G5 - OS, BC; G6 - OS, HP; G7 - RW, BC; G8 - RW, HP. Color change (ΔE), luminosity (L*), green-red axis (a*), and blue-yellow axis (b*) were recorded with spectroscopy at T0 - baseline, T1 - immediately after toothbrushing or in-office tooth whitening, and T2 - after the conclusion of the treatments. The whiteness index for dentistry (WID) was calculated. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measured mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni test (a=0.05). HP showed a better whitening performance (ΔE) (p = 0.042). Otherwise, no effects of the whitening agent were observed (p = 1.000). Data from ΔL, Δa, and Δb showed statistically significant differences for experimental groups (p < 0.001). In the WID analysis, BC and HP had similar effects within control and RW groups. In conclusion, blue covarine toothpaste may be a viable option for extrinsically stained teeth. However, for severe staining, HP-based whitening agents proved to be the most effective treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Anthocyanins are plant pigments with diverse biological functions that contribute to fruit quality and are beneficial to human health. Anthocyanin accumulation can be influenced by environmental signals, such as light, and plants have developed sophisticated systems to receive and transduce these signals. However, the associated molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the potential function of mitogen‐activated protein kinases, which are members of the light signaling pathway, during light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple (Malus domestica) fruit peels. An antibody array and yeast two‐hybrid screen indicated that proteins encoded by two MdMPK4 genes are light‐activated and interact with the transcription factor and anthocyanin biosynthesis regulator MdMYB1. A phosphorylation assay showed that the MdMPK4 proteins phosphorylate MdMYB1, thereby increasing its stability under light conditions. Transient MdMPK4 and MdMYB1 overexpression assays further revealed that light‐induced anthocyanin accumulation relies on MdMPK4 kinase activity, which is required for maximum MdMYB1 activity. Based on the expression of the chromosome 6 allele MdMPK4‐06G under light conditions and the presence of light response elements in the MdMPK4‐06G promoter, we concluded that it is more responsive to light than the chromosome 14 allele MdMPK4‐14G. These results suggest a potential biotechnological strategy for increasing fruit anthocyanin content via light induction. Significance Statement: It is well established that MdMPK4 plays a vital role in various biological processes. In this study, we demonstrated that light treatment can activate MdMPK4, which phosphorylates MdMYB1, thereby stabilizing MdMYB1 and promoting its activity in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in apple fruit peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]