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The Peace Community of San José de Apartadó in Colombia, known for its commitment to nonviolence and environmental protection, recently experienced the brutal murders of two community members. Despite President Gustavo Petro's recognition of the community's nonviolent resistance and his efforts to address past paramilitary attacks, the killings highlight the challenges faced by Colombia's leftist government in achieving lasting peace. The region's history of violence and the struggle for control of territory and resources contribute to the ongoing threats faced by the Peace Community. The murders also underscore the dangers faced by land and environmental defenders in Colombia, making it the most dangerous country for such activists. While the government's response to the murders demonstrates some progress, long-term change will require sustained efforts and accountability from various actors involved in perpetuating political violence. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we propose a novel affordance model, which combines object, action, and effect information in the latent space of a predictive neural network architecture that is built on Conditional Neural Processes. Our model allows us to make predictions of intermediate effects expected to be obtained during action executions and make multi-step plans that include partial actions. We first compared the prediction capability of our model using an existing interaction data set and showed that it outperforms a recurrent neural network-based model in predicting the effects of lever-up actions. Next, we showed that our model can generate accurate effect predictions for other actions, such as push and grasp actions. Our system was shown to generate successful multi-step plans to bring objects to desired positions using the traditional A* search algorithm. Furthermore, we realized a continuous planning method and showed that the proposed system generated more accurate and effective plans with sequences of partial action executions compared to plans that only consider full action executions using both planning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Constraint solving is the enabling technique for symbolic execution. The advancement of constraint solving boosts the development and application of symbolic execution. Modern Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers provide the mechanism of solving strategy, allowing users to control the solving procedure. This mechanism significantly improves the solver's generalization ability. We observe that the symbolic executions of different programs are different constraint solving problems. Therefore, we propose synthesizing solving strategies for a program to fit the program's symbolic execution best. To achieve this, we propose an adaptive framework for synthesizing solving strategies, in which the constraints are classified into different categories, and the solving strategies are synthesized for different categories on demand. We propose novel synthesis algorithms that combine the offline trained deep learning models and online tuning to synthesize the solving strategy. The algorithms balance the synthesis overhead and the improvement achieved by the synthesized solving strategy. We have implemented our method on the state‐of‐the‐art symbolic execution engine KLEE for C programs and Symbolic Pathfinder (SPF) for Java programs. The results of the extensive experiments indicate that our method effectively improves the efficiency of symbolic execution. For the Coreutils benchmark, our method, on average, increases the numbers of paths and queries by 74.37% and 73.94% under Breadth First Search (BFS), respectively. Besides, we applied our method to a different benchmark of C programs and a benchmark of Java programs to validate the generalization ability. The results demonstrate that for the C benchmark, our method increases the numbers of paths and queries by 71.09% and 70.60% under BFS, respectively; For the Java benchmark, our method increases the numbers of paths and queries by 50.31% and 49.93% under BFS, respectively. These results show that our method has a good generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executioner caspases are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell death under apoptotic stress. Activated executioner caspases drive apoptotic cell death through cleavage of diverse protein substrates or pyroptotic cell death in the presence of gasdermin E. On the other hand, activation of executioner caspases can also trigger pro-survival and pro-proliferation signals. In recent years, a growing body of studies have demonstrated that cells can survive from executioner caspase activation in response to stress and that the survivors undergo molecular and phenotypic alterations. This review focuses on death and survival from executioner caspase activation, summarizing the role of executioner caspases in apoptotic and pyroptotic cell death and discussing the potential mechanism and consequences of survival from stress-induced executioner caspase activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 1940s US–Mexico borderlands, two siblings named Carlos and María de la Torre dedicated years of their lives to drafting, revising, and completing, but not publishing, a 32-page biographical profile of their close friend Fidel Muro, who had been executed by the Mexican government for his participation in the Cristero War (1926–1929). The completed semblanza , which the De la Torres titled "Fidel Muro, Mexican Martyr," follows Muro from his childhood to his days as a Cristero fighter and, ultimately, to his death as a Cristero martyr. In telling Muro's story, the De la Torres also memorialize the broader Cristero movement, which sought to overthrow the postrevolutionary Mexican government and replace its secularizing policies with a religious nationalism that insisted on the synonymity of Catholicism and Mexican identity. Though the Cristeros were unsuccessful, exiles like the De la Torres kept the ideals of the movement alive through writing, much of it produced in the US. Cristero writing has garnered far less attention within Mexican and Latinx literary criticism than writing depicting the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), yet I argue that both early twentieth-century conflicts have played a fundamental role in shaping the uneven terrain of US and Mexican modernities. Placing the [De la Torres'] unpublished semblanza at the center of Latina/o/x literary history begins to reveal the multiplicity of conceptualizations of Latina/o/x identity, from the fully realized to the barely imagined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the issue of French executions during the Great War in a quantitative perspective. Based on the 'Shot in the First World War' database of the Ministry of Defense, we first provide a statistical portrait of the French soldiers who were sentenced to death by courts-martial or summarily executed. Then, we analyze the temporal distribution of executions using a regression approach. More specifically, we investigate whether the variations in the number of executions over time were related to the intensity of engagements. Finally, focusing on the soldiers' place of birth, we examine the differences across counties (départements) in the execution rate. Our results suggest that the vast majority of the executed soldiers were 'poilus' like the others who found themselves before a firing squad for having committed a fault in a moment of weakness, often after being involved in particularly bloody fighting, and sometimes under the influence of alcohol. Their acts were probably, in most cases, much more driven by survival instinct than by pacifist motives or other political considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the subjective element of gun-jumping infringements has developed since the National Court's judgment in the Bergé case. We analyse the main aspects of the decisions of the National Markets and Competition Commission, the National Court and Supreme Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tortures and executions have been publicly displayed to deter crime, but their staging has also been characterized as spectacle. Public spectacle, and associated technologies, were foundational to the aggregated graphic depiction of Damiens the Regicide sentenced to death by torture. Pain was not considered as the sole purpose, but rather to inflict trauma and cause shame. We see that the sovereign holds power over the body, often considered a vessel to be regulated and managed. In this article, the author explores the events surrounding the walk of atonement conducted by Cersei Lannister in Game of Thrones. This article analyzes how power structures use brutality to cause trauma. The queen is confined to a prison cell where she is psychologically and spiritually tortured by religious fanatics using technologies of private disciplinary power. She is then forced to walk naked through the streets of King's Landing. As she progresses, her body is pelted with fruit, manure, and bodily fluids, and she endures jeers and curses from the public. A septa (nun) follows her, repeating the word shame eighty-eight times. Her body becomes degraded and objectified. The author's argument is grounded in a unique reading of disciplinary power, which he has conceptualized as traumapower, defined as the use of public (spectacle) and private (confinement) disciplinary power to inflict physical, psychological, and spiritual harm. In Cersei's confinement and walk, we see the manifestation of traumapower. This article explores how external power structures are operationalized to assert body control through trauma, thus rendering it docile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose a significant global health threat, causing severe respiratory infections that result in substantial annual morbidity and mortality. Recent research highlights the pivotal role of innate immunity, cell death, and inflammation in exacerbating the severity of respiratory viral diseases. One key molecule in this process is ZBP1, a well-recognized innate immune sensor for IAV infection. Upon activation, ZBP1 triggers the formation of a PANoptosome complex containing ASC, caspase-8, and RIPK3, among other molecules, leading to inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation for the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. However, the role for other molecules in this process requires further evaluation. In this study, we investigated the role of MLKL in regulating IAV-induced cell death and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our data indicate IAV induced inflammatory cell death through the ZBP1-PANoptosome, where caspases and RIPKs serve as core components. However, IAV-induced lytic cell death was only partially dependent on RIPK3 at later timepoints and was fully independent of MLKL throughout all timepoints tested. Additionally, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was unaffected in MLKL-deficient cells, establishing that MLKL and MLKL-dependent necroptosis do not act upstream of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, IL-1β maturation, and lytic cell death during IAV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before their executions, condemned people suffer intensely, in solitude, and at great length. But that suffering is not punishment--especially not the suffering on American-style death rows. In this Article, I show that American institutions administer pre-execution confinement as nonpunitive detention, and I explain the consequences of that counterintuitive status. A nonpunitive paradigm curbs, at least to some degree, the dehumanization, neglect, and isolation that now dominate life on death row. It is also the doctrinal solution to a longstanding puzzle involving confinement, execution, and the Eighth Amendment. To understand why pre-execution confinement is nonpunitive, readers need a basic understanding of the experience itself. Most deathsentenced people will lead lives marked by some substantial combination of inadequate nutrition, deficient health care, substandard sanitation and ventilation, restricted movement, and excessive isolation. By the time the state executes its condemned prisoners, they will have spent about two decades in such conditions--up from two years in 1960. The state distributes suffering across this prisoner cohort in ways that bear little relationship to criminal blameworthiness. Almost without exception, however, scholarship and decisional law continue to treat confinement before execution as punishment. Virtually everyone makes the punitive assumption, but there are two reasons rooted in penal theory why they should not. First, confinement before execution does not meet consensus criteria for punishment. It is instead suffering collateral to the state's interest in incapacitating those who face execution. Second, if pre-execution confinement were to be taken seriously as a punitive practice, then it would be normatively unjustified. More specifically, punitive confinement would represent punishment beyond the legally specified maximum (an execution), and it would be distributed across the death-sentenced prisoner cohort arbitrarily. There is a well-developed body of constitutional law capable of absorbing a nonpunitive version of pre-execution confinement. Under that law, when the state detains people primarily to incapacitate them, that detention is regulatory--not punitive. Due process, rather than the Eighth Amendment, constrains regulatory detention. A nonpunitive approach would reduce unnecessary suffering because due process rules more stringently constrain the state's treatment of its prisoners. Such an approach would also give the U.S. Supreme Court better answers to the difficult Eighth Amendment questions that have vexed the Justices for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human motor behavior involves planning and execution of actions, some more frequently. Manipulating probability distribution of a movement through intensive direction-specific repetition causes physiological bias toward that direction, which can be cortically evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, because evoked movement has not been used to distinguish movement execution and plan histories to date, it is unclear whether the bias is because of frequently executed movements or recent planning of movement. Here, in a cohort of 40 participants (22 female), we separately manipulate the recent history of movement plans and execution and probe the resulting effects on physiological biases using TMS and on the default plan for goal-directed actions using a timed-response task. Baseline physiological biases shared similar low-level kinematic properties (direction) to a default plan for upcoming movement. However, manipulation of recent execution history via repetitions toward a specific direction significantly affected physiological biases, but not plan-based goal-directed movement. To further determine whether physiological biases reflect ongoing motor planning, we biased plan history by increasing the likelihood of a specific target location and found a significant effect on the default plan for goal-directed movements. However, TMS-evoked movement during preparation did not become biased toward the most frequent plan. This suggests that physiological biases may either provide a readout of the default state of primary motor cortex population activity in the movement-related space, but not ongoing neural activation in the planning-related space, or that practice induces sensitization of neurons involved in the practiced movement, calling into question the relevance of cortically evoked physiological biases to voluntary movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the first recorded execution at Tyburn in 1196 and the abolition of public executions in 1868, tens of thousands of offenders were publicly executed in London. In Section 6, for example, there was no discussion of the extent to which debates about punishment in the nineteenth century were divided along political lines, and in particular that the abolition of public executions in 1868 was at least in part a move by those who wanted to retain capital punishment as a whole. Some of the research represents genuinely original contributions to our historical knowledge of public execution in London, such as the exhibition's exhaustive identification of past execution sites. [Extracted from the article]

This work consideres asynchronous shared memory systems in which any number of processes may crash. It identifies relaxations of fetch & increment, queues, sets and stacks that can be non-blocking or wait-free implemented using only Read/Write operations, without Read-After-Write synchronization patterns. Set-linearizability, a generalization of linearizability designed to specify concurrent behaviors, is used to formally express these relaxations and precisely identify the subset of executions which preserve the original sequential behavior. The specifications allow for an item to be returned more than once by different operations, but only in case of concurrency; we call such a relaxation multiplicity. Hence, these definitions give rise to new notions and new objects where concurrency explicitly appears in the specification of the objects. As far as we know, this work is the first to provide relaxations of objects with consensus number two which can be implemented using only Read/Write registers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reprogramming energy production from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis is now considered a hallmark of cancer. When tumors grow beyond a certain size they give rise to changes in their microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia, mechanical stress) that are conducive to the upregulation of glycolysis. Over the years, however, it has become clear that glycolysis can also associate with the earliest steps of tumorigenesis. Thus, many of the oncoproteins most commonly involved in tumor initiation and progression upregulate glycolysis. Moreover, in recent years, considerable evidence has been reported suggesting that upregulated glycolysis itself, through its enzymes and/or metabolites, may play a causative role in tumorigenesis, either by acting itself as an oncogenic stimulus or by facilitating the appearance of oncogenic mutations. In fact, several changes induced by upregulated glycolysis have been shown to be involved in tumor initiation and early tumorigenesis: glycolysis-induced chromatin remodeling, inhibition of premature senescence and induction of proliferation, effects on DNA repair, O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification of target proteins, antiapoptotic effects, induction of epithelial–mesenchymal transition or autophagy, and induction of angiogenesis. In this article we summarize the evidence that upregulated glycolysis is involved in tumor initiation and, in the following, we propose a mechanistic model aimed at explaining how upregulated glycolysis may play such a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the Ohio House Bill 136 which involves the prohibition of execution of criminal offenders that have been deemed mentally ill at the time of their offense. It discussed the amendment of the Ohio criminal code concerning death penalty, the preponderance of evidence which suggests that the offender has been diagnosed by mental conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or schizoaffective disorder, and the criminal punishments prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.

Secure and private computations over random access machine (RAM) are preferred over computations with circuits or Turing machines. Secure RAM executions become more and more important in the scope of avoiding information leakage when executing programs over a single computer, as well as the clouds. In this paper, we proposed a novel scheme for evaluating RAM programs without revealing any information on the computation, including the program, the data, and the result. We use Shamir Secret Sharing to share all the program instructions and the private string matching technique to ensure the execution of the right instruction sequence. We stress that our scheme obtains information-theoretical security and does not rely on any computational hardness assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the intersection of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) with the issue of religious freedom for death row inmates, particularly in relation to access to spiritual advisors during executions. Topics include the Supreme Court's recent decision in Ramirez v. Collier, which held that Texas's policy of preventing a death row inmate's pastor from praying with and touching him during his execution likely violated RLUIPA.

Singing the News of Death: Execution Ballads in Europe 1500-1900, written by Una McIlvenna Una McIlvenna, I Singing the News of Death: Execution Ballads in Europe 1500-1900 i , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022, 544 pp. Throughout, McIlvenna emphasizes the centrality of shame within the method of execution, reflecting the ballads' moral didactism. [Extracted from the article]

The area of executions undoubtedly involves an area of law that is inconvenient and conflicting for the average person. The negative emotions accompanying the entire procedure are logically reflected in the impression of general injustice in the amount of costs covered. On the one hand, there is the creditor who, despite having an execution title (for example), has not been paid, the debtor who does not want to or cannot pay, and last but not least, the executor, who is obliged to demand compliance from the debtor. For this activity, the costs certainly belong to him -- fair for all parties. Although since the beginning of the existence of executors there have been enough regulations that determine costs in advance, life and application practice have brought new challenges and changes. The balance between the parties and the objective in the form of fairly determined costs of execution, these are the constants of the promises of each new ruling party. But what are the costs of enforcement today? Can they be considered fair? I try to answer this question in this post. The article summarizes the current state, attempts to define the problems of current application practice and looks for possible causes of these problems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an error-prone development process, the ability to localize faults is a crucial one. Generally speaking, detecting and repairing errant behavior at an early stage of the development cycle considerably reduces costs and development time. The debugging of the Verilog program takes much time to read the waveform and capture the signal, and in many cases, problem-solving relies heavily on experienced developers. Most existing Verilog fault localization methods utilize the static analysis method to find faults. However, using static analysis methods exclusively may result in some types of faults being inevitably ignored. The use of dynamic analysis could help resolve this issue. Accordingly, in this work, we propose a new fault localization approach for Verilog, named Detraque. After obtaining dynamic execution through test cases, Detraque traces these executions to localize faults; subsequently, it can determine the likelihood of any Verilog statement being faulty and sort the statements in descending order by suspicion score. Through conducting empirical research on real Verilog programs with 61 faulty versions, Detraque can achieve an EXAM score of 18.3%. Thus, Detraque is verified as able to improve Verilog fault localization effectiveness when used as a supplement to static analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an extension of the banker's algorithm to resolve deadlock for programs whose resource-request graph can be modeled as a recursion tree for parallel execution. Our algorithm implements the banker's logic, with the key difference being that some properties of the tree are fully exploited to improve the resource utilization and safety check in deadlock avoidance. For an $n$ n -node tree modeled program making requests to $m$ m types of resources, our recursion-tree based algorithm can obtain a time complexity of $O(mn\log \log n)$ O (m n log log n) on average in safety check while reducing the conservativeness in resource utilization. We reap these benefits by proposing a concept of the resource critical tree and leverage it to localize the maximum claim associated with each node in the tree. To tackle the case when the tree model is not statically known, we relax the definition of a local maximum claim by sacrificing some resource utilization. With this trade-off, the algorithm can resolve the deadlock and achieve more efficient safety checks within time of $O(m\log \log n)$ O (m log log n) . Our empirical studies on a two-dimensional integration problem on sparse grids show that the proposed algorithms can reduce resource utilization conservativeness and improve avoidance performance by minimizing the number of safety checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classifying test executions automatically as pass or fail remains a key challenge in software testing and is referred to as the test oracle problem. It is being attempted to solve this problem with supervised learning over test execution traces. A programme is instrumented to gather execution traces as sequences of method invocations. A small fraction of the programme's execution traces is labelled with pass or fail verdicts. Execution traces are then embedded as fixed length vectors and a neural network (NN) component that uses the line‐by‐line information to classify traces as pass or fail is designed. The classification accuracy of this approach is evaluated using subject programs from different application domains—1. Module from Ethereum Blockchain, 2. Module from PyTorch deep learning framework, 3. Microsoft SEAL encryption library components, 4. Sed stream editor, 5. Nine network protocols from Linux packet identifier, L7‐Filter and 6. Utilities library, commons‐lang for Java. For all subject programs, it was found that test execution classification had high precision, recall and specificity, averaging to 93%, 94% and 96%, respectively, while only training with an average 14% of the total traces. Experiments show that the proposed NN‐based approach is promising in classifying test executions from different application domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article outlines the federal executions and the broader context surrounding them and stay orders issued by the Supreme Court, and compare their disposition as its membership has changed. It mentions Court presumably favor the new standard because they believe that last-minute capital litigation is largely a frivolous ploy by capital defendants to manufacture delay. It also mentions arbitrary and racially discriminatory way in which post-sentencing legal proceedings.

When Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793, he became the central figure in two competing narratives of national regeneration. For revolutionaries, his death established and baptized the new republic in the king's blood. For royalists, Louis became a Christ-like martyr whose sacrifice would eventually save France from the sin of the Revolution. This article argues that narratives of the execution of Louis XVI provided symmetrically opposite interpretations of the events of 1793. Blood figured importantly in the rhetoric of both groups in almost exactly the same kinds of ways and relied heavily in both cases on the traditions of the pre-revolutionary era. Ultimately, the article seeks to use the symbolic power of Louis's blood to trace important lines of continuity between the ancien régime, the Revolution, and the Bourbon Restoration. Paying attention to this continuity has two important effects. First, bringing the Revolution and the Restoration into conversation reveals the existence of a common emotional framework. In both cases, political culture operated in part along an interplay of vengeance and sacrifice, symbolized in the form of Louis's blood. This emotional framework reveals the ways in which Revolutionary narratives about Louis XVI were transpositions of royal mythologies, rather than rejections of them. The continuity of this framework in ultra-royalist attempts to re-establish the legitimacy of the Bourbon regime points to the hybridity of the monarchy after the Revolution and to how the trauma of Revolution was key in narratives of Bourbon authority. Second, exploring the symbolic value of Louis's blood points to the underlying tensions during this period produced from the coexistence, rather than the replacement, of spectacular, visual notions of sovereignty in the body of the king or of the people, with the emerging authority of legislative bodies and the written word of the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In heterogeneous multi-core systems, performance differences of the cores can affect lock synchronization, where the high-performance cores have to wait for slower cores to complete critical section execution. To better utilize the high-performance cores, we can offload critical section execution to high-performance cores. Since combining synchronization has the potential to transfer critical section execution to the combiner, this paper presents a core-aware combining approach for heterogeneous multi-core processors to accelerate critical section execution. In combining synchronization, one competing thread will become the combiner to help complete pending requests. It typically provides better performance than conventional locks on multi-core systems. To enable transferring critical section executions to a more efficient core, we implement the ideas of core efficiency-based selective lock ownership transfer and the dynamic helping quota in four combining implementations. On an aarch64 heterogeneous machine and an x86 asymmetric machine, we ran several micro-benchmarks and workloads to evaluate the performance of our core-aware implementations. The results show that core-aware combining implementations accelerate critical section execution and achieve better throughput than the original combining implementations. • We propose core-aware combining approach that accelerates critical section execution. • We present a performance model to explain how this approach work. • We apply this approach in four combining implementations. • Results show our approach surpasses original combining techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the majority and dissent's reasoning in the case Ramirez v. Collier, wherein John Ramirez petitioned Texas prison authorities to allow his pastor to enter the execution chamber to pray aloud and lay hands on him during the execution but the request was denied so he sued under the First Amendment and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000. Topics include Ramirez's rights, Supreme Court decisions preceding Ramirez, and psychology at work in the case.

Scholars such as Nancy Leys Stepan, Alexandra Minna Stern, Marius Turda and Aaron Gillette have all argued that the rejection of coerced sterilization was a defining feature of "Latin" eugenic theory and practice. These studies highlight the influence of neo-Lamarckism in this development not only in Latin America but also in parts of Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. This article builds upon this historiographical framework to examine an often-neglected site of Latin American eugenic knowledge production: Chile. By focusing on Chilean eugenicists' understandings of environment and coerced sterilization, this article argues that there was no uniquely Latin objection to the practice initially. In fact, Chilean eugenicists echoed concerns of eugenicists from a variety of locations, both "mainstream" and Latin, who felt that sterilization was not the most effective way to ensure the eugenic improvement of national populations. Instead, the article contends that it was not until the implementation of the 1933 German racial purity laws, which included coerced sterilization legislation, that Chilean eugenicists began to define their objections to the practice as explicitly Latin. Using a variety of medical texts which appeared in popular periodicals as well as professional journals, this article reveals the complexity of eugenic thought and practice in Chile in the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on brief history of the federal death penalty, with an emphasis on the modern era—the period following the Supreme Court's 1976 determination that the U.S. Constitution still permitted capital punishment. It mentions statutory and constitutional challenges to the pentobarbital-only lethal injection sequence and Trump Executions took place in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also mentions testing broader institutional commitments to the capital punishment process.

Caspases are a family of cysteine aspartyl proteases mostly involved in the execution of apoptotic cell death and in regulating inflammation. This article focuses primarily on the evolutionarily conserved function of caspases in apoptosis. We summarise which caspases are involved in apoptosis, how they are activated and regulated, and what substrates they target for cleavage to orchestrate programmed cell death by apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debugging is an important task to identify the defects in the software. Especially, logging is an important feature of a software system to record runtime information. Detailed logging allows developers to collect run-time information when they cannot use an interactive debugger, such as continuous integration and web application server cases. However, extensive logging leads to larger execution traces because few instructions can be repeated many times. In our previous work, to record detailed program behavior within limited storage space constraints, we proposed near-omniscient debugging, which is a methodology that records and visualizes an execution trace using fixed size buffers for each observed instruction. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of near-omniscient debugging in recording infected states while reducing the size of execution traces. We conduct experiments on the Defects4J dataset and evaluate the effectiveness based on the completeness, trace size and runtime overhead. The result shows that near-omniscient debugging can completely record infected states for nearly 80 percent of bugs (with a buffer size of 1024 events). The size of execution traces can be reduced by a factor of one thousand for large repetitive executions. • Effectiveness evaluation of near-omniscient debugging with 831 actual bugs. • Keeping the majority of infected states. • Predictable trace size from the number of methods. • Reducing execution time significantly when all tests are executed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzz testing (fuzzing) has witnessed its prosperity in detecting security flaws recently. It generates a large number of test cases and monitors the executions for defects. Fuzzing has detected thousands of bugs and vulnerabilities in various applications. Although effective, there lacks systematic analysis of gaps faced by fuzzing. As a technique of defect detection, fuzzing is required to narrow down the gaps between the entire input space and the defect space. Without limitation on the generated inputs, the input space is infinite. However, defects are sparse in an application, which indicates that the defect space is much smaller than the entire input space. Besides, because fuzzing generates numerous test cases to repeatedly examine targets, it requires fuzzing to perform in an automatic manner. Due to the complexity of applications and defects, it is challenging to automatize the execution of diverse applications. In this article, we systematically review and analyze the gaps as well as their solutions, considering both breadth and depth. This survey can be a roadmap for both beginners and advanced developers to better understand fuzzing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to streamline judo sports training by overlapping the objectives of strengthening and improving the techniques for developing motor skills, especially strength. The research started from the hypothesis according to which the multiple repetition of a technical procedure in judo strengthens or improves it, but at the same time, it also develops motor and implicitly muscular capacities responsible for the execution of the movement. Several specific tests have been established to assess the overall strength at two different times during the training period. Following the analysis and processing of the data recorded at the two tests, it was found that a force capacity is being created as well as a consolidation of the execution of some technical procedures (throwing over the hip and over the shoulder). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present contribution focuses on two previously unstudied progymnasmata penned by the 12th-century teacher Nikephoros Basilakes. The analysis aims to show how Basilakes discusses the role and importance of ancient tragedy by elaborating on two gnomai taken from Sophocles’ plays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the administration of capital punishment in Kentucky. Comparing execution and death to life commutation cases from 1901–2019, we consider the purpose of the commutation process and its utilization considering offender-victim relationships and the severity of the homicide as determined by the Barnett Scale. While a higher score on the Barnett Scale predicted execution, there remained a pattern of racial discrimination between the two decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent analysis of public executions on judicial warrant for the crime of murder in Scotland includes an assertion that the practice of carrying into effect the sentence at the place of the crime ended in 1841. That date may be open to some doubt given the locations of later public executions. Moreover, the legal aspects of these public executions suggest underlying legal requirements, practices and political tensions yet unaccounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with two cases of acquisition and construction of Van de Graaff accelerators in 1950s Latin America, at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the University of São Paulo, respectively. A comparative approach allows us to appreciate the significance of this particular technology within scientific, cultural, commercial, and political processes. Van de Graaff accelerators appeared as an affordable technology to engage in experimental nuclear physics and to be part of the atomic age. The circumstances that motivated physics communities in Brazil and Mexico to choose this specific technology took shape in close interactions with US institutions and scientists. These inter-American alliances involved precisely the main companies and groups that competed for the market of this technology around the world. These accelerators also intertwined with the building of campuses for two major Latin American universities, occupying then a singular place (physically and symbolically) within their execution. This paper engages with comparison for the common goal of going beyond frameworks and methodologies tied to the nation, while integrating the study of connections and interactions, as well as the interplay of multiple scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating a social psychological perspective into Van Leeuwen's framework of social actor representation (2008), this study investigates the ways in which various forms of person reference are selected to position executioners, executed persons, and victims in execution reports. Based on a corpus of major broadsheets in Thailand, the analysis reveals extreme and, oftentimes disturbing, labels that assign polarized identities to each group. Exclusion and impersonal nominations mystify the executioners. Oppositional functional and identification labels disparage the executed individuals by exaggerating impression of legal violation and brutality, while idealizing the victims by emphasizing innocence, vulnerability and helplessness. It is argued that the patterns therein, motivated by the retentionist ideology, are socially divisive: they work to facilitate the public's moral disengagement from feeling complicit in the execution and constitute key to normalizing the violence of state killing from that inflicted by the condemned. • Investigates how labels are used to represent participants in execution news. • Reporters are motivated by the retentionist ideology. • Explicate the creation of "us" and "them". • Labeling is key to normalizing state killing and facilitating moral disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]