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Nanoparticles, due to their extensive production and application, can have significant consequences for the environment, including soil and plant pollution. Therefore, it is very important to assess how nanoparticles will affect plants depending on the exposure pathways. The effect of gold nanoparticles in a concentration range of 1–100 mg/L on Mentha spicata L. during a 28-day experiment was investigated. Two routes of nanoparticles exposure were applied: root and foliar. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize nanoparticles and their effect on plant leaves' ultrastructure. Gold content in soil and plant segments was determined using k0-neutron activation analysis. For root exposure, gold was mainly accumulated in soil (15.2–1769 mg/kg) followed by root systems (2.99–454 mg/kg). The maximum accumulation of gold in leaves (5.49 mg/kg) was attained at a nanoparticle concentration of 100 mg/L. Foliar exposure resulted in the maximum uptake of gold in leaves (552 mg/kg) and stems (18.4 mg/kg) at the highest applied nanoparticle concentration. The effect of nanoparticles on the Mentha spicata L. leaves' biochemical composition was assessed. Nanoparticles affected the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids and led to an increase in antioxidant activity. Root exposure to gold nanoparticles resulted in an increase in the number of starch grains in chloroplasts and also suppressed the activity of the soil microbiota. Gold extraction from mint leaves into herbal infusion varied from 2 to 90% depending on the concentration of nanoparticles in the solution and the exposure route. The health risk as a result of gold exposure via herbal tea intake was assessed through estimated daily intake. The hazard quotient values were found to be less than the cutoff, indicating that a cup of tea infusion should not cause a serious impact to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the green synthesis of biocompatible TiO₂‐based nanoparticles using Mentha suaveolens extract as a reducing and capping agent. We successfully produced two novel nanocomposites: Fe2O3@TiO₂ and CoO@TiO₂. These nanocomposites possess distinct optical properties, enhanced surface area, and well‐defined morphologies, as revealed by advanced characterization techniques. Notably, Fe2O3@TiO₂ exhibits a red‐shifted absorption, suggesting potential for photocatalysis, sensing, or light‐harvesting applications. Furthermore, the nanocomposites displayed improved antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains compared to the M. suaveolens extract, highlighting their potential as effective and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. Our work pioneers a sustainable and one‐step approach for synthesizing versatile TiO2‐based nanocomposites with tunable functionalities. These findings open doors for developing novel materials with applications ranging from enhanced antimicrobial defenses to light‐driven technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, such as E. coli, represent a major human health threat. Due to the critical need to overcome this dilemma, since the drug efflux pump has a vital function in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, we have investigated the potential of Mentha essential oil major constituents (1–19) as antimicrobial agents via their ability to inhibit pathogenic DNA gyrase and, in addition, their potential inhibition of the E. coli AcrB-TolC efflux pump, a potential target to inhibit MDR pathogens. The ligand docking approach was conducted to analyze the binding interactions of Mentha EO constituents with the target receptors. The obtained results proved their antimicrobial activity through the inhibition of DNA gyrase (1kzn) with binding affinity ΔG values between −4.94 and −6.49 kcal/mol. Moreover, Mentha EO constituents demonstrated their activity against MDR E. coli by their ability to inhibit AcrB-TolC (4dx7) with ΔG values ranging between −4.69 and −6.39 kcal/mol. The antimicrobial and MDR activity of Mentha EOs was supported via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the key amino acid residues at the binding site of the active pocket of the targeted receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic and medicinal plants release volatile allelochemicals which influence the organisms in their environment. A pot culture experiment was conducted to determine the phytotoxic activity of essential oil emulsions (EOEs) of Mentha piperita L., Chrysopogon zizanioides L., Mentha arvensis L. and Pelargonium graveolens L. with two herbicides (clodinafof-propargyl 15 % WP and sulfo sulfuran 75 % WG) on growth and physiological parameters of Avena fatua L. (wild oat) and on soil enzyme activities. Post-emergence application of EOEs and chemical herbicide were applied on 5-week old A. fatua plants. We found that several EOEs with varying concentrations and chemical herbicides reduced (p ≤ 0.05) the A. fatua plant growth (shoot length, root length, fresh and dry weight of plant), physiological parameters and also affected the post-harvest soil enzyme activities and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC). Chlorophyll content was considerably decreased, but increased proline accumulation and electrolyte leakage in A. fatua plants indicating membrane rupture and loss of integrity. Since essential oils interfere with plant growth and physiological processes and have exceptional inhibitory effects on the A. fatua plant, the allelochemicals present in these donor plants may be used as active ingredients to develop natural herbicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New functional food products with health benefits are currently in high demand among health‐conscious consumers. The present research aims to improve the functional properties of yogurt by adding peppermint hydroethanolic extract (PHE) at different doses. The impact of PHE (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) on yogurt was studied for acidity, pH, organoleptic quality, antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, and fatty acid profile. The results revealed that PHE is rich in phenolic compounds, of which rosmarinic acid was the main one (339.88 mg/g lyophilized extract) and has considerable antioxidant potential, which remarkably (p <.01) increased antioxidant capacity in yogurt by over 39.51%, even at a low dose of 2%, giving the product better protection against lipid peroxidation and preserving its physicochemical and sensory quality. At 4%, PHE increased significantly (p <.01) the content of omega‐3 fatty acids, notably alpha‐linolenic acid, in fortified yogurt compared with the control, and reduced (p <.01) the ratio of omega‐6/omega‐3, which dropped from 5.21 to 4.11. It looks feasible to prepare a yogurt with health‐giving properties by adding Mentha piperita hydroethanolic extract at a concentration of up to 4% as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants, which would also extend its shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Herb shops are important for preparing medicinal plants. Improper packaging can lead to contamination of these plants by various types of microorganisms, fungi and yeasts. Objective This study aims to investigate the prevalence of microbial and fungal contamination in four plants from the Lamiaceae family in herb shops in Rasht, Iran. Methods In this study, 15 samples from mint, rosemary, and wild mint plants, and 16 samples from lemon balm were collected. The samples were diluted and incubated for one hour, then transferred onto Tryptic soy agar culture medium for bacterial enumeration. The sabouraud dextrose agar culture medium was used to count total mold and yeast, while McConkey Broth culture medium was used for specific identification of Escherichia coli. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 16. For comparing the bacterial and fungal contamination levels in the plant samples with the Pharmacopeial quality standard values, the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. Results Out of 61 plant samples, 59 (73.7%) were contaminated with bacteria, and 60 samples (86.6%) were contaminated with fungi. The number of samples contaminated with Escherichia coli was 27 (44.2%). The mean counts of bacteria and fungi in the plant samples were 3.39×105 and 6.3×105, respectively. Conclusion The microbial contamination in most of the plant samples examined in this study is significantly higher than the permissible limit. It is necessary for health authorities to implement stricter policies for monitoring the quality of natural products in herb shops of Rasht, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concentrates on assessing the insecticidal attributes of the γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles derived from the remnants of Mentha pulegium, which include essential oil, ethanolic extract, and plant waste. The synthesis of the γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles was executed using a direct sol-gel procedure, affirming the crystal structure according to extensive physicochemical analyses such as UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Evaluation of the insecticidal activity in vitro was conducted against Xylosandrus crassiusculus, a pest that infests carob wood, utilizing strains from diverse forests in the Khenifra region, situated in the Moroccan Middle Atlas. The lethal doses 50 ranged from 40 mg/g to 68 mg/g, indicating moderate effectiveness compared to the commercial insecticide Permethrin. Optimization of the conditions for the efficiency of the γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles was determined using experimental plans, revealing that time, humidity, and temperature were influential factors in the lethal dose 50 of these nanomaterials. Moreover, this study encompasses the establishment of correlations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC) among various geographic, biological, and physical data, amalgamating geographic altitude and γ-Al2O3 nanoparticle insecticide parameters, as well as the attributes of the mechanical tests conducted on the carob wood affected by insects. The correlations highlight the close connections between the effectiveness of the insecticide, mountain altitude, and the mechanical parameters that were examined. Ultimately, these nanoparticles demonstrate promising potential as alternative insecticides, thus opening up encouraging prospects for safeguarding against carob wood pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Neonicotinoids (NEOs) are used for the phytosanitary treatment of Mentha Spicata.L crops, and this practice requires precise control of these harmful substances at very low concentrations. Objective The objective of this study is to apply an approach allowing simultaneously validation and evaluation of measurement uncertainty based on total error methodology, in order to accurately quantify the presence of two NEOs in Mentha Spicata.L utilizing a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS)–LC–MS/MS methodology. Methods  The quantification of imidacloprid and acetamiprid employing a QuEChERS extraction method, coupled with LC–MS/MS, ensuring the accuracy of the analytical method and managing the risks associated with its routine use. A complete and exhaustive validation approach based on the "β-content, γ-confidence" tolerance interval was used for the uncertainty assessment, using the generalized pivot quantity (GPQ) concept and Monte Carlo simulation, which avoids the need for additional data while achieving intermediate precision for each concentration level within predetermined acceptable limits. Results The validation procedure is based on the choice of a quadratic model for the two NEOs, allowing the validation of acetamiprid and imidacloprid by LC–MS/MS assay within the range of working concentration. The flexibility of the uncertainty profile intervals was demonstrated with a variation in β-content values (66.7, 80, and 90%) and risk values (10 and 5%), which remained within the acceptability limits of 20%, and the relative expanded uncertainty did not exceed 15 and 11%. Conclusion A QuEChERS–LC–MS/MS method for the analysis of two NEOs has been successfully fully validated using the uncertainty profile strategy. Highlights Implementation of an overall validation strategy, which involves both the validation and uncertainty assessment known as the uncertainty profile, for the quantification of two important NEOs in Mentha Spicata.L using QuEChERS–LC–MS/MS. This qualimetric approach has been conducted by computing the measurement uncertainty of the method utilizing data from analytical validation under conditions of intermediate precision at each level of concentration without additional effort. After that we have demonstrated the flexibility of this strategy for the LC–MS/MS quantification of acetamiprid and imidacloprid, using a decision tool that enables the choice and modification of β-content and γ-confidence values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In ruminants, fibrous feedstuffs must be included in the ration to ensure normal rumen physiology and to prevent the occurrence of rumen‐related metabolic diseases. In addition to being a source of fibrous feedstuffs, they contain energy depending on the level of digestion and protein, minerals, fatty acids, minerals, and secondary compounds. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the nutrient matter, fatty acid, mineral and in vitro rumen fermentation values of the pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) plant. Methods: The pennyroyal plant samples were collected at different phenological stages (vegetative, full flowering, and seed bulking) from the natural meadow. The samples were analysed for core nutrients, condensed tannins, minerals, fatty acids, and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters. Results: The calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) contents and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters (total gas production and methane production, organic matter digestion (OMd), and the ammonia‐nitrogen) decreased with increasing phenological stage (p < 0.05). The percentages of linoleic, α‐linolenic, ω‐3, ω‐6 and polyunsaturated fatty (PUFA) acids of the pennyroyal plant linearly increased with the phenological stages (p < 0.05). However, butyric acid (BA) concentration in the in vitro ruminal fermentation fluid in the full flowering stage was lower than that of other stages (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Pennyroyal plant is a functional plant in terms of high values of ether extract (EE), α‐linolenic acid, linoleic acid, ∑ω‐3 fatty acids, Ca, Fe and Zn contents. For this plant to be used as animal feed, the stage when it has the highest values for Ca, Mg, S and Zn minerals and in vitro OMd were vegetative and full flowering. The stage with good potential as animal feed for ∑ω‐3 and ∑ω‐6 fatty acids and core nutrients (CP and EE) is the seed bulking stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phytopathogenic fungi remain the main infectious agents in plants, causing severe damage to the environment and human health. Thus, to reduce the usage of synthetically derived fungicides and perform agricultural crop production, the search for new control strategies including plant extracts constitutes an eco-friendly and safe alternative. Objectives: This study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents of the three plant (Mentha pulegium L., Mentha spicata L., and Mentha longifolia L.) extracts and to screen their phytochemical composition including total phenolic (TPC), flavonoids (TFC) and condensed tannins contents (TCTC), and to evaluate their antioxidant activities. The efficacy of all mint extracts will be investigated against phytopathogenic fungal species. Materials and Methods: The three plant extracts were screened to assess their total phenolic, flavonoids, and condensed tannin contents using spectrophotometric assays. The antioxidant activities include 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene assays. The antifungal activities were investigated on phytopathogenic species including Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Trichoderma sp. Results: Quantitative analyses of phytochemical constituents of Mentha genus extracts revealed that both ethyl acetate (EtAc) and chloroformic (Chl) extracts are a rich source of phenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Ethyl acetate extract of M. longifolia (EtAc L) displayed the highest content of phenols (69.9 ± 1.35 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (53.26 ± 2.11 mg CE/g DW), while M. pulegium ethyl acetate extract (EtAc P) has the highest condensed tannins content (2.13 ± 0.4 mg CE/g DW). Moreover, the tested extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activities at low concentrations for EtAc L, followed by M. spicata (EtAc S), and EtAc P (IC50 = 35.76 ± 1.32 µg/mL for scavenging DPPH free radicals; EC50 527.96 ± 5.45 µg/mL for FRAP, and IC50 = 106.3 ± 3.75 µg/mL for β-carotene bleaching test). Finally, all tested extracts were able to inhibit the growth of several phytopathogenic micro-organisms on both agar and broth media. Conclusion: The Mentha extracts derived from the three mint species (i.e., L, P, and S) could be used for their antifungal activities to provide sustainable crop pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant worldwide cultivated for highvalue essential oil. It comes under angiospermic plant and belongs to family Lamiaceae commonly known as Japanese mint. The high-value essential oil is obtained from the stem and leaf of plant by the process of hydro-distillation through which major ingredient L-menthol is obtained that is used in aroma and pharmaceutical industries. This investigation aimed to reduce water requirements which can enhance its productivity for sustaining menthol mint cultivation in India. The present investigation has been undertaken as treatment combination which includes two varieties viz. i) Kosi and CIM-Kranti; three depths of soil moisture viz. i) 3 cm, ii) 6 cm and iii) 9 cm along with three moisture regimes, i.e., i) 20±5%, ii) 40±5%, and 60±5% available soil moisture (ASM) were tested in split-split plot design during 2018 and 2019 (from February to June). Results from the present study revealed that the maximum oil yield was recorded 116.78 kg ha-1in cv. Kosi and 107.23 kg ha-1 in cv. for CIM-Kranti, whereas menthol yield was recorded 89.23 kg ha-1in cv. Kosi and 85.13 kg ha-1in cv. CIM-Kranti under 6 cm depth of irrigation when applied irrigation at 40±5% available soil moisture (ASM) in menthol mint. However, the lowest water requirement was recorded 118 mm in cv. Kosi and 148 mm in cv. CIM-Kranti. The highest water use efficiency was recorded 0.61 in cv. Kosi and 0.51 kg oil ha-1 mm-1 in cv. CIM- Kranti under 3 cm depth of irrigation and when irrigations were applied at 20±5 % ASM. The highest net returns of $ 1140.91 ha-1 and $ 989.70 ha-1 have been recorded in Kosi and CIM-Kranti, respectively were computed at 6 cm depth of irrigation and when irrigations were applied at 40±5% available soil moisture as compared with other treatments. The irrigation depth (6 cm) applied at 40±5% ASM was found to be a perfect combination for obtaining maximum oil yield, water use efficiency, net returns, and benefit-cost ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal fertilizer concentration for Mentha plants is contingent on the growing systems and harvest time, serving as operational solutions to control and enhance quality and yield. This study aimed to determine the effects of three macronutrients concentration in hydroponic nutrient solution (HNS) during three harvest times on the growth, quality, yield, and shelf life of three mint species (M. spicata L. var. viridis (MV); M. piperita L. (MP); M. spicata L. var. rubra (MR)) grown in a New Growing System (NGS®). Total dry matter (DM), nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO43−), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentrations were increased with the addition of higher levels of nutrient fertilization in three species. When the ion concentration of the HNS was increased, total fresh yield decreased. The highest total bacterial count (TBC) was obtained in MR species in the three harvests in all the levels of HNS. The lowest browning potential (BP) and soluble o-quinone (So-Q) levels were observed at second harvest in the MR species with the application of one of the two HNS high in nitrogen (N). In conclusion, the combination of optimal HNS ion concentration and appropriate species is considered essential to obtain suitable yield, quality, and ensure shelf life of mint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Cultivation and naturalization of plants beyond their natural range can bring previously geographically isolated taxa together, increasing the opportunity for hybridization, the outcomes of which are not predictable. Here, we explored the phenotypic and genomic effects of interspecific gene flow following the widespread cultivation of Mentha spicata (spearmint), M. longifolia, and M. suaveolens. Methods: We morphologically evaluated 155 herbarium specimens of three Mentha species and sequenced the genomes of a subset of 93 specimens. We analyzed the whole genomes in a population and the phylogenetic framework and associated genomic classifications in conjunction with the morphological assessments. Results: The allopolyploid M. spicata, which likely evolved in cultivation, had altered trichome characters, that is possibly a product of human selection for a more palatable plant or a byproduct of selection for essential oils. There were signs of genetic admixture between mints, including allopolyploids, indicating that the reproductive barriers between Mentha species with differences in ploidy are likely incomplete. Still, despite gene flow between species, we found that genetic variants associated with the cultivated trichome morphology continue to segregate. Conclusions: Although hybridization, allopolyploidization, and human selection during cultivation can increase species richness (e.g., by forming hybrid taxa), we showed that unless reproductive barriers are strong, these processes can also result in mixing of genes between species and the potential loss of natural biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Mentha spp. is an aromatic herb from the family 'Lamiaceae'. It is extensively predominant in temperate and sub-temperate regions of the world. The essential oil of this species is enriched with broad aroma constituents extensively utilized in food, beverages, flavor, cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceutical enterprises. With the global menthol market size estimated to be worth USD 765 million in 2022, India (accompanied by China and Brazil) is the world's primary manufacturer, consumer, and exporter of Mentha oil. Despite prominent global demand, the crucial bottleneck in mint cultivation is the need for more superior commercial cultivars. Predominant vegetative propagation mode with difficulties in manual emasculation, differential blooming times, sterile/sub-sterile hybrids, and low seed viability are the primary containment in creating genetic variability by classical breeding approaches. Therefore, genetic complications encountered in conventional breeding have led the breeders to apply mutation breeding as an alternative crop improvement approach in Mentha spp. These attempts at mutation breeding have produced some distinctive mutants as genetic pools for plant breeding programs, and some novel mutant mint cultivars have been made available for commercial cultivation. The prime strategy in mutation-based breeding has proven an adept means of encouraging the expression of recessive genes and producing new genetic variations. The present review comprises a significant contribution of mutation breeding approaches in the development of mutant mint species and its effects on physiological variation, photosynthetic pigment, essential oil content and composition, phytochemical-mediated defense response, pathogen resistivity, and differential expression of genes related to terpenoid biogenesis. Development and diversification have led to the release of varieties, namely Todd's Mitcham, Murray Mitcham, Pranjal, Tushar, and Kukrail in M. piperita L., Mukta, and Pratik in M. cardiaca Baker, Neera in M. spicata L., Kiran in M. citrata Ehrh., and Rose mint in M. arvensis L. that have revolutionized and uplifted mint cultivation leading to economic gain by the farmers and entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the presence of potential human pathogenic bacteria, bacterial load, and their incidence in ready‐to‐eat leafy greens viz., coriander, lettuce, and mint leaves sold at diverse marketplaces in Dhaka City. Multiple identification methods including cultural, morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis were employed in the Plant Pathology Laboratory of Sher‐e‐Bangla Agricultural University to identify the human pathogenic bacteria. In molecular analysis, the DNA samples were put through PCR using bacterial primer 27F: AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTGAG and universal primer 1942R: CGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT. Initially, nine different bacterial genera viz. Bacillus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Shigella, Vibrio, and Staphylococcus were detected, and their incidence was 93%, 67%, 44%, 30%, 26%, 26%, 11%, 7%, and 7% respectively. A total of twelve bacteria have been identified from these genera out of which 7 bacteria viz. Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella spp., were reported as human pathogenic bacteria in several pieces of literature. The highest colony‐forming units per gram were shown in mint (4.27 ± 2.35 × 109) followed by lettuce (2.87 ± 0.76 × 109) and coriander (2.43 ± 1.32 × 109). Considering marketplaces, the highest colony‐forming units per gram were observed in the samples of street markets (5.0 ± 1.72 × 109) and the lowest was in supermarkets (1.87 ± 0.46 × 109) followed by local markets (2.7 ± 0.91 × 109). All the leafy green samples crossed the acceptable level of bacterial load (106 CFU/g). The findings of the study highlight the urgency for improved food safety protocols in their production and distribution in Dhaka city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from three plants, namely Salvia officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, and Mentha pulegium, along with their insecticidal activities and feeding deterrence against Plodia interpunctella, were investigated. The chemical composition of S. officinalis essential oil was majorly dominated by α-thujone (26.99%) and camphor (25.50%); on the other hand, limonene (66.12%), eucalyptol (66.12%), and camphor (14.31%) were the major compounds of L. angustifolia essential oil whereas for M. pulegium EO a dominance of pulegone (83.06%) was attained. M. pulegium essential oil showed important contact toxicity (100%) at 3 hours of exposure with the 0.25 μL/cm2 concentration, followed by S. officinalis and L. angustifolia with 90% of mortality reported with the highest concentration of 0.50% within 3 hours. A relative growth rate (RGR) of 0.08 mg/mg/day and -0.31 mg/mg/day was recorded with S. officinalis and M. pulegium oils, respectively, with the highest concentration of 32 μL/pellet. With L. angustifolia the lowest RGR of -0.08 mg/mg/day was attained with the 16 μl/pellet concentration. The food deterrence index experienced an increase to 89% with S. officinalis and L. angustifolia oils for the three concentrations; with M. pulegium, 68.18% was recorded with the 32 μL/pellet. In conclusion, this study suggests that these essential oils could potentially serve as an effective contact toxicant and a potent eco-friendly inhibitory of the feeding behavior of Plodia interpunctella larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha arvensis L. (family Lamiaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants and India is the largest producer of Mentha oil in the world, contributing about 80% of the total global production followed by China (9%), Brazil (7%) and the USA (4%). However, this crop suffers quantitative and qualitative losses due to the wilt and leaf spot diseases caused by the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata, respectively; therefore, an attempt has been made for the management of these fungal pathogens. The citronella essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation method (Clevenger, 1928). The oil thus extracted was used for in vitro antifungal efficacy against the both fungi F. oxysporum and A. alternata, using poison food technique. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the citronella oil against F. oxysporum and A. alternata was 1.0 μL/mL; however, it was cidal in nature at 1.2 μL /mL and 1.5 μL/mL against both fungi, respectively. Further, phytochemical characterization of citronella oil was done using GC/GC-MS. Gas chromatographic analysis of the citronella oil revealed 18 phytoconstituents which were identified by retention indices aided with NIST-MS database. The major constituents of essential oil were citronellal (28.78%), geraniol (26.31%), citronellol (12.90%), geranial (9.85%), and neral (7.9%). The findings of the current study show that citronella oil could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides, after detailed investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research focused on assessing essential oils (MSEO) and aqueous extracts (MSAE) derived from M. subtomentella leaves, with a primary focus on evaluating their properties. From 1 kg of leaves, we successfully obtained 18 mL of essential oil. Upon conducting GC/MS analysis, we identified eleven compounds within the oil, collectively accounting for 100% of the constituents identified. Notably, the predominant compounds in the leaf oil were p-Menth-48) -en-3-one (50.48%), 9-Ethylbicyclo (3.3.1) nonan-9-ol (10.04%) (E)-3,3-Dimethyl-delta-1, alpha-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde (8.53%), and D-Limonene (7.22%). Furthermore, utilizing HPLC/DAD, we explored the phenolic profile of MSAE, extracted through decoction. This analysis revealed the presence of fifty-eight compounds, with five major components collectively constituting 61% of the total compounds identified, rosmarinic acid as the major one. We evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness of the MSEO against ten different strains, observing its notable efficacy against A. Niger (MIC = 0.09%), P. digitatum (MIC = 0.5%), and G. candidum (MIC = 1%). However, the essential oil demonstrated comparatively lower efficacy against bacteria than fungi. In contrast, the MSAE did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity against the tested strains. Regarding antioxidant activity, the aqueous extract displayed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity than the essential oil, which exhibited relatively lower antioxidant activity. The IC50 values were determined to be 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/mL, 0.17 ± 0.01 mg/mL, and 13% ± 0.01% (V/V), for ascorbic acid MSAE and MSEO, respectively. We used a computational method called molecular docking to investigate how certain plant compounds affect antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. This involved analyzing the interactions between these compounds and specific protein targets known for their roles in these activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the methanol extract of Mentha arvensis (MMA) was assessed for anticancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and the metabolomic profiling was determined using LC-HRMS analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic activity analysis showed that MMA inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells and the IC50 value was determined to be 56.5 μg mL−1. The morphological analysis clearly showed that MMA generates oxidative stress, damaging the mitochondrial membrane and nuclear components of the breast cancer cells. MMA also arrests the cell populations at the G2/M phase and persuades late apoptosis in the MDA-MB-231 cells. western blot analysis displayed that MMA downregulates inflammatory proteins, such as IL-1β and caspase 1, and upregulates the expression of intrinsic apoptosis signaling proteins, such as Bax, p53, and caspase 3, in the MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The LC-HRMS analysis showed the presence of 76 compounds in MMA, which were identified using the fragmentation analysis. MMA could be an excellent anticancer agent against triple-negative breast cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the lipophilic solvent (n‐hexane) extraction, steam distillation (SD) and supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SC–CO2) methods were used to extract the volatile components of Mentha asiatica Boriss. Comparisons were made between the extraction yield, chemical component and biological activity. Gas chromatography quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC–QTOF–MS) and semi‐quantitative analysis of chemical contents by flame ionization detector (GC–FID) were used to study the chemical ingredients in Mentha asiatica Boriss. aromatic extract. The oil extract obtained from lipophilic solvent (n‐hexane) extraction (1.27 ± 0.03%, w/W) showed the highest yield, followed by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (1.15 ± 0.04%, w/W), the extraction rate of SD was (0.37 ± 0.01%，w/W). The oil extract of Mentha asiatica Boriss. contained a total of 70 components that were identified. In the following, the primary volatile compounds of the essential oil produced using the three extraction techniques: α‐thujene, camphene, sabinene, β‐pinene, β‐cymene, limonene, β‐terpinene, camphol, α‐terpinene, carvenone, carvone, piperitone oxide, thymol, myrtenyl acetate, dihydrojasmone, caryophyllene, germacrene D and caryophyllene oxide. Findings from this study indicate that the three methods of essential oil extraction produced oils with varying antioxidant capacities against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, all of the essential oils simultaneously showed clear inhibitory actions. Response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box–Benhnken design with three factors and three levels were both utilized to optimize the distillation process of essential oils. The appropriate extraction parameters were a 3 h extraction period, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:10 and a 3 h soaking time. The highest yield of essential oil was 0.38%. The impact of extraction parameters on essential oil yield was examined using the SD method. The findings indicated that the main factors affecting the yield of volatile oil extracted by SD were soaking time > ratio of solid to liquid > extraction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha arvenis (Mint), Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Indian bay leaf), and Cinnamomum tamala (fenugreek) were studied for trace elements using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Highest concentrations of Mn, Na and were quantified in Mint, Ca and Cl in bay leaves while fenugreek was found to be rich in Al, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Rb, Sc and Sr. K/Na ratios of greater than 1 predict the suitability of use of these herbs by hypertensive subjects. When compared with the recommended dietary allowance for an adult it was seen that most of the measured elements are essential in our daily diet and therefore these herbs have nutrient value. The results obtained were also compared with the literature values. Toxic elements (As, Hg, Sb and Se) were found to be below the very low detection limits, for INAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In desert environments, the date palm is a vital component of the oasis ecosystem. Despite its importance to the local community and the national economy, date palm agriculture in Algeria faces a number of challenges. One of the biggest obstacles is infectious diseases, such as the fungus Mauginiella scaettae's date palm inflorescence rot. While fungicides play an important role in controlling this disease, their use can have negative consequences for human health and the environment due to the presence of residues. In the context of this growth, there is an increasing interest in moving from pesticides to ecologically benign disease management methods. Thus, it is necessary to study innovative methods for the effective and safe control of inflorescence rot. Due to their antifungal qualities, it appears that using the essences of some aromatic and medicinal herbs is one of the most efficient methods for preventing fungal illnesses. In this regard, the latest research evaluates the efficacy of an alternative technique to synthetic fungicides, specifically the examination of Mentha pulegium essential oils' antifungal activity "in vitro". Therefore, the purpose of this research consisted of the identification of chemical components involved in Mentha pulegium as well as investigation of its possible antifungal activity against Mauginiella scaettae. In vitro testing was done to determine the antifungal effects of volatile oil at selected doses (0.25, 0.5, and 1) µl/ml against Mauginiella scaettae. The obtained data show a yield of 0.99 ± 0.041% for the essential oil. Seventeen components were identified in the essential oil studied. Isomenthone (19.31%), Thymol (11.39%), Piperenone (5.37%), Piperitone (3.04%), and p-Menthan-3-one (4.76%) are the principal constituents detected. The results demonstrated a considerable influence on mycelial growth, with inhibition rates ranging from 92.90 ± 12.28% to 100%. In addition, it was discovered that the essential oil concentration of 0.5µl/ml totally eliminated pathogen growth. This concentration was also the MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) of Mauginiella scaettae. Our investigation revealed that Mentha pulegium essential oil possesses antifungal efficacy against the pathogen examined. It can, therefore, be utilized as an alternate antifungal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mints (Mentha L., Lamiaceae) are medicinal plants frequently used in pharmacy, cosmetics, and food industry. Among the secondary metabolites found in mint, rosmarinic acid is one of the most abundant in the whole plant. Rosmarinic acid is known as a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. There is much information about the use and profile of secondary metabolites of mint's aerial parts. On the contrary, less is known about the secondary metabolites in the rhizomes. So, this research intended to determine the content of rosmarinic acid in the underground parts of 10 species of the genus Mentha, section Mentha. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was used to identify and determine rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid was detected in all 10 species. The highest amount was found in Mentha × piperita L. "BULHARSKA 1" and Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. The lowest content of rosmarinic acid was found in Mentha arvensis L., and a slightly higher content was measured in Mentha × piperita L. The underground parts of mints seem to be an interesting source of natural antioxidants such as rosmarinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of mint leaf ethanolic extract and basil leaf ethanolic extracts. The extract with highest bioactivities further applied as a preservative on squid mantle cut (SMC) to extend the shelf-life during refrigerated storage. Mint and basil leaves ethanolic extracts denoted as mint leaf ethanolic extract (ME) and basil leaf ethanolic extract (BE), respectively, were prepared using ethanol at varying concentrations as extracting media. To improve color, dechlorophyllization of all three mint leaf ethanolic extracts (MEs) and three basil leaf ethanolic extracts (BEs) was accomplished by sedimentation process, where chlorophyll contents were reduced. Among all extracts, total phenolic, flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were higher in ME-80 (ME using 80% ethanol with decholorophyllization) (P < 0.05). Linarin, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin and caffeic acid were the major phenolic compounds in ME-80. When ME-80 (0, 200 and 400 mg L-1) was applied by introducing the known amount of extracts dissolved in minimum volume of distilled water directly on squid mantle cut (SMC) and mixing thoroughly, SMC treated with 400 mg L-1 ME-80 (SMC-400) showed lower pH, total volatile base content (TVB), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and microbial load than other samples during refrigerated storage of 9 days (P < 0.05). Hence, SMC-400 had a shelf-life of 6 days, whilst the control could be stored for only 3 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many individuals exhibit a proclivity towards integrating healthful and functional regimens into their everyday dietary patterns. Within the realm of food products, beverages offer a fitting choice for infusing them with bioactive compounds. Sugarcane juice, a pleasantly sweet and invigorating beverage, has garnered notable interest in recent times owing to its nutritional merits. The primary objective of this study was to examine the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of sugarcane juice and subsequently optimize the formulation of a functional beverage centered on this ingredient. To optimize the formulation of the aforementioned beverage, the response surface methodology and a Box-Behnken design were employed. Lemon juice (in amounts of 0, 3, and 6 mL), turmeric (in amounts of 0, 0.3, and 0.6 g), and peppermint extract (in amounts of 0, 250, and 500 μL) were incorporated per 100 μL of sugarcane juice. The dependent variables examined in this research encompassed pH, acidity, soluble solids, turbidity, color indices, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, and overall acceptance. The outcomes of the study revealed notable trends. As the quantity of lemon juice increased, acidity, turbidity, L* index, b* index, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and overall acceptance displayed an upward trajectory. Conversely, pH, soluble solids, and a* index exhibited a decline. Moreover, increasing the quantity of turmeric resulted in a marginal increase in soluble solids, b* index, and total phenolic compounds, while causing a reduction in antioxidant activity and overall acceptance of the samples. Furthermore, an increase in the amount of peppermint extract yielded elevated levels of turbidity, a* and b* indices, total phenolic compounds, and overall acceptance of the beverages. However, this increase also led to a decrease in soluble solids and L* index. In conclusion, the optimal composition for the sugarcane juice-based beverage consisted of 6 mL of lemon juice, 0.2 g of turmeric, and 418 μL of peppermint extract. This particular formulation demonstrated superior physicochemical properties and garnered the highest overall acceptance among the samples evaluated. Therefore, it can be recommended as a health-promoting beverage within the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds into edible oils has limitations such as rapid release of phenolic compounds, low solubility, low penetration, low accessibility, and rapid degradation by environmental compounds. To solve this problem, the nano‐encapsulation process is offering promising opportunities. In this research, for the first time, the phenolic extract of Mentha aquatica was nano‐encapsulated in nano‐emulsions coated with chitosan, Lepidium perfoliatum gum (LPG), and complex of chitosan and LPG (CCL) (1:1 ratio). Based on various tests (particle size measurement, ζ‐potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency index, and intensity curve), the LPG coating was the most optimum option for nano‐encapsulation compared to the other coatings. Thus, the LPG‐assisted nano‐encapsulated phenolic extract of M. aquatica was used to improve the oxidative stability of canola oil at three concentrations (100, 200, and 300 ppm). The results of peroxide value and anisidine index tests (as initial and secondary oxidation indicators, respectively) showed that the nano‐encapsulation improved the antioxidant effect of M. aquatica when compared with free extract in canola oil. In a comparative approach, the best sample was obtained from the LPG‐assisted nano‐encapsulated extract (200 ppm) due to the release of more phenolic compounds. The findings from this study showcase how nano‐encapsulation enhances the efficacy of antioxidants in edible oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different cultivation systems (soil cultivation, hydroponic cultivation in greenhouse conditions, and hydroponic vertical cultivation in plant factory under different LED lights) and foliar spraying of nano calcium carbonate on pennyroyal plants. Nano calcium carbonate was applied to the plants at a 7-day interval, three times, one month after planting. Results showed that the greenhouse cultivation system with calcium carbonate foliar spraying produced the highest amount of shoot and root fresh mass in plants. Additionally, foliar spraying of calcium carbonate increased internode length and leaf area in various cultivation systems. Comparing the effects of different light spectrums revealed that red light increased internode length while decreasing leaf length, leaf area, and plant carotenoids. Blue light, on the other hand, increased the leaf area and root length of the plants. The hydroponic greenhouse cultivation system produced plants with the highest levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. White light-treated plants had less iron and calcium than those exposed to other light spectrums. In conclusion, pennyroyal plants grown in greenhouses or fields had better growth than those grown in plant factories under different light spectrums. Furthermore, the calcium foliar application improved the physiological and biochemical properties of the plants in all the studied systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misuse of antibiotics leads to the worldwide spread of antibiotic resistance, which motivates scientists to create new antibiotics. The recurring UTI due to antibiotics-resistant microorganism's challenges scientists globally. The biogenic nanoparticles have the potential to meet the escalating requirements of novel antimicrobial agents. The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) gained more attention due to their reliable applications against resistant microbes. The current study evaluates the biogenic ZnO NPs of Mentha piperata extract against resistant pathogens of urinary tract infections by agar well diffusion assay. The biogenic ZnO NPs revealed comparatively maximum inhibition in comparison to synthetic antibiotics against two bacterial strains (Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a fungal strain (Candida albicans).The synthesized biogenic ZnO NPs alone revealed maximum activities than the combination of plant extract (PE) and ZnO NPs, and PE alone. The physiochemical features of ZnO NPs characterized through UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed 281.85 nm wavelengths; the XRD pattern revealed the crystalline structure of ZnO NPs. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of carboxylic and nitro groups, which could be attributed to plant extract. SEM analysis revealed spherical hollow symmetry due to electrostatic forces. The analysis via EDX confirmed the presence of Zn and oxygen in the sample. The physiochemical features of synthesized ZnO NPs provide pivotal information such as quality and effectiveness. The current study revealed excellent dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic isolates from UTI-resistant patients. The higher concentration of ZnONPs interacts with the cell membrane which triggers oxidative burst. They may bind with the enzymes and proteins and brings epigenetic alteration which leads to membrane disruption or cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mentha haplocalyx Briq (MHB) is a medicinal and edible herbal plant that has the effects of clearing heat, detoxifying, and aiding digestion as a traditional Chinese medicine. However, there is limited research on MHB as a feed ingredient for meat sheep. This study shows that adding MHB to feed can improve the growth performance of fattening sheep. We have revealed the mechanism by which MHB affects the growth and metabolism of meat sheep through aspects such as rumen and fecal microbial sequencing, rumen metabolomics, serum metabolomics, urine metabolomics, and rumen epithelial cell transcriptome sequencing. Our research results will provide a theoretical basis for the application of MHB in the production of meat sheep. Mentha haplocalyx Briq (MHB) and its components have been proven to improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of MHB addition on growth performance, rumen and fecal microbiota, rumen fluid, serum and urine metabolism, and transcriptomics of rumen epithelial cells in meat sheep. Twelve Hu sheep were selected for the experiment and fed with basic diet (CON) and a basal diet supplemented with 80 g/kg DM of Mentha haplocalyx Briq (MHB). The experimental period was 10 weeks with the first 2 weeks as the pre-trial period. The results showed that compared with the CON group, the average daily weight gain of meat sheep in the MHB group increased by 20.1%; the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration significantly increased (p < 0.05); The thickness of the cecal mucosal layer was significantly reduced (p < 0.01), while the thickness of the colonic mucosal layer was significantly increased (p < 0.05), the length of ileal villi significantly increased (p < 0.01), the thickness of colonic mucosal layer and rectal mucosal muscle layer significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the thickness of cecal mucosal layer significantly decreased (p < 0.05); The serum antioxidant capacity has increased. At the genus level, the addition of MHB changed the composition of rumen and fecal microbiota, increased the relative abundance of Paraprevotella, Alloprevotella, Marinilabilia, Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis, Subdivision5_genera_incertae_sedis and Ornatilinea in rumen microbiota, and decreased the relative abundance of Blautia (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Prevotella, Clostridium XlVb and Parasutterella increased in fecal microbiota, while the relative abundance of Blautia and Coprococcus decreased (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the concentrations of 105, 163, and 54 metabolites in the rumen, serum, and urine between the MHB group and the CON group (p < 0.05). The main metabolic pathways of the differences were pyrimidine metabolism, taurine and taurine metabolism, glyceride metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway (p < 0.05), which had a significant impact on protein synthesis and energy metabolism. The transcriptome sequencing results showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in immune regulation, energy metabolism, and protein modification. Therefore, adding MHB improved the growth performance of lambs by altering rumen and intestinal microbiota, rumen, serum and urine metabolomics, and transcriptome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to assess the awareness about the combination of OTC and selfmedication among the urban population, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. The study was conducted for a period of twelve months from October 2014, with the sample size of 125 households by using random sampling techniques and pretested semi-structured questionnaire as the study tool. Socio demographic variables, including, age, gender, education, occupation and SES of the person were considered as explanatory variables. The association between explanatory and outcome variables was tested by Chi-square test were employed to establish the association of sociodemographic profile and drug users. The level of significance was set at <0.05. IBM SPSS statistics, version 21 and Microsoft Excel were used for statistical analysis. This study revealed that OTC/SM combination usage was high in winter 9.20% and rainy season 5.90%. OTC/SM combination commonly used was inji (Ginger) (32.5%), thuduvalai (purple fried pea eggplant) (30%) and pudhina (mint leaves) (12.5%). A cough and cold are the most common symptoms for which OTC/SM combination was used by study population. 76.9% of the OTC/SM users took these combinations for two days only. The majority of the users consumed drugs within a day, season wise no variation seen. All three season >50% of them gave advice to others to consume this combination of drugs. As age increases the over the counter drugs consumption also increases and is statistically significant. Married person was consuming more over the counter drugs than the unmarried. A statistically significant association was found between educational status and OTC usage. Usage was found to be high among middle and high school completed and graduates. Employed participants were consuming more over the counter drugs than their counterparts, but is not statistically significant (p value-0.077). As the socio-economic status increases, the usage of over the counter drugs also increases, which shows statistically significant association p-value <0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cyanobacterial suspensions 1% enhance the biomass and special metabolites of Mentha species. • Hormone and ion secretion features is varied among different strains of cyanobacteria. • Various cyanobacterial elicitors differently affect the growth and essential oil profile of mint plants. • Cyanobacteria elicitors enhance the amount of Menthone and neo-Menthol in Mentha piperita and Mentha pulegium. • The effect of cyanobacteria on plant growth and metabolites is different among the different species of a plant. Medicinal and aromatic plants contain compounds with industrial and therapeutic applications; among which genus Mentha L. has special economic importance. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the ability of cyanobacterial strains as bio-elicitors on biomass production, as well as the quality and quantity of essential oils of four species of Mentha (M. spicata L., M. piperita L., M. aquatica L., and M. pulegium L.). Following the seedling growth test, two cyanobacterial strains, Wollea vaginicola ISB89 and Nostoc spongiaeforme var. tenue ISB91, were selected as potential bio-elicitors. Then, the growth of plants under 1% cyanobacterial suspensions was assessed by measuring growth factors including length and weight of plants, and leaf area after 90 days of planting. Moreover, the amount of essential oils of plants and their constituents were evaluated. According to the results, both cyanobacterial elicitors significantly increased plant biomasses and essential oils yield. There was a direct relationship between cyanobacterial auxins and biomass and essential oil of Mentha spp.; in this way, Wollea with a higher level of auxins and cations provides essential elements for plants. Therefore, plants treated with Wollea exhibited more growth and essential oil promoting features compared to Nostoc treatments. The most important terpenoids in essential oils of investigated species belong to oxygenated monoterpenes with 79–91% contents; including Piperitenone, Menthol, and Menthone. In M. piperita , the amount of Menthone, as one of the principal constituents of essential oil, increased under cyanobacterial elicitors (115–137%). For M. spicata the enhancement of Piperitenone (46–96%), and for M. pulegium , the increase of neo-Menthol (17–115%) was remarkable. Based on the results, two cyanobacteria strains are considered as a rich source of natural compounds and phytohormones which can be used to increase the yield and essential oil production of studied economically important plant species. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aroma of mint is well‐liked by the public, and key flavor odorants in mint aroma had been found, but how these molecules interact and form a satisfying odor remains a challenge. Quality, intensity, and pleasantness are our most basic perceptions of aromas; both intensity and pleasantness can be quantified. However, compared to intensity, research on pleasantness was lacking. Pleasantness was one of the most important indicators for formulating a satisfying mint flavor, and the study of binary mixtures was fundamental to our understanding of more complex mixtures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of pleasantness as a function of concentration and, at the same time, to investigate the relationship between intensity and pleasantness in binary mixtures. Thirty sensory evaluation volunteers participated in the evaluation of the intensity and pleasantness of six key flavor odorants of mint and five binary mixtures. The results showed that the pleasantness increased first and then decreased or stabilized with the rising of concentration; even though the interactions in binary mixtures were not the same, their pleasantness could be predicted using the intensities of the components by Response Surface Design of Experiments, and the goodness of fit was greater than 0.92, indicating that the models had the great predictive ability. Practical Application: Whether blending flavors or evaluating them, a great deal of experience is required, yet the acquisition of this experience is a long process. Performing these tasks is difficult for the novice, and it helps to quantify the feeling for the flavor and build some mathematical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to find alternatives to synthetic herbicides has led to the evaluation of the use of allelopathic biomass from different agroforestry species as soil amendments for weed control. Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (apple mint) could be a suitable candidate as an ecoherbicide due to its availability in the agroecosystem, well-studied biological activities, and known chemical composition. For the present study, two greenhouse pot experiments were conducted by incorporating flowering aerial biomass of apple mint into the soil. In the first one, the potential phytotoxic effects of M. suaveolens at doses 1 and 2% were evaluated on the germination and growth of maize and its accompanying weeds. In a second temporary assay, the duration of phytotoxicity and the effects of apple mint (0.5% dose) on the physicochemical properties of the soil were elucidated. The soluble (phenolics and organic acids) and volatile compounds potentially releasable from the allelopathic biomass were identified. The apple mint exerted adverse effects on the germination and growth of dicotyledonous weed species, especially Amaranthus retroflexus and Solanum nigrum, with almost 100% inhibition, as well as on the growth of monocotyledonous weeds such as Digitaria sanguinalis, with a reduction of more than 95%. On the contrary, maize yield and soil properties pH, CECe, organic matter, and exchangeable cations were improved by the ecoherbicide. Chemical analyses of apple mint aerial biomass revealed the presence of 7 phenolic compounds, 9 organic acids, and 32 volatiles. For this study, the effects of incorporating M. suaveolens aerial biomass into soil were evaluated for the first time, and it was demonstrated that it has potential as an eco-friendly plant-based tool for Integrated Weed Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) loses its useful properties in some environments due to corrosion. This work proposes chloroform extract of mint leaves (CEML) as a coating material for lowering Cu loss in 0.5 M NaCl. The CEML has been synthesized using a simple extraction process and examined through UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. NiO nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized using water extract of mint leaves (AEML) and studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The investigation suggests that mint-leaf-modified NiO NPs have been formed. The CEML is drop-cast on Cu in layers (1–3 layers) without and with different amounts of NPs (5–20 mg). The corrosion prevention potential of CEML coating on Cu without and with NiO NPs has been examined using open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and Tafel polarization curves (TPC). The maximum prevention efficiencies of 88% and 97% have been achieved using two layers of CEML coating and one layer of CEML with 15 mg NiO NPs. The surface conditions of the bare and coated Cu have been recorded using FESEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which reveal that the coated Cu (CEML and CEML + NiO) appears to be protected. The corrosion products have been analyzed using EDX, which indicates the presence of oxides, chlorides, and hydroxides of Cu. The hydrophobicity of the bare and coated Cu has been determined from water contact angle (WCA) measurements. A corrosion prevention mechanism is also proposed based on the results achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fumigant toxicity of Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) essential oil, which made up 94.99% pulegone, was tested against adults of Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under laboratory conditions. The fumigation was conducted for eight hours individually for each pest species in desiccators at room temperature, considering the ventilation period of greenhouses. Following the treatment, the pests were removed from the desiccators and counted at 0th, 24th and 48th -hour intervals. Results demonstrated a gradual increase in mortality over time after the fumigation. Based on the data at the 48th hour, the LC50 value of the M. pulegium essential oils for fumigation T. absoluta adults was estimated as 0.46 µL /L air. The respective values for adults of B. tabaci and T. tabaci, were 0.52 µL / L air and 1.18 µL / L air. These results indicate that the fumigation with M. pulegium essential oil had a significant lethal effect on the pests, particularly T. absoluta. Therefore, M. pulegium essential oil can serve as an alternative insecticide to chemical agents in greenhouses for pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on essential oils extracted from Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. from Italy is reported. Two extraction procedures were investigated: hydrodistillation and steam distillation, carried out as a continuous and fractionated procedure. Fresh and dried plant material from two harvests was used. The hydrodistillation method yielded a higher amount of essential oil. The dried plant was significantly richer in essential oil per kg of starting plant material. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of 112 samples showed that the essential oils belong to the piperitenone oxide-rich chemotype. In addition, piperitenone, p-cymen-8-ol, and limonene were among the most abundant compounds in the different samples. A higher amount of piperitenone oxide was obtained by hydrodistillation, while steam distillation gave a higher percentage of piperitenone and limonene. The essential oils were characterized for their anti-Candida albicans activity; higher potency was observed for the samples rich in piperitenone oxide, with MIC values ranging from 0.39 to 0.78 mg·mL−1 (0.039% and 0.078% p/v). The results of this work provide a deep insight into the methodology of essential oil extraction and the associated chemical variability of M. suaveolens Ehrh. Some of the essential oils are potent against C. albicans and could be considered for potential use in therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chromium (Cr) at 20 mg kg−1 displayed encouraging effects on the physiology of Mentha arvensis. • Cr at 80 mg kg−1 showed deleterious effects on plants. • Excessive Cr accumulation destabilizes plant's growth, photosynthesis and physiological markers. • Cr at higher concentration diminishes the essential oil production including menthol content. Chromium (Cr) is the seventh most toxic heavy metal on the earth's crust. Crop growth, development, and yield are greatly hindered by the massive accumulation of Cr that discharges from various industries and mines in agricultural land. Chromium can mediate phytotoxicity either via direct interaction with multiple plant components and metabolic pathways or by promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Thus, this investigation evaluated the effect of Cr on growth, physiological and oxidative stress, and other parameters, including essential oil (EO) constituents of Mentha arvensis L. plants. The soil was treated with various concentrations of Cr (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg kg−1), except the control. In this study, 20 mg kg−1 of Cr concentration was beneficial in increasing plant growth via the enhancement of biomass, photosynthesis, biochemical markers and EO constituents in M. arvensis. The data demonstrated that the morphological and physiological parameters were negatively correlated with high Cr concentrations (above 20 mg kg−1). It has been hypothesized that Cr poisoning leads to oxidative damage, as evidenced by decreases in photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll, and stomatal characteristics, as well as increases in lipid peroxidation and ROS. The accumulation of Cr positively correlates with the enhancement of proline and antioxidant activities of M. arvensis. Thus, we concluded that excess Cr causes redox imbalance by uplifting the level of lipid peroxidation and ROS by destabilizing photosynthetic machinery and other physiological and morphological markers in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. is an aromatic herb, traditionally used in the Mediterranean areas. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of inhalation of a commercial essential oil of M. suaveolens on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity according to gender differences by measuring EEG power spectrum changes in healthy participants. Piperitenone oxide (55.60%) was the most abundant component in the essential oil. Our findings indicated that the inhalation of M. suaveolens essential oil produced different EEG power spectrum changes as well as affected different brain regions between genders. It could be concluded that the inhalation of M. suaveolens essential oil significantly changed the EEG wave activity according to gender and these changes may cause some alterations in the psychophysiological functions of humans. Hence, M. suaveolens essential oil may be utilized in aromatherapy for improving the psychophysiological functions of humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misuse of antibiotics leads to the worldwide spread of antibiotic resistance, which motivates scientists to create new antibiotics. The recurring UTI due to antibiotics-resistant microorganism's challenges scientists globally. The biogenic nanoparticles have the potential to meet the escalating requirements of novel antimicrobial agents. The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) gained more attention due to their reliable applications against resistant microbes. The current study evaluates the biogenic ZnO NPs of Mentha piperata extract against resistant pathogens of urinary tract infections by agar well diffusion assay. The biogenic ZnO NPs revealed comparatively maximum inhibition in comparison to synthetic antibiotics against two bacterial strains (Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a fungal strain (Candida albicans).The synthesized biogenic ZnO NPs alone revealed maximum activities than the combination of plant extract (PE) and ZnO NPs, and PE alone. The physiochemical features of ZnO NPs characterized through UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed 281.85 nm wavelengths; the XRD pattern revealed the crystalline structure of ZnO NPs. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of carboxylic and nitro groups, which could be attributed to plant extract. SEM analysis revealed spherical hollow symmetry due to electrostatic forces. The analysis via EDX confirmed the presence of Zn and oxygen in the sample. The physiochemical features of synthesized ZnO NPs provide pivotal information such as quality and effectiveness. The current study revealed excellent dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic isolates from UTI-resistant patients. The higher concentration of ZnONPs interacts with the cell membrane which triggers oxidative burst. They may bind with the enzymes and proteins and brings epigenetic alteration which leads to membrane disruption or cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are continuously exposed to combinations of abiotic and biotic stressors. While much is known about responses to individual stressors, understanding of plant responses to combinations of stressors is limited. The effects of combined exposure to drought and UV radiation are particularly relevant in the context of climate change. In this study it was explored whether UV-exposure can be used as a tool to prime stress-resistance in plants grown under highly protected culture conditions. It was hypothesised that priming mint plantlets (Mentha spicata L.) with a low-dose of UV irradiance can alleviate the drought effect caused by a change in humidity upon transplanting. Plants were grown for 30 days on agar in sealed tissue culture containers. During this period, plants were exposed to ~ 0.22 W m−2 UV-B for 8 days, using either UV-blocking or UV- transmitting filters. Plants were then transplanted to soil and monitored for a further 7 days. It was found that non-UV exposed mint plants developed necrotic spots on leaves, following transfer to soil, but this was not the case for plants primed with UV. Results showed that UV induced stress resistance is associated with an increase in antioxidant capacity, as well as a decrease in leaf area. UV-induced stress resistance can be beneficial in a horticultural setting, where priming plants with UV-B can be used as a tool in the production of commercial crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mint and chamomile can effectively reduce the gastric residual volume (GRV). This study aimed to determine the effect of mint extract and chamomile drops on the GRV of trauma patients under mechanical ventilation and nasogastric tube feeding in the intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: This study was a triple-blinded randomized clinical trial with a 2×2 crossover design. Eighty patients were randomly divided to receive mint extract and chamomile drops. Five drops of mint extract and 11 drops of chamomile were gavaged every 6 hr. GRV was measured using a syringe-aspiration method before and 3 hr after each intervention. After a 24-hour washout period, the two groups changed places. Results: In the first phase of the study, before the interventions, the GRV in the mint and chamomile groups was 14.60±7.89 and 13.79±7.12 ml, and after the interventions were 8.13±6.31 and 6.61±4.68 ml, respectively. In the study's second phase, before the interventions, the GRV in the mint and chamomile groups was 10.03±4.93 and 11.46±7.17 ml and after the interventions, GRV was 4.97±4.05 and 6.98±4.60 ml, respectively. The difference in the GRV before and after the intervention was not significantly different between the two groups. Both herbal drugs effectively reduced the GRV (p=0.382). Conclusion: Mint extract and chamomile drops are similarly effective in reducing the GRV in trauma patients under mechanical ventilation and nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding in the intensive care unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 outbreak, which emerged in China in December 2019, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The epidemic has negatively affected all aspects of daily life. In order to cope with the epidemic, measures have been taken that completely affect social life. Treatment and vaccine studies have started all over the world. Individuals have applied to complementary and alternative medicine methods against the disease. This research was planned to examine the herbal products consumed by individuals in order to avoid the disease due to the Covid-19 epidemic, and the relationship between these herbal products used and the state of passing the Covid-19 disease. Relational screening model was used in this research. The data collection phase of the study was done by face-to-face survey method. The research was carried out in Muş 1 and 2 Family Health Centers in April and May 2023. 26 of 430 individuals aged 15 and over who voluntarily participated in the study were not included in the study due to discontinuation from the study or missing information in the questionnaires. For these reasons, 144 women and 260 men with a mean age of 31.90±14.5 were included in our study. The data we obtained in our research, 48.5% of the individuals participating in the research think that herbal products protect from Covid-19, and it has been determined that they consume the most mint plant with 65.3%. A statistically significant difference was found between the status of contracting Covid-19 disease and the protection of herbal products (p<0.05). However, it was determined that 69.1% of those who did not have the disease consumed mint, 63.6% thyme, 58.2% garlic or onion. As a result, it was determined that more than half of the participants in the study were protective of herbal products, and those who did not suffer from the disease used mint, thyme, garlic and onions. The fact that individuals using herbal products are statistically significantly less likely to catch Covid-19 shows that herbal products provide protection against Covid-19 in individuals, but more research is recommended to examine the relationship between herbal product use and infectious diseases such as Covid-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]