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Fatty acids from cooking fumes and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) released from indoor cleaning adversely affect respiratory health, but the molecular-level mechanism remains unclear. Here, the effect of cooking oil fumes [palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), and linoleic acid (LA)] on lung model phospholipid (POPG) hydrochlorination mediated by HOCl at the air–water interface of the hanged droplets was investigated. Interfacial hydrochlorination of POPG was impeded by OA and LA, while that of POPG was facilitated by PA. The effect on POPG hydrochlorination increased with the decrease in oil fume concentration. A potential mechanism with respect to the chain length of these oil fumes, regardless of their saturation, was proposed. PA with a short carbon chain looses the POPG packing and leads to the exposure of the C=C double bonds of POPG, whereas OA and LA with a long carbon chain hinder HOCl from reaching the C=C bonds of POPG. These results for short chain and low concentration dependence suggest that the decay of oil fumes or the conversion of short-chain species by indoor interfacial chemistry might be adverse to lung health. These results provide insights into the relationship between indoor multicomponent pollutants and the respiratory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research study, fuel blends of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel (P/WCO) were examined for combustion analysis, engine performance, and emission characteristics tests. Improved combustion and engine performance were achieved using a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) and hydrogen supply as a dual fuel. The combustion behavior of fuel blends and hydrogen fuel was examined by varying the engine load at a constant speed. The results revealed that significant reduction in the specific fuel consumption for rich pine oil. Thus, a slightly lesser energy share from the fuel blends and a higher energy share from the hydrogen fuel was required for the engine to maintain the same brake power. Lower viscosity, higher flash point, and presence of oxygen in the pine oil enhance the combustion rate and brake thermal efficiency. Furthermore, hydrogen induction in the engine improves the flame velocity. A lesser crevice volume in the TCC can trap the unburnt fuel which can further increase the combustion efficiency. Thus, rich pine oil with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC causes advanced ignition, improved combustion, and more heat release during the combustion. The investigation results revealed that hydrogen induction increases the heat release rate and peak pressure by 7.4% and 2.67%, respectively. Similarly, the maximum of 24.55% increase in BTE and 18.22% reduction in BSFC was observed due to a constant 10 lpm hydrogen induction. Furthermore, hydrogen fuel significantly reduces the emissions such as CO, HC, CO 2 , and smoke. However, more NO x was generated due to more heat release rate during combustion. Thus, pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with the support of hydrogen induction in TCC improve the engine performance and mitigate the toxic pollutants and can be a suitable alternative to diesel fuel. • Combustion effects of pine oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel blends were examined. • The influence of hydrogen addition in dual fuel mode is highlighted. • Impact of the toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber concerning BTE, BSFC, and emissions was discussed. • The energy share between biodiesel and hydrogen is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human nutrition and health rely on edible oils. Global demand for edible oils is expanding, necessitating the discovery of new natural oil sources subjected to adequate quality and safety evaluation. However, in contrast to other agricultural products, India's edible oil supply is surprisingly dependent on imports. The microbial oil is generated by fermentation of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IIPL32 MTCC 25056 using biodiesel plant byproduct crude glycerol as a fermentable carbon source. Enriched with monounsaturated fatty acid, nutritional indices mapping based on the fatty acid composition of the yeast SCO, suggested its plausible use as an edible oil blend. In the present study, acute toxicity evaluation of the yeast SCO in C57BL/6 mice has been performed by randomly dividing the animals into 5 groups with 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/Kg yeast SCO dosage, respectively, and predicted the median lethal dose (LD50). Detailed blood biochemistry and kidney and liver histopathology analyses were also reported. The functions of the liver enzymes were also evaluated to check and confirm the anticipated toxicity. To determine cell viability and in vitro biocompatibility, the 3T3-L1 cell line and haemolysis tests were performed. The results suggested the plausible use of yeast SCO as an edible oil blend due to its non-toxic nature in mice models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascorbyl palmitate, commonly known as Vitamin C ester or Vitamin C palmitate in the food industry is an ester derivative of ascorbic acid. It is produced through an esterification process involving ascorbic acid and palmitic acid, either in the presence of enzyme lipase (immobilized) or with sulphuric acid as a catalyst. With its lipophilic property, ascorbyl palmitate finds extensive applications in various industries, particularly as an antioxidant. Its bioactivity includes protecting red blood cells, facilitating the cellular delivery of ascorbate, and enhancing the bioavailability of iron. In the processing industry, it is widely used as a safe additive and preservative, primarily as an antioxidant for lipids to prevent rancidity in foods containing fats and oils. Although numerous studies have conducted on ascorbic palmitate as an antioxidant, the exploration of its potential application in the food industry remains limited comparted to the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This review provides an overview of the biological activities and synthesis methods of ascorbyl palmitate, highlighting its advantages over ascorbyl acid and other derivatives. Additionally, it discusses the application of ascorbyl palmitate in the food industry, including encapsulation techniques, benefits, and release aftermath, aiming to serve as a theoretical reference for the food additive industry. [Display omitted] • Ascorbyl palmitate is an ester derivative of ascorbic acid which offers improved stability & low cytotoxicity. • It is widely used in food industry as antioxidant & preservative, especially for preventing rancidity in fats & oils. • Research on its food industry applications lags behind cosmetics & pharmaceuticals, urging further exploration. • Review emphasizes its biological activities, synthesis methods, and encapsulation techniques for food industry use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EVOO is widely considered a superior edible oil due to its unique taste and aroma. Its consumption is associated with several health benefits, many of which are attributed to its phenolic compounds. This work involved the analysis of 203 EVOO samples using the official method recommended by the IOC (COI/T.20/Doc. No 29/Rev.1 2017) to determine their polyphenolic content. In addition, ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy has been applied to the same EVOO samples in combination with PLS regression to assess the polyphenolic content. This work demonstrates that ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy offers an efficient and cost-effective alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We develop a multi-objective integrated model to design a resilient supply chain. • The proposed model captures uncertainties and different types of disturbances. • The ANP-based mechanism is developed for evaluating suppliers' resilience. • We utilize a robust optimization technique to handle the existing uncertainties. • A solution algorithm is developed based on the Normalized Normal Constraint method. Nowadays, food supply chains are more vulnerable to disruptions due to competition, uncertain environments, and global catastrophes such as the recent pandemic. Due to the importance of addressing disruption risks, this study develops a hybrid mechanism to enhance resilience in a multi-product supply chain. The proposed mechanism improves supplier resilience in a Cooking Oil Supply Chain (COSC) network design. First, we identify elements that affect supplier resilience and present a mechanism based on the Analytical Network Process (ANP) to evaluate resilience. In addition, several strategies are determined to enhance network resilience. Moreover, a stochastic mathematical formulation is proposed to utilize suppliers' scores and a combination of identified strategies to strengthen supply chain resilience. The developed stochastic model encompasses three objectives and considers possible partial and complete disruptions of the supply chain network. Furthermore, we develop a robust counterpart formulation to handle the disruption uncertainty of the COSC and utilize the Normalized Normal Constraint (NNC) method to generate Pareto optimal solutions. Lastly, we put the implemented mechanism into practice in a real-world case to demonstrate its effectiveness in enhancing supply chain resilience. Likewise, we unveil that the implementation of suitable resilience strategies within the supply chain can lead to substantial improvements in performance metrics. For example, the results obtained illustrate that by embracing resilience strategies, the proposed mechanism has the potential to reduce the overall cost of the supply chain by as much as 56%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to clarify the relationship between intra- and periorgan fats, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat. We used abdominal computed tomography to evaluate intra- and periorgan fat accumulations in the pancreas, liver, spleen, renal parenchyma, renal sinus, and skeletal muscle. The relationships between these fats, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat were examined by using partial correlation and covariance analysis, adjusting for BMI. We found that visceral fat and all intra- and periorgan fat accumulations were positively correlated, whereas subcutaneous fat and accumulations of all intra- and periorgan fats and visceral fat were negatively correlated. Individuals with excessive visceral fat accumulation had significantly greater accumulations of fat in the pancreas, liver, renal sinus, and skeletal muscle than those without excessive visceral fat accumulation (P = 0.01, 0.006, 0.008, and 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, all intra- and periorgan fat accumulations show a positive correlation with visceral fat and a negative correlation with subcutaneous fat, independent of BMI. Article Highlights: Intra- and periorgan fats, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat are thought to play different physiologic roles, and understanding the impact of the amount and distribution of these fats may contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity-related diseases. We found that visceral fat and subcutaneous fat have contrasting associations with intra- and periorgan fat accumulations, and excessive visceral fat was significantly associated with intra- and periorgan fat accumulations. Our findings deepen the understanding of the relationships between intra- and periorgan, visceral, and subcutaneous fats and may contribute to the development of future strategies for obesity-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent times, rejuvenators have been investigated as a potential solution to incorporate higher amounts of recycled asphalt (RA) in hot-mix asphalt (HMA). In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used as rejuvenator to assess the performance of RA mixtures. A method was proposed to optimize WCO content in HMA with high RA content (>45%), balancing the performance in the high and intermediate temperatures. The optimized mixtures with high RA content depicted rut depth and cracking properties similar to HMA. Simultaneously, the recycled mixtures utilizing WCO dosages derived from a blending equation exhibited pronounced rutting, implying that the blending equations yielded WCO dosages that exceeded the necessary dosages. A life cycle assessment (LCA) study considering a cradle-to-gate approach indicated that incorporating 45%, 60%, and 75% RA would decrease total embodied energy (TEE) by 25.08%, 33.30%, and 41.17% compared with HMA. Further, a sensitivity study with distance as the parameter indicated that the permissible distance of RA source for 45%, 60%, and 75% was 500, 300, and 300 km, beyond which RA mixtures showed higher TEE than HMA. Practical Applications: The incorporation of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) using waste cooking oil as a rejuvenator presents significant practical implications for the asphalt industry and sustainability initiatives. By enabling the use of higher RAP content while maintaining the performance of traditional mixtures, this research offers a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to road construction. Moreover, the life cycle assessment findings reveal substantial reductions in environmental impacts when including different RAP proportions, making a strong case for improved environmental sustainability. The sensitivity analysis regarding the distance between RAP sources and construction sites provides valuable insights for location-based decision-making, ensuring that the benefits of RAP utilization remain maximized. In summary, the potential application of the study emphasizes a greener and durable road infrastructure, with a focus on increasing RAP content using waste cooking oil as a rejuvenator in asphalt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The consumption of olive oil has been shown to have a positive effect on preventing obesity and hypertension. At the same time, it is recommended to avoid processed meat products as they contain saturated fats. The inclusion of highly unsaturated lipids in food products can lead to rapid oxidation and deterioration of sensory characteristics. The objective of the current work was to encapsulate olive oil and incorporate it into traditional Polish liver pâté. The oil‐in‐water emulsions were formulated with varying levels of oat β‐glucan and were evaluated for droplet size, pH, encapsulation efficiency and rheology. The liver pâtés made using the emulsions with and without β‐glucan were then evaluated for pH, texture, colour, lipid and protein oxidation, thermal stability and sensory properties. RESULTS: The results showed that the oil‐in‐water emulsions had a 100% encapsulation rate of olive oil after 30 days of storage at 4 °C, regardless of the presence of β‐glucan. Although the texture of the emulsion‐enriched liver pâté was different from that of the control, this difference was reduced when β‐glucan was added to the emulsion and then to the pâté matrix. CONCLUSION: Replacing 50% of animal fat with an olive oil emulsion enriched with β‐glucan did not result in any compromise of sensory properties, increase lipid or protein oxidation. These results suggest that it is possible to replace saturated lipids with omega‐3‐rich olive oil. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Oil‐Camellia (Camellia oleifera), belonging to the Theaceae family Camellia, is an important woody edible oil tree species. The Camellia oil in its mature seed kernels, mainly consists of more than 90% unsaturated fatty acids, tea polyphenols, flavonoids, squalene and other active substances, which is one of the best quality edible vegetable oils in the world. However, genetic research and molecular breeding on oil‐Camellia are challenging due to its complex genetic background. Here, we successfully report a chromosome‐scale genome assembly for a hexaploid oil‐Camellia cultivar Changlin40. This assembly contains 8.80 Gb genomic sequences with scaffold N50 of 180.0 Mb and 45 pseudochromosomes comprising 15 homologous groups with three members each, which contain 135 868 genes with an average length of 3936 bp. Referring to the diploid genome, intragenomic and intergenomic comparisons of synteny indicate homologous chromosomal similarity and changes. Moreover, comparative and evolutionary analyses reveal three rounds of whole‐genome duplication (WGD) events, as well as the possible diversification of hexaploid Changlin40 with diploid occurred approximately 9.06 million years ago (MYA). Furthermore, through the combination of genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches, a complex regulatory network was constructed and allows to identify potential key structural genes (SAD, FAD2 and FAD3) and transcription factors (AP2 and C2H2) that regulate the metabolism of Camellia oil, especially for unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis. Overall, the genomic resource generated from this study has great potential to accelerate the research for the molecular biology and genetic improvement of hexaploid oil‐Camellia, as well as to understand polyploid genome evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Prunus sibirica seeds with rich oils has great utilization, but contain amygdalin that can be hydrolyzed to release toxic HCN. Thus, how to effectively reduce seed amygdalin content of P. sibirica is an interesting question. Mandelonitrile is known as one key intermediate of amygdalin metabolism, but which mandelonitrile lyase (MDL) family member essential for its dissociation destined to low amygdalin accumulation in P. sibirica seeds still remains enigmatic. An integration of our recent 454 RNA-seq data, amygdalin and mandelonitrile content detection, qRT-PCR analysis and function determination is described as a critical attempt to determine key MDL and to highlight its function in governing mandelonitrile catabolism with low amygdalin accumulation in Prunus sibirica seeds for better developing edible oil and biodiesel in China. Results: To identify key MDL and to unravel its function in governing seed mandelonitrile catabolism with low amygdalin accumulation in P. sibirica. Global identification of mandelonitrile catabolism-associated MDLs, integrated with the across-accessions/developing stages association of accumulative amount of amygdalin and mandelonitrile with transcriptional level of MDLs was performed on P. sibirica seeds of 5 accessions to determine crucial MDL2 for seed mandelonitrile catabolism of P. sibirica. MDL2 gene was cloned from the seeds of P. sibirica, and yeast eukaryotic expression revealed an ability of MDL2 to specifically catalyze the dissociation of mandelonitrile with the ideal values of Km (0.22 mM) and Vmax (178.57 U/mg). A combination of overexpression and mutation was conducted in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of PsMDL2 decreased seed mandelonitrile content with an increase of oil accumulation, upregulated transcript of mandelonitrile metabolic enzymes and oil synthesis enzymes (involving FA biosynthesis and TAG assembly), but exhibited an opposite situation in mdl2 mutant, revealing a role of PsMDL2-mediated regulation in seed amygdalin and oil biosynthesis. The PsMDL2 gene has shown as key molecular target for bioengineering high seed oil production with low amygdalin in oilseed plants. Conclusions: This work presents the first integrated assay of genome-wide identification of mandelonitrile catabolism-related MDLs and the comparative association of transcriptional level of MDLs with accumulative amount of amygdalin and mandelonitrile in the seeds across different germplasms and developmental periods of P. sibirica to determine MDL2 for mandelonitrile dissociation, and an effective combination of PsMDL2 expression and mutation, oil and mandelonitrile content detection and qRT-PCR assay was performed to unravel a mechanism of PsMDL2 for controlling amygdalin and oil production in P. sibirica seeds. These findings could offer new bioengineering strategy for high oil production with low amygdalin in oil plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of supramolecular deep eutectic solvent eddy-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction utilizing 2-hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (SUPRADES) has been identified as a successful method for pre-enriching Cu, Zn, and Mn in vegetable oil samples. Determination of each element was conducted by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after digestion of metal-enriched phases. Various parameters were examined, including the composition of SUPRADES species [2HP-β-CD: DL-lactic acid], a cyclodextrin mass ratio of 20 wt%, a water bath temperature of 75 °C, an extractor volume of 800 μL, a dispersant volume of 50 μL, and an eddy current time of 5 min. Optimal conditions resulted in extraction rates of 99.6% for Cu, 105.2% for Zn, and 101.5% for Mn. The method exhibits a broad linear range spanning from 10 to 20,000 μg L−1, with determination coefficients exceeding 0.99 for all analytes. Enrichment coefficients of 24, 21, and 35 were observed. Limits of detection ranged from 0.89 to 1.30 μg L−1, while limits of quantification ranged from 3.23 to 4.29 μg L−1. The unique structural characteristics of the method enable the successful determination of trace elements in a variety of edible vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk thistle seed oil is still not a well-known edible oil. Silybum marianum (milk thistle), is present in several countries and is the only known representative of the genus Silybum. However, Silybum eburneum, which is an endemic plant in Spain, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, is considered a marginalized species. The present work is the first report that gives information on the lipid and phenolic profiles of Tunisian S. eburneum seed oil compared to those of Tunisian S. marianum seed oil. In addition, the antioxidant properties of these oils were determined with DPPH, FRAP, and KRL assays, and their ability to prevent oxidative stress was determined on human monocytic THP-1 cells. These oils are characterized by high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids; linoleic acid and oleic acid are the most abundant. Campesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, and β-amyrin were the major phytosterols identified. α-tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol found. These oils also contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds. The diversity and richness of Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils in unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols are associated with high antioxidant activities revealed by the DPPH, FRAP, and KRL assays. In addition, on THP-1 cells, these oils powerfully reduced the oxidative stress induced by 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, two strongly pro-oxidant oxysterols often present at increased levels in patients with age-related diseases. Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum seed oils are therefore important sources of bioactive molecules with nutritional interest that prevent age-related diseases, the frequency of which is increasing in all countries due to the length of life expectancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure edible oil quality and safety, herein, superior hybrid magnetic nanocomposites with an enhanced peroxidase-like activity were demonstrated, which exhibited electrochemical detection of TBHQ in edible oil. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetic Fe3O4 NPs were embedded in an organic framework by a simple self-assembly method to fabricate Fe3O4@Au/MOF nanocomposites validated through various characterization techniques. The effective combination of Fe3O4 NPs, AuNPs and Cu-MOF exhibited high electrocatalytic activity of Fe3O4@Au/MOF, promoting charge transfer and more sensing sites. Due to its enhanced peroxidase-like activity, Fe3O4@Au/MOF catalyzes H2O2 to generate oxidatively active radicals. On the basis of these results, the redox reaction of TBHQ can be further promoted and the accurate quantitative detection of TBHQ can be achieved. Results displayed that Fe3O4@Au/MOF employed for electrochemical sensing of TBHQ exhibited a low detection limit of 0.3323 μM (S/N = 3) in the concentration range of 1–100 M. Moreover, the results of the electrochemical assays proposed to measure TBHQ in five common edible oils show a good correlation with the actual amount added. The nanocomposite demonstrated good stability, repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity in real samples, which ensures its practical applicability in edible oil antioxidant analysis as an electrochemical sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Essential oils (EOs) from the Hyptis genus have been reported as bactericides and fungicides. However, the properties of these oils can be affected by climatic factors, as well as the collection period, which promotes changes in the chemical composition of the oil. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the climatological influences on the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves of Hyptis crenata. Methods: The leaves were collected in Marajô island (Brazil) monthly for a year. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Pearson's correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between climatic parameters, content, and chemical composition of essential oil; multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the interrelationship between samples and their chemical constituents. Results and Discussion: The constituents with the highest contents (>2.0%) in essential oils during the studied period were 1,8-cineole (28.48% ± 4.32%), a-pinene (19.58% ± 2.29%), camphor (11.98% ± 2.54%), p-pinene (9.19% ± 1.47%), limonene (6.12% ± 3.15%), a-terpineol (2.42% ± 0.25%) and borneol (2.34% ± 0.48%). β-Pinene significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with precipitation and humidity. According to the chemometric tools, two groups were formed: chemical profile I, marked by 1,8 cineole, a-pinene, p-pinene, borneol, a-terpineol, and limonene, while group II (July) presented a chemical type characterized by camphor. It is understood that the species in question can be a reliable source of biologically active components during different climatic periods in the Amazon. The chemical variability could have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of hierarchical ZSM‐5 nanocrystalline aggregates (HNZ‐5) was synthesized using a hydrothermal method with tetrapropylammonium hydroxide as a structural guide. The HNZ‐5 samples having different Si/Al molar ratios all showed suitable hierarchical architectures and the maximum surface area was found to be 329 m2/g. The SEM image displayed the width of the individual crystal particles was ~100 nm, and its nanocrystalline clusters generated intercrystalline pores. Temperature‐programmed desorption with NH3 indicated that the total acidity of this material increased with increases in the Al3+ content to a maximum of 0.47 mmol/g at a Si/Al ratio of 15. In addition, 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed that the acid sites were associated with tetrahedral and octahedral Al sites. This HNZ‐5 was applied to the catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil model compound and gave a light olefin yield as high as 43.9 % at 550 °C. Extending the reaction time to 6000 min provided a yield of light olefins in excess of 30 %, which was higher than that achieved using traditional ZSM‐5. These data confirmed that the hierarchical pore structure of HNZ‐5 resulting from the self‐assembly of nanocrystals, together with exposed acidic sites, promoted the catalytic conversion of large molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Manures (FYM, vermicompost, edible oil cakes etc.) are important resources which provide nutrients that could reduce bagged fertilizer costs and improves the crop growth and performance. A well-managed manure is a valuable resource in providing nutrients for crop production. As manure dries, nutrients not only get concentrated on a weight basis, but also on a volume basis due to structural changes. Compared to fresh manure, it is easier to handle and transport because of decreased volume and weight. Hence, it is necessary to pulverize the manure when it is applied to the land. Methods: Various research works previously carried out on manure pulverizers and applicators have been considered in the study to come up with an idea of developing a tractor powered manure pulverizer cum applicator. Studies concluded the importance of manure pulverization, effect of wind, angle of repose and coefficient of friction in the designing and development of manure dispensing equipment. Result: Manure pulverizer integrated with tractor PTO along with an applicator was designed and developed. The machine consists of KAU manure pulverizer, feed chute, blower, frame and hitch, gearbox and extension shaft. Power to the gearbox was drawn from the tractor PTO. Dried manure was continuously fed through the feeding chute and rotating blade helps in pulverizing the manure until it achieves a size smaller than the sieve. The pulverized manure reaches the blower unit by means of a chute and gets discharged through the flexible pipes. Maximum field capacity was noted at a traveling speed of 3.0 km h-1. A larger application rate of 1387.1 kg ha-1 for cow dung, 1624.4 kg ha-1 for goat faecal pellets and 1618.6 kg ha-1 for neem cake was noted at an engine rpm of 2500, forward speed of 2 km h-1 with a field capacity of 0.31 ha h-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable resources for producing epoxides as a substitute for petroleum-based sources is a growing trend, and in this regard, several vegetable oils can serve as suitable alternatives. The aim of this study to optimized process parameters of epoxidation of hybrid oleic acid derive a mixture from palm oil and waste cooking when heterogenous catalyst. The signal-to-noise ratio analysis in Taguchi method shows the optimum reaction for production of epoxidized hybrid oleic acid to the response of oxirane content were temperature of 85 °C, agitation speed of 200 rpm, formic acid to oleic acid molar ratio of 1.5, and hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid molar ratio of 1.5. The order of significance of the process parameters was as follows: molar ratio hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid > molar ratio formic acid to oleic acid > stirring speed > reaction temperature. Based on the results, the relative conversion to oxirane of epoxidized hybrid oleic acid production was calculated of 58%, and oxirane ring can be detected at wavenumber 880 cm−1. A mathematical model was developed by using the numerical integration Runge–Kutta fourth Order method and show that it valid since minimal error between experiment and simulation data. After 100 iterations, the reaction rate parameters were obtained as follows: k11 = 0.8011 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1, k12 = 8.5201 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1, k2 = 0.0922 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1, and k3 = 0.0065 mol⋅L−1⋅min−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple and sensitive determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in food samples is highly desirable. In this work, an electrochemical platform was established based on a silica nanochannel film (SNF)-modified electrode, facilitating fast and highly sensitive analysis of TAC in colored food samples. SNF was grown on low-cost and readily available tin indium oxide (ITO) electrode. Fe3+-phenanthroline complex-Fe(III)(phen)3 was applied as the probe, and underwent chemical reduction to form Fe2+-phenanthroline complex-Fe(II)(phen)3 in the presence of antioxidants. Utilizing an oxidative voltage of +1 V, chronoamperometry was employed to measure the current generated by the electrochemical oxidation of Fe(II)(phen)3, allowing for the assessment of antioxidants. As the negatively charged SNF displayed remarkable enrichment towards positively charged Fe(II)(phen)3, the sensitivity of detection can be significantly improved. When Trolox was employed as the standard antioxidant, the electrochemical sensor demonstrated a linear detection range from 0.01 μM to 1 μM and from 1 μM to 1000 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.9 nM. The detection performance is better that that of the conventional colorimetric method with a linear de range from 1 μM to 40 μM. Owing to the anti-interfering ability of nanochannels, direct determination of TAC in colored samples including coffee, tea, and edible oils was realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity and quality of dietary fats have a significant impact on human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cooking oils (olive oil (OO), soybean oil (SO), and blended oil (BO)) on growth, glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress of rats fed normal and high‐fat diets. The results showed that the OO‐fed group had lower concentrations of serum triglyceride (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized LDL‐C (ox‐LDL‐C), and serum total cholesterol (TC) than the normal‐fat SO‐fed group, and rats in the BO‐fed group had lower values of serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) than the normal‐fat SO‐fed groups. However, higher serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity was observed in the OO‐fed group, while those fed with BO had higher serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH‐Px activities. Generally, most health‐beneficial fatty acid profiles have a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), an appropriate saturated fatty acid (SFA)/MUFA/poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio, and a low n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio, while diets contained a high content of fat is detrimental to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the feasibility of using a decanter centrifuge to separate solid particles coated with a high melting fat from a liquid oil. The process involves feeding cold silica particles into a melt, upon which the hardstock fat crystallizes, and the particles are subsequently separated using a decanter centrifuge. Being the first attempt for such a design, only the separation step is studied, and a model system is used. It comprised canola oil (CO), fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil a priori crystallized on silica gel particles. Different particle sizes and accelerations of gravity were studied. To measure the success of this separation process, the data from light microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry of the feed, oleins, and stearins were used. The findings show that the separation of the fatty particles used in this work, and liquid oil in decanter centrifuges is feasible while future research should focus on the crystallization part of the process. The model developed to describe the oil‐holding capacity of the cake focuses on the capillary liquid entrapped in the spaces between the particles and sufficiently represents the experimental findings which show that separation efficiencies increase with increasing centrifugal acceleration. Practical Applications: This work introduces an alternative fat fractionation process by separating a model system of CO, FHRO, and solid entrainers through a decanter centrifuge. The results can be potentially used for the development of a fully continuous dry fractionation process, which can achieve in one step higher SE than the conventional ones and can be tripalmitate‐selective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oil is a high-quality edible vegetable oil with a variety of physiologic functions. To accurately identify the camellia oil, the qualitative and quantitative determination of fatty acids in camellia oil was conducted by gas chromatography. The fatty acids in camellia oil were oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid. Among them, the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid was 77.56–82.60%. Based on the gas-chromatography, effective fingerprints were established for 13 camellia-oil samples grown in Zhejiang Province of China. The results of similarity analysis showed that camellia oil grown in this area had a high similarity, the similarity was as high as 0.998. Combining fingerprint analysis with chemometrics, the classification of camellia oil samples based on the difference of fatty acid content could be achieved using the shortest distance method in hierarchical cluster analysis. The key fatty acids, oleic and linolenic acid, were identified through principal component analysis. Indeed, camellia oil from various production areas within a 200-km radius in Zhejiang Province, China, could be distinguished based on the two main fatty acids. The quality of the 13 types of camellia-oil samples was assessed and categorized through scoring, ranging from − 1.69 to 3.72. In this study, gas chromatography fingerprinting technique was combined with chemometrics which allowed to identify camellia oil samples quality and distinguish the samples according to their geographic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is a major crop worldwide, providing essential dietary proteins and edible oils for agriculture, food, animal feed and biofuel industries. However, its limited genetic variation makes it vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions, and its chemical diversity was strongly reduced after long domestication. Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.), the ancestor of the G. max, possesses a high level of genetic diversity and thus present a precious reservoir for improving cultivated soybean. Characterising metabolomes of different G. soja accessions is crucial in exploring metabolite accumulation patterns for developing metabolic breeding strategies. This study successfully revealed the metabolomes of sixty‐four seed lines of G. soja collected throughout Japan by a widely targeted metabolomics approach, therefore, providing a good source of information for further studies to induce the production of bioactive compounds and the defence mechanism to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for evaluating the degradation of edible oils using a contactless quartz‐based capacitive detector is reported herein. Oils easily oxidize, resulting in loss of flavor and nutritional value. Therefore, it is necessary to determine oil degradation. We attempted to evaluate the degradation of edible oils by heat and light using this sensor. The results showed the degradation of heated and irradiated oil could be detected. This is due to the compound was formed during heating and irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in an energy crisis, environmental pollution, and health problems, calling for alternative fuels such as biodiesel. Here, we review computational chemistry and machine learning for optimizing biodiesel production from waste. This article presents computational and machine learning techniques, biodiesel characteristics, transesterification, waste materials, and policies encouraging biodiesel production from waste. Computational techniques are applied to catalyst design and deactivation, reaction and reactor optimization, stability assessment, waste feedstock analysis, process scale-up, reaction mechanims, and molecular dynamics simulation. Waste feedstock comprise cooking oil, animal fat, vegetable oil, algae, fish waste, municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Waste cooking oil represents about 10% of global biodiesel production, and restaurants alone produce over 1,000,000 m3 of waste vegetable oil annual. Microalgae produces 250 times more oil per acre than soybeans and 7–31 times more oil than palm oil. Transesterification of food waste lipids can produce biodiesel with a 100% yield. Sewage sludge represents a significant biomass waste that can contribute to renewable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The high morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis has led to the development of numerous therapeutic interventions during the pre-antibiotic era. In 1894, Forlanini proposed the technique of collapse therapy, using spontaneous pneumothorax. In 1926, Bernou developed the oleothorax technique to induce an iatrogenic collapse of the lung through the instillation of oil into the pleural cavity, which was subsequently removed. Nowadays, there are few patients that still represent a living testimony of this historic technique and have been described through traditional radiology. Case Presentation: We report the case of a patient with evidence of a right oleothorax that was investigated not only with traditional radiology but also with the use of chest ultrasonography. Ultrasounds were able to show peculiar characteristics of the oleothorax, including its particular echogenicity, the rigidity and static nature of the collection, the presence of peripheral calcifications, and the negative impact of the collection on diaphragmatic mobility and excursion. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of an ultrasound description of oleothorax. We have observed that ultrasound examination, in cases of basal oleothorax, is able to add information regarding its radiological appearance and physiopathological implications on ventilatory mechanics and diaphragmatic distress. Established Facts: Oleothorax is a rare finding in today's clinical practice, demonstrating a historical therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Oleothorax has been occasionally described using conventional radiology, such as chest X-ray or chest CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking is a significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) emissions in indoor environments. A one-month biomonitoring study was carried out in previously selected rural Hungarian kitchens to evaluate cooking-related PAHs concentrations in 4 common kitchen vegetables such as basil, parsley, rocket and chives. The study had two mainobjectives: firstly, to follow PAHs accumulation pattern and to find out if this pattern can be associated with different cooking habits. Also, the usefulness of culinary herbs for indoor bioaccumulation studies was assessed. The 2-ring naphthalene was the dominant PAH in the majority of the samples, its concentrations were in the range of 25.4 µg/kg and 274 µg/kg, of 3-ring PAHs the prevalency of phenanthrene was observed, with highest concentration of 62 µg/kg. PAHs accumulation pattern in tested plants clearly indicated differences in cooking methods and cooking oils used in the selected households. Use of lard and animal fats in general resulted in the high concentrations of higher molecular weight (5- and 6-ring) PAHs, while olive oil usage could be associated with the emission of 2- and 3-ring PAHs. Culinary herbs, however, accumulated carcinogenic PAHs such as benzo[a]anthracene (highest concentration 11.9 µg/kg), benzo[b]fluoranthene (highest concentration 13.8 µg/kg) and chrysene (highest concentration 20.1 µg/kg) which might question their safe use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The key feature of living cells is multicompartmentalization for enzymatic reactions. Artificial cell-like multicompartments with micro domains are appealing to mimic the biological counterparts. In addition, establishing a sustainable, efficient, and controllable reaction system for enzymatic hydrolysis is imperative for the production of natural fatty acids from animal and plant-based fats. Reverse Janus emulsion microreactors, i.e. (W 1 + W 2)/O, is constructed through directly using natural fats as continuous phase and aqueous two-phase solutions (ATPS) as inner phases. Enzyme is confined in the compartmented aqueous droplets dominated by the salt of Na 2 SO 4 and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Enzyme catalyzed ester hydrolysis employed as a model reaction is performed under the conditions of agitation-free and mild temperature. Regulation of reaction kinetics is investigated by diverse droplet topology, composition of inner ATPS, and on-demand emulsification. Excellent enzymatic activity toward hydrolysis of plant and animal oils achieves 88.5 % conversion after 3 h. Compartmented micro domains contribute to condense and organize the enzymes spatially. Timely removal of the products away from reaction sites of oil/water interface "pushed" the reaction forward. Distribution and transfer of enzyme in two aqueous lobes provide extra freedom in the regulation of hydrolysis kinetics, with equilibrium conversion controlled freely from 14.5 % to 88.5 %. Reversible "open" and "shut" of hydrolysis is acheived by on-demand emulsification and spontaneous demulsification. This paper paves the way to advancing progress in compartmentalized emulsion as a sustainable and high-efficiency platform for biocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to combine flaxseed oil (FO), rich in α‐linolenic acid (ALA), with Sunite sheep tail fat (STF) through a lipase‐catalyzed transesterification reaction, in order to produce an edible oil with a fatty acid ratio suitable for human needs. Initially, the optimal conditions for esterification were determined using the Box–Behnken design, with the measurement criterion being the content of ALA at the sn‐2 position. The results indicated that the highest content of sn‐2 ALA was obtained under the conditions of using 6.8 wt% Lipozyme®RMIM as the catalyst, a reaction temperature of 57°C, a reaction time of 3.3 h, and a substrate mass ratio of 5.6:4.4 for STF and FO. This led to the rapid breaking and recombining of molecular bonds, resulting in the interesterified fat (IF) with the highest content of ALA at the sn‐2 position. Comparing STF and FO, IF exhibited excellent fatty acid composition and content. Furthermore, IF had a lower melting point and crystallization temperature compared to STF, and its solid fat content decreased with increasing temperature, completely melting at temperatures above 30°C. Thus, IF is a synthesized fat with excellent properties from both animal and vegetable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the changes of people's lifestyle, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia which were induced from a diet high in both fat and sugar have become serious health concerns. Tree peony seed oil (PSO) is a novel kind of edible oil that shows great potential in the food industry because of its high constituent of unsaturated fatty acids. Based 16S rRNA and gut untargeted metabolomics, this study elucidated that the mechanism of PSO regulating blood glucose (Glu) and lipids. The impact of PSO on gut microbiota balance and gut metabolites of mice with a high‐fat diet (HFD) was evaluated. The findings indicated that PSO decreased HFD mice's body weight and fat accumulation, ameliorating the levels of blood lipid, reduced liver fat vacuole levels. What's more PSO modulated the proportion of gut microbiota in HFD mice and enhanced the abundance of probiotics. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that PSO not only impacted the generation of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by gut microorganism and altered metabolic pathway but exerted influence on secondary bile acids (BA), amino acid metabolism, and various other metabolites. These results suggested that PSO has the potential function for mitigating HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia by regulating gut microbiota and host metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a complex chronic disease characterized by excess body fat (adipose) that is harmful to health and has been a major global health problem. It may be associated with several diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are lipid mediators that have anti-inflammatory characteristics and can be found in animals and plants, with capybara oil (CO) being a promising source. So, we intend to evaluate the hepatic pathophysiological alterations in C57Bl/6 mice with NAFLD, caused by obesity, and the possible beneficial effects of OC in the treatment of this disease. Eighteen 3-month-old male C57Bl/6 mice received a control or high-fat diet for 18 weeks. From the 15th to the 18th week, the animals received treatment—through orogastric gavage—with placebo or free capybara oil (5 g/kg). Parameters inherent to body mass, glucose tolerance, evaluation of liver enzymes, percentage of hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, the process of cell death with the apoptotic biomarkers (Bax, Bcl2, and Cytochrome C), and the ultrastructure of hepatocytes were analyzed. Even though the treatment with CO was not able to disassemble the effects on the physiological parameters, it proved to be beneficial in reversing the morphological and ultrastructural damage present in the hepatocytes. Thus, demonstrating that CO has beneficial effects in reducing steatosis and the apoptotic pathway, it is a promising treatment for NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is the world's largest edible oil importer, and soybean oil accounts for a major portion of those imports, with implications for the Indian economy. Despite being the 4th largest globally in terms of harvested soybean area and 5th largest in terms of production, India is still heavily dependent on imports to meet the vegetable oil requirement for its population. It is therefore imperative to understand the dynamics and trends in India's soybean production to help the country achieve self-sufficiency in edible oils. This study provides the first spatially explicit analysis of soybean in India, using long-term spatial and temporal statistics at national and subnational levels, using spatial and temporal statistical analysis models to examine the historical trends and its future prospects. Our analysis details the overall soybean expansion across the country and the increase in production but we also note that the annual growth rate has declined in each consecutive decade even though the area continues to expand. The average national yield has been stagnant at around 1 T/Ha but for some of the low-producing districts, a higher yield of more than 3 T/ha is reported. For most major producing districts, soybean yields are below 1.5 T/Ha. The state of Madhya Pradesh which was the major soybean producer is now matched by the state of Maharashtra in terms of production, however, Madhya Pradesh still has the largest area under soybean. We analyzed soybean hotspot expansion in India and found that the mean center of the soybean area and production has shifted approximately 93 km towards the south and 24 km to the west as the crop is rapidly being adopted in the southern and western parts of India expanding the hotspot in these parts. District-level analysis showed that the total number of districts constituting hotspots of soybean cultivation in India has increased from 29 to 42 in three decades. Furthermore, analysis of soybean oil and meal consumption with respect to the national population, import, export, domestic production, GDP per capita, and price of soybean oil and meal suggests that soybean oil and meal are highly correlated with GDP per capita and population, indicating that consumption of soybean oil and meal is likely to increase as GDP per capita increases, and future demand is expected to rise with the anticipated growth in the Indian population. Increased soybean production can play a significant role in increasing national food security for India and reducing dependence on foreign oil imports and also help the economy with soy meal exports. Understanding the spatiotemporal variability in area and yield will help target interventions to increase production. Given the overall low yields with high variability in production, particularly in recent years primarily due to successive extreme rains and droughts in major producing districts and the overall need to increase production to meet the country's demand, there is a pressing need for government policies and research aimed at narrowing the yield gap and developing soybean varieties that are more productive and resilient to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Given the current scenario of disuse of partially hydrogenated vitamins by the industry, the use of interesterified vitamins and their consumption by the population has increased in recent years. However, the metabolic effects of interesterification in the organism are still not completely elucidated. Objective: To discuss the effects of interesterified vitamins on body composition through an integrative literature review. Materials and Methods: The articles were searched in the Pubmed/Scielo/Lilacs databases and selected according to the inclusion criteria: original articles that evaluated, in rodents or humans, the effect of consumption of interesterified fat on body composition. Results: 14% (2) of the included studies were with humans and 86% (12) with rodents. The fat sources used in the experimental protocols were different, with 29% (4) fats rich in palmitic or stearic acids and 29% (4) via palm oil, in addition to the study of other types of lipid sources (43% - 6). Conclusion: The results indicate that interesterified fat can promote changes in body composition. However, the results are still inconclusive and further studies in the area, with similar protocols that facilitate comparisons, are needed to elucidate the obesogenic effect of consuming interesterified information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pursuit of enhancing the mechanical properties, especially the tensile strength, of 4D-printable consumables derived from waste cooking oil (WCO), we initiated the production of acrylate-modified WCO, which encompasses epoxy waste oil methacrylate (EWOMA) and epoxy waste oil acrylate (EWOA). Subsequently, a series of WCO-based 4D-printable photocurable resins were obtained by introducing a suitable diacrylate molecule as the second monomer, coupled with a composite photoinitiator system comprising Irgacure 819 and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB). These materials were amenable to molding using an LCD light-curing 3D printer. Our findings underscored the pivotal role of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) among the array of diacrylate molecules in enhancing the mechanical properties of WCO-based 4D-printable resins. Notably, the 4D-printable material, composed of EWOA and TEGDMA in an equal mass ratio, exhibited nice mechanical strength comparable to that of mainstream petroleum-based 4D-printable materials, boasting a tensile strength of 9.17 MPa and an elongation at break of 15.39%. These figures significantly outperformed the mechanical characteristics of pure EWOA or TEGDMA resins. Furthermore, the EWOA-TEGDMA resin demonstrated impressive thermally induced shape memory performance, enabling deformation and recovery at room temperature and retaining its shape at −60 °C. This resin also demonstrated favorable biodegradability, with an 8.34% weight loss after 45 days of soil degradation. As a result, this 4D-printable photocurable resin derived from WCO holds immense potential for the creation of a wide spectrum of high-performance intelligent devices, brackets, mold, folding structures, and personalized products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research investigates the impact of a split fueling strategy combined with several flow rates of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on B20 waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel. A four‐stroke single‐cylinder common rail direct injection engine was employed for experiments. It operates with a B20 blend of WCO biodiesel at 600 bar pressure for varying pilot fueling conditions of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The B20 blend with 30% pilot fuel injection (B20P30) showed excellent performance and emission characteristics compared with B20 blend with 10% pilot fuel injection (B20P10) and B20 with 20% pilot fuel injection (B20P20). However, B20P30 had greater levels of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions than those by diesel. EGR discharge levels in 5% increments, ranging from 0% to 15% were introduced to address this issue. The experimental findings revealed that both cylinder peak pressure and heat release rate showed a reduction when the EGR flow rate was enhanced. The recirculation of exhaust gas into the combustion chamber led to a slight increase in the emission levels of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke, as well as a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2). Nevertheless, the introduction of EGR significantly decreased NOx emissions by 22.94%, 35.05%, and 47.96% for EGR flow rates of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively, when compared with the engine operating without EGR. Overall, the two‐stage fueling strategy, B20P30 blended with 10% EGR corroborated to be beneficial in reducing NOx emissions with minimal performance penalties. Although there was a slight uptick in certain emissions, the overall trade‐off between emission reduction and performance was favorable. The culmination of this study is targeting the objectives of sustainable development goal 7 (clean energy) and goal 13 (climate action) to be achieved by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, antioxidant impacts of L‐ascorbyl palmitate (L‐AP) on 14 kinds of typical vegetable oils were studied, whose ratios of C18:1 to C18:2 ranged from 0.15 to 9.57. Regression analyses between vegetable oils and their micronutrient‐free counterparts revealed that the antioxidant capacity of L‐AP was closely related to concentrations of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherols instead of fatty acid compositions. Binary mixtures consisting of L‐AP and α‐, γ‐, or δ‐tocopherols exhibited desirable synergistic antioxidant effects in comparison with individual species. The optimal synergistic effects were found at ratios of L‐AP to α‐, γ‐, δ‐tocopherols, being 1:2–1:4. Further EPR spin trapping test figured out that the combined antioxidants reduced the total amount of spin adducts significantly during lipid oxidation, which were contributed by regenerating tocopherols from L‐AP. The results will highlight the application of L‐AP in protecting packed cooking oils after opening and during cooking. Practical applications: Vegetable oils packaged in 4–5 L bottles are one of the most important forms for home cooking. Although deoxygenation techniques are applied to increase their shelf life during storage, they will experience a more violent oxidation reaction after opening. The oils are typically oxidized to rancidity before ending up in consumption. L‐AP was therefore involved into the vegetable oils to prevent them from oxidation during uses. The results of study can help companies to select the optimal L‐AP addition amount according to different endogenous tocopherol types and contents in the target oil in order to extend the use life of the vegetable oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin, the fat-soluble active ingredient and major compound of curcuminoids contained in the curcuma root, is known for its physiological low absorption and bioavailability. Various formulations and galenic technologies are currently available on the market. In this study, the product tested was provided as a soft gelatin capsule containing curcuminoids in an oily matrix mixed with phospholipids (oil/phospholipids [PL]-based, no new technologies applied or artificial excipients added). This was intended to improve bioavailability of curcuminoids as well as to mimic the natural digestion process of fat-soluble substances. In particular, the oral bioavailability of curcuminoids in the oil/PL-based formulation was compared with the pure curcuminoids extract alone (reference product), in a randomized, cross-over, single oral dose study design. Twelve healthy subjects were administered 200 mg curcuminoids under fasting conditions. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed from individual concentration–time curves of total curcuminoids, as well as the curcumin metabolite tetrahydrocurcumin (THC). Results showed significantly higher AUC0-8h levels after the intake of the oil/PL-based formulation for total curcuminoids (205.60 vs. 112.50 ng/mL*h, P =.0001) as well as for THC (347.30 vs. 118.90 ng/mL*h, P <.0001) in comparison to the pure curcuminoids extract. Cmax was also significantly higher for both parameters analyzed (total curcuminoids: 47.54 vs. 21.16 ng/mL, P =.0001; THC: 96.69 vs. 29.83 ng/mL, P <.0001). In addition, the uptake kinetic of total curcuminoids was significantly fastened with the oil/PL-based curcuminoids formulation compared with the pure curcuminoids extract (P =.0446). These data suggest an improved impact on curcuminoids uptake of the oil/PL-based formulation and confirms its good tolerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate cannabinoid content and profiles, 16 cannabinoids were quantified in 30 commercial hemp seed edible oils. In addition, one hemp seed oil was subjected to thermal processing up to 200 °C for up to 60 min. UHPLC-MS/MS was used for analysis. The content of cannabinoids in the samples ranged from 9 to 279 mg kg−1 (sum) and for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) from 0.2 to 6.7 mg kg−1. Three samples exceeded the EU Δ9-THC equivalent maximum levels of 7.5 mg kg−1 for hemp seed oils. Cannabinoid profiles can provide indications of different product characteristics (e.g. degree of processing, variety of plant material). Furthermore, intense thermal processing (200 °C, 60 min) led to 38% decrease in sum cannabinoid content (sum of all analysed cannabinoids in this study), 99% decrease in cannabinoid acids, and 22% increase in Δ9-THC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food enzyme with phospholipase A1 (phosphatidycholine 1‐acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.32) and lysophospholipase (2‐lysophosphatidylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.5) activities is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus niger strain PLN by DSM. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used for the production of refined edible fats and oils by degumming. Since residual amounts of total organic solids are removed during this process, dietary exposure was not calculated and toxicological studies were considered unnecessary for the assessment of this food enzyme. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no matches were found. The Panel considered that the risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding mechanisms of myofibrillar protein gelation is important for development of gel-type muscle foods. The protein-protein interactions are largely responsible for the heat-induced gelation. Exogenous additives have been extensively applied to improve gelling properties of myofibrillar proteins. Research has been carried out to investigate effects of different additives on protein gelation, among which low molecular substances as one of the most abundant additives have been recently implicated in the modifications of intermolecular interactions. In this review, the processes of myosin dissociation under salt and the subsequent interaction via intermolecular forces are elaborated. The underlying mechanisms focusing on the role of low molecular additives in myofibrillar protein interactions during gelation particularly in relation to modifications of the intermolecular forces are comprehensively discussed, and six different additives i.e. metal ions, phosphates, amino acids, hydrolysates, phenols and edible oils are involved. The promoting effect of low molecular additives on protein interactions is highly attributed to the strengthened hydrophobic interactions providing explanations for improved gelation. Other intermolecular forces i.e. covalent bonds, ionic and hydrogen bonds could also be influenced depending on varieties of additives. This review can hopefully be used as a reference for the development of gel-type muscle foods in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]