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Purpose: Endorsement marketing has been widely used to generate consumer attention, interest and purchase decisions among targeted audiences. Internet celebrities who become famous on the Internet are dependent on strategic intimacy to appeal to their followers. Our study aims to examine how multiple exposures to Internet celebrity endorsements influence consumers' click and purchase decisions in the context of influencer marketing. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a unique and representative dataset, the authors first model consumers' choices for clicks and purchases with two panel fixed-effect logit models linking clicks and purchases with the frequency of exposure to Internet celebrity endorsement. To further control the endogeneity produced by the intercorrelation between the click and purchase models, the authors also adopt the two-stage Heckman probit structure to jointly estimate the two models using Maximum Likelihood Estimation. Robustness checks confirm the effectiveness of the models. Findings: The results suggest that Internet celebrity endorsement plays a significant role in bringing referral traffic to e-commerce sites but is less helpful in affecting conversion to sales. The impact of repetitive Internet celebrity endorsements on consumers' click decisions is U-shaped, but the role of Internet celebrities as online retailers will "shape-flip" this relationship to a negative linear relation. Originality/value: Our study is the first to investigate the repetitive exposure effect of Internet celebrity endorsement. The results show a contradictory pattern with a wear-out effect of repetition in the advertising literature. This is the first study to show how the endorsing self, which is a common business model in influencer marketing, moderates the effectiveness of influencer marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political communication scholars who study the persuasive effects of political advertising often assume that the relationship between advertising volume and vote choice is linear. Even though the product advertising literature has long recognized that advertising has both "wear in" and "wear out" effects, few political communication scholars consider this possibility. This study explains why it is both normatively and empirically important to determine the precise relationship between advertising and vote choice. We then use data from two published studies to investigate inductively how persuasion effects vary with different television advertising levels. The findings suggest that political advertisements do indeed have both "wear-in" and "wear-out" effects. We conclude by investigating three ways to model advertising effects in a more parsimonious manner and settle on log transforming the measure of advertising as the preferred method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypervideo is a selective, user-to-document, and externalexploratory interactive artefact characterised by a video backbone and clickable areas within that allow access to the desired information. Its use in education has been widely studied but there is hardly any research about advertising applications. We have addressed this gap by carrying out a content analysis on a corpus of 148 hypervideos in order to find out what brands and product types are using this tool, the structures employed, the commercial motives that they might fulfil and the appeals dimensions that are present. Our results indicate that highinvolvement products with positive motives are the most frequent. Although a third of the sample can be labelled as shoppable, the majority satisfy the motive of information-seeking by explaining the product characteristics or uses. Sometimes, this information helps to decide which product fits the user’s necessities, as well as fostering the purchase. They present interactive structures described in literature, such as the vector and the tree, but we also identified others. Soft-sell type appeals, particularly humour and storytelling, are more abundant than hard-sell strategies. All in all, this research adds to a growing body of literature on interactive advertising and provides a starting point for further research on these types of videos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explored the underlying mechanisms of soft-text native advertising's effectiveness, as well as the impact of engagement metrics of social media advertising. An online experiment among Chinese consumers was conducted. The results showed that compared to hard-sell social media advertising, soft-text native advertising is more effective in inducing favorable attitudes toward ads and products as well as greater purchase intentions. This is achieved through inducing higher perceived entertainment, flow experience, ad value and lower perceived irritation. In addition, social media engagement metrics can significantly affect consumers' purchase intentions through influencing perceived ad entertainment. The findings contributed to the native advertising literature and provided practical implications to advertising practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic review of empirical studies that used quantitative, qualitative, or a mixed-methods approach to content analysis sports betting advertising was conducted. Study attributes were examined including the main findings, key themes, research design, focus of analysis, type of interpretation, use of theory, media type, inter-coder reliability measures, and recommendations for future studies. The findings showed that the studies (N=15) were all published relatively recently (since 2012), predominantly focused on the content of television advertisements, and there was a general lack of reporting on inter-coder reliability. The narratives most commonly identified within sports betting advertisements were friendship and humour. Advertisements were found to be embedded into professional sports games, and this type of advertising occurred more frequently when compared to commercial advertising during televised sporting events. In order to enhance the sports betting advertising literature, researchers need to ensure that they are meeting scientific standards, especially when it comes to reliability measures. Such studies can add to an understanding of how sports betting advertisements are presented to the public and infer what the potential impact of the availability and exposure of these advertisements may be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Driftless Area is a designation popular in American promotional tourist literature for an area in four contiguous American states, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois, that were not glaciated during the latest ice advance. Geographer Lawrence Martin published several articles asserting that geologist William H. Keating first discovered this area in 1823, an error that has crept into subsequent accounts. But historical evidence goes to show that three geologists, Roland D. Irving, Newton H. Winchell and Thomas C. Chamberlin, were simultaneous originators of the concept as we understand it today, about the year 1877. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the rationality of drug promotional literature (DPL) using World Health Organization (WHO) ethical criteria and to evaluate the perception of clinicians regarding DPLs using prevalidated criteria. Methods: The promotional material was collected at a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 3 months. The perception of different prescribers has been changed. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Results: 191 DPLs were collected from various outpatient departments at a tertiary care hospital. The information regarding brand name, generic name, and active ingredients was mentioned in 100% of the collected material. Therapeutic uses of the promotional agents were mentioned in only 60.20%; references were cited in only 15.18%. The adverse effects were listed in only 17.80% of the DPLs. The perception regarding DPLs was gathered from 27 physicians at the same institute. The percentage of clinicians who were aware of the WHO criteria used for analyzing DPL was only 37.03%. All healthcare workers have agreed on the necessity of including critical appraisal of the DPLs in the undergraduate curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tested the joint effect of nostalgia appeals and product types on receivers' purchase intention. The current study also tested the roles of mixed thoughts and mixed emotions as mediators in explicating the processing of nostalgia-themed messages based on heuristic-systematic model (HSM). The results from an online experiment showed that when a public product was promoted, exposure to personal nostalgia-themed advertising led to a higher level of intention to purchase through increased mixed emotions and favorable attitude toward advertising relative to exposure to historical nostalgia-themed advertising. Theoretically, the findings in the currents study are valuable in that the current study empirically examined one of the untested propositions taking rest in the prior literature. That is, the current study opens up a new avenue to examine the effect of nostalgia appeals in the realm of prior literature on advertising message processing. Practically, the findings are contradictory to the stated but untested proposition, which alerts scholars in the academic world and advertisers and marketers in the real world to take into account age-segmented communication strategies for nostalgia-themed strategic messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the crux of her analysis, Gentile argues for understanding these shifts as a "deliberate and methodical development of settler femininity" aimed at producing "an example of the only legitimate desirable body in the settler society" (19). I Queen of the Maple Leaf i , the most recent title in UBC Press's sexuality studies series, offers a rich cultural history of beauty contests in Canada. At the same time, Gentile points to the efficacy of beauty rituals and beauty practices in disciplining the racialized "other" through demands for conformity to white-settler femininity, which was as much a heteronormative model as a middle-class one. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Research on how children process advertising is still in its infancy. This article reviews the published academic literature on advertising literacy and children. The aim is to offer an updated view of how this subject has been studied in the last decade, a term used to refer to children's skills and abilities to deal with advertising. Methodology: 105 articles indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases between 2010-2022 were analysed. Results: only three authors have published more than a dozen papers on this topic, with two European universities (one Belgian and one Dutch) concentrating their scientific production. The year in which the most papers were published was 2020 and the main journals that published these papers belong to the fields of communication, marketing and psychology. The main tool for this research was the survey. Discussion: the review yielded six lines of research: advertising literacy programmes and minors facing new formats; influence of food advertising; influencer marketing and influencers; purchasing decisions; identification of advertising and privacy. Conclusions: the article provides proposals for future research on advertising literacy and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I Harris's List for 1765 i , pp. 97-98, 95-96; I Harris's List for 1766 i , pp. 24, 57. 43 I Harris's List for 1764 i , pp. 65-68; I Harris's List for 1765 i , pp. 65-68; I Harris's List for 1766 i , p. 101; in the contents page to the 1766 edition, her name is listed as "W-llmott". However the 1761 edition references the previous year as "the first part of I Harris's List i " (p. v) and reviews of the 1760 edition, in periodicals such as the I Monthly Magazine i (April 1760), p. 224 and I Monthly Review i (June 1760), p. 523, describe it as a new publication. We have identified more than thirty entries from the 1787 edition that draw the bulk of their descriptive prose from accounts of ostensibly different women in the 1783 edition of I Harris's List i , and over thirty-five entries in the 1788 edition that also recycle entries in the 1783 edition. They also demonstrate the specific ways in which subsequent editions of I Harris's List i built on those previously published: how monthly supplements comple- mented annual editions, and how ostensibly new annual editions of I Harris's List i continued to reissue and rearrange previously published material. Tabulating Harris's List Tabulating the full titles of the extant editions of I Harris's List i , as we do below, demonstrates how complex and unstable I Harris's List i was as a serial publication. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Drug promotional literatures (DPLs) are one of the well-known promotional activities of pharmaceutical industries which are sometimes inaccurate as well as of poor educational value. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are one of the most commonly used antihypertensives. Therefore, this study was done to estimate the accuracy of DPLs on ARBs as per the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to estimate the accuracy of DPLs on ARBs as per the WHO and to estimate the DPLs for types of claims and appropriateness of claims. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out for 1 month. All the required information of selected DPLs on ARBs were recorded in a pro forma and were evaluated according to the WHO criteria. Results: In this study, a total of 20 (twenty) DPLs were evaluated only on ARBs. It was observed that none of the DPLs fulfilled all the WHO criteria. In this study, some DPLs made multiple claims, as much as five per DPL. Claims were, further, analyzed and divided into appropriate and inappropriate. We have observed that 65.96% claims were appropriate and 34.04% claims were inappropriate. Conclusion: This type of study can contribute to make prescribing practices rational as promotional activities influence the prescribing behavior of the health-care provider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitalisation of political communication has played a crucial role in campaigns on both national and regional levels. For many political candidates in Poland, Facebook has become the primary tool for building a successful campaign. However, campaigns for elections to regional government bodies are often associated with traditional offline media, outdoor advertising and ubiquitous leaflets. The aim of this paper is to contribute to our knowledge of electoral communications in Poland from the regional perspective. Data gathered during the 2018 online campaign for the Lower Silesian Regional Assembly examined through a semiautomated content analysis uncovered the dynamics of the professionalisation of Polish political communication and identified predictors of Facebook adoption for electoral purposes among regional candidates. Furthermore, focusing solely on Facebook data, research revealed a tendency toward the normalisation of social media campaigning and a propensity for using mobilisation communication strategies. Taken together, this paper provides new insights into the study of political campaigning in Central and Eastern Europe on social media from the perspective of political actor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commons has been adopted by Library Information Science (LIS) as a metaphor for transformational library spaces. However, post-colonial scholarship exposes the material violence and exclusionary practices that coincide(d) with commons-making in Europe and North America. When weighing such assessments against the traditional role of American libraries as mechanisms of colonial values, it becomes necessary for library professionals to critique their continued evocation of commons discourse from a perspective that centers on decolonization. Responding to this challenge, I historicize the commons as both an imagined ideology and an actual instrument of power to contextualize Indigenous and post-colonial assessments of commons-making in the settler colonial United States and dismantle taken-forgranted definitions of the commons. I then demonstrate how the history of the US public library has served to naturalize imagined commons-making projects. Finally, I use this discussion as a lens through which to analyze the commons discourse animating a selection of promotional literature published by urban public library commons spaces. Informed by the work of Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, I will argue that LIS literature's fetishization of the commons to describe modernized urban library spaces reflects an idealized, future-oriented commons produced by the colonial consciousness that obscures the material reality of minority displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study adds to the growing literature on native advertising and journalism by analyzing how seventeen prominent news organizations promote their in-house content studios on their web sites. As public-facing spaces oriented toward attracting clients, these sites are understood as discursive artifacts that provide insight into how news organizations negotiate their allegiance to norms of journalistic autonomy while simultaneously developing the role of creating paid advertising campaigns that sit alongside news content. Our analysis reveals that news organizations simultaneously engage in discourses of integration and separation between native advertising and news content. They signal the integration between news and advertising through the usage of "story" as an umbrella term for digital content while also maintaining separation through nuanced language choices that imply some degree of distance between news and native advertising. These diverging discourses demonstrate how fraught native advertising is for news organizations striving to be recognized as legitimate providers of authoritative news while attempting to bolster revenues in face of the difficulties arising with the digital advertising market. These findings draw on and expand discursive theories in journalism studies by broadening inquiry beyond news content to encompass the complex terrain of content production emerging within the digital space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to know the impact of advertisement appeals in the service and product sector and gender. This study fulfilled the gap by comparing these appeals (emotional vs rational) to develop an attitude toward ads that generate Word of mouth and the influence of information quality and visuals and moderation of consumer expertise. This research comprises experimental design by collecting data from five universities in Pakistan by displaying the social media poster advertisements to the participants. The present study postulates that rational appeals are more capable, while females are more rational and create more Word of mouth. Female ads must have rational content, and advertisers should consider it. While researchers must need to consider information quality and consumer expertise as core constructs in the advertising literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although nation and empire – as well as the organicist and universalist visions mirroring them – are usually put in opposition to each other, this article argues that the two can create synergistic alliances. The attempt of the Danish dynastic union proposal to Sweden in 1810 sheds light on the repertoire of rhetoric and arguments the state could harness to substantiate its potential to rule over diverse populations. First, the paper demonstrates how the trope of Scandinavian kinship was formulated in the Danish public debate during the transitional period, or what Koselleck calls Sattelzeit. Then, the article shows how this language was embedded into power relations and configured to reinforce the imperial aspirations of the Nordic amalgamation, meaning the fusion of the Scandinavian nations. The core sources I consult are the pamphlets published to advertise union-building and the documents stored in the folders of the Royal Archive in Copenhagen (Rigsarkivet). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues of power, inequality, and representation in the production of knowledge have a long history in transnational feminist research. And yet the unequal relationship between ethnographers and participants continues to haunt feminist research. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork with the cooperative Sulá Batsú in Costa Rica between 2015 and 2019, in this essay I argue that centering solidarity and working through discomfort creates relationships that can reinvent and endure the persistent imbalance of power between researcher and participant. I conceptualize a solidarity-based methodology that is uncomfortable, tossing between "us and them," the objective and the subjective, akin to Gloria Anzaldúa's "nepantla," a liminal space of both fragmentation and unification, of both anguish and healing: a methodology from the cracks. In this essay, I reflect upon my experiences as a Puerto Rican feminist researcher focusing on Sulá Batsú, specifically on my relationship with the coop's general coordinator. I conducted ethnographic fieldwork with the coop, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, and textual analysis of their research, briefs, blog posts, presentations, and promotional literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing upon attribution theory, this study aims to examine how different types of product information sources (mainstream celebrities vs micro-celebrities) interact with content type (experiential vs promotional) to influence consumer response toward native posts on social media (causal attributions and click intention). Design/methodology/approach: A total of 134 adult Twitter users participated in a 2 (source type: mainstream celebrity vs micro-celebrity) × 2 (content type: experiential vs promotional) between-subjects online experimental design. Findings: Results showed that for experiential native advertising, messages from a micro-celebrity generated more information-sharing attributions and less monetary gain attributions than those from a mainstream celebrity on social media. Moreover, the experiential native ads from a micro-celebrity elicited greater intention to click the URL than those from a mainstream celebrity. However, consumer response was similar for promotional native advertising regardless of message source. This study demonstrates that information-sharing attributions mediate the interaction effects of source type and content types on click intention. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature on native advertising by providing empirical evidence to highlight the effect of message source and content type on consumer response. This study shows that the success of native advertising depends on how consumers perceive the messages and content creators' intention to communicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, hundreds of thousands of French refugees sought shelter in Protestant states like the United Provinces and England. In England, the influx of Huguenots contributed significantly towards the argument for greater pan-Protestant engagement with the European continent. Huguenot-authored pamphlets advertised Catholic barbarity, deepening pre-existing anti-Catholic sentiments and imbibing those sentiments with other anti-French concerns, such as Louis XIV's supposed immorality and his striving for universal monarchy. Further, key Huguenot authors reinterpreted the Glorious Revolution as one synchronizing the country with its Protestant brethren. In so doing, the Huguenots supported William III's commitment to the Nine Years' War and increased the quantitative and qualitative arguments to carry out an expensive religious-ideological foreign policy, often against domestic criticisms in England that the outcomes of the war did not match the expense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity plays a core role in advertising communication, but do advertisers consider it as an essential factor when judging and approving communicative ideas presented by an agency? The main aim of this article is to identify the elements that, from the advertisers' point of view, are key in their assessment and approval process regarding communicative ideas; detecting any elements that can work for or against a favourable assessment for a proposal from an advertiser and checking whether creativity is one of them. To do this, an exploratory research project was proposed with a qualitative focus, involving in-depth interviews with ten advertisers operating on the Spanish market. Using content analysis and Grounded Theory, the findings demonstrate that the agency's proposal was not assessed in isolation but that, beyond the mere idea, there is a range of intangible elements with enormous influence over the advertisers' final decision. Creativity is a characteristic that is taken for granted, it is assimilated into originality and it is used as a medium to achieve certain business objectives. In turn, the article focus will provide a vision of the advertiser that is traditionally ignored in advertising literature: they are not only broadcasters but also the target audience of the commercial communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug promotional literature (DPL) forms a major marketing technique of pharmaceutical companies for propagating information regarding a drug. Many a times, it is the only source on which treating physicians depend for updating their knowledge about the existing and novel drugs. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to understand the clinicians' perceptions about DPL and its critical appraisal so that relevant interventions can be made. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional questionnaire based study. A self-administered validated questionnaire was administered to 125 clinicians working in a medical college, which sought responses on their perception of various aspects including interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference and decision making based on the DPL which they encounter in their day-to-day practices. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 100 clinicians reciprocated with complete questionnaire. 99% of the clinicians were exposed to pharmaceutical promotional activities and around 79% clinicians accepted that drug promotion has a considerable bearing on their prescribing practices. Majority (79%) of the clinicians felt that the accuracy of the claims in the various forms of DPL was between 50-75%. Amongst the various forms of DPL, brochures were adjudged as the most useful followed by interactions with medical representatives, advertisements in medical journals and direct mailers. a majority of the clinicians (69%) felt that, though the claims in the DPL are balanced but are supported by poor evidence. Around 75% clinicians perceived the primary intention of drug promotional literature was to boost company sales. Around 84% clinicians felt that doctors' integrity can be compromised by accepting gifts from medical representatives. Over 75% of clinicians believed that training in interacting with medical representatives and assessing other forms of drug promotional literature should be imparted to undergraduates in medical colleges. Conclusion: Physicians need to be aware that the pharmaceutical industry may use drug advertisements to influence prescription patterns even when this results in distortion of scientific facts. The pharmaceutical industry should be more responsible and more meticulous in making sure that pharmaceutical claims referring to scientific studies are quoted accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper tried to highlight the importance of local history document collection in the public library arena. It discusses the divergent sources of local history documents and acquisition, organization, preservation of those documentary heritages in a public library. The current study has also tried to mention a few procedural approaches towards dissemination of effective services based upon those collected local history documentary heritage. The role of library professionals in the area of collection, organization, and use has been discussed also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of current calls for transformation of agriculture away from reliance on agrochemical inputs (conventional agriculture) to natural processes (organic agriculture) is gaining strength because the limited productivity of agriculture transformed in this way is unappreciated and/or ignored. Of course, it is possible to produce high yields of individual crops adequately fertilized organically or chemically, but organic fertilizers require land set aside for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by legumes to provide the key macronutrient nitrogen (N) on which organic production relies. The consequence is more area to produce the same amount of food and expansion of agriculture can only be done at the expense of land allocated to nature, presently in critically short supply. The current clamour to reduce animal production and eat less meat will impact negatively on the productivity of organic crops. An analysis of the productivity of organic farms reveals, using the common metric of human food energy, that equal production requires 2–3 times the land area of conventional farms. This was well established before the current post-truth era and, if not reincluded in planning, will lead to both more hunger and less land allocated to natural biodiversity and conservation. The 'transformationists' avoid scientific scrutiny by publishing in colourful promotional literature rather than in peer-reviewed journals. More attention is needed in the debate to bring two currently separated spheres of publication together and to include 'land-use efficiency', the output per unit land area, in this case human food, from an increasingly scarce resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, scientific studies at academic level in public relations and advertising are carried out in universities, and the results of the studies are evaluated by academicians and the researchers gains some titles. After graduation, someone becomes a scientist by studying Master of Science in the same field or certain fields and gains the highest level of academic title by studying for doctorate. At this point, theses in the public relations and advertising areas produced under institutes are written to give new perspectives and indicate scientific and tangible facts. The purpose of this study is to determine the main subjects in graduate theses written in public relations and advertising areas. The reason for the study is that there is no comprehensive and comparative study on theses in the fields of public relations and advertising in literature in Turkey. In the study, the bibliometric characteristics of the theses of public relations and advertising studies on www.tez.yok.gov.tr are analyzed. The sample size of this study includes 504 approved graduate theses published between the years 2007 and 2017 in these fields. As a result, it is seen that most of the theses in public relations were written on the subjects such as public relations, public relations discipline, public relations education, etc. The least number of theses were found to be written on the subjects such as business, international business and SME. In the field of advertising, it can be said that most of the theses were written on the subjects such as advertising tools, advertising control, advertising evaluation, etc. The least number of theses in advertising were found to be written on the subjects including brand, product and property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new development in female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) is the promotion of revision surgery for 'botched labiaplasty'. This content analysis study reviews the quality of information offered on websites specifically advertising revision labiaplasty. Twelve websites were identified through online searches and were examined for the quality of their clinical information. All sites defined botched labiaplasty as unsatisfactory appearance after labiaplasty. Four gave no further details and five listed asymmetry, irregular labial edges or removal of too much or too little tissue. Four websites described primary botched labiaplasty as 'mutilation'. Inadequacy of the primary surgeon was cited as the cause of botched labiaplasty in 11/12. Only two websites mentioned risks of surgery. Good outcomes were not defined and no website provided outcome data although guaranteed satisfaction was implied in two websites. This study highlights the existence and promotion of services for botched labiaplasty using non-specific and emotive descriptions. These findings suggest that unsatisfactory results from consumers' perspectives are far from uncommon. The same women whose expectations have not been met by primary surgery are now being targeted for repeat surgery with online advertising capitalising on their unchanged motivations.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? Female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) is mainly advertised online with labiaplasty as the most commonly performed procedure. A market for labiaplasty revision to correct 'botched' primary procedures is developing. Academic literature and advertising materials are inconsistent when defining indications and determinants of success for labiaplasty or revision.What the results of this study add? A content analysis of websites specifically advertising revision labiaplasty describes the emotive and nonspecific terms used online to promote revision labiaplasty.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The existence of services for botched labiaplasty suggests dissatisfaction is common. Women whose expectations have not been met by primary surgery are targeted for repeat surgery through online advertising capitalising on their potentially unchanged motivations. This study demonstrates the need for clearer outcome data for labiaplasty and highlights the need for better advertising standards for FGCS promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements and the increasingly large amounts spent for elections have made it easier for get-out-the-vote (GOTV) campaigns to contact potential voters many times prior to elections. However, the effects of repeated exposure to GOTV treatment have received little attention in the academic literature. Multiple treatments can increase the intensive margin of treatment—by increasing the number of times that treated individuals are exposed to the treatment—or the extensive margin of treatment—by increasing the number of people who are exposed to at least one treatment attempt. We analyze the differences between a treatment with one automated GOTV call and a treatment with three GOTV calls to isolate the effect of changes in the extensive and intensive margins of treatment on voting rates. On the intensive margin, we find that answering one additional call is associated with an approximately 0.6% point increased probability to vote. On the extensive margin, we find that answering one additional call is associated with an approximately one percentage point increased probability to vote. This evidence is consistent with the academic literature on commercial advertising, which finds that repeated exposures to commercial advertisements have diminishing marginal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thesis / Purpose: The aim of the article is to investigate the origins and development of cookbooks intentionally addressed to children published in the USA in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim was to indicate specific types of these publications and to identify social and economic factors influencing their evolution. Research method: The source material for the analysis was obtained from the digital resources of cookbook collections in the public domain, such as Ann Hertzler Children’s Cookbook & Nutrition Literature Collection, Johnson & Wales University Culinary Arts Museum and others. In total, several dozen copies issued in the USA in the years 1876-1998 and other artifacts belonging to the area of children’s culinary culture in this geographical area were analyzed. Results/Conclusions: The history of cookbooks for children in the USA begins in 1876 and continues to this day. The genesis of the phenomenon is associated with the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas, especially the new model of upbringing and the psychosocial emancipation of the child along with the socio-economic changes, the expansion of the circle of readers, the emergence of a new group of buyers - middle-class children. Early American cookbooks for children took the form of literary culinary stories, the so-called cookstory or culinary story. They were used to teach girls to cook, they were a tool of socialization to act as a housewife. Since the beginning of the 20th century, we have been observing a dynamic development of new trends in these publications, such as verse cookbooks and brochures advertising well-known food brands, the so-called culinary emphemera. Cookbooks for boys appeared on the market in the mid-20th century. In the 1970s, there appeared guides aimed at adolescents promoting healthy lifestyle and diets (vegan and vegetarian), books related to the heroes of childhood readings and popular media icons for children. Nowadays, attention is drawn to the variety of formats and high editorial attractiveness of these publications and their strong relationship with the toy and media industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 4 covers district specimens contained in the Harvard University mineral collection and is followed by Chapter 5, a description of the Sterling Hill Mining Museum and its mineral specimens. "Addenda: Unknown Minerals and Late Arrivals", a collection of interesting technical and unusual mineral descriptions, comprises Chapter 26, the final chapter. Chapter 25 is a short but interesting description of some district samples as observed and photographed in thin section, an aspect of Franklin-Ogdensburg mineralogy often overshadowed by the district's collector minerals. [Extracted from the article]

• Responsible car advertisements are proposed as a tool for decarbonizing transport. • Commercial car advertisements published in Spain in 2007, 2015 and 2016 are analysed. • Car advertisements lack information on energy problems related to climate change. • A detailed code of 28 good practices is proposed. Climate change, which is mostly caused by CO 2 emissions, continues to be a serious environmental problem. The dissemination of correct information regarding the environmental impact of car CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption promoted by responsible advertising plays an important role in this problem. This article proposes that the promotion of responsible car advertising could serve as a tool for reducing climate change and decarbonizing transport. Thus, a qualitative and quantitative study was performed to analyse the influence of car advertising on CO 2 emissions and attitudes regarding such emissions. The results of this study add value to the limited literature in the field of advertising, cars, and the environment. The analysis of the car advertising sector in Spain in 2007, 2015, and 2016 detected a low presence of good practices. Advertisements lack information regarding energy problems related to mobility, emissions, and climate change. There is an effort to hide CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption information in advertising, energy labels are not presented, and information related to efficient driving or moderate vehicle use is lacking. Although the evolution of information regarding emissions and consumption has improved over time with respect to size and location in the advertisements, such data remains marginal. Recent car advertising does not highlight the environmental consequences of the products or offer advice to consumers regarding habits that can help reduce pollution or emissions. Finally, based on this analysis, a detailed code of 28 good practices for the responsible advertising of cars is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the discourse of race produced by boosters in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas; it builds on previous research showing the effects of booster materials on the conduct and perception of immigrants. Today, the LRGV continues to impact issues and debates about race in the United States; as such, it is imperative to offer a critical eye to the discourses and mythologies that frame race in the region. A discursive analysis of race in booster materials shows that race was not just an isolated element but one that deeply shaped almost every aspect of the construcion of place—from land, to beauty, to policing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In Australia, the influenza vaccine is funded for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (hereafter referred to as Aboriginal) children aged 6 months to <5 years old. In Victoria, only 2% of Aboriginal children are vaccinated against influenza. Objective To evaluate whether sending a letter or sending a pamphlet directly to parents/guardians would improve influenza vaccine uptake amongst Aboriginal identified children. Design The study involved a multi-arm, parallel, randomised controlled trial with two intervention groups and one control group. Participants & setting Participants included parents or guardians of Victorian children (aged 6 months to <5 years) who identified as Aboriginal. Households (n = 5534) were randomised (using a random number generator) to receive either a personalised letter (n = 1845), a pamphlet (n = 1845), or no direct communication (control) (n = 1844). The letter and the pamphlet were designed using the INSPIRE framework – a set of behaviour change techniques for action-oriented communication. Main outcome measure The proportion of households where all eligible children received the influenza vaccine between 2 May 2017 and 1 September 2017. Results The control group's vaccination rate was 4.4%, higher than previous years. The pamphlet group achieved a similar vaccination rate (4.5%). The letter group's vaccination rate of 5.9% was significantly higher than the control group [χ2 (1, n = 3689) = 4.33, p =.037]. Conclusions Sending a personalised letter directly to parents/guardians was an effective strategy for increasing influenza vaccination among Aboriginal children. The ineffectiveness of the pamphlet may be due to the lack of personalisation and the authority associated with the letter. Additional research is required to understand participant responses to the material. Trial registration This research was retrospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) on 13 September 2017 (ACTRN12617001315303). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical promotional literature. Indications was mentioned in 88.2% promotional literature and less than half (40.0, 33.9 and 38.9%) of these contains side effects, precautions and contraindications respectively. Among the provided information 67.3%, 16.5%, 19.5% and 24.0% matched with the BDNF/BNF respectively. Scientific articles (73.3%) were cited most followed by commercial online sources (15.5%), data on file (4.2%), regulatory body approval data (2.9%), product monograph (2.7%) and textbook/reference book (1.6%). Only half (50.2%) of these cited references were retrievable and no 'data on file' could be retrieved. Though most (73.2%) of the promotional claims were true, 13.7, 5.9, 4.6 and 2.6% were identified as false, exaggerated, ambiguous and controversial respectively. This revelation about the quality of promotional literature might be an eye opener for the policy makers. More importantly, this may bring alertness among the physicians during interpretation of pharmaceutical promotion literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines notions of cultural identity and authenticity and how these notions are articulated in the small city of Kaili in Guizhou Province, an ethnically diverse region. Despite its urban status, Kaili has been branded by the local government as a yuanshengtai tourist destination. This Chinese term literally translates as “original ecology” but is used in ordinary conversation to denote a cultural authenticity in which people exist in quiet harmony with nature. Promotional literature uses the term to tout the ethnic cultural practices that mainly occur in the villages of Kaili’s municipal periphery. In contrast, many local urban inhabitants—although amenable to the promotion of Kaili as a tourist destination— have rejected the notion that the city itself could be considered culturally authentic, and proudly declare themselves “fake” ethnic minorities, as against the “genuine” ethnic people of surrounding villages. These small-city inhabitants have also defined themselves against big-city visitors by attributing to the visitors a naïve fascination with cultural authenticity, while themselves remaining aloof from such practices. The cultural authenticity discourse in Kaili has thus facilitated a reordering of social and spatial hierarchies, as blasé small-city residents define themselves against both culturally authentic rural people and authenticity seeking big-city tourists. In analyzing this, the article draws out the broader implications regarding PRC notions of ethnicity, cultural practices, heritage, and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Evaluation and comparison of ethical standards of published drug promotional literatures (DPLs) between different Indian and non-Indian scientific medical journals regarding compliance to the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMAs) guidelines. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out at pharmacology department. DPLs published in Indian and non-Indian scientific medical journals available at central library of medical college during the period of 6 months were collected according to selection criteria. DPLs were evaluated and compared for compliance to ethical standards of drug promotion laid by the WHO and IFPMA. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results: Out of total 178 DPLs, 103 DPLs were from Indian journals and 75 DPLs were from non-Indian journals. When compared regarding compliance to all the 11 ethical criteria of WHO, no significant difference was found between DPLs published in Indian and non-Indian journals. However, DPLs from indian journals contained significantly less information regarding dosage regimen (P = 0.0096), adverse drug reactions (P = 0.0028), warnings (P = 0.0104) and major drug interactions (P < 0.0001) as compared to non-Indian journals. Compliance to all the five IFPMA criteria was significantly higher in DPLs of non-Indian journals (88%) than Indian journals (39%) (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Noncompliance to ethical standards of WHO and IFPMA guidelines is more common in DPLs of Indian journals as compared to non-Indian journals. Thus strict implementation of regulatory measures regarding DPLs published in Indian medical journals is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lyme disease (LD) has become the most common vector borne illness in the Northern hemisphere. Prevention relies predominantly on fostering protective behaviors (e.g., avoiding tick areas, using protective clothing and repellent, and doing routine tick checks post-exposure). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness (in terms of knowledge, perceived severity and susceptibility, self-efficacy, response efficacy, intention, and behavior over time) and appreciation of a leaflet and a movie as tools for informing the public in the Netherlands about ticks and LD protective behaviors.Methods: Participants (1,677 at t1 and 361 extra at t2) were members of a representative Internet panel (adults aged 18 years and above). A four group randomized controlled design was used to test the effect of an information leaflet and a movie (two intervention groups), compared to a control group and a follow-up only control group. Data were collected over two periods: July 15-29, 2013 (t1) and at follow-up 4 weeks later, August 16-31, 2013 (t2).Results: Post-intervention results show all respondents in all groups possess good general basic knowledge of ticks and LD. Respondents in both the leaflet and movie groups knew more than respondents in the control group, and had greater awareness of best practices after a tick bite. Intention to perform protective behavior in future was stronger among respondents in the intervention groups. While respondents generally appreciated both the movie and the leaflet, they found the movie ran too long. Follow-up revealed no lasting positive effects from either the leaflet or the movie.Conclusions: Our results suggest that both the movie and the leaflet are valued and effective intervention tools for improving knowledge about tick bites and strengthening self-efficacy and intentions to perform protective behavior against ticks and LD . Achieving lasting effects, however, calls for more action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how promotion is realized in applied linguistics (AL) research article introductions (RAIs). We focus on one promotional strategy, claiming centrality, and examine what appeals and linguistic devices applied linguists (ALs) employ and how they deploy them in RAIs to achieve positive evaluation of the significance of the topic or the research area. Fifty-one RAIs from three top-tier journals in AL were selected for a corpus-based study. Qualitative analyses of the texts revealed four major types of appeals, that is, appeals to salience, magnitude, topicality, and problematicity of the topic in either the research world or the real world, which ALs made in varied ways. Linguistic devices realizing these appeals were also analyzed with the tool of appraisal. Quantitative analyses further unveiled ALs' frequent use of appeals, their reliance on indirect over direct approaches to promotion, and their preferred patterns in appeal deployment. The pervasion of promotional elements is interpreted as indicative of academic marketization and as discipline-specific, and the indirect way of promotion is viewed as indicating a compromise between the need for promotion and the need to maintain objectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the promotional literature advertising the Georgia colony for potential settlers during the 1730s, including in pamphlets. An overview of the depiction of Georgia's environmental conditions within the promotional literature, including the state's animals, forests, fish and rivers, is provided.

This historical monograph addresses a gap in the extensive scholarly research literature devoted to comparative advertising—especially that which contrasts the advertised product, service, or brand with an identifiable competitor—by exploring advertisers' explanations for its appeal as a tactic throughout the previous century. Prior historical research confirms advertisers have long been aware of and greatly concerned about the unintended consequences of what they often called excessively competitive and combative advertising. Moreover, despite some thirty-five years of systematic scholarly research, two research teams recently concluded that the state of empirical knowledge regarding its effectiveness remains "equivocal." By synthesizing the extensive theoretical and empirical research literature on comparative advertising and interpreting those findings from a historical perspective, this monograph offers uniquely significant insights into modern advertising's history, theory, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In advertising literature, an area rarely explored is cross-cultural studies on celebrity endorsements. A good deal may be learned from understanding how a culture's communication style can shape the type of advertising most effective for that culture. This study examines the creative styles (creative executional factors) found in the advertising of Korea and America. The two countries represent two distinct cultures—Korea being a collectivistic culture and the United States being individualistic. Both cultures affect the norms and rules that guide their inhabitants’ behavior, directly affecting communication styles. The study finds that embedded in the use of celebrity endorsement are cross-cultural characteristics. The details of these findings will be useful to international advertisers executing celebrity endorsement campaigns in different cultural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aim: To evaluate the scientific and ethical status of the drug promotional literatures available in Indian market using WHO criteria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in department of pharmacology for evaluation of 142 drug promotional literatures by WHO-criteria, collected randomly from various regions of Gujarat. They were also analyzed for different claims, catchy terms, quality of paper and print, and representation of data with statistics/diagram/ table. The references cited in the literatures were evaluated for their source, year of publication, authenticity, and retrievability. Results: 49% of literatures were designed for promotion of fixed dose-drug combinations (FDCs). Chemotherapeutic agents and cardiovascular drugs were most promoted drug groups (19% each). None of the drug promotional literature fulfilled all the WHO criteria. Description of pharmacological effects and mechanism of action was not given in 54% and 80% of literatures, respectively. Majority (80-90%) were lacking information related to indications, correct dosage regimen, and dose adjustments in special situations. Most neglected aspect of drug promotion was mentioning about adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, precautions, and over dosage (<10%). False/tall claims, catchy/broken statements were given in 86% and 72% of literatures, respectively. Irrelevant diagrams were shown in 69%, statistical data for support in 7%, and tabular presentation in 5% of literatures. References were cited in 67% of literatures, of which 98% were from indexed-journals and were retrievable. Conclusion: Critical review of drug promotional literatures can make drug prescribing more effective. If drug promotional literatures fulfill all WHO guidelines, it can make promotion ethical and rational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]