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Maritime disputes among the East Asian States have garnered increasing attention worldwide with expanding offshore activities in the East China Sea. To avoid confrontation and potential conflict, unilateral maritime claims in the East China Sea usually have been non-explicit. While maritime boundary disputes remain unresolved in the region, changes have taken place because of resource shortages, the rise in military assertiveness from Tokyo, and increased alliances with the United States. This article explores the limits of unilateral activities within the disputed maritime area under current international law and how East Asian States should behave when they encounter unilateral activities conducted by other States, including analysis on sovereign entitlement and the limits of unilateral activities in the region. A code of conduct among the East Asian States is needed to ensure peace and prosperity in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to show «the place of peace in the international relations of the Islamic State». The most logical method is to refer to the Quran. According to the Qur'an, the basis of international relations is peace and peaceful coexistence. The reason is verses of the Quran. Not only from the verses of peace but also from the verses of Jihad. these interpretations and readings are supposed to be inferred. The provisions of the peace verses are: «the necessity of peaceful relations with nonviolent states», «the right to have good and fair relations with non-hostile states», «the prohibition of friendly relations with hostile states» and «the prohibition of aggression to neutral governments and allies in the conflict between Islamic State and hostile states». The verses of jihad are also used in such a way that one cannot fight a government or a group without reason or permission. The reason for the war can be some events like «invading Islamic lands» or «persecuting Muslims and conspiring against their religion and beliefs» or «persecuting and abusing their followers» or «killing and corruption on the earth» by a hostile group or an aggressive government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whatever the outcome of the Russo-Ukrainian War, in its wake Ukraine will need to choose a security policy to defend its sovereignty from future threats. Its choice holds implications for broader European security. Some observers advocate Ukraine becoming a member in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), thereby gaining protection from the U.S. "nuclear umbrella." Others doubt the effectiveness of "extended nuclear deterrence"—the threat of U.S. nuclear retaliation for attacks, including those carried out with conventional armed forces, on an ally's territory. But nuclear deterrence was never put to the test in Cold War Europe, and today extended nuclear deterrence is an unreliable and risky approach to Russian aggression. An examination of the role of nuclear deterrence during the 1961 Berlin Crisis demonstrates that Soviet military strategy against U.S. nuclear weapons posed the risk of escalation. In vulnerable NATO territories, such as the Estonian city of Narva, such a risk still exists. A Cold War–era alternative to nuclear deterrence offers the possibility of a non-nuclear defense for Ukraine. Proposals such as the "spider in the web" strategy draw on concepts of the security dilemma and non-offensive, confidence-building defense to provide for Ukrainian security in a Europe threatened by Russian expansion, without relying on the threat of nuclear war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American Indians are victims of violence at higher rates than members of any other racial group. Nevertheless, Indian victims receive little media attention. Aside from the prevalence of violence against Indians, the violence is unique because of the rules governing Indian country law enforcement. Tribes, absent compliance with federally mandated procedural safeguards, cannot prosecute non-Indian criminals. While state or federal law enforcement have jurisdiction over reservation crimes involving non-Indian perpetrators, they often fail to respond. Hence, non-Indians know they can target Indians with little fear of reprisal. This Article argues the rules governing Indian country crimes were not designed to benefit Indians, and tribes should consider civil disobedience as a means of changing federal Indian law. In particular, this Article suggests tribes consider violating Supreme Court precedent by prosecuting the non-Indian criminals state and federal prosecutors fail to pursue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a treaty obligation and customary international law, universal jurisdiction is crucial in the global fight against impunity. While Western countries have been at the forefront, actively expanding and developing universal jurisdiction, East Asian countries have adopted a more conservative approach, emphasizing state sovereignty. This article begins by exploring the theoretical construction, legal frameworks, and state practices of East Asian countries (China, Korea, and Japan) when exercising universal jurisdiction, highlighting the typical differences between these countries and Western countries. It is then observed that the passive universal jurisdiction system in East Asia is deficient in defending state interests or counteracting other countries' inappropriate extraterritorial jurisdiction. Accordingly, this article advocates a more proactive approach to the application of universal jurisdiction in East Asian countries. By doing so, while assuming responsibility to prevent impunity, the state can use universal jurisdiction as a legitimate countermeasure and reprisal in reciprocal international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With regard to the position of States, some States commented on Article 54 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility. 1. The book under review is LI Yongsheng, I Lun Shouhaiguo Yiwaide Guojia Caiqu Fancuoshi Wenti [On Countermeasures Taken by a State Other Than an Injured State] i , Law Press, 2012, VI+323 pp.; preface; introduction; references and appendix; ISBN978-7-5118-4152-0. The practice of distinguishing the injured State from the State with legal interests other than the injured State was generally recognized by the Commission as a major progress on the issue of the injured State. [Extracted from the article]

Public health measures to control the international spread of infectious diseases include strengthening quarantines and sealing borders. Although these measures are effective in delaying the importation of infectious diseases, they also have a significant economic impact by stopping the flow of people and goods. The arrival time of infectious diseases is often used to assess quarantine effectiveness. Although the arrival time is highly dependent on the number of infected cases in the endemic country, direct comparisons have not yet been made. Therefore, this study derives an explicit relationship between the number of infected cases and arrival time. Transmission behavior is stochastic, and deterministic models are not always realistic. In this study, random differential equations, which are differential equations with stochastic processes, were used to describe the dynamics of infection in an endemic country. Furthermore, the flow of travelers from the endemic country was described in terms of survival time, and the arrival time in each country was calculated. A scenario in which PCR kits were distributed between endemic and diseasefree countries was also considered, and the impact of different distribution rates on arrival time was evaluated. The simulation results showed that increasing the distribution of PCR kits in the endemic country was more effective in delaying arrival times than using PCR kits in quarantine in disease-free countries. It was also found that increasing the proportion of identified infected persons in the endemic country, leading to isolation, was more important and effective in delaying arrival times than increasing the number of PCR tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the malfunctions of outdoor security cameras caused by lightning strikes. The path of the lightning-surge current and countermeasures against the malfunctions are also explained. This is the seventy-fifth article in a series on telecommunication technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a neurodevelopmental disorder, autism causes great pressure on the spirit of patients and their families. Since 1982, there are more than ten million autistic children in our country, which has become one of the social topics worth paying attention to. Because of the lifelong nature of autism, it can not be completely cured, which brings a great burden to the family economy. In addition, there are few studies on social support for autistic people in our country, there is also a lack of necessary and in-depth discussion on the employment of children with autism. With the continuous development of our country's economy, the regional social welfare system is well established in the areas with good economic development, and autistic children in these areas can get help through relevant social remedy measures, at the same time, we can not neglect that there are many underdeveloped areas in our country, and the employment of autistic children in these areas has not been effectively and properly solved. In view of the above background, according to my own professional knowledge, through the network questionnaire and offline interviews and other research methods, summed up the current employment support of autistic children in underdeveloped areas of our country, many problems, at the same time, the paper discusses the specific reasons of the relevant problems in a deep level, and finally, on the premise of combining the reasons of the problems and referring to more academic literature, this paper puts forward some pertinent and feasible suggestions and countermeasures on how to effectively solve the employment support problem of autistic children in underdeveloped areas, so as to provide reference for relevant practitioners and social researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new generation of security threats has been promoted by real-time applications, where several users develop new ways to communicate on the internet via web applications. Structured Query Language injection Attacks (SQLiAs) is one of the major threats to web application security. Here, unauthorised users usually gain access to the database via web applications. Despite the giant strides made in the detection and prevention of SQLiAs by several researchers, an ideal approach is still far from over as most existing techniques still require improvement, especially in the area of addressing the weak characterisation of input vectors which often leads to low prediction accuracy. To deal with this concern, this paper put forward a hybrid optimised Logistic Regression (LR) model with Improved Term Frequency Inverse Document-Frequency (ITFIDF-LR). To show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, attack datasets is used and evaluated using selected performance metrics, i.e., accuracy, recall, specificity and False Positive Rate. The experimental results via simulation when compared with the benchmarked techniques, achieved performance record of 0.99781 for accuracy, recall and F1-score as well as 0.99782, 0.99409 and 0.00591 for precision, specificity and False Positive Rate (FPR) respectively. This is an indication that the proposed approach is efficient and when deployed is capable of detecting SQLiA on web applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on learning of the death as the people of the town rose up destroying property and killing a high-ranking official. Topics include considered after the uprising was quelled, there came reprisal, including punishment of the bell and among other things, the bell was publicly flogged and its "tongue" was cut out so that it could never be rung again.

The distributed nature of distributed learning renders the learning process susceptible to model poisoning attacks. Most existing countermeasures are designed based on a presumed attack model, and can only perform under the presumed attack model. However, in reality a distributed learning system typically does not have the luxury of knowing the attack model it is going to be actually facing in its operation when the learning system is deployed, thus constituting a zero-day vulnerability of the system that has been largely overlooked so far. In this paper, we study the attack-model-agnostic defense mechanisms for distributed learning, which are capable of countering a wide-spectrum of model poisoning attacks without relying on assumptions of the specific attack model, and hence alleviating the zero-day vulnerability of the system. Extensive experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyses the possible responses to cyber-attacks through cyberspace deterrence. The inundated cyber-attacks have prompted major powers to establish cyber deterrence. However, in the absence of a model of punishment, as it is empirically found in the nuclear domain, the efficacy of cyber deterrence is limited. The model of punishment against cyber-attacks is based on the traditional nuclear deterrence model, which is either deterrence by denial or deterrence by punishment. Cyber deterrence may not be a replica of traditional deterrence and give similar response measures in a cyber-attack. The assured retaliation in cyber requires an explanation of response measures that do not cause collateral damage. The paper concludes that cyber aggressors escaped retaliation due to the lack of attribution and not being punished due to limited retaliatory measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Current evidence-based guidelines to mitigate fatigue and protect against adverse events in the emergency medical service industry are minimally effective. Since flight medicine is a team event, the performance-cohesion relationship is examined as a potential countermeasure against fatigue-related errors in aeromedicine. Background: Fatigue has been implicated in decision-making errors, suggesting that it impacts cognitive abilities and clinical performance. Although the impact of fatigue on medical performance in aeromedicine has yet to be examined, it is intuitive flight providers are also susceptible to fatigue-induced errors. Given the additional fatiguing effects of flight, research is needed to elucidate protective factors that can reduce the likelihood of fatigue-induced errors in flight medicine. Method: A comprehensive review of literature was conducted on the relationship between fatigue and medical performance. The multidimensional construct of team cohesion (i.e., including task and social subdimensions) was also examined to understand the potential moderating effect of team cohesion on the relationship between fatigue and error. Results: The empirical evidence on the relationship between fatigue and error is robust. Although the performance-cohesion relationship is strong, the distinctive subdimensions of team cohesion, including task and social, may differentially impact team performance. Conclusion: Whereas higher levels of social cohesion may contribute to groupthink and degradations in performance when fatigued, evidence suggests that task cohesion is an area for future investigation as a possible countermeasure against fatigue-induced errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to the expansion and overhaul of the Russian armed forces with new advanced weapons systems. Topics discussed include Russian A2/AD capabilities and possible countermeasures, nominal maximum range of air-defence systems with their effective range and deployment another regiment of its S-400 air-defence system in the Kaliningrad exclave by Russia.

The article examines the deceptions in the nuclear policy of the Russia government. Topics discussed include the implication of the release of the Basic Principles of the State Policy of the Russian Federation on Nuclear Deterrence by President Vladimir Putin on June 2, 2020, contradictions to the assertion in the document on the emphasis of Russia on retaliatory strike, and the importance of strategic deterrence to Russian security.

This article explores whether domestic courts can deny jurisdictional immunity of a state as a countermeasure. The article offers a survey of state practice that, according to some scholars, would support this argument, demonstrating that the corresponding practice is scarce, and that relevant domestic legislation denying jurisdictional immunity is not adopted as a countermeasure. Typically, countermeasures are adopted by political organs, which are responsible for the state's international relations and which can assess what is a lawful response to a violation of international law. Domestic courts are not entitled to adopt countermeasures without the involvement of the executive organs that are competent for the international relations of the state. This article demonstrates that a domestic court's denial of sovereign immunity as a countermeasure is unlawful without a prior determination of the government, and it is highly impractical when that determination is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The War of 1812 is a conflict that carries an unduly heavy burden of mythology, much of it propagated by nineteenth-century historians and deriving mainly from national chauvinism. In this respect, one of the most misunderstood events of the war is the British destruction of public buildings in Washington in August 1814. This article examines the background of that event and discusses whether it was justified, either under the laws of war, as they were understood at the time, or in retaliation for the American destruction of Canadian towns and villages in the northern theatre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited strikes are arguably different from war insofar as they are more circumscribed, less destructive, and cost less in blood and treasure to employ. However, what they can achieve is also considerably more circumscribed than what is set out by the goals of war. How do we morally evaluate limited strikes? As part of the roundtable, "The Ethics of Limited Strikes," this essay argues that we need to turn to the ethics of limited of force, or jus ad vim, to do so. Two moral assumptions that are the keystone to jus ad vim can shed light on the moral imperatives and ethical dilemmas of undertaking limited strikes. First, such strikes should be seen as an alternative to war, and not part of the jus ad bellum last resort process. What I call the "Rubicon assessment" determines at what level force should be used: at the level of war, with all its costs and unpredictability, or at that of the more predictable and less costly limited force. Second, limited strikes should adhere to a "presumption against escalation"; that is, a moral commitment not to escalate to war. This essay highlights these moral principles in five different limited strike scenarios: "hot pursuit," "red line," "the last straw," "the point of no return," and "the right of retaliation." The conclusion explores the notion of justice after limited strikes, or what I call jus post vim, to show that while what can be accomplished by limited strikes is inherently constrained, they can, if used morally and in tune with diplomacy, be of service in the quest for peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The politics of tourism has not been studied in depth, even though many recognize the growing importance of political factors in tourism economy. As China has risen, it has used its massive volume of outbound tourists and its tourist industry for political gain, with both positive and negative consequences for partner countries. And the recipient countries' state and society respond to these external impacts from China in various ways. In recent years, this development has alarmed students of tourism and politics in the Pacific Basin. In this context, the case of Chinese tourism in South Korea throughout 2010s sheds light on many aspects of this new and controversial phenomenon and ensuing interactions of various actors at both domestic and international political arenas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many strategists argue that to deter a nuclear attack, states must be certain of their ability to retaliate after a nuclear first strike. China's nuclear posture of uncertain retaliation suggests an alternative logic. Given the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear attack, uncertain retaliation can have a strong deterrent effect, and assured retaliation is not necessary. A simplified nuclear exchange model developed to evaluate China's nuclear retaliatory capabilities against the Soviet Union in 1984 and the United States in 2000 and 2010 shows that China's nuclear retaliatory capability has been and remains far from assured. In its 2010 Nuclear Posture Review Report, the United States promised to maintain strategic stability with China; therefore, the 2010 scenario can be considered as a baseline for China-U.S. strategic stability. Both China and the United States are developing or modernizing their strategic offensive and defensive weapons. The technical competition between China and the United States favors each in different ways. A hypothetical scenario of China versus the United States in 2025 reveals that China-U.S. strategic stability will likely be maintained at no lower than its 2010 level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the U.S. strategy in East Asia is defensive seeking to maintain the territorial status quo and to preserve open trade and investment. It mentions military component of that strategy largely involves helping allies defend their territories against China and the U.S. military operational plans in service of that strategy are largely offensive. It also mentions the U.S. forces would protect themselves both by carrying countermeasures such as anti-missile missiles and by striking China. It discusses China has significantly increased its military spending.

The controversy surrounding military drones has generated many proposals for restricting or prohibiting existing drones, additional autonomous variants that may be created in the future, and the sale of drones to certain markets. Moreover, there is broad interest in regulating military drones, with proposals coming not only from academics but also from NGOs and policymakers. I argue that these proposals generally fail to consider the dual-use character of drones and that they therefore provide inadequate regulatory guidance. Drones are not confined to the military but rather spread across international and domestic security roles, humanitarian relief efforts, and dozens of civilian applications. Drones, their component technologies, the control infrastructure, and the relevant technical expertise would continue to develop under a military-focused regulatory regime as civilian technologies that have the potential to be militarized. I evaluate the prospects of drone regulation with the help of research on other dual-use technologies, while also showing what the study of drones can contribute to that literature. Drones' ubiquity in nonmilitary roles presents special regulatory challenges beyond those associated with WMDs and missiles, which indicates that strict regulatory controls or international governance frameworks are unlikely to succeed. With this in mind, I further argue that future research should acknowledge that drone proliferation across military and civilian spheres is unavoidable and shift focus to considering how drone warfare may be moderated by countermeasures and institutional pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The India–Pakistan War of September 1965 has attracted little attention in the larger body of work on South Asia. Further, almost nothing has been written on the earlier skirmish, in April 1965, between Indian and Pakistani security forces in the Rann-of-Kutch, an uninhabited salt marsh. This article argues that the limited conflict in the Rann, its immediate consequences, and its impact on Pakistani military and civilian leaders were central to Pakistan's consideration of a military solution to the ongoing dispute in Kashmir, which then led to Indian retaliation and the outbreak of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented which discusses the application of economic sanctions as countermeasures in response to internationally wrongful acts. Topics explored include the legitimacy of economic sanctions under international law, the significant contributions of the late law professor David D. Caron to the analysis and interpretation of international law, and the controversies associated with the economic sanctions imposed by the U.S. government on Iran.

Highlight • We study affirmative action in contests with productivity heterogeneity. • The affirmative action policy increases overall participation in the contest. • The policy increases overall contest effort. • The possibility of retaliation undermines the effectiveness of the policy. Abstract We conduct a real-effort experiment to test the effects of an affirmative action policy that reserves a share of the prize to subjects of a disadvantaged category in rent-seeking contests. We test three potential pitfalls of the affirmative action policy: (i) whether the introduction of the policy distorts effort and selection in the contest, (ii) whether it leads to reverse discrimination, that is, discourages entry from the advantaged category and (iii) whether the possibility of ex-post retaliatory actions undermines the effectiveness of the policy. We find that the affirmative action contest increases entry of players from the disadvantaged category without affecting entry of advantaged players. This increases overall effort in the contest. However, we find that the possibility of retaliation can undermine the benefits of the affirmative action policy reducing contest participation. This suggests that retaliation is an important aspect to consider when implementing affirmative action policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is now vigorously promoting the higher education reform in the new era, under this background, it is imperative to analyze the education and cultivation mode of music professionals in China and explore the cultivation mode that is suitable for the development requirements and development characteristics of music talents. Based on this, proceeding from the current situation of the cultivation of music talents in China, this paper summarizes the basic framework of the cultivation of high-quality music talents in colleges and universities. Also, this paper analyzes the existing problems of the cultivation mode of music professionals in China combined with the cultivation mode of music professionals in colleges and universities and proposes the suggestions for the cultivation mode of music talents suitable for China based on the analysis of foreign mature experience. Through this paper, we can further deepen the understanding of the current situation and continuously explore the innovation and integration of the cultivation of music talents in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water distribution networks are critical infrastructure systems that are vulnerable to terrorist attack. Water utility management has the goal of protecting public health by allocating countermeasures, including security equipment and personnel, as a first line of defense. A malevolent actor may select an attack location, however, using a set of unknown priorities that include performance and susceptibility criteria. This research develops a multi-agent framework to simulate the attack and defense of a distribution system to analyze security resource allocation strategies for protecting against chemical contamination events. A single period attacker-defender game is simulated, in which an attacker seeks to contaminate a system node with high attack utility, and a group of defenders seeks to minimize the public health impact from intentional attack. Terrorist agent decisions are simulated using a multi-attribute utility function, and multiple cases are constructed to simulate alternative rankings of criteria. The water utility manager agent assigns security personnel and deterrent security equipment to nodes using one of three security resource allocation strategies. The agent-based modeling framework is applied to simulate attack and defense for a virtual municipality, D -town. Strategies are evaluated based on the number of consumers exposed to a critical dose when a contaminant is released. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake and tsunami impose great threats on the stability of a breakwater. Foundation of the breakwater is weakened by these forces, and it may result in collapse of the breakwater. Lateral flow of seabed soils take place beneath the breakwater, and excess pore water pressure is generated in the foundation by an earthquake that precedes tsunami. These factors may lead to excessive settlement and horizontal displacement of the breakwater. Tsunami introduces additional instability to the deformed breakwater. Due to water level difference between seaside and harborside of the breakwater during a tsunami, seepage occurs through its foundation, and it may cause pipping of seabed soils. Tsunami induced scouring of mound is also a big problem for the stability of the breakwater foundation. Finally, these result in failure of the breakwater foundation. Due to failure of its foundation, the breakwater may collapse and cannot block the tsunami. It results in entering of the tsunami in coastal areas. In order to make a breakwater resilient against earthquake and tsunami induced damage, reinforcing countermeasures were developed for foundation of a breakwater. Geogrid, gabions and sheet piles were used for reinforcing a foundation model. The effectiveness of the model is evaluated through physical modeling for mitigating the earthquake and tsunami induced damage. Shaking table tests were performed to determine the effectiveness of the reinforced model under different earthquake loadings. Tsunami overflow test was conducted on the same deformed model in order to see the effects of tsunami on the model. Comparisons were made between the unreinforced and reinforced foundations, and it was observed during the tests that the reinforced foundation performed well in reducing the damage of the breakwater brought by the earthquake and tsunami. Overall, this study is useful for practice engineering, and the reinforced foundation model can be adopted for designing a breakwater foundation to reduce damage triggered by an earthquake and tsunami in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firstly, the paper analyses the current situation of the three modes of law clinic, moot court and practical experience in law teaching, then puts forward some educational problems in the teaching mode, such as lack of knowledge relay, lack of characteristics in curriculum setting and weak sense of social identity, and finally puts forward the countermeasures in law teaching mode. It includes establishing a sound system structure, improving the evaluation system of law teaching mode and enhancing cooperation. This paper takes the teaching mode of law as the starting point, and puts forward the improvement countermeasures for the existing problems, hoping to provide help for the teaching method of law and the future employment situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education of international students in China is an important way for the successful implementation of China's overseas projects in the host country. Firstly, this research adopts the principal component analysis method to construct the index system for the evaluation of the educational structure of international students from the host country of China's overseas engineering projects and then makes a country selection for the host country of China's overseas engineering projects. Then it evaluates and analyzes the educational structure of international students in China. The study finds that the educational structure of international students in China is characterized by "single core and multi-level". Finally, it puts forward the development countermeasures for the educational structure of international students in China from the host country of China's overseas engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, the legal practice education of college students in China has gradually transferred the focus from the popularization of legal knowledge to the cultivation of citizen consciousness. Law education is practical education instead of theoretical education. Under the vision of cultivation of citizen consciousness, this study explores the problems of college students' efficient legal practice education, and puts forward some solutions to the existing problems. The results show that the subject of legal practice education under the system of cultivation of citizen consciousness is college students whose depth of legal consciousness is not enough. The legal practice education can also actively arouse the enthusiasm of students, strengthen students' ability of coping with psychological quality and solving problems, and cultivate college students' consciousness and citizen consciousness. This study provides theoretical basis for promoting the legal practice education of college students and cultivating the citizen consciousness of college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Master of Public Administration (MPA) degree education is not only an important subject of China's higher education reform, but also a platform for cultivating knowledgeable and professional high-level civil servants. This paper takes H University as an example, conducts a field survey to analyze the success achieved in the development of MPA education in H University, dissects the dilemma in teaching and education processes, and puts forward the basic idea and countermeasure that fit the development of MPA education in H University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the university stage, the cultivation of sports EQ should be paid enough attention to, and sportsmanship is one of the essential core qualities of university students. The paper first defines the concept of university students' core literacy and university basketball teaching, expounds the relationship between the two, and with the core literacy as the background, analyzes the current situation and challenge of cultivating sportsmanship in university basketball teaching, and discusses the effective countermeasures and methods, aiming at expanding the path of cultivating sportsmanship and upgrading the quality of talent training. Promote the connotation development of university basketball teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, that phenomenon of "super high school" has become more and more prominent, which destroys the ecological balance of regional education, affects the implementation of quality-oriented education, impairs educational equality, as well as has hidden dangers. We should remodel the concept of school education, adopt the policy of restricting the expansion of "super high school", reasonably split "super high school" and change the traditional evaluation system of school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of belligerent reprisals in international humanitarian law. It informs on cyber warfare context related to the jus in bello; and countermeasures under the law of state responsibility. It also mentions that during the American Civil War reprisals were a lawful method of enforcing the laws and customs of war.

Antibiotic resistance is typically used to justify education about evolution, as evolutionary reasoning improves our understanding of causes of resistance and possible countermeasures. It has also been promoted as a useful context for teaching natural selection, because its potency as a selection factor, in combination with the very short generation times of bacteria, allows observation of rapid selection. It is also amenable to animations, which have potential for promoting conceptual inferences. Thus, we have explored the potential benefits of introducing antibiotic resistance as a first example of natural selection, in animations, to novice pupils (aged 13-14 years). We created a series of animations that pupils interacted with in groups of 3-5 (total n = 32). Data were collected at individual (pre-/post- test) and group (collaborative group questions) levels. In addition, the exercise was video-recorded and the full transcripts were analysed inductively. The results show that most of the pupils successfully applied basic evolutionary reasoning to predict antibiotic resistance development in tasks during and after the exercise, suggesting that this may be an effective approach. Pedagogical contributions include the identification of certain characteristics of the bacterial context for evolution teaching, including common misunderstandings, and factors to consider when designing animations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a detailed analysis using learning theory of the classic naval confrontation between the Allies and Germany in the North Atlantic during the Second World War. New measures of countermeasure effectiveness introduced are the rate and probability of sinking as a function of the risk exposure and learning opportunity on both sides. These replace the 'sweep rate' used in earlier analyses, and demonstrates that a relevant risk exposure, experience and learning measure must replace the usual calendar time representation. Using archival data, the analysis confirms that the use of decryption intelligence did not itself result in a statistically significant increase in U-boat sinkings. At both the entire system and the individual human performance levels the rate, probability and number of sinkings are all exponential in form, decreasing with increasing experience and/or risk exposure. The reduction of between five and ten in the merchant ship loss data is exactly the range attained in multiple industrial and technological systems worldwide. The analysis shows the learning rate and countermeasure effectiveness trends are adversely affected by the stress of combat and wartime chaos as compared to peacetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper adopts a Lacanian motif to present the world as being psycho‐theologically characterized by sacrifice and loss, with its subjects (including, more often than not, Christians) remaining in bondage to a vicious cycle of tit‐for‐tat violence and retribution. The chief solution to this situation is for the church to mimic the mercy, forgiveness, and cheek‐turning displayed by Jesus. Through via unconditional forgiveness in the face of injustice and oppression, the community defined by the enemy‐loving work of Christ can exemplify an unravelling of the present diabolical world system. In Lacanian terms, the church is responsible to initiate an ongoing assault of the Real (of peace‐making and forgiveness) upon the Symbolic Order (of rights‐seeking and oppression). This article argues that turning the cheek is no mere political tactic, but is indeed the church's singularity, that is, that aspect of a subject whose jouissance (or enjoyment) refuses the validation of the Other. It concludes by highlighting two episodes from the “Allah” controversy in Malaysia where Christian leaders prioritized forgiveness and reconciliation over legal reprisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]