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Carbon-free carbon paper, also known as pressure-sensitive paper, is a kind of office automation, industrial information paper, widely used in all walks of life in the office affairs of forms, invoices, bills, labels, credit CARDS, as well as the display of instruments and meter recording media. Carbonless carbon copy paper is a frequent physical evidence at crime scenes, especially in cases involving economic disputes, carbonless carbon paper may be the direct and important physical evidence in case detection, so the analysis and examination of carbonless carbon paper material evidence plays an important role in serial cases and case detection. The purpose of this paper is to study the application ability of ultraviolet spectroscopy in the handwriting test of carbonless copied documents. In this experiment, infrared spectrum analysis, ultraviolet spectrum analysis, and first-order derivative spectrum analysis were used in the scope of the experiment to test the handwriting of carbon-free carbon copy documents. Firstly, mathematical statistics were used to analyze the composition and content of invisible ink in the carbon-free carbon copy paper of express delivery companies. Then the data statistical method was used to classify and analyze the adhesive content and composition of each paper company. And the advantages and disadvantages of using single variable method to compare UV spectral analysis and first derivative spectral analysis. Experimental data show that Shentong express and EMS are likely to use the same brand of the same type of processing in the factory without carbon carbon paper; according to the composition of the adhesive, we can analyze the different characters of carbon-free copies. That belongs to enjoy the company of no carbon carbon content I class, while the red and no carbon carbon composition of Jin Yi company belongs to II class category, peak company belongs to III class. Experimental data show that according to the combination of adhesive components, different carbon-free carbon copies can be analyzed. That belongs to enjoy the company of no carbon carbon content I class, while the red and no carbon carbon composition of Jin Yi company belongs to II class category, peak company belongs to III class. The experimental data show that the method of ultraviolet spectrum analysis established in this paper can be used to test the carbon-free carbon carbon copy added or altered in suspicious documents, and improve the accuracy of 34.45% for the color trace analysis of carbon-free carbon paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ligation-Mediated Amplification (LMA) is a versatile biochemical tool for amplifying selected DNA sequences. LMA has increased in popularity due to its integration within chromosome conformation capture (5C) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (2C-ChIP) methodologies. The output of either 5C or 2C-ChIP protocols is a single-read sequencing library of ligated primer pairs that may or may not be multiplexed. While many computational tools currently exist for read mapping and analysis, these tools neither fully support multiplexed libraries nor provide qualitative reporting on the LMA primers involved. Typically, the task of library demultiplexing or primer analysis is offloaded on to the user. Our aim was to develop an easy-to-use pipeline for processing (multiplexed) single-read sequencing data produced by sequence-specific LMA. Results: Here, we describe the Ligation-mediated Amplified, Multiplexed Primer-pair Sequence (LAMPS) analysis pipeline. LAMPS facilitates the analysis of multiplexed LMA sequencing data and provides a thorough assessment of a library's reads for a variety of experimental parameters (e.g., primer-pair efficiency). The standardized output of LAMPS allows for easy integration with downstream analyses, such as data track visualization on a genome browser. LAMPS is made publicly available on GitHub: https://github.com/BlanchetteLab/LAMPS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В данной статье рассматривается интерес Владимира Шарова к творчеству Андрея Платонова, как одного из ведущих представителей эстетичеких и идео - логичеcких принципов советского авангарда. Приводятся цитаты из трех статей, написанных Шаровым с 2000 года по 2018 год и излагающих основы его толко - вания литературного наследия Платонова. Затем следует опыт прочтения романа "Репетиции", в котором устанавливается целый ряд интертекстуальных реминисценций из разных произведений Платонова. Хотя Шарову была чужда вера Платонова в коммунизм, его произведения служат ему своего рода ком - ментариями к русской истории. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian genomes are folded in a hierarchy of compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), subTADs, and looping interactions. Currently, there is a great need to evaluate the link between chromatin topology and genome function across many biological conditions and genetic perturbations. Hi-C can generate genome-wide maps of looping interactions but is intractable for high-throughput comparison of loops across multiple conditions due to the enormous number of reads (>6 Billion) required per library. Here, we describe 5C-ID, a new version of Chromosome-Conformation-Capture-Carbon-Copy (5C) with restriction digest and ligation performed in the nucleus ( in situ Chromosome-Conformation-Capture (3C)) and ligation-mediated amplification performed with a double alternating primer design. We demonstrate that 5C-ID produces higher-resolution 3D genome folding maps with reduced spatial noise using markedly lower cell numbers than canonical 5C. 5C-ID enables the creation of high-resolution, high-coverage maps of chromatin loops in up to a 30 Megabase subset of the genome at a fraction of the cost of Hi-C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the fact that the phosphorus atom in its low co-ordination state (coordination numbers 1 and 2) has been termed as the carbon copy, there have been attempts to investigate, theoretically as well as experimentally, the effect of the exchange(s) of CH- moiety with phosphorus atom(s) (CH/P) on the structural and other aspects of the classical carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems. Tropylium ion is a well-known non-benzenoid aromatic system and has been studied extensively for its aromatic character. We have now investigated the effect of mono- and poly-CH/P exchange(s) on the aromaticity of the tropylium ion. For this purpose, the parameters based on the geometry and magnetic properties, namely bond equalization, aromatic stabilization energies (ASE), Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift (NICS) values, (NICS(0), NICS(1), NICS(1)zz), proton nucleus magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) chemical shifts, magnetic susceptibility exaltation and magnetic anisotropic values of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-phosphatropylium ions have been determined at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6-31+G(d)) level. Geometry optimization reveals bond length equalization. ASEs range from -46.3 kcal/mol to -6.2 kcal/mol in mono- and diphospha-analogues which are planar. However, the ions having three and four phosphorus atoms lose planarity and their ASE values approach the values typical for non-aromatic structures. Of the three NICS values, the NICS(1)zz is consistently negative showing aromatic character of all the systems studied. It is also supported by the magnetic susceptibility exaltations and magnetic anisotropic values. Furthermore, 1H-NMR chemical shifts also fall in the aromatic region. The conclusion that mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-phosphatropylium ions are aromatic in nature has been further corroborated by determining the energy gap between the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) (HOMO - LUMO gap), which falls in the range, ca. 3 × 10-19-9 × 10-19 J. The systems having more than four phosphorus atoms are not able to sustain their monocyclic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges in demonstrating interchangeability and safety, as well as the ongoing evolution of regulations governing biosimilars, have meant that the development of the biosimilars industry has not been, and will not be, a carbon copy of the generics industry. Complexity in the development process reduces the cost advantages for biosimilars that generics offer over originators. There has been a marked difference in the number of biosimilars approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US FDA due to a lack of consensus and the different rates of progress in establishing both law and stable evidence-based regulatory guidelines for biosimilars. In this review, we provide a précis of the history and status of the regulatory regimes in the USA and Europe. Included is an assessment of market and nonmarket factors that may continue to influence the development of the biosimilars industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genome is the most functional part of a cell, and genomic contents are organized in a compact three-dimensional (3D) structure. The genome contains millions of nucleotide bases organized in its proper frame. Rapid development in genome sequencing and advanced microscopy techniques have enabled us to understand the 3D spatial organization of the genome. Chromosome capture methods using a ligation approach and the visualization tool of a 3D genome browser have facilitated detailed exploration of the genome. Topologically associated domains (TADs), lamin-associated domains, CCCTC-binding factor domains, cohesin, and chromatin structures are the prominent identified components that encode the 3D structure of the genome. Although TADs are the major contributors to 3D genome organization, they are absent in Arabidopsis. However, a few research groups have reported the presence of TAD-like structures in the plant kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonless copy paper has been used extensively in many fields in China since 1990s. Document examiners were often requested to confirm the authenticity of questioned carbonless copy documents. Estimating the age of carbonless copy documents could be an effective method to confirm the authenticity of such documents. Estimating age is an important and difficult problem, and is also an important task that forensic document examiners should confront. In this paper, a fading rate method was successfully employed to estimate the relative age of carbonless copy documents by comparing fading rates. Using extensive tests, butanol proved to be a suitable solvent and was used to dissolve and fade the dye of carbonless copy line strokes made at different times. The relative age of the line strokes was estimated by means of changing rate of gray value. As preliminary findings of this study, curves were created to indicate the relationship between the fading rate (changing rate of gray value) of line strokes and the age of carbonless copy documents. It was also determined that the amount of solvent, brands of carbonless copy paper and thickness of carbonless copy line strokes had varying impacts on estimating the dates of carbonless copy line strokes. Experimental results showed that the fading rate method was applicable for finding the relative age of questioned carbonless copy documents in some cases where the strokes were produced on the document within 43 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphaalkenes (RP=CR 2) and diphosphenes (RP=PR) are main group analogues of alkenes (R2C=CR 2). Molecules featuring such multiply bonded phosphorus functionalities often display structural features and chemical reactivities that mimic their purely organic counterparts, lending credence to the claim that these compounds are "carbon copies". We have been expanding this analogy to include oligomers and polymers with extended conjugation that directly involve P=C and P=P units. Many of these materials, however, display little or no photoluminescence (PL). This article summarizes our efforts to understand P=C and P=P photobehavior and to produce materials having significant PL that mimic or "photocopy" the PL properties of the phosphorus-free systems. Recent materials based on benz - oxaphospholes (BOPs), benzobisoxaphospholes (BBOPs), and higher analogues having significant fluorescence quantum yields are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The surface structure of the commercial carbon paper (CP) has been modified through thermal treatment, and then MnO2 was electrodeposited on the thermally-treated carbon paper (TTCP) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method in the phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 9.18) containing KMnO4. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron energy spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the phase of the obtained MnO2 was amorphous, and that the morphology of the MnO2 deposited on the substrates was influenced strongly by the substrates. The capacitive properties of MnO2 deposited on the carbon substrates were investigated by CV, galvanostatic charge/discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. It was found that the specific capacitance of MnO2 deposited on the optimum TTCP can reach to 749Fg−1 based on the charge/discharge measurement, which was far larger than that on the CP (345Fg−1). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The vast non-coding portion of the human genome is full of functional elements and disease-causing regulatory variants. The principles defining the relationships between these elements and distal target genes remain unknown. Promoters and distal elements can engage in looping interactions that have been implicated in gene regulation. Here we have applied chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C) to interrogate comprehensively interactions between transcription start sites (TSSs) and distal elements in 1% of the human genome representing the ENCODE pilot project regions. 5C maps were generated for GM12878, K562 and HeLa-S3 cells and results were integrated with data from the ENCODE consortium. In each cell line we discovered >1,000 long-range interactions between promoters and distal sites that include elements resembling enhancers, promoters and CTCF-bound sites. We observed significant correlations between gene expression, promoter-enhancer interactions and the presence of enhancer RNAs. Long-range interactions show marked asymmetry with a bias for interactions with elements located ?120 kilobases upstream of the TSS. Long-range interactions are often not blocked by sites bound by CTCF and cohesin, indicating that many of these sites do not demarcate physically insulated gene domains. Furthermore, only ?7% of looping interactions are with the nearest gene, indicating that genomic proximity is not a simple predictor for long-range interactions. Finally, promoters and distal elements are engaged in multiple long-range interactions to form complex networks. Our results start to place genes and regulatory elements in three-dimensional context, revealing their functional relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the utilization of enterprise resource planning (ERP) and material requirements planning systems (MRP) of Royal Philips Electronics in the Netherlands in the 1960s and 1970s. It notes that Royal Philips was the first one who uses this kind of computer technology to link several functions in the company which include accounting, inventory control, and human resources management. It states that during 1940s, companies only use carbon-copied forms on their business transactions which later resulted to many inconsistencies. It indicates the International Business Corp. (IBM) developed their version of ERP and MRP systems by introducing Production Information and Control System (PICS).

This article focuses on myths related to restoration ecology. Given the widespread alteration of natural systems, it is clear that conservation measures alone will not suffice to protect ecosystem functions, services, and habitat for a large number of species in the future. Conservation has traditionally been a rearguard measure to prevent further degradation rather than a means for increasing resources or natural capital. Many government policies concerning development and extractive resource use already assume the ability to mitigate ecosystem damage through the restoration of degraded land or creation of new habitats.

The article presents instructions for contributors to the journal "Sociology." Contributions should be typed on quarto sheets, using double spacing, on one side of each page. Authors should submit the top copy and retain a carbon copy. The pages should be numbered serially. The title of the article, the author's name, and a biographical note on him should be typed on a flysheet which can readily be detached from the body of the article. A contributor should also supply an abstract of 100-200 words summarizing the article in such a way that the abstract can be read independently. Contributors are especially requested to ensure that all necessary details are provided in their references. Titles of journals and monograph series may be abbreviated according to the system used in International Bibliography of the Social Sciences. The notes should be typed on a separate page or pages from the text, as should the bibliography. Figures and maps should be drawn in opaque black ink on Bristol board, tracing film, or graph paper with faint blue ruling.

The article focuses on five companion papers on the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements Consortium (ENCODE) which were published in the periodical "Nature." S. Neph and colleagues used DNaseI footprinting to study regulatory factor binding sites in 41 types of cells and tissues. R. E. Thurman and colleagues found out unexpected relations among chromatin accessibility, proliferative potential and patterns of human variation. Dekker and colleagues used chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C).

In any editorial office it is periodically required to dispose of out-dated files of duplicate copies of manuscripts and galley proofs. On June 1, 1972, all such material will be destroyed unless an author wishes to request the return of carbon copies or illustrative material by contacting the editorial office of the "Journal of Investigative Dermatology," prior to that date.