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• PCM slurry that was prepared by using tetradecane-adsorbed super-hydrophobic marshmallow-like gel particles has a latent heat of 5.7 wt% of pure tetradecane. • The latent heat of tetradecane including marshmallow-like gel slurry enhances heat transfer under laminar flow. • The model of heat transfer of marshmallow-like gel slurry is proposed by defining modified Prandtl number to consider the effect of latent heat. To prevent hydrophobic phase change materials (PCMs) from phase separation in water, a novel technique based on a super-hydrophobic gel, known as marshmallow-like gel, has been suggested as an effective solution. In this study, marshmallow-like gel particles, which only adsorb hydrophobic substances, were used as a carrier of a hydrophobic PCM (paraffin) to evaluate their heat transportation performance. The tetradecane-adsorbed marshmallow-like gel particles showed a latent heat of 123 kJ·kg–1, which is 56% of that of pure tetradecane (219 kJ·kg–1). Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as a dispersant for the superhydrophobic gel in water. An aqueous soliton of CMC (0.6 wt%) was used to prepare the slurry containing 10 wt% of tetradecane-adsorbed marshmallow-like gel particles. The heat transfer of the slurry under laminar flow was characterized, and experiments were performed in a homemade heat transfer apparatus based on a double-tube heat exchanger with an inner tube diameter of 8 mm. The heat transfer coefficient was compared with the results of the CMC solution without the particles. Due to the latent heat of tetradecane, the particles with hydrophobic PCM showed a positive effect on heat transfer characteristics. Additionally, an adequate model to describe the heat transfer under laminar flow was proposed using a modified Prandtl number to consider the effect of latent heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mauveine chromophores and a family of phenosafranins have been extracted from the Colour Experience Museum black precipitate with boiling ethanol and separated by chromatography. Phenosafranin (287.1295), monomethylphenylsafranin (301.1452) and a dimethylphenosafranin (315.1609) were observed. Tentative evidence for small quantities of N - tert -butylmauveine A and N - tert -butylmauveine B has been found by comparison of the data to standard retention times and accurate mass data. A synthetic method which reproduces the composition of mauveine extracted from the black precipitate, which is rich in mauveine A, is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order Caryophyllales exhibit diverse diversity in morphology to molecules, which leads to taxonomic complexities in circumscribing especially to its families. The comparative analysis of the available chloroplast genome to detect pattern of genomic arrangement and variation is lacking; hence, the alignment pattern and genomic rearrangement across the Caryophyllales were detected, and the phylogenetic relationship among the families of the Caryophyllales based on maximum cp genes were inferred. The comparison of the Caryophyllales cp genomes based on representatives of 10 families with Taxillus chinensis as reference genome revealed that coding region were more conserved than the non-coding region; however, clpP, rpl16 and ycf15 were the most divergent coding region among all taxa. Further, the genomic rearrangement occurred in gene organization of the taxa among different families of Caryophyllales, the extensive rearrangement were observed in Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Droseraceae and Cactaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our proposal that museum-stored mauveine was made by a modified method compared to mauveine made by the William Henry Perkin patented method of 1856 is exemplified. An improved method of purification allows greater resolution and separation of the different mauveine chromophores. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry charts for museum-stored mauveine are compared to the new mauveine reported here. The formation of deprotected mauveine chromophores and N-tert-butylated mauveine chromophores is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on what Edwin Blashfield described as John Singer Sargent’s ‘predilection for aniline suggestions in colours’. This is particularly striking in the early oils of Sargent but also in the writings of some of his French literary acquaintances, from Robert de Montesquiou to Judith Gautier, who strangely described the painter’s works from his formative period in Paris and London using the new chromatic terminology and notably the colour description ‘mauve’ or its variants such as ‘lilac’ or ‘heliotrope’. It is this ‘culture of mauve’, to paraphrase Sabine Doran’s essay on the ‘culture of yellow’, as the subversive colour of modernity which I will attempt to unveil, in keeping with what Vernon Lee described as Sargent’s ‘curious’ francophilia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mauveine samples stored in museums in Sudbury, Bradford and Manchester are similar and are shown to be rich in mauveine A and mauveine B by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. By varying the aromatic amine composition of W.H. Perkin's 1856 patented method of mauveine synthesis, it is shown that they were not made by this method as W.H. Perkin disclosed it. An explanation for this is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British Victorian six pence lilac stamps (plates 5, 6, 8, and 9) have been analysed for mauveine: six pence stamps (no hyphen and plates 8 or 9) were dyed with mauveine, six-pence stamps with the hyphen (plate 5) were not dyed with mauveine, about half of the six-pence stamps with the hyphen (plate 6) were dyed with mauveine and one six-pence stamp with the hyphen (plate 6) was analysed as being dyed with Caro's mauveine. Plate numbers are from Vol. 1 Queen Victoria, Stanley Gibbons Great Britain specialised stamp catalogue, 9th edn. Stanley Gibbons Publications, London, 1989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudo-mauveine picrate and a synthetic derivative of mauveine, 3-phenylamino-5-(2-methylphenyl)-7-amino-8-methylphenazinium picrate, have been prepared via their leuco-bases and their crystal structures determined. Time-dependent density functional theory gives a good match for the calculated and measured UV-Vis spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A failed attempt to make pseudo-mauveine from 10 g of aniline led the author into an on-going 6-year research programme. Drawing inspiration from the collective work of many others, recent results cast doubt on Perkin's stated method for making authentic mauveine. Uncovering an improved route into synthetic derivatives of mauveine, which contain a 3-[(N-alkyl)aryl] substituent, has led by chance to a removable and traceless 3-(N-alkyl) protecting group, which alters the composition of mauveine to closely match that of the museum-archived samples. The possibility that W.H. Perkin or others exploited this method to make mauveine is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositions of modern mauveines I and II made using tert-butyl-p-toluidine are analysed by HPLC and compared with authentic mauveine and a standard consisting of mauveine A, B2, B and C. The composition of modern mauveine II is similar to that of authentic mauveine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mauve was the first synthetic organic dyestuff to be manufactured industrially. It was synthesized in 1856 by William H. Perkin. It is composed by different molecules named mauveine A, B, B2 and C. In this study, the dye was synthesized, and its individual components were analyzed by ordinary Raman spectroscopy (both dispersive and Fourier-transform-), and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, after separation by thin-layer chromatography. Only surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) gave rise to satisfactory Raman spectra of the dye. Five different fractions were separated on the thin layer chromatography plate, and Raman and SERS measurements were carried out directly on each separated spot on the plate. As in the analysis of the raw product of the synthesis, only SERS gave high quality Raman spectra for the eluted spots. The assignment of the normal modes of mauveine was aided by performing density functional theory calculations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heating p-toluidine hydrochloride in tert-butanol gave a crystalline precipitate of N-tert-butyl-p-toluidine hydrochloride. This compound, now readily available by this simple procedure, was used to make mauveine, which was found by TLC analysis to be identical to authentic mauveine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of a mixture of N-tert-butyl-p-toluidine/aniline/o-toluidine (1 : 1.5 : 1.5) with K2Cr2O7 in H+/H2O followed by de-tert-butylation with acid gives mauveine A and mauveine B. These compounds dye silk the same shade of red mauve as that of silk dyed by authentic mauveine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of phenosafranin and an excess of aniline gave a novel hydroxylated derivative of pseudo-mauveine. N-Methyl-p-toluidine and bis(4-methylphenyl)amine are efficient building blocks for making mauveine-related chromophores. Their oxidation with K2Cr2O7 is believed to form nitrogen centred radicals which then couple with an aromatic amine by homolytic aromatic substitution of hydrogen. The N-methyl substituent and the p-methyl substituents are essential for the reaction to proceed. N-Methyl substituted chromophores were not demethylated in the reaction or by oxidation with K2Cr2O7 in dilute H2SO4. N-Nitroso-bis(4-methylphenyl)amine rearranges smoothly to the orange compound, (2-nitro-4-methylphenyl)-4-methylphenylamine, when a solution in CH2Cl2 is treated with montmorillonite at room temperature for 24 h. 2,4-Dimethylaniline has been used to make a mauveine homologue. The colour of silk dyed with mauveine chromophores has been compared to the colour of silk dyed with authentic 1862 mauveine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Those of us who owe our living in part to the global dyestuff and chemical industry should pause today and remember the beginnings of this giant industry which started 150 years ago today with William Perkins' discovery of mauveine whilst working in his home laboratory during the Easter holiday on April 28, 1856. Prior to this discovery, all textiles were dyed with natural dyestuffs and pigments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and two equivalents of aniline with potassium dichromate in hot water acidified with a small amount of sulfuric acid gives 3-phenylamino-5-phenyl-7-aminophenazinium sulfate (pseudomauveine). The oxidation of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and o-toluidine with potassium dichromate in water with a small amount of sulfuric acid gives 3-phenylamino-5-(o-toluyl)-7-amino-8-methylphenazinium sulfate. Oxidation of aniline and (o or p) toluidine only gave small quantities of mauveine chromophores. Oxidation of p-toluidine gives a known dimer which gives a purple coloured solution in acid. A hypothesis is described in which N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine may have been involved in mauveine synthesis in the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the discovery of maveine by William Perkin. It says that a reddish brown was formed when Perkin tried to produce quinine and noticed a colored solution which he first took as a failed experiment. It mentions that Perkin filed a patent for producing a new coloring matter for the dyeing with a lilac or purple colors of silk, cotton, wool and other materials. It includes the method and information on how to dye materials and where the mauveine derives its name.

Today we cannot imagine our lives without a variety of colours. Every colour we see, consume, enjoy, apply and use wherever we need has a dye associated with it. More than 90% of the thousands of dyes used now are synthetic. A little more than 150 years ago a handful of dyes of only natural origin were available. In 1856 the era of synthetic dyes was ushered in by a spirited young chemist, William Henry Perkin, when he was trying to synthesize quinine, but obtained a coloured substance instead. It was a much desired colour and therefore became an instant hit. The following is an account of Perkin's life as a chemist and an industrialist par excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf sheath color plays an important role as a marker for rice genetic improvement. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 220 individuals was developed from a cross between an Oryza sativa subsp. indica variety, IRBB60, and an Oryza sativa subsp. japonica variery, 9407. Within the RIL population, a line, RI51, was found to have purple leaf sheath (PSH). To map the gene governing PSH, RI51 was crossed with 9407 green leaf sheath (GSH) to develop an F2 segregating population. The distribution of F2 plants with PSH and GSH fitted a segregation ratio of 3:1, indicating that the PSH was controlled by a major dominant gene. The gene locus for PSH, tentatively designated as PSH1(t), was identified by surveying two bulks made of the respective 40 individuals with PSH and GSH with SSR markers covering the entire rice genome. The survey indicated that the PSH1(t) region was located on chromosome 1. Further confirmation was made using a large random sample of 360 individuals from the same F2 population and the PSH1(t) locus was then mapped on chromosome 1 between SSR markers RM3475 and RM7202 with genetic distances of 2.0 and 1.1 cM, respectively. For fine mapping of PSH1(t), a large F2:3 segregating population with 3300 individuals from the seven heterozygous F2 plants in the RM3475-RM7202 region was constructed. Analysis of recombinants in the PSH1(t) region anchored the gene locus to an interval of 23.5 kb flanked by the left marker L03 and the right marker L05. Sequence analysis of this fragment predicted six open reading frames encoding a putative trans-sialidase, a putative Plastidic ATP/ADP-transporter, and four unknown proteins. The detailed genetic and physical maps of the PSH1(t) locus will be very useful in molecular cloning of the PSH1(t) gene. La couleur de la gaine foliaire joue un rôle important en tant que marqueur en amélioration génétique du riz. Une population de lignées recombinantes fixées (RIL) composée de 220 individus issus d&x2019;un croisement entre une variété Oryza sativa subsp. indica, IRBB60, et une variété Oryza sativa subsp. japonica, 9407, a été produite. Au sein de la population RIL, la lignée RI51 affichait une gaine foliaire mauve (PSH: « purple leaf sheath »). Afin de cartographier le gène contrôlant ce caractère, la lignée RI51 a été croisée avec la variété 9407, laquelle affiche une gaine foliaire verte (GSH: « green leaf sheath »), pour produire une population F2 en ségrégation. La distribution de plantes F2 à PSH ou GSH respectait un ratio 3:1 indiquant que la PSH est contrôlée par un seul gène dominant. Le locus PSH, provisoirement nomme PSH1(t), a été identifié en analysant deux ADN composites comprenant chacun l&x2019;ADN de 40 individus à PSH ou GSH à l&x2019;aide de marqueurs SSR couvrant tout le génome du riz. Cette analyse a révélé que le locus PSH1(t) est situé sur le chromosome 1. Une confirmation de ce résultat a été obtenue en analysant un échantillon aléatoire de 360 individus de la même population F2 et le locus PSH1(t) a été localisé sur le chromosome 1 entre les marqueurs SSR RM3475 et RM7202 à 2,0 et 1,1 cM respectivement. Pour la cartographie fine de PSH1(t), une grande population F2:3 composée de 3 300 individus dérivés des sept plants hétérozygotes pour l&x2019;intervalle RM3475-RM7202 a été produite. L&x2019;analyse des recombinants dans la région PSH1(t) a permis de situer le locus au sein d&x2019;un intervalle de 23,5 kb bordé sur la gauche par le marqueur L03 et sur la droite par le marqueur L05. L&x2019;analyse de la séquence dans cet intervalle montre la présence de six cadres de lecture prédits, lesquels codent potentiellement pour une trans-sialidase, un transporteur ATP/ADP plastidique ainsi que quatre protéines inconnues. Les cartes génétique et physique détaillées du locus PSH1(t) seront très utiles pour le clonage de ce gène. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An historical background is provided for the term, “aniline dye,” which is still widely used as a synonym for “synthetic dye.” The discovery of aniline and the role of Hofmann in clarifying it are described. The subsequent discovery of mauveine (mauve) by a student of Hofmann's, William Perkin, and his difficulties in transforming an academic synthesis into a commercial product also are discussed. The key role of Scottish dyers, the Pullars of Perth and Thomas Keith in London, in this technology transfer is described. The subsequent ascendancy of the German dyestuff industry over British manufacturers is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Mauve Factor" was once mistaken for kryptopyrrole but is the hydroxylactam of hemopyrrole, hydroxyhemopyrrolin-2-one (HPL). Treatment with nutrients—particularly vitamin B6 and zinc—reduces urinary excretion of HPL and improves diverse neurobehavioral symptoms in subjects with elevated urinary HPL. Heightened HPL excretion classically associates with emotional stress, which in turn is known to associate with oxidative stress. For this review, markers for nutritional status and for oxidative stress were examined in relationship to urinary HPL. In cohorts with mixed diagnoses, 24-hour urinary HPL correlated negatively with vitamin B6 activity and zinc concentration in red cells (P<.0001). Above-normal HPL excretion corresponded to subnormal vitamin B6 activity and subnormal zinc with remarkable consistency. HPL correlated inversely with plasma glutathione and red-cell catalase, and correlated directly with plasma nitric oxide (P<.0001). Thus, besides implying proportionate needs for vitamin B6 and zinc, HPL is a promising biomarker for oxidative stress. HPL is known to cause non-erythroid heme depression, which lowers zinc, increases nitric oxide, and increases oxidative stress. Administration of prednisone reportedly provoked HPL excretion in animals. Since adrenocorticoid (and catecholamine) stress hormones mediate intestinal permeability, urinary HPL was examined in relationship to urinary indicans, presumptive marker for intestinal permeability. Urinary HPL associated with higher levels of indicans (P<.0001). Antibiotics reportedly reduce HPL in urine, suggesting an enterobic role in production. Potentially, gut is a reservoir for HPL or its precursor, and stress-related changes in intestinal permeability mediate systemic and urinary concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A century ago chemistry was the pre‐eminent academic and science‐based industrial pursuit, mainly as a result of the introduction of synthetic dyestuffs. The German dye‐making industry had just introduced synthetic indigo, following the longest and most expensive academic–technological campaign ever known and, as a follow up, novel fast vat dyes. The relevant coal tar, or aromatic, chemistry also heralded major breakthroughs in pharmaceuticals. The economic ramifications were enormous. It seemed appropriate then to celebrate the jubilee of the foundation of the dye industry by William Henry Perkin in 1856 with a major international event in London. Here the background to the jubilee is described and, by entangling key personalities in its organisation and their perspectives and opinions, I demonstrate how success in Germany and decline in England became one of the most compelling reasons for exploring issues related to the early debate over technical education in England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years the Science Museum has displayed Perkin's ‘original mauve dye’. The true historical significance of this specimen is considered in the context of the development of mauveine chemistry in the early 1860s and by comparison with similar specimens of the colorant in other museums. Because it is a crystalline sample of mauveine acetate, it cannot be earlier than 1862. This is also true of the other specimens, including one example with an excellent provenance but which is now missing. Finally, its approximate dating having been established, the place of this ‘original mauve dye’ in the ranks of mauve relics is reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La question du roman commence d'ailleurs avec l'incipit: «Le désert est indescriptible oo. » Ainsi la premiere ligne du Désert mauve marque-t-elle son degré zéro de la présentation, une ligne de partage entre l'objet et les signes, entre le réel et l'ouverture symbolique de l'oeuvre. Or, si le rapport entre les mots et les choses est d'emblée mis-en question par l'incipit, c'est encore pour marquer cette autre dimension du texte littéraire qu'on pourrait appeler aussi avec Jean-Franyois Lyotard le domaine de l'imprésentable.

The article presents the sixth of a series of article about historical figures and events. It focuses on William Henry Perkin's tour in the U.S. in 1906 that was arranged by the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry. A brief discussion on the significant contribution of Perkins in Chemistry, particularly his discovery of the first synthetic dye, known as mauve, in 1856 is presented. Moreover, it provides a detailed description of the itinerary of Perkin's tour in the major cities in the U.S., including New York, Boston and Montreal.

The birth of the dye manufacturing industry followed Perkins discovery of mauve by only a few years. Upstate New York played a key role in the founding of this industry. This paper outlines the growth of the Rensselaer, New York dye manufacturing plant through the ownership of 12 different companies over a period of 112 years. The information for this paper is based largely on manuscripts by Dr. Anthony J. Cofrancesco and the late Dr. Harry W. Grimmel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are endosomal compartments carrying tissue-specific proteins, which become enlarged in Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) due to mutations in LYST. Here, we show that Drosophila Mauve, a counterpart of LYST , suppresses vesicle fusion events with lipid droplets (LDs) during the formation of yolk granules (YGs), the LROs of the syncytial embryo, and opposes Rab5, which promotes fusion. Mauve localizes on YGs and at spindle poles, and it co-immunoprecipitates with the LDs' component and microtubule-associated protein Minispindles/Ch-TOG. Minispindles levels are increased at the enlarged YGs and diminished around centrosomes in mauve -derived mutant embryos. This leads to decreased microtubule nucleation from centrosomes, a defect that can be rescued by dominant-negative Rab5. Together, this reveals an unanticipated link between endosomal vesicles and centrosomes. These findings establish Mauve/LYST's role in regulating LRO formation and centrosome behavior, a role that could account for the enlarged LROs and centrosome positioning defects at the immune synapse of CHS patients. [Display omitted] • Drosophila Mauve regulates lysosome-related organelle and lipid droplet fusion • Mauve regulates PCM recruitment and microtubule nucleation from centrosomes • Mauve interacts with Rab5, Msps, and γ-tubulin • Mauve/LYST opposes Rab5, which promotes vesicle fusion affecting PCM recruitment Lattao et al. investigate the role of Mauve, the Drosophila homolog of the gene LYST, which is mutated in the poorly understood Chediak-Higashi syndrome. They show that Mauve/LYST regulates vesicle fusion and microtubule nucleation at centrosomes, revealing an important connection among vesicles, centrosome homeostasis, and microtubule nucleation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]