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Metal sulfide (MS) is regarded as a promising candidate of the anode materials for sodium‐ion battery (SIB) with ideal capacity and low cost, yet still suffers from the inferior cycling stability and voltage degradation. Herein, the coordination relationship between the discharge product Na2S with the Na+ (NaPF6) in the electrolyte, is revealed as the root cause for the cycling failure of MS. Na+‐coordination effect assistants the dissolution of Na2S, further delocalizing Na2S from the reaction interface under the function of electric field, which leads to the solo oxidation of the discharge product element metal without the participation of Na2S. Besides, the higher highest occupied molecular orbital of Na2S suggest the facilitated Na2S solo oxidation to produce sodium polysulfides (NaPSs). Based on these, lowering the Na+ concentration of the electrolyte is proposed as a potential improvement strategy to change the coordination environment of Na2S, suppressing the side reactions of the solo‐oxidation of element metal and Na2S. Consequently, the enhanced conversion reaction reversibility and prolonged cycle life are achieved. This work renders in‐depth perception of failure mechanism and inspiration for realizing advanced conversion‐type anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of ligands on the palladium-catalyzed 1,2-diarylation reaction course is presented. The application of Pd-dmpzc as a catalyst provides an efficient, chemoselective and sustainable protocol for the synthesis of valuable 1,2-diphenylethyl acetates. The reaction is conducted in water under mild conditions. Reaction products can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and catalyst by simple extraction. What is more, the rational choice of catalyst significantly reduces the leaching of the metal into the product and its contamination (0.1 ppm). Efficient phase separation and ultralow Pd leaching enable the reuse of the water medium containing the Pd-dmpzc catalyst several times without a significant loss of activity and with even higher selectivity (from 95% to 100% in the third cycle). The recyclability of both the catalyst and the reaction medium together with high chemoselectivity and low palladium leaching reduces the amount of waste and the cost of the process, exhibiting an example of a sustainable and green methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal 3D printing is revolutionizing the industry by enabling rapid and cost‐effective production of complex metal 3D products with intricate geometries, attracting significant attention in recent years. Particularly, metal 3D‐printed catalysts have emerged as a cutting‐edge fusion technology that serves as both catalysts and reactors, referred to as self‐catalytic reactors (SCRs). Therefore, this concept article aims to introduce the recent advancements in metal 3D printing technology in the catalyst and reactor field, and illustrate the various aspects for the rational design of self‐catalytic reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New data on the occurrence forms of ore elements were obtained on the basis of the heavy concentrate analysis of material from the thermal sites of Mutnovsky volcano. During the hydrothermal reworking of volcanic rocks and with the participation of magmatic fluids and meteoric waters, metals and metalloids are transported to the surface and are concentrated as the main or impurity components of newly formed minerals. Sulfides of copper, zinc, mercury, silver, and barium sulfate are confidently diagnosed. They contain admixtures of Mn, Cd, Sr, I, Cl, Te, and Pb in addition to mineral-forming Zn, Cu, Hg, Ag, and Ba. Micron-sized phases with Ru, Os and Ir (laurite), and Pb (galena) as the main components and the intermetallic compounds (Fe–Ni), (Fe–Ir–Os), (Pb–Bi), and (Bi–Te), as well as native Au, were revealed. Most of the newly formed mineral individuals are associated with a mineral of the pyrite–marcasite group, which contains impurities of As, Cu, Ni, and Co. Platinoids Os, Ir, and Ru were discovered for the first time among the newly formed minerals within the East Kamchatka Volcanic Belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes the reduction of the surface roughness and improvement of its strength properties for metallic materials and products fabricated by additive manufacturing. The proposed technique implies the creation of a 2 µm thick metal film on the doped surface layer by the vacuum arc deposition and pulsed electron-beam processing of the film/substrate system. The proposed technique of the film (Zr)/substrate (VT6) system processing provides a 25 times reduction of the surface roughness and improves its strength properties by 1.5 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delaminations and cracks are detrimental phenomena that hinder the quality of the final product in metal additive manufacturing. The effective use of other online monitoring systems that can detect these deformations and delaminations during the manufacturing process is currently being developed and implemented in practice. In this paper, gas-borne acoustic emission is used to show that cracks/delaminations that occur during the metal laser powder bed fusion build process can be detected and distinguished from other machine noise. The peaks in the amplitude of the signal emitted in the time domain could be used to indicate the occurrence of cracks during the build process. The frequency characteristics of the signal could also clearly indicate the occurrence of the macro cracks and differentiate between the signals from the cracks and the machine noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article questions the cross-cultural ethnographic insight of metalworking as a male craft, commonly performed in male spaces (workshops) away from female members of society, through the analysis of archaeological evidence for the household-based metal production within multi-gendered and multi-generational households and corresponding but rare ethnographic examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four-membered ruthenium(II) organometallics Ru(η2-RL)(PPh3)2(CO)(Cl) (1) where η2-RL = C6H2O-2-CHNHC6H4R(p)-3-Me-5 and R = CH3 reacts with 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole (Hhpbt) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (Hhpbo) in refluxing ethanol to afford Ru(PPh3)2(CO)(hpbt)Cl (2) and Ru(PPh3)2(CO)(hpbo)Cl (3) respectively in excellent yield. In the course of these reactions, the Ru − C(aryl) bond in 1 is cleaved, and the RL ligand is no longer coordinated with the metal center in the products. The spectral (UV–vis, IR, 1H NMR) and electrochemical data of the complexes are reported. The identity of complex 2 has been established by single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The electronic structure and the absorption spectra of the complexes are scrutinized by DFT and TD-DFT analyses. The complexes were also tested for their ability to exhibit DNA-binding activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Deep learning shows corrosion compounds of unrestored metal heritage assets. • The model learns from microscopic images, based on the expert manual delineation. • A preceding regression model approximates the chemical composition of the artefact. • A semantic segmentation model recognizes and delineates the specific compounds. • The framework is a cost- and time-effective alternative for asset on-site inspection. [Display omitted] The accurate assessment of the material constitution and degradation in newly discovered archaeological artefacts is paramount for the decisions surrounding a thorough treatment of the object during the restoration and conservation stages. The laboratories possess competent experts and complex devices to perform this analysis properly. Nevertheless, a timely hint of an artificial intelligence assistant regarding the chemical composition and corrosion compound localization of a metal asset could save additional time and resources. The present paper proposes such a computational framework based on deep learning techniques that, on the base of its automatic determination of the chemical concentration of the predominant metal from a microscope image, can subsequently independently also recognize and delineate the corrosion spots of the products specific to that metal. The experiments have been performed on iron and copper heritage items from the Oltenia Museum, Romania. The results suggest that, even with an economic training information in terms of microscope images and annotations, the artificial intelligence framework can provide on-site support for an early examination of metal heritage assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching for alternatives to diversification of production facilities that do not require significant material and energy costs is relevant in the face of pressing external factors. One of the promising technological fields of alloy production in metallurgy is the application of aluminothermic processes of remelting of thermite charge consisting of secondary materials (scale, chips of ferrous and nonferrous metals), used to produce a wide range of metal products without significant costs associated with the reequipment of production units. The possibility of controlling the parameters of alloys and properties of the final metal product formed by aluminothermic processes is implemented primarily by reducing the temperature of the metal phase of the melt by introducing inert fillers into the composition of mixtures, as well as holding the melt in the crucible before casting. The chemical composition, structure, and physical and mechanical properties of iron-carbon alloys are significant in forming several operational characteristics. The paper presents experiments aimed at studying the effect of the initial components of thermite charge materials used to produce iron-carbon alloys in aluminothermic processes, as well as the melt holding time in a crucible before casting on the chemical composition, microstructure, hardness, strength indicators, and the fracture characteristics. The focus of experimental investigations is on industrial applications in the metallurgical and machine-building sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the first gold‐catalyzed 1,2‐dicarbofunctionalization of alkynes using organohalides as non‐prefunctionalized coupling partners. The mechanism of the reaction involves an oxidative addition/π‐activation mechanism in contrast to the migratory insertion/cis‐trans isomerization pathway that is predominantly observed with other transition metals yielding products with anti‐selectivity. Mechanistic insights include several control experiments, NMR studies, HR‐MSMS analyses, and DFT calculations that strongly support the proposed mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent synthetic approaches and diverse applications of imidates are presented in this review. These motifs are successfully used as intermediates in organic transformations, such as the synthesis of N‐heterocycles, natural products and metal complexes with a potential catalytic effect. Consequently, many attempts have been made for the development of efficient and facile synthetic methods of imidates in the past few years, as a continuum of previous paths. A wide range of organic compounds can be used as starting materials for these syntheses, including nitriles, isocyanides, amides etc. which through simple and flexible processes are converted to the desired imidates. Herein, an exploration of the recent synthetic routes of imidates and their diverse applications in organic transformations has been categorized and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the first gold‐catalyzed 1,2‐dicarbofunctionalization of alkynes using organohalides as non‐prefunctionalized coupling partners. The mechanism of the reaction involves an oxidative addition/π‐activation mechanism in contrast to the migratory insertion/cis‐trans isomerization pathway that is predominantly observed with other transition metals yielding products with anti‐selectivity. Mechanistic insights include several control experiments, NMR studies, HR‐MSMS analyses, and DFT calculations that strongly support the proposed mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When all inputs are included, energy is over half the cost of manufactured goods. All metal components start as a casting. Metalcasting is the lowest energy, most direct manufacturing line from metallic ores to metal products. The metalcasting industry is the largest recycling body on the planet. However, the metalcasting industry is slow to develop and deploy new products and methods. With Industry 4.0 upon us, we must either "innovate or die." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital transformation brings significant challenges for managing competences. Exploiting digital technologies requires new competences, which need to be combined with existing competences to increase business efficiency and introduce digital innovations. However, competence combination for digital transformation is particularly challenging due to the scale of needed organisational change, conflicts between new and existing operating logics, and employee stress and resistance. Nonetheless, earlier research has neglected the question of how companies approach competence combination for digital transformation. Therefore, we investigated the views of top managers from ten companies in the Finnish machinery and metal products industry for this purpose. Based on an inductive analysis, we identified triggers for digital transformation and developed a managerial framework as a response. We argue that companies can create new transformative competence combinations by engaging in three activities: developing new competencies, promoting competence combination, and enhancing transformational leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of finds relating to metalworking, without evidence of mining and processing facilities, is very limited. In Final Eneolith graves of specialized metallurgists that have occurred, they contain a metal‐founding or metalsmithing toolkit, whose origins were from eastern Europe (the Maykop, Yamnaya Culture). Such metallurgical tools may have reached central Europe as part of the so‐called Yamnaya Package before the onset of the Bee Beaker Culture (BBC); and unlike the Pontic region, these two types of metallurgy separated here. There are found an accumulation of metallurgists' graves in Moravia, where the complete metalworking toolkit is deposited in a predefined place in richly furnished male graves with a distinctive funerary architecture that exhibit a clear relationship to the grave goods. EDX‐analysis detected a high content of metals (Cu, Ag, Au, Au–Ag alloy) on all working surfaces of stone tools, grinders, and boar tusks used for the final treatment of their metal products. This makes us believe that the used artefacts were laid as symbolical objects in the graves of these craftsmen who perfectly knew these advanced technologies. Due to their knowledge, their social significance gradually rose and finally reached the level of social elites, who were usually buried in a spectacular manner, including the quantity of grave goods (Überausstattung) and the pars pro toto deposition in one part of the finds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regioselective cyanation of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones and quinoxalines with acetone cyanohydrin under aqueous aerobic visible‐light conditions at room temperature is described. Acetone cyanohydrin is utilized as a safe source for cyanation. In both cases, good functional group tolerance was observed with very good to quantitative yields of products under metal/base/ligand‐free conditions. Several control experiments revealed that, water and oxygen from air are crucial for the efficiency of the present transformation. These reactions proceed through a radical pathway as confirmed by radical scavengers. To validate the feasibility of the process for commercial syntheses, three products were synthesized at gram scale under the optimized conditions. The conversion of cyanated products into corresponding amides and acid was also performed and the pure products were obtained without column chromatographic separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation delves into the potential of vertical zone refining as an effective purification technique for achieving high-purity tin (Sn) metal. The utilization of vertical zone refining offers distinct advantages over traditional horizontal zone refining, as it allows for enhanced control over the molten zone and solid–liquid interface, ultimately leading to superior impurity separation efficiency. The present study reveals that the solute partition coefficients (k0) of various impurity elements, such as Zn, Ag, Al, Mg, Ca, Ni, In, Co, Cu, As, Pb, Fe, and Bi, during the vertical zone refining process consistently demonstrate values below one. Notably, the partition coefficient of Sb deviates slightly from the others, being greater than one but approaching one. The authors achieve exceptional levels of purity in both the bottom and middle regions of the rod by subjecting the Sn melt to nine passes of vertical zone refining at a heating temperature of 405 °C and a downward pulling rate of 10 µm/s, resulting in purities exceeding 6N4. Furthermore, by evaluating the effective partition coefficients (keff), it was determined that impurity elements, such as Cu and Bi, closely approach their equilibrium partition coefficients, reaching values of approximately 0.492 and 0.327, respectively. To further enhance the purity of Sn metal and maximize product yield, we propose the utilization of electrolytic refining and vacuum distillation, with particular emphasis on the efficient separation of five specific elements, including Cu, Fe, As, Pb, and Sb. By elucidating these findings, this study not only contributes valuable insights into the efficacy of vertical zone refining as a purification technique for high-purity tin metal, but also offers important recommendations for refining strategies and impurity element separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined 3D printing technology including a combination of additive (layer-by-layer) surfacing with electrodynamic treatment of deposited layer was considered. On the basis of mathematical modeling with the use of the Prandtl-Reiss ratio, on the example of aluminium-magnesium AMg6 alloy, the influence of the shape of the indenter for electrodynamic treatment on the distribution of basic parameters and components of the stress-strained state, in particular, the size of the zone of plastic deformations and stresses, depth and width of the contact interaction zone in a metal layer interacting with a roller-indenter moving along the normal to a layer at a speed of 1, 5 and 10 m/s across the thickness of the deposited layer was studied. It was established that the use of a roller with a contact surface, having a shape of a semi-circle, leads to an almost uniform distribution of compression stresses components in the deposited layer, the values of which can reach the yield strength of AMg6 alloy. The results of mathematical modeling give reasons to recommend the use of an electrode in the form of a semicircle (EC) for the development of combined technologies of 3D printing of volumetric metal products, which consist in combination of additive surfacing (WAAM, plasma, microplasma surfacing, etc.) of a volumetric metal product with electrodynamic treatment of each deposited layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the effect of globalization, it is observed that the interaction between the markets of different countries has increased, so the markets and assets are affected by each other on the basis of countries. According to the Modern Portfolio Theory, which was brought to the literature by Harry Markowitz in 1952, it becomes possible to avoid unsystematic risks by investing in different financial assets through diversification. In order to make diversification, it is important to determine the relationships between financial assets. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the existence of volatility spillover between Dollar/TL exchange rate, WTI oil price and selected Borsa Istanbul (BIST) sector indices, and to determine and interpret this effect if there is an interaction. For this purpose, Dollar/TL exchange rate, oil price and daily closing prices of selected Borsa İstanbul (BIST) sector indices (XMESY, XUSIN, XTEKS, XTRZM, XULAS, XGIDA and XU100) between 01.02.2015 and 28.02.2022 were used. According to the results of the DCC-GARCH model used to determine the volatility spillover, while no volatility spillover was detected between WTI oil and XMESY index, it was determined that there was a reciprocal volatility spillover between oil price and other sector indices. Also, one-way from USD/TL exchange rate to BIST Textile & Leather Index and BIST Transportation Index; It was concluded that there is a mutual volatility spillover with BIST Metal Products and Machinery Index, BIST Industrial Index, BIST Tourism Index, BIST Food, Beverage Index and BIST100 index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal retention behaviors of several simulated radiolysis products on zirconium metal were investigated, and it was found that acid phosphate radiolysis product HDEHP has the greatest effect. The effects of extraction nitric acid concentration, simulated radiolysis product concentration, metal concentration, and temperature on the zirconium metal retention behavior were also investigated. The results showed that zirconium metal forms complexes with HDEHP resulting in retention in the organic phase. Nitric acid concentration and metal concentration change the morphology of the metal thus affecting the extraction and metal retention behavior. The temperature has almost no effect on metal retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological textiles are suitable material for radiocarbon dating as they are mainly made of organic matter, such as plant and/or animal fibres. Radiocarbon dating provides objective age estimates of archaeological finds, based on measurements of the carbon-14 isotope present in the organic matter against an internationally used reference standard. However, the quantity and quality of carbon present in the organic matter of archaeological textiles can be affected either by the conditions under which the find was preserved (such as carbonisation, chemical change of organic matter to carbon, and mineralisation, which is the gradual replacement of organic matter by metal degradation products), or by the application of certain interventive methods of conservation (such as, consolidation and the application of organic adhesives that add foreign organic matter/carbon to the textile). Six case studies of archaeological textiles dated using the carbon-14 method are presented here. Two carbonised textile finds, two which were mineralised (one treated with adhesives in the past), and a final two which come from inhumation burials (similar to the textile previously treated with adhesives). This paper includes a discussion and review of the dating method, focusing on sample selection, sample preparation, and by evaluating the efficiency of the technique on textile finds at various states of preservation. This study shows that efficiency of the technique is highly dependable on the amount of carbon present in the finds, which does not seem to be affected by carbonisation, but is greatly affected by mineralisation and the incorporation of foreign organic matter, like synthetic consolidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade is essential to bridge the imbalance between supply and demand of materials along with different nations effectively, especially for critical raw materials such as tungsten that are highly geographically unequally distributed. However, the international trade flows and their complex networks that link those participating nations have remained largely unexplored, which leads to inexplicable concerns for materials' criticality and their supply risks. By integrating the material flow analysis and the complex network analysis, this study traces the global trade flows of tungsten in various forms ranging from primary products to scrap among 223 countries and regions annually from 2000 to 2018 and explores the evolution of participating countries' role involved in international trade networks from both physical and monetary perspectives. We found that (1) there are ~2673 thousand metric tons of tungsten feeding into supply chains globally during the 19 years, and about 96% of tungsten resources are re-allocated from Asia to the high-income regions; (2) the highincome countries gain the potential benefits from both the resources and economic perspectives and they import 72% of tungsten resources in the form of primary and semi-products from developing countries, meanwhile earning 87% of global tungsten trade value by exporting tungsten metal products with high value-added back to those tungsten resources suppliers. Under the growing national interconnections of global tungsten trade networks, this study urges more cooperative actions and targeted supply chain management among the participating countries to secure the tungsten supply and sustainability of the global tungsten cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is based on archaeological materials and is devoted to the study of artistic metal products of Khorezm during the renaissance period. In Khorezm, under the influence of Islamic art of the 10th-11th centuries, the tradition of decorating artistic metal and forms of artistic objects increased, processing techniques and peculiar traditions in their decoration appeared. At the beginning of the XII-XIII centuries, the production of artistic metal products reached a high level. Artistic metal objects of that time bear stylized images of animals (rabbits, beetroots). Also at the same time, the production of zoomorphic artistic metal products will be launched. Of these, items in the form of birds and horses were found in the monuments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive technologies are the generalized name of technologies that associate the manufacture of parts according to the data of a digital model by the method of layer-by-layer adding of material. For the modern industry, additive manufacturing of metal parts of a complex shape is becoming increasingly relevant. The analysis of electric arc, laser and electron beam methods for realization of welding additive technologies as well as evaluation of the prospects and rationality of their use as compared to the alternative mechanical method of manufacturing of metal products was carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of each method as well as areas and features of application were determined. Examples of introduction of these methods in manufacture as well as their use in the composition of complex welding systems are presented. Despite a relatively low energy efficiency of laser additive technologies, they are featured by the highest accuracy of parts manufacturing. Electric arc methods for realization of additive technologies, on the contrary, have the highest energy efficiency, but manufactured parts require additional machining due to a relatively low manufacturing accuracy. A significant prospect in using the plasma-arc method of surfacing for manufacture of metal parts was noted due to a low heat capacity, high efficiency and a large range of consumables. The problems and features of surfacing of multilayered parts were considered. The prospects of using robotic complexes for solving the problems of automation of the processes of additive manufacturing of parts using WAAM technology were determined. The robotic complex on the basis of welding anthropomorphic robot in combination with external axes provides a significant increase in efficiency and flexibility of additive manufacturing, and additional equipment of the complex with the system of technical vision allows increasing the accuracy of WAAM of parts manufacturing. 29 Ref., 8 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing demand for structural materials with a set of unique characteristics, enabling the use of products under increased mechanical loads, elevated temperatures or chemically aggressive environments, is becoming a global trend in the industry, and especially in the field of metal-intensive manufacturing. These materials include intermetallic compounds based on metal aluminides. Materials of this nature are widely used as coatings to increase the service life of the products, reduce their weight and consumption of alloying materials. However, low ductility of such materials determines their low demand for products designed for use under the impact or alternating loads. The paper analyzes advantages and dis-advantages of intermetallic materials containing aluminum, modern methods of their use, and prospects for extending their applicability for the production of new metal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxic metals in cosmetic products can lead to serious health problems among consumers. Skin lightening cosmetics are popular among women who may be unaware of prevalence of toxic metals in such products. Purpose: This study assessed the content of toxic metals in cosmetic products imported into Botswana. There are currently no regulations in Botswana governing maximum contaminants limits for contaminants such as metal ions in cosmetic products. Research Design: Sample analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid sample digestion. Results: Total concentrations of metals were in the order Pb > Ni > Cr > As. The concentrations of metals analysed were in the range of 45.75-193.60; 2.99-9.50; 3.32-7.41 and 1.95-4.52 mg/kg for Pb, Ni, Cr and As respectively. The concentrations of Pb in all 14 samples exceeded the maximum impurity level of 10 mg/kg in cosmetics as per the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). Concentrations of Ni, As and Cr were also higher than the set US FDA limits in some cosmetic samples under study. A human health risk assessment was conducted using hazard quotient, average daily intake and health risk index. A hazard quotient of greater than one was determined for Pb (HQ ~ 177.0-749.2) in all 14 cosmetic samples investigated indicating potential adverse effects to human health. Conclusion: Overall results of total concentration and health risk assessment indicate that cosmetic products imported into Botswana are harmful to consumers. Therefore, quality control measures should be enforced to ensure metal concentrations in facial cosmetic products do not exceed regulatory limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination of milk and its products with heavy metals has toxic and dangerous effects on human health. This study aimed to determine the heavy metal concentration and health risk assessment resulting from them in four different brands of Pasteurized milk consumed in Gorgan city, Iran. This study was performed during three seasons (summer, autumn and winter). Sixty different samples of pasteurized milk of four common brands were selected and analysed. Samples were digested in the laboratory by using nitric acid method digestion, and the heavy metal concentration was measured by using the linear regression based on the height of the peaks of the voltammograms. Also, health risk assessment was analysed by Oracle® Crystal Ball. According to the results, the overall mean (n = 60) concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in all of the analysed milk samples was 0.02, 0.023, 0.97 and 4.31 µg/g, respectively. Based on these results, about 67% had Pb content lower than the codex limits, almost 70% of all milk samples had Cd content higher than the permissible limit, and Cu concentration in all milk samples was under the mentioned permissible limits. Zn concentrations in all samples were exceeded the permissible limits. HRI values in adults and children via consumption of pasteurized milk in all of the analysed samples were within the safe limits (HRI < 1). Based on these findings, monitoring of contaminants in milk and other dairy products prevented the probably side effects of these heavy metals on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of heavy metals to products during food processing forms serious health concerns. The impact of cultured‐cream butter washing with hydrogen‐rich water (HRW) on the deaccumulation of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), antimony (Sb), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in butter was evaluated. Raw cultured‐cream butter was washed with ordinary water or HRW prepared with molecular hydrogen (H2) and magnesium (Mg). While ordinary water‐washed butter samples exhibited an increase in As (7%), Cd (62%), and Pb (206%) and a decrease in Sb (26%) and Hg (17%) levels, HRW samples showed a decrease in As, Cd, Sb, and Hg levels ranged between 14 and 74% except for Pb that increased by only 29% (Mg) and 3% (H2). The proposed method is a green and eco‐friendly strategy to solve the transfer problem of heavy metals to food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors review a technology that combines the process of horizontal continuous metal casting with deformation of metal, and describes the principle of operation of the system that implements this technology. The paper provides the results of experimental studies of billets made of aluminum alloy AD1. As shown in the paper, metal products, obtained by casting into a movable wall crystallizer with simultaneous deformation of metal during solidification, have a 40% higher strength and 45% higher ductility compared to metal products obtained by using conventional technologies. The metal products obtained by using the proposed technology are characterized by a fine structure oriented in the direction of billet passing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a modification to the genetic algorithm with greedy agglomerative crossover operator for the problem of scheduling product types at metal or plastic production factory facilities where the goal is to minimize the number of switchings of the product type of the production lines. Similar algorithms with greedy agglomerative crossover for location problems do not use any elitism in the population. For the considered problem which may also be classified as a location problem, elitism in the population implemened in the form of tournament selection plays a positive role. The article also discusses the dependence of the efficiency of the evolutionary algorithm on the size of the population. As our experiments show, the introduction of elitism into such an algorithm enables us to increase both the rate of convergence of the algorithm and the accuracy of the solution. A special aspect chooses an individual with the best value of the objective function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus is critical for the strength of metals; however, in excess it makes the metal product fragile. This leads to quality complaints and financial losses. Phosphorus is finely disseminated in coal and forms part of the coal structure. Despite the use of a coal facility at Morupule, the final product surpasses the maximum limit of 0.02% phosphorus. Reduction of the phosphorus by convectional coal cleaning processes is a challenge due to the mineral associations with the coal structure. Selective mining is the current implemented option at Morupule to attain the low phosphorus production but it is costly and time-consuming. Hence, the aim of the research to investigate coal leaching as a primary method for phosphorus reduction. Hydrochloric acid at 1 Mol concentration was used for 4 hours at room temperature. Sixty-four percent phosphorus removal was achieved resulting in 0.012% residual phosphorus. To improve the rate of reaction, microwave pretreatment was conducted to further reduce the amount of phosphorus in the coal. The effect of phosphorus reduction using 1000 W single-mode cavity was compared to that of the multimode cavity. The optimum processing parameters were 2 minutes and 3 hours leaching time to yield a residual phosphorus of 0.008%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative evaluation of structures and failure provide a more complete and objective ranking of metal product quality and identification of structural causes of its heterogeneity, which is fundamentally important for full implementation of the principle of quality management according to structure. In the practice of digital measurement structure due attention is not always paid to metrological provision. In this connection the work evaluates some metrological factors of structure digital image analysis that affect obtaining objective results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]