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Al-Kharaqi's Muntahá al-idrak fi taqasim al-aflak (The Utmost Attainment on the Divisions of the Orbs): The First Comprehensive Hay a Work on Ptolemaic Cosmology. Next he introduces the contents of al-Kharaqi's I Muntahá i , accompanied by a commentary on select chapters (Chapter 3) and positioning this treatise as the earliest comprehensive I hay a i work. The introduction begins with a biographical account of al-Kharaqi's life and works, clarifying the existence of two contemporaneous scholars sharing the same I nisba i , namely al-Kharaqi, which modern scholars have often confused and subsequently recognized as a single individual (Chapter 1). [Extracted from the article]

In this paper we analyze the reasons for voseo's vitality in Medellín (Colombia). Based on the data obtained through surveys and interviews, it can be affirmed that the vitality of the paisa voseo will continue to exist because the people of Medellin, although they consider the voseo a provincial term, do not stop using it, since they do not mind being evaluated as provincials due to their humble and proud character. Thus, the voseo will continue to be the identity symbol of the paisa group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to report the contribution of the Geographical, Historical and Cultural School Atlas of the Federal District in the construction of the students’ trajectory in the territory. This material was used in the project carried out in the first half of 2022 with first-year students at Centro de Ensino Médio 310 in Santa Maria, Federal District. This school project was called “Local History and Geography: Brasília and Other Brasílias”, and its main objective was acquiring knowledge of the city, the origins of the Administrative Regions, and their different cultures, histories, and geographies. The analyses were carried out in an interdisciplinary way, combining historical and geographic aspects that allow the student to investigate the relationships between the past and the present of their place of coexistence. In this perspective, students are guided to develop the historiographic view associated with geographic reasoning in understanding the formation of the territory of Federal District and their city. This was done based on the analysis of historical documents from the Public Archive of the Federal District and thematic maps from the Geographical, Historical and Cultural School Atlas of the Federal District. This interdisciplinary approach allowed the student to focus on identifying a segregating space at local scenario that also ends up reflecting the social inequality present in various parts of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordinate reference systems (CRS) represents the mathematical model for location defining of spatial entities within the particular referent frame, which contain geodetic datum, and may contain map projection as well additional parameters. Coordinate reference systems are defined by the OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) as simple feature access using WKT (well-known text) representation of coordinate reference systems, and support has been implemented by several standards-based geographic information systems by referring to using EPSG (European Petroleum Survey Group) codes defined by the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IAOGP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official statistics are statistics produced within a national statistical system which includes statistical organizations and authorities within a country that collect, process and disseminate official statistical data on behalf of the national government. Statistics Poland (Polish: Główny Urząd Statystyczny) is such a body in the Republic of Poland. Official statistics are usually collected within a legal framework, and in accordance with basic principles which ensure minimum professional standards, such as independency and objectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topographic maps of Russia represent the basis of the state cartographic fund of the country. However, the understanding of the natural resource potential of the territory, the preservation of natural and cultural heritage, and solving navigation tasks has led to the use of topographic maps, the content of which goes beyond multi-purpose universal maps. Environmental problems are currently a priority. These reasons led to the division of topographic maps into universal and specialized, focused on certain groups of consumers. What is a specialized topographic map? The authors define them as maps created on the basis of universal topographic maps within their accuracy and in a single technological cycle with them, with the addition of content or its directed unloading for a specific area of use (while maintaining the image of a complex of basic topographic objects). The fundamental condition for the creation of specialized maps is not to violate the historically established type of universal topographic maps, which is determined by the display of external visible elements of the landscape. It revealed a demand for specialized maps after analyzing domestic and foreign mapping experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we have focused on mapping villages and resources near the study areas to support development goals and planning. In this article, we will look at the importance of maps in this context and how maps are important for showing changes in demographics or landscape over time. Thematic maps offer perhaps the greatest scope for specialization, as a map is tailored to present specific information in a very particular style to promote a specific theme. A map is a very important visualization method for any research. In this paper, four Gram Panchayats have been selected as study areas that can (1) help outline the framework for Smart Villages, (2) enhance the use of quantitative and qualitative techniques, and are also part of the RUSA 2.0 project under the Smart Village initiatives. This paper discusses the critical importance of maps for spatial analysis and draws on geographic research related to mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A moving feature is described as a rigid body whose location changes over time (Asahara et al., 2015). Fitted with sensor devices, these features often transmit information about their location, coupled with additional attributes that describe their movement characteristics in real time, through data streaming sensor networks. Examples of moving feature datasets include shipping vessels Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, GPS tracked vehicle positions, cycling tracks and many more. Deriving knowledge and understanding behavioural patterns of these moving features has been a subject of research for many years (Andrienko et al, 2013; Krueger et al, 2017; Andrienko et al, 2021; Graser et al, 2021), and several challenges have thus been identified. In this paper we focus on addressing challenges that are pertinent to deriving behavioural patterns of moving features in real time, whilst the movement trajectory is still unfolding. These challenges generally relate to; firstly, the ability to analyse and visualise high velocity observations of multiple moving features, and secondly the ability to understand patterns that evolve because of changes in location and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban disasters are characterized by diversity, complexity, man-made, and magnification, which have severely restricted the sustainable social and economic development. In recent years, China has attached great importance to urban disaster emergency research, improved urban governance, emergency management system, and disaster prevention, mitigation, resistance, and relief capabilities. The cooperative units from Nanjing Normal university, Shandong Eastdawn Digital Data company and Asia Air Survey company in Japan, begun a China-Japan Intergovernmental Science and Technology Cooperation Project (CJISTCP) (2021YFE0112300) on October 1, 2021. The project is expected to promote the resolution of technical bottlenecks in urban disaster process monitoring and the rapid construction of 3D scenarios in emergency disaster response in both countries, and drive the advancement of related industrial technologies such as CIM(City Information Model) and big data integration and mining applications in disaster management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depiction of real world within Geo Information Systems presumes the world as some successive and static snapshots rather than a very dynamic system which is populated by various open-ended phenomena. Due to limitations inherited to traditional GIS, it is of utmost importance to develop a novel Spatio-Temporal Information System which is capable of collection and representation of historical states of the globe along with its dynamic aspects. In this study, the concept of "mapping" goes beyond the principle of mapping objects with distinct spatial, temporal and attributive identities as usual in object-oriented systems. The main goal of this work is to present a conceptual model for managing geo-knowledge. This effort handles real world dynamisms through representation of relationships amongst various objects with each other, objects with events, events with other events and their involving processes. It indeed uses an event centric system thinking approach which considers events as an information container of dynamic geo-historical phenomena to implicitly represent causal relationships in a SpatioTemporal Information System. From this new perspective, objects in space and time are considered merely as information elements of events which are connected to other event elements through internal or external processes. The event here is defined and categorized as any kind of changes which apply on spatial and/or none-spatial characteristics of object(s); the happening which are bound to a location at a certain point of time or during a specific period of time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transit infrastructure development is a major necessity in Canada's largest city and the capital of Ontario, Toronto. As one of the busiest highways in North America and the backbone of Toronto's transportation and distribution system, provincial Highway 401, carries over 416 thousand annual average daily traffic (AADT) and plays an important role in the Ontario southern road network (You et al., 2017). With economic development and ongoing urbanization, the increasing regional population brings up traffic congestion in the system, especially during peak hours. The existing transportation condition has proved a bottleneck under the ongoing globalization & increasing population in the city. To mitigate the congestion, this paper proposed a new bypass route plan on Highway 401 by combining the least cost path analysis (LCPA) and multiple-criteria evaluation (MCE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geo-crowdsourced data (GcD), the collection of geospatial data from a multitude of public sources, has grown exponentially within the past fifteen years from a mostly theoretical idea proposed by academics to a giant industry providing an indispensable service to commercial and government interest alike. This growth is largely attributable to what Goodchild (2007) coined as "Volunteered Geographical Information" (VGI), a subset of GcD that requires an intentional act of public contribution, as well as the advent of the smartphone. This is reflected by the sheer amount of applications that rely on GcD to provide directions, up-to-date traffic notifications and the operational statuses of public facilities and businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a preliminary study in an ongoing research project, which develops spatial and cartographic approaches to historical research, we conduct an eye-tracking study to identify and assessthe challenges of map usage for social scientists working in the digital humanities. We report on this research at an early stage to engage other researchers working on similar issues. In this part of a larger research project, we aim to identify challenges in map use and improve cartographic visualisation methods and techniques to fit the digital humanities context better. We present early results based on a pilot study involving thematic maps supplemented with other visualisation types like tables, graphs and tables. We present the challenges (task difficulties, problems with the interfaces, errors in retrieving information etc.) that study participants had using visualisations applied in an interactive environment. Our anticipated results suggest that prior experience with maps and interactive tools significantly impacts the challenges. We expect the speed at which participants mitigate challenges depends on their experience. The quality of resolving tasks involving map use initially varies, but differences in later tasks referring to maps decrease, which suggests map use can be readily learned and applied. This suggests that user interfaces based on maps with some elementary usage tips help users who need to learn the specifics of that interface for maps rapidly. We look forward to discussing these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile telecommunications devices have made their way into the hands of most of the world's population in the almost fifty years since the world's first mass-produced mobile phone was put on the market by Motorola in 1973 (Farley 2005, Radicati 2021). Like other information sources, maps have also benefited from and been re-envisioned for internetconnected mobile devices. We can now use maps to support our everyday activities in ways that were unimaginable with paper maps - for example, providing real-time updates and design that adapts when their use context changes. However, these new use contexts also often generate additional cognitive load, by presenting distractions in noisy and highly dynamic environments. This increased cognitive load is exacerbated by the design constraints posed by the characteristics that make mobile devices portable (e.g., small screens). To mitigate this increased cognitive load from mobile map use cases, there are at least two options: reduce the cognitive load by externalizing cognition and/or distribute cognition among other actors (machines or people). While some foundational work exists (e.g., Reichenbacher 2004, Meng et al. 2005, Thrash et al. 2019), there are many dimensions of how people use mobile maps and how we can best design such maps that are un- or under-explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic data, that is, any data that refers to a geographic location or area that represents an accident or geographic object on a map, must be organized within a geographic data model and must conform to TC211 geographic information standards. To determine the data model to be used in the cartography, a geographic data dictionary had to be studied that would represent the data set, adapted to cartography at a 1:25,000 IGM scale and at different scales, which would allow data interoperability, based on the base that had to contain names of the geographical objects, their definitions and attributes, and that were also structured in a geospatial database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the policy environments of two acts in South Africa, the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (Act 54 of 2003) (SDI Act) and the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act 2 of 2000), which promote accessibility, transparency, and collaboration for accessing public information. These policies are important for ensuring accountability and good governance. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (section 32) and PAIA provide the legal framework for every citizen to exercise their constitutional right to access any information held by a public entity. This legislation is in line with the international move towards open data and freedom of information (FOI) (Nkwe & Ngoepe, 2021; Coetzee et al., 2020). The SDI Act enables access to geospatial data created by public bodies, promoting the sharing of geospatial data across different sectors and levels of government in South Africa. However, despite the benefits of these policies, implementation constraints are present, such as limited institutional capacity, lack of political will, and insufficient resources. A cohesive policy environment is essential to enable public organisations to address these constraints. Governance frameworks and institutional capacity are crucial to support the implementation and oversight of these policies. To this end, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UNGGIM) has created the Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF), which aims to align existing policies with SDI development and encourage contribution to national geospatial information ecosystems. The UNGGIM-IGIF includes a legal and policy strategic pathway that focuses on implementation and accountability (IGIF, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CityGML (Gröger et al. 2012) is a widely adopted standard by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for the representation and exchange of 3D city models. It defines the three-dimensional geometry, topology, semantics, and appearance of the most relevant topographic objects in urban or regional contexts. The representation of semantic and topological properties makes it possible to query such 3D city data to perform analysis in various applications. However, the potential of query answering over CityGML data has not been fully exploited. The official GML/XML encoding of CityGML is only intended as an exchange format but is not suitable for query answering. The most common way of dealing with CityGML data is to import them into the 3DCityDB system as relational tables and then query with the standard SQL query language. One limitation of this approach is that it is not compliant with Knowledge Graph standards, and thus it is difficult to interoperate with other open Knowledge Graphs (e.g., Wikidata, DBPedia). There have been early attempts to convert CityGML to knowledge graphs (Chadzynski et al. 2021), which uses a straightforward ad-hoc implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

- ISBN 978-1-60618-104-1 B 22:74.2(149) b B Mejía, Sergio b Cartografía e Ingeniería en la Era de las Revoluciones: Mapas y obras de Vicente Talledo y Rivera en España y el Nuevo Reino de Granada (1758-1820) [ = Cartography and Engineering in the Age of Revolutions: Maps and works of Vicente Talledo y Rivera in Spain and the New Kingdom of Granada (1758-1820)] / Sergio Mejía. - 63 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-8-41-354171-6 B 22:74.2(159) b B Moreno Madrid, José María b Circulation and Contacts in Sixteenth Century New Cartography: Spain, Portugal and Italy / José María Moreno Madrid. - 408 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-2-39-025173-6 (edition in Dutch B 22:74.2(049) b ) B 22:74 (050) b B De Moura, Denise A. S. b Aprendendo com roteiros a comunicar por carta geográfica: cultura visual institucional de sertões e fronteiras conquistadas (século XVIII) = Learning from scripts to communicate using geographic maps: institutional visual culture of backlands and conquered borders (18th century) / Denise A. S. De Moura. - I In i Revista de arta si istoria artei, 2018, B 1 b , 31-43: ill. - ISSN 2601-9183 B 22:74.2(166) b B Nicolas, Clément b La carte et le territoire: La dalle gravée du Bronze ancien de Saint-Bélec (Leuhan, Finistère) [ = The map and the territory: The Old Bronze slab of Saint-Bélec (Leuhan, Finistère)] / Clément Nicolas, Yvan Pailler, Pierre Stéphan, Julie Pierson, Laurent Aubry, Bernard Le Gall, Vincent Lacombe and Joël Rolet. [Extracted from the article]

On the Euclidean geographical map, and using rectangular coordinates, the coordinates of the images of these two points are ( I x i , I y i ) and HT ht , respectively. Transforming it into HT ht Graph Chebyshev observed that the sum of the first two terms satisfies Laplace's equation HT ht . [Extracted from the article]

See Geographical Service, Warsaw SILVA, John: B 21:74.1(215) b SILVESTRE, Marguerite: B 21:74.1(216) b SIWEK, Tadeusz: B 21:74.1(217) b SKURNIK, Johanna: B 21:74.1(218) b SMIT, Rick: B 21:74.1(219) b SOBCZY'NSKI, Marek: B 21:74.1(220) b SOLJAN, Izabela: B 21:74.1(117) b SONTILLANOSA, Rosalyn D.: B 21:74.1(221) b SOTERES, Carolina: B 21:74.1(010) b SPERTI, Luigi: B 21:74.1(222) b STA. - I In i Maps in History, 2021, B 69 b , 17-24: ill. - ISSN 1379-3307 B 22:74.1(051) b Maps in History: Fighting Epidemics / Imre Josef Demhardt. - I In i Maps in History, 2021, B 69 b , 13-16: ill. - ISSN 1379-3307 B 22:74.1(044) b B Decker, Julio b Lines in the Sand: Railways and the Archipelago of Colonial Territorialization in German Southwest Africa, 1897-1914 / Julio Decker. [Extracted from the article]

"Compactness", or the use of shape as a proxy for fairness, has been a long-running theme in the scrutiny of electoral districts; badly-shaped districts are often flagged as examples of the abuse of power known as gerrymandering. The most popular compactness metrics in the redistricting literature belong to a class of scores that we call contour-based , making heavy use of area and perimeter. This entire class of district scores has some common drawbacks, outlined here. We make the case for discrete shape scores and offer two promising examples: a cut score and a spanning tree score. No shape metric can work alone as a seal of fairness, but we argue that discrete metrics are better aligned both with the grounding of the redistricting problem in geography and with the computational tools that have recently gained significant traction in the courtroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known now as the "Three Kings Clock", Oestmann suggests a possible reason for inclusion of the Three Kings motif into the first clock as a secularisation of liturgical themes. Here the author includes much interesting biographical and personal detail on this cast of characters, including the tensions and conflicts between Dasypodius, on whom was placed responsibility for the entire project, and the Habrecht brothers, over which of them was the true author of the clock. Oestmann explains that the book refers to Vitruvius and demonstrates Dasypodius' knowledge of the Roman author's architectural theory, and also shows that he was familiar with the technical writings of the Greek authors, in particular the Neo- Platonist Proclus. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on mathematical geography and race theory in early America and impact of the physical sciences and quantitative thinking on race theory. It mentions biblical curse of Ham on dark-skinned peoples but turned instead to naturalistic explanations and empirical observation that skin color correlates with exposure to the sun as it varies by latitude. It also mentions biblical account of a single creation by providing an explanation for human physical diversity.

The article offers information related to the minor technical acknowledgment which opens Structuralism's most important philosophical stakes. It mentions about works of French cartographer Jacques Bertin in midcentury that allows us to critically interrogate how this graphic self-imaging unfolded while failing to retain some of structuralism’s most important insights.

This paper reports investigation data on ridge landscape patterns (formed by Baer knolls) in the North Caspian region obtained by mathematical approaches to landscape morphology. The investigation procedure involves remote sensing data and mathematical methods. A mathematical analysis of six sample areas has revealed that perimeters and diameters of the ridges fit the lognormal distribution. Discrete indicators that characterize the ridge location are compliant with the Poisson's distribution in most cases. Due to river erosion activity, which destroys the knolls, their diameters do not fit the lognormal distribution anymore. The arguments have been considered in favor of various theories of the Baer knolls origin from the standpoint of quantitative features of the morphological structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This edition of Interdisciplinary Science Reviews aims to give a modest overview of the work of the great mathematical geographer, systems scientist, modeller and interdisciplinary thinker Professor Sir Alan Wilson FRS FBA. Carl Gombrich analyses Wilson's work in these areas - especially in relation to his 2010 book, Knowledge Power - and discusses its significance for and impact on undergraduate education. The chapter concludes by noting that Wilson's ideas are very much alive in the sector and, indeed, still being developed by Wilson himself. [Extracted from the article]

FuatSezgin is a Turkish scientist who started his scientific life in Turkey and continued in Germany for compulsory reasons. Based on Arabic writing works obtained from various parts of the world, ithas revealed the contributions of Muslims to science and their achievements in the scientific field. Thus he revealed with his evidence thatthe perception that" all advances in science have been made by Westerners " was wrong. Ithas been carried outby Muslims between 9th and 6th centuries and Westerners have learned from them". According to the research done by FuatSezgin, the science of Chemistry, based on many Sciences, was invented by a Muslim scholar named Cabir b. Hayyan. The number zero in mathematics was given to the world of science by Ibn Haysem. The founder of the logarithm is Al-Harezmi. The firstmaps were drawn by Muslims. In the Islamic world, there have been many prominentscholars. Biruni, for example, is notonly a mathematician butalso a geographer; he has made mathematical geography an independentdiscipline. Biruni is the one who founded spherical trigonometry as a branch of science based on the discoveries of his teachers. Biruni, on the other hand, was known as the "father of Pharmacy" with his hardware in the field of medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GB1900 project transcribed almost all text on 1:10,650 mapping covering Great Britain, published circa 1900: 2.6 million geo-referenced text strings, so possibly the largest specifically historical gazetteer. Nearly 1200 volunteers made 5.5 million transcriptions, including "confirmations." This paper describes the project's interaction with online volunteers and then presents their experience, as recorded through the online system itself, six in-depth interviews and 162 responses to an online questionnaire. We find that, unlike volunteers in physical science "citizen science" projects, they were motivated by personal interest in the maps, in places that held meaning for them, and in how places had changed. These conclusions enable us to offer suggestions for volunteer recruitment and retention in similar future projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-frame, random-digit-dialing (DFRDD) surveys, using a frame of landline telephone numbers and a frame of cell phone numbers, have become the norm for telephone surveys. Two alternative frame constructions sample exclusively from a cell phone frame, referred to as the 'single-frame cell,' and sample from the listed landline frame and the cell phone frame, referred to as 'listed/cell.' The listed/cell frame construction differs from the DFRDD in that it does not select unlisted-landline frame members. We observe in our simulated data that the listed/cell frame construction results in estimates that more closely approximate the estimates from DFRDD compared with the single-frame cell, results in an improvement in precision compared with the DFRDD that is not as large as the improvement in the single-frame cell, and has lower cost than both the DFRDD and the single-frame cell. We conclude that a listed/cell frame construction might be a better solution than either a DFRDD or single-frame cell frame construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final essay, a fitting companion to Baumgärtner and Ferro's, is DuBois's impressive investigation of five illustrated pilgrimage guidebooks, including Burchard's I Descriptio i , to demonstrate how their physical manipulation enhanced - even generated - imaginal Holy-Land journeys. Part four showcases work on Holy-Land maps by Emmanuelle Vagnon, Ingrid Baumgärtner and Eva Ferro, and Raoul DuBois. Vagnon assesses the sixteenth-century reception of such maps when paired in humanist geographies with maps of Ptolemy's Geography. [Extracted from the article]

University campus is a typical and special type of urban settings. Smart campus has been developing drastically based on the technologies and practices of smart cities (Verstaevel et al., 2017). Human movements on campus, which are combinations of regular and irregular itineraries, are mapped into digital trajectories with various positioning technologies. The human movement trajectories can further be used to optimize the design and management of smart campus. The estimated occupancy of buildings or facilities can show the hot spots and cold spots, which can help save energy and optimize space utilization. In this case, geo-visualization technique plays an important and unique role in revealing spatiotemporal patterns of human mobility and utilization of infrastructures (Oppermann and Munzner, 2020). In this work, we design and implement a procedure for generating and visualizing people’s spatial trajectories and building occupancy based on anonymised network accessing log data generated by the Wi-Fi networks on campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will present the approach and first findings of a research project on multi-perspective peace and conflict cartography conducted within the research network "Cooperation and Conflict in Eastern Europe" (KonKoop)1. The author is part of a visualisation lab connected to this network which explores maps and geovisualisations in the context of how peace and conflict are perceived, articulated and negotiated via spatial representations. This means looking at how maps produce, represent and interpret different positions in conflict and cooperation, but also thinking about how different spatial and temporal perspectives are experienced and mediated. The research takes up the approach of critical cartography and systematic analysis of conflict visualisations to gain an understanding of how they are produced within specific regimes and technologies of visibility, truth and world-making. Analysis insights will provide key inputs for prototyping visualisation methods and tools for articulating the spaces of peace and conflict by experimenting with diverse media and design approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social isolation and loneliness are among the foremost public health issues of our time, particularly during the COVID19 pandemic. Social psychology studies have suggested that compromised quality of sleep mediates the association between persistent loneliness and adverse health conditions. Animal experiments have shown that the mechanisms underlying social isolation-induced sleep loss are social isolation duration dependent and are under circadian and seasonal influences. Although animal studies have started to reveal the genetic and neural basis of chronic social isolation-induced sleep loss, investigating the true relationship between sleep disorders and the environment under isolation in animals remains challenging. Comparative studies using human data are crucially needed to ensure that the research findings in animal experiments can be validated and applied to human beings. However, traditional psychology research on sleep using individual human subjects is survey-based, limited in sample sizes, and time-consuming [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visibility represents the extent of space that people visually perceive, playing a crucial role in urban management, urban planning and design. Most of traditional studies focus on the two-dimensional morphological feature, neglecting the vertical characteristics of the city. Although some current methods have contributed significantly to representing 3D urban openness, the limitations that they cannot measure real and complex three-dimensional 3D built environment with a high level of integrity and accuracy remain exists. On the one hand, some approaches ignore the space below the viewpoint, so it does not provide visibility analysis (for example 3D isovist) when the viewpoint is at a higher position. On the other hand, some methods require pre-modification of the urban model before visibility can be calculated (for example SOI metric). More importantly, the geometric scenario where the line of sights is obscured by buildings in 3D environment is simplified. This is the reason why an approach to assess real 3D urban space have not been fully conducted yet. Recently, Yi Zhao (2020) evaluated the visibility of a 3D space using mobile point-cloud data. However, the significant cost of LiDAR technology limits the large-scale expansion of the method. Also, point cloud data is mostly used in the street, it is hard to achieve visibility calculations at any location. Accordingly, this study proposes a three-dimensional (3D) openness algorithm based on a geometric subdivision and formula derivation (Figure 1). First, a visual sphere is constructed with the viewpoint as the center. Then, the visual sphere is uniformly subdivided by multiple lines of sight at certain horizontal and vertical angle intervals, yielding multiple discrete visual difference elements (VDEs). Finally, the visible volumes in each VDE are calculated separately to accumulate visible volume of the visual sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application scope of geographical information science is gradually evolving from large-scale to small-scale environments (Afyouni et al., 2010). The space that we are dealing with is no longer limited to outdoor spaces but is extended to indoor spaces. Facing the indoor structure of complex buildings, the demand for indoor location services such as navigation and emergency evacuation services is increasing. Indoor navigation maps are an important tool for people to arrive at their destination in large public buildings. There are a lot of indoor navigation services to help mobile users but there are still some gaps between map design and the navigation process, such as how to model the path of the multi-dimensional structure of indoor environments, quantify the visibility condition of indoor areas, and compensate for the lack of semantic annotation of indoor corridors (e.g., there are typically no road signs as in the outdoor case). Most existing application studies focus on indoor maps that visualize the basic indoor spatial structures, while few take into account the navigation process in buildings. From the scientific perspective, there are a lot of aspects for designing indoor navigation maps (e.g., 2D/3D, visibility, and semantics). However, it is unclear which type of design is most effective for aiding pedestrians in indoor wayfinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geo-knowledge is the knowledge about locations, spatial distributions, semantic attributes of individual geographic objects, and correlations or causations between two or many geographic objects. Domain experts use the geoknowledge to answer where, when, what, how, and why questions (MacEachren, 2017), thus supporting decisions in many applications such as urban planning (Pinos et al., 2020), policy-making (Kang et al., 2020), marketing (Suhaibah et al., 2016), and education (Würstle et al., 2020). With their at-a-glance view and interactivities, map-based dashboards serve as intuitive tools to synthesize complex geodata and empower users to visually analyze spatial information. Digital Twins provide an environment that represents geo-knowledge of physical assets in a holistic way (Grübel et al., 2022). Map-based dashboards can be specifically designed to integrate multi-source, multi-dimensional, and multi-scale data within digital twins, enabling a holistic view that encompasses both the geographic and non-geographic components. This abstract outlines the features of map-based dashboards and their applications on digital twins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rapid urbanization in the United States, urban fires impose increasing threats to public safety and the liveability of modern cities (Ma et al., 2021). Developing a data-driven approach to predict fire incidents is not only of paramount importance for protecting public safety, but it is also essential for understanding how human-environment interactions may impact the occurrence of urban fires. Previous studies applied machine learning (ML) approaches to fire prediction, detection, and spread rate analysis, such as burn area classification and identifying the environmental factors of fire. Commonly used ML techniques include Bayes Network, Naïve Bayes, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Multivariate Logistic regression, etc. (Perez-Porras et al., 2021) In addition, researchers also compared the performance of ML models to traditional time series models, such as the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, in predicting fire incidents(Sayad et al., 2019, Kouassi et al., 2020). However, most of these studies were limited to predicting wildfires instead of urban fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of the Google Maps API has contributed significantly to the ubiquity of web maps. Nowadays, the most widely utilized tile pyramid technology has promoted more and more mashup visualization and web interaction. However, the multi-temporal, multi-source, and multi-scale characteristics of varied-level tile map data lead to inconsistencies between mashup cross-layer data (Goodchild and Li, 2012). The main reasons exist in: (1) the rapid change of landscapes and the different production periods from map sectors; (2) the diversified data-intensive web maps and various geographic standards from mapping agencies; and (3) the complexity of the dimensional and morphological changes in the geospatial data at different scales. The inconsistent visualization of these cross-layer tile maps may not only result in cognitive confusion to understand geospatial features but also lead to matching conflicts during the integration of web maps. In the case of river rendering over cross-layer tile maps, for example, some inappropriate rendering services visualize rivers that should be orderly distributed at different levels, in a misaligned way. Narrow rivers may be fractured at low levels of representation, or even exist as intertwined and overlapped rivers at higher levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to clarify how the knowledge and ability to make maps look accurate, and what its creators refer to as “map sense,” is developed and used by interviewing the creators of what are known as “imaginary maps.” Maps depicting imaginary worlds have been used in novels such as "Treasure Island" by Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson in 1883 and "The Lord of the Rings" by John Ronald Reuel Tolkien in 1954. In modern times, fantasy maps have been created along with stories in role-playing games such as "Dragon Warrior" and in movies such as “The Marauder's Map” in the Harry Potter series. Satirical maps depicting the real world can also be regarded as one of the imaginary maps in that it was expressed without going through objective data (Haga, 2021), and it can be said that imaginary maps have been drawn in the political world as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geospatial knowledge is the result of spatial thinking and reasoning about natural and human phenomena (Golledge 2002), playing an important role in urban planning, land management, and environmental protection. Digital vector maps are important sources of geospatial knowledge such as topographic maps, land cover maps, traffic maps, city maps, etc. Maps, distinguished by spatial cognition expression symbols, are regarded as the second language of geoscience research. Maps are not only a means for humans to explain geographical phenomena, but they are also a significant instrument for gaining spatial information. Humans get spatial knowledge about geographic objects' location, shape, size, spatial pattern, etc. from maps via intuitive visual perception, computational geometry, spatial statistics, and other spatial operation methods. Driven by data collection technologies, artificial intelligence, and network technology, map audiences are shifting from human-oriented services to intelligent machine-oriented services. Map service has encountered new challenges in intelligent machine application fields (e.g., spatial scene perception for autonomous driving, semantic navigation of indoor robots, etc.)—heterogeneous spatial semantics, insufficient representation of spatial knowledge, and inadequate knowledge reasoning ability (Zhang et al. 2022). Traditional spatial representation with geometric symbols benefits human visual perception, geometric operations, and statistical analysis, but it is unsuitable for machine-oriented services. To expand geospatial knowledge services and promote the development of knowledge-driven research, a geographic knowledge representation model that can be interpreted and calculated by machines is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the most challenging and important issues of the 21st century. It is a global problem that requires attention and action from the whole globe. The impact of climate change is being felt in Kazakhstan. Prominent reports indicate that the territory of Kazakhstan is experiencing environmental emergencies (heatwaves, droughts, fires, flood, mudflows in some regions). To better understand the impact of climate change in Kazakhstan, this study has significance in terms of examination and visualization the alterations in the boundaries of climatic zones in the area of Kazakhstan. The study uses the Google Earth Engine (Gorelick et al. 2017) cloud-based spatial analysis service which offers a rich database that enables the use of climate reanalysis datasets over extended periods. ERA5- Land Monthly Aggregated Data (Muñoz Sabater, 2019) by ECMWF Climate Reanalysis is the data source. Monthly mean values of temperature and precipitation are applied as an input data for classification. There are two 30-year periods that have been updated 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 to observe climate change. Although the region of interest is predominantly characterized by arid (class B) and continental (class D) climates, all major climate classes (A, B, C, D, E) and their subclasses were examined in this project. The Köppen climate classification is utilized as a reference system. The outcomes are presented as categorized maps of climate zones for the periods of 1961-1990 and 1991-2022. The maps were generated in Google Earth Engine platform and presented sequentially. Figure 1 illustrates significant changes in climatic zones across various regions of Kazakhstan. The country is located in Central Asia and it undergoes an extreme continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. Results of this research can be advantageous for other researchers studying climate change. Moreover, Kazakhstan is taking actions on implementing Sustainable Development Goals; therefore, the research results have an importance in realisation of practical ideas and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a relic of historical civilization, Nanjing Ming Dynasty City Wall has great historical and cultural value and is a precious architecture for studying the social development of China's Ming Dynasty and even the Republic of China. In recent years, how to preserve, inherit and disseminate the cultural heritage represented by Nanjing Ming City Wall through modern scientific and technological means has become so urgent. However, the current research lacks an indepth excavation of the historical and cultural characteristics of the wall, and cannot dynamically show users the style and appearance of the wall in different historical periods. Based on the theoretical knowledge of cartography, computer science and art, this work collects and organizes multisource data, and uses multiple methods to construct scenarios and elements for video integration. The specific steps are as follows: 1) According to the cultural data, historical data, Nanjing ancient map data and remote sensing data, etc., we built a historical database and geographic landscape database by analysing the spatial-temporal characteristics of Nanjing Ming City Wall; 2) We designed hand-rolled map, AR scene, VR scene and folk custom converged media map by using methods of literary analysis, map element analysis, scenario design and scenario construction and made them integrated into an interaction system; 3) We wrote narrative lines for the video story of Nanjing Ming Dynasty City Wall, designed the story structure based on the above materials and map products, and adjusted the logical relationship between the shots; 4) Based on the context of the narrative map, we integrated the videos and adjusted the length of the shot, and we processed the audio in combination with the video rhythm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to develop a “GIS Place Name Dictionary”, an interactive place name dictionary (Gazetteer) that can search geospatial information from all regions of Japan, from past historical designations to current place names and addresses, as well as identify longitude and latitude and map representation. Area statistics and historical data used in the humanities and social sciences often include place names and addresses, which are geospatial information, in addition to changes in names over time. By identifying a place by its name or address and visualising various phenomena that occurred there in the past on a map, the spatial location of these phenomena can be clarified, and by superimposing them on other maps, new knowledge in fields such as literature, history, sociology and economics, which have not sufficiently incorporated a spatial perspective, can be discovered. New knowledge is expected to be discovered. The database that will serve as the basis for this is the GIS Place Name Dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic map generalization has long been an important problem in the field of geographic informationscience. During the transformation of map scale from large to small, the conflict and congestion of map symbols are inevitable, and the selection and simplification of objectives become the basic strategy for problem solving, which containsacomplex decision-making process (Ai and Zhang, 2022). Traditionally, a rule-based approach is generally usedfordecision making. However, due to the existence of particular conditions, often the selection rules needtobecontinuously patched and combine multiple judgments, which leads to an increasingly complex systemofgeneralization rules for maps. Therefore, it is necessary to seek new ideas for map simplification in the context of thedifficulty of exhausting different conditions to establish a map generalization system. Currently, since a number ofestablished series of scale products exist in the field of cartography, it is possible to select typical areas tocreatesamples and apply data-driven methods to establish the map generalization process. The conditions for the applicationof artificial intelligence methods in the field of map generalization are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new operative method for the generation, processing and maintenance of accessibility areas from given Points of Interest (POI) is presented as the result of a cooperative research and development project. After the scientific and technical analyses of different accessibility concepts an automatized and innovative processing infrastructure including an integrated management system was developed and installed. Its scope, methodology and features are described below. Official statistics on living conditions have raised a growing demand for small area data in terms of comparability. In the past, suitable data and defined processes for their generation, maintenance and merging with statistical information were lacking. Integration of geospatial information and statistics are required both to support and monitor evidence-based policy in social, economic, environmental and sustainability scopes, with respect to harmonization of living conditions e.g. access to healthcare, education, work and wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency management attends to expedite the emergency response and mitigate the impact on human lives and the economy caused by emergency incidents. One of the primary tasks of emergency management is ensuring that emergency response teams arrive at the incident location within a specified time frame. Previous studies have focused on reducing response times by identifying optimal locations for emergency vehicles (EVs) and emergency departments, assigning EV to a call, designating the optimal dispatch routes, and giving priority to emergency vehicles at traffic lights (Chen et al., 2014; Panahi & Delavar, 2008). However, despite these efforts, many emergency vehicles still miss their target response time. A comprehensive analysis is lacking to evaluate geographical environmental variables contributing to unsuccessful and successful emergency dispatches. Exploring the relationship between the geographical environment and emergency dispatch to improve emergency response services in neighbourhoods, this study aimed to identify geographic environmental determinants that differentiate successful and unsuccessful dispatches: (1) road characteristics, (2) topology of street segments, (3) weather conditions, (4) land use, (5) time and (6) dispatch operations (e.g., number of dispatched vehicles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In August 2021, the Western Cape Government (WCG) veterinary services noted a new strain of avian influenza (AI) affecting coastal bird colonies, resulting in mass fatalities. While it was not declared a disaster, the Provincial Disaster Management Centre (PDMC) was activated in September 2021 to coordinate the response, in the interest of public health and safety. Between October and November 2021, approximately 18,388 birds had died as a result of the AI outbreak. Of these mortalities, 17,926 were Cape Cormorants Phalacrocorax capensis, an Endangered species that is endemic to Southern Africa. The multitude of stakeholders suddenly engaged in response activities resulted in the initial reporting mechanisms being uncoordinated, with information received in various formats such as text messages, spreadsheets, social media or telephonic reports. There was thus a need to formalise a coherent reporting structure that could incorporate locational information to monitor the spread of the outbreak. While a summary of the technological response is provided in Kirkman et al. (2022), this work further reflects on the benefits of such coordination. For stakeholders to be receptive to new technologies, it is important that their needs are directly addressed, and the process of data storage and management is transparent with their data being both safeguarded and accessible. The Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE), thorough its Oceans and Coastal Information Management System (OCIMS) readily undertakes the development of online publicly accessible decision-support tools and were therefore equipped with rapid development, deployment and data management capabilities. In this context, a collaboration effort between the DFFE, WCG PDMC and WCG Department of Agriculture (DoA) was established to capitalise on the available technologies to support the AI response management. Stakeholder ‘groups’ with similar technological needs were subsequently identified, namely (1) data capturers, (2) data analysts and (3) event management, which guided product development. All subsequent training was provided online due to the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1848, 175 years ago, the Swiss Confederation became a modern federal state and the first democracy in Europe. At the same time, Guillaume-Henri Dufour drafted the first official map of Switzerland, which covered the entire country and thus played a decisive role in shaping the image of national entity. The Dufour map represented the first geometrically correct and aesthetically beautiful image of the young federal state and established the world reputation of Swiss cartography. Since then, not only Switzerland but also map technology and society have undergone fundamental changes. In the digital society, mobile devices and mobile map applications are ubiquitous. The trend is globally emerging that the focus of official cartography is increasingly on the flexible and mobile web representation of data and shifting away from the production of printed maps (Seifert 2021). This inevitably leads to a rethinking and reorientation in official cartography. For its 175-year anniversary, modern Switzerland is receiving a new generation of maps in the form of a "NextGenerationMap", which aims to meet the changing demands of a mobile society. The new map generation is consistently oriented towards users and their needs in the context of their mobile use. One of the key elements for this is the new interpretation of a dynamic, national map-like visualization based on vector tiles. The design deliberately abandons previous principles of the classic national map in favour of performance and legibility. While the national map is designed and optimized for different scales in its design and generalization, the approach of vector tiles follows a more consistent design logic with less hard breaks between the individual zoom levels. The density of content is oriented to the display size of smartphones (cf. figure 1). In addition, the characteristic terrain representation of the National Map of Switzerland, one of the reasons for its worldwide reputation, is transferred to vector form while maintaining the same aesthetic and content quality. In the future, the manual creation of the terrain representation - as an intermediate step for the derivation of vector data - will be eliminated. For this purpose, the terrain representations will be derived using artificial intelligence approaches. In initial pilot tests, hand-drawn hill shadings were successfully replicated by using U-net neural networks (cf. Jenny et al. 2020). This approach is expected to be transferred to other terrain representations, including rock depictions, thus enabling a complete automated derivation of vector terrain representation not only for the territory of Switzerland - but also for a worldwide Swiss-style terrain representation. The "NextGenerationMap" is intended to help generate geo-knowledge from geoinformation. To this end, the map application is to become more interactive and enable the user to call up additional information. An innovative UX concept contributes to this. Points-of-Interest are an essential building block for this. They function as a bridge between static and dynamic information and thus enable the dynamic integration of real-time information (cf. figure 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]