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In this article, two new estimators of population proportion of a sensitive characteristic are introduced by using a method analogous to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Then, a new unbiased regression type estimator is developed by utilizing these two estimators. The proposed estimator is, then, compared with its competitor at the same level of protection of the respondents. Also included is a study, based on data collected during summer 2021, of the currently hot topic of estimating the proportion of students, 18 years and older, returning to schools in fall 2021, who tested positive for COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing interest in the use of multidimensional forced-choice (MFC) measures in industrial and organizational psychology. However, despite the growing popularity, there has been a lack of research on how to address the problem of careless responses and improve the quality of MFC data. This study aims to address this gap by discussing the issue of careless responses in MFC data, proposing a method for detecting careless respondents using the lz person-fit statistic in conjunction with the Thurstonian item response theory (TIRT; Brown & Maydeu-Olivares, 2011) model, and examining the performance of this method on pair and triplet MFC measures and its impact on psychometric properties. To this end, we conducted empirical and simulation studies under various experimental conditions. We also provided an R tutorial for applying the lz person-fit statistic to both pair and triplet MFC measures using the TIRT model. The results showed that our proposed method can effectively detect careless respondents without a significant risk of misclassification. The implications of the findings and practical guidelines were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the linguistic imperial norms that were used during Cuba's Third War of Independence by analyzing the work of three U.S. war correspondents that describe General Máximo Gómez. The authors detail their methodological structure used for historical analysis, including digital analytical tools and archival deep dives.

Since 2010 the Catalan secessionist movement has been reported on extensively in the global media. Beginning with the 2010 demonstrations against the decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court to reject a new Catalan statute of autonomy, and covering subsequent events such as the unofficial self-determination referendum in 2017, the trial and imprisonment of Catalan political leaders, and the violent protests against the verdicts; the events in the region have all featured heavily on the front pages of the international press. This study analyzes how US and UK newspapers have covered the Catalan independence movement during the period from 2010 to 2019. To do so, this study focuses on two US newspapers (The New York Times and The Washington Post) and two from the UK newspapers (The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian) and observes how the positions of the Spanish and Catalan governments are represented through the analysis of the frames used to construct the newspapers' coverage, as well as the overall tone and the sources used by the journalists. To detect the dominant framework, a framing analysis is undertaken from a communicative and deductive perspective, applying Semetko and Valkenburg's classification. In-depth interviews are also conducted with the newspapers' Spanish-based foreign correspondents which allows the analysis to include the correspondents' views on the difficulties faced by them during their time spent while covering the conflict. The study's primary conclusion is that the international press downplays the significant role played by social movements and civil society in the secession movement, with a strong preference shown by journalists to rely on representatives of official sources as the most valid spokespersons for the movement. Secondly, the study finds that media attention follows closely the flash-points of the conflict with more coverage appearing at the moments of greater political tension between the Spanish and Catalan governments. This suggests that civil society mobilizations attract less interest from the media that instead prefers to focus on developments in the political sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviewees' use of impression management (IM) in job interviews is clearly related to individual differences such as personality. However, research has paid less attention to how interviewee cognitive capacities (i.e., cognitive ability and executive functions) influence IM use, even though interviewees' cognitive capacities and IM are theoretically linked. The current research aimed to address this research gap through two studies. In Study 1, 166 undergraduate business students participated in mock face‐to‐face interviews with real recruiters. In Study 2, 294 job‐seeking participants recruited through Prolific completed a mock asynchronous video interview. Overall, cognitive ability was negatively related to deceptive IM while perceived incongruency (i.e., a gap between desired and perceived current impressions conveyed to others) was positively related to deceptive IM in both studies. Furthermore, cognitive ability and working memory updating, but not inhibition and shifting nor incongruency, were negatively related to honest IM in Study 2. Additionally, in both studies the relations between personality traits and interview IM were generally in line with findings from prior research. Overall, our findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of how interview IM relates to interviewee individual differences and interview performance in different forms of job interviews. Practitioner points: While interviewee personality traits have shown to highly influence their use of impression management in job interviews, the role of their cognitive capacities was less clear.Across two studies in face‐to‐face (Study 1) and asynchronous video interview (Study 2) settings, applicants lower in cognitive ability used more deceptive IM, and more honest IM in Study 2.The role of executive functions was more limited, and the relations between deceptive or honest IM and interviewee personality traits generally aligned with prior research.Organizations should design interviews so that a greater number of interviewees feel comfortable using honest IM, to even out opportunities for applicants to succeed and thereby improve the fairness of interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article synthesizes results from historical newspaper analysis and archival research with standpoint epistemology to explore the dynamics of transnational eyewitnessing illustrated by Leonora Raines, a Paris-based American journalist who reported the Great War (1914-1918) for the metropolitan New York Sun. Few World War I military-press histories have explored how female reporters engaged in transnational journalism, harnessing their role as an "outsider within" to produce cross-border stories for audiences dependent on foreign news. Analysis of Raines' 126 articles, her scrapbook, and records from U.S. and German archives reveal her interactions with foreign sources, military censors, and propaganda across France, the Western Front, and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The homogeneity hypothesis is a common assumption in classic measurement. However, the item response theory model assumes that different respondents with same ability have the same option probabilities, which may not hold. The aim of this study is to propose a new individual random effect model that accounts for the differences in option probabilities among respondents with same latent traits by using within-person variance. The performance of the new model is evaluated through simulation studies and real data using the PRESUPP scale of PISA. The model parameters are estimated by the MCMC method. The results show that the individual random effect model can provide more accurate parameter estimates and obtain a scale parameter to describe the distribution of respondents' abilities, under different within-person variances. The new model has lower RMSE and better model fit than the classic IRT model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Previous research points to a growth rate of 17% for veterinary telemedicine. This study aimed to analyze pet owners' attitudes, feasibility, and socioeconomic impacts of introducing this growth technique to a particular demographic. Materials and Methods: Five hundred population-representative respondents were utilized in the study. The ages ranged from 18 to 68 years. At the Russian State Agrarian University's veterinary hospital, respondents (pet owners) made contact (either in person or remotely). The survey inquired about participants' personal information, their pets, and veterinary telemedicine. Russia uses the ruble, issued by the Bank of Russia, as its currency. The required sample size of 385 for this study was determined using the Q test to ensure feasibility. Results: 79.2% of the participants had a positive outlook on telemedicine. Every fifth applicant turned down telemedicine, opting instead for personal vet appointments. 53.8% of respondents with prices under $14 were willing to pay for the service, whereas 17.8% (89 people) outright rejected it, and 93.8% of the paid customers belonged to the age group of 18-28. Pet owners with chronically ill animals merit special consideration. Conclusion: Pet owners are generally open to veterinary telemedicine, but it remains underutilized. The study reveals directions for optimizing veterinary telemedicine and enhancing client and patient satisfaction. Despite limitations (less access to respondents/telemedicine), future approach is to investigate variables and invariable factors affecting this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polarisation of attitudes towards dyslexia appears to be contingent upon the awareness of the implications of adopting a medical model to interpreting dyslexia (as a medical 'condition') or applying an educational overlay, based upon difficulties in certain areas, to interpreting and making provision for those with dyslexia. Specifically, it underscores the difficulties dyslexics have in reading and the comprehension of what has been read. Furthermore, it accentuates the approaches taken in the 1980s and the turn of the century to dyslexia was, for these interviewees, unfitting. However, it raises other questions about whether the current practice is suited to the needs of those with dyslexia, or whether a universal offer is made, regardless of specific need. In the wake of this research, three emergent themes occur, dyslexia and stigmatisation, the impact of stigmatisation and poorly suited provision upon self‐esteem and the stress this generates. As key practitioner points, this disquisition underlines the need to tailor provision for inclusive education based upon the needs of the individual with dyslexia. It further illumines the stress of unsuitable provision, manifesting the imperative nature of adequate training and resourcing for dyslexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose two types of estimators that are analogous to Franklin's model. One estimator is derived by concentrating on the row averages of the responses, and another is obtained by concentrating on the column averages of the observed responses. In the latter case we have two responses per respondent from a bi‐variate normal distribution. The proposed estimator based on row averages, by making use of negatively correlated random numbers from a multivariate density, is always more efficient than the corresponding Franklin's estimator. In the case of the proposed estimator based on column averages, we found that the use of positively correlated random numbers from a bivariate density can lead to the most efficient estimator. We also discuss results which are observed by making use of three responses per respondent. When the three responses are recorded, three independent normal densities are derived from three correlated variables. The findings are supported based on analytical, numerical, and simulation studies. A simulation study was done to determine the minimum sample size required to produce nonnegative estimates of the population proportion of a sensitive characteristic, and to investigate the 95% nominal coverage by the interval estimates. Ultimately at the end, one best estimator is suggested. A very neat and clean derivations of theoretical results and discussion of numerical and simulation studies are documented in Data S1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnoracial identity refers to the racial and ethnic categories that people use to classify themselves and others. How it is measured in surveys has implications for understanding inequalities. Yet how people self-identify may not conform to the categories standardized survey questions use to measure ethnicity and race, leading to potential measurement error. In interviewer-administered surveys, answers to survey questions are achieved through interviewer–respondent interaction. An analysis of interviewer–respondent interaction can illuminate whether, when, how, and why respondents experience problems with questions. In this study, we examine how indicators of interviewer–respondent interactional problems vary across ethnoracial groups when respondents answer questions about ethnicity and race. Further, we explore how interviewers respond in the presence of these interactional problems. Data are provided by the 2013–2014 Voices Heard Survey, a computer-assisted telephone survey designed to measure perceptions of participating in medical research among an ethnoracially diverse sample of respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring effort has long been a challenge and this seems particularly true in the case of subjective effort. Koriat et al. compared two types of effort frames, what they call data-driven effort, the amount of effort perceived to be required by a task, and goal-driven effort, the amount of effort one chooses to invest in a task. This study investigates whether self-reports of data- and goal-driven effort are differentially associated with test performance, metacognition, and affect in a complex learning task. Results demonstrate that data- and goal-driven effort have qualitatively different relations with many of these variables. For example, partial correlations revealed data-driven effort was negatively associated with prospective and retrospective performance estimates, but the opposite pattern emerged for goal-driven effort. These results demonstrate that how subjective measures of effort are framed (and interpreted by the respondent) can drastically influence how they relate to other variables of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Family Health Study (AFHS) collected family health and fertility data from a national probability sample of persons aged 18–49 between September 2021 and May 2022, using web and mail exclusively. In July 2022, we surveyed AFHS respondents and gauged their willingness to become part of a national web panel that would create novel longitudinal data on these topics. We focus on predictors of willingness to participate, identifying the potential selection bias that this type of approach may introduce. We found that efforts of this type to create a national web panel may introduce potential selection bias in estimates based on the panel respondents, with individuals having higher socioeconomic status being more cooperative. Thus, alternative recruitment strategies and re-weighting of the subsample may be needed to further reduce selection bias. We present methodological implications of our results, limitations of our approach, and suggestions for further research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Multiple modalities and frequencies of contact are needed to maximize recruitment in many public health surveys. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize respondents to a statewide SARS-CoV-2 testing study whose participation followed either postcard, phone outreach or electronic means of invitation. In addition, we examine how participant characteristics differ based upon the number of contacts needed to elicit participation. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of survey data collected from participants who were randomly selected to represent Indiana residents and were invited to be tested for Covid-19 in April 2020. Participants received invitations via postcard, text/emails, and/or robocalls/texts based upon available contact information. The modality, and frequency of contacts, that prompted participation was determined by when the notification was sent and when the participant responded and subsequently registered to participate in the study. Chi square analyses were used to determine differences between groups and significant findings were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Respondents included 3,658 individuals and were stratified by postcards (7.9%), text/emails (26.5%), and robocalls/text (65.7%) with 19.7% registering after 1 contact, 47.9% after 2 contacts, and 32.4% after 3 contacts encouraging participation. Females made up 54.6% of the sample and responded at a higher rate for postcards (8.2% vs. 7.5%) and text/emails (28.1 vs. 24.6%) as compared to males (χ2 = 7.43, p = 0.025). Compared to males, females responded at a higher percentage after 1 contact (21.4 vs. 17.9%, χ2 = 7.6, p = 0.023). Those over 60 years responded most often after 2 contacts (χ2 = 27.5, p < 0.001) when compared to others at younger age groups. In regression analysis, participant sex (p = 0.036) age (p = 0.005), educational attainment (p = < 0.0001), and being motivated by “free testing” (p = 0.036) were correlated with participation in the prevalence study. Discussion: Researchers should be aware that the modality of contact as well as the number of prompts used could influence differential participation in public health studies. Our findings can inform researchers developing studies that rely on selective participation by study subjects. We explore how to increase participation within targeted demographic groups using specific modalities and examining frequency of contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extend the optional randomized response technique (ORRT) developed by Chaudhuri and Mukerjee [Optionally randomized response techniques. Bull. Calcutta Statist. Assoc. 1985;34:225–230; Randomized response: theory and techniques. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1988] to the situation of estimating the proportion of two sensitive characteristics and their overlap. Lee, Sedory and Singh [Estimating at least seven measures of qualitative variables from a single sample using randomized response technique. Stat Prob Lett. 2013;83(1):399–409; Estimation of odds ratio, attributable risk, relative risk, correlation coefficient and other parameters using randomized response techniques. Behaviormetrika. 2021;48:371–392.] have shown that their crossed model performs better than their simple model from an efficiency point of views. Here we investigated a further improvement in the crossed model along the lines of Chaudhuri and Mukerjee [Optionally randomized response techniques. Bull. Calcutta Statist. Assoc. 1985;34:225–230; Randomized response: theory and techniques. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1988]. New unbiased estimators are proposed, their variance expressions are derived and estimators of variances are suggested. Lastly, we carry out a simulation study to investigate the behaviour of the proposed estimators with respect to their competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge in online self-administered surveys has given rise to an extensive body of literature on respondent inattention, also known as careless or insufficient effort responding. This burgeoning literature has outlined the consequences of inattention and made important strides in developing effective methods to identify inattentive respondents. However, differences in terminology, as well as a multiplicity of different methods for measuring and correcting for inattention, have made this literature unwieldy. We present an overview of the current state of this literature, highlighting commonalities, emphasizing key debates, and outlining open questions deserving of future research. Additionally, we emphasize the key considerations that survey researchers should take into account when measuring attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research systematically and empirically examines challenges that confront Nigerian foreign correspondents, including how foreign correspondents manage the demands of their job such as pressures from senior editors at their head offices, restricted access to information and state officials, and government officials interfering with objective news reporting. The study also looks at correspondents' accounts of their individual experiences and the strategies they deploy to circumnavigate the challenges they encounter in their professional practice. The merit of this research lies in its intent to fill existing gaps in the scholarship of foreign correspondence in Africa. Specifically, the study contributes to knowledge and understanding of foreign correspondents in Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, including an understanding of the difficult environment of journalistic practices in a non-Western country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war in Ukraine has grabbed headlines around the world. This analysis asks who is covering it and what this says about war reporting. The advent of the Web and the subsequent polarization of the media pits the constant demand for information against the journalistic expectation of calm analysis. While traditional media seem to guarantee credibility, more and more people are turning to alternative information providers. To explore these changes' repercussions on war correspondents, this study analyzes 11,268 bylines of the news on Ukraine published digitally by the most widely read newspapers in Spain (El País, El Mundo, El Correo, and La Vanguardia) and the USA (The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, USA Today and New York Post), during the first week of the conflict, from February 24 to March 2, 2022. Through these, the authors' working relationship with each newspaper is investigated, employing LinkedIn or Twitter when necessary. While relevant literature suggests that freelancers and agencies dominate international news, this analysis concludes that most of the war coverage (65,64%) has been generated in newsrooms, away from the frontline. While confirming the significant contribution of agencies and a decreasing presence of freelancers, it also confirms the survival of foreign bureaus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated two research questions: which students are more likely to respond inconsistently to mixed-worded questionnaire scales, and which country samples have larger shares of inconsistent respondents? We defined an inconsistent response as strongly agreeing or disagreeing with both positively and negatively worded items of the same scale. Since we assumed that inconsistent responding occurs due to a lack of carefulness, reading, or cognitive skills, we expected to find that inconsistent responding was associated with lower achievement, younger age, being a nonnative speaker, and being a boy. We used data from all 38 countries that participated in the fourth- and eighth-grade assessments of TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) 2019. Using the mean absolute difference method, we identified shares of 1‒21% inconsistent respondents across samples. The results generally supported our hypotheses, especially the hypothesis that inconsistent responding is more common among students and countries with lower mathematics achievement levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it has long been acknowledged that interviewers play a crucial role in the survey data collection process, there is little research concerning interviewer effects on how respondents perceive the interview. We investigate whether interviewer effects exist regarding how much respondents report having enjoyed the interview and whether these effects can be explained by interviewer characteristics. We use data from wave 9 of the German Family Panel pairfam, combined with data from an interviewer survey conducted prior to this wave. Applying multilevel models, we find large interviewer effects that can be explained only partly by interviewers' sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes, and behavior. Interviewers' gender, intrinsic work motivation, and their attitude toward respondents significantly affect how much respondents enjoy the interview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that lying is a common behaviour, and that verbal cues can be effective for lie detection. However, deception detection is not straightforward as there are several factors at play, such as interpersonal differences and the content of the lie. Consequently, the effectiveness of available cues for deception detection can vary significantly. In a pre-registered study involving 80 participants (a priori sample size analyses were conducted), we instructed participants to either tell the truth or lie about an autobiographical event and an opinion. The participants also completed questionnaires on personality traits and cognitive tasks, resulting in two participant clusters. Surprisingly, when analysing verbal behaviour, truthfulness, cluster memberships, and their interactions were not found to be significant. Only lie content affected verbal cues. Additional, non-pre-registered analyses revealed that liars displayed more micro-expressions than truth tellers, but only when describing their memories and when focusing on the latency time between the investigator's question and the interviewee's answer. The results were interpreted in terms of the experimental design, which encouraged only short answers from the interviewees, leaving limited room for verbal content to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey researchers and practitioners often assume that higher response rates are associated with a higher quality of survey data. However, the evidence for this claim in face-to-face surveys is mixed. To explain these mixed results, recent studies have proposed that interviewers' involvement in respondent selection moderates the effect of response rates on data quality. Previous analyses based on data from the European Social Survey found that response rates are positively associated with data quality when interviewer involvement in respondent selection is minimal. However, the association between response rates and data quality is negative when interviewers are more involved in respondent selection through household frame creation or within-household selection of target persons. These studies have hypothesized that some interviewers deviate from prescribed selection procedures to select individuals with higher response propensities, which increase response rates while reducing data quality. We replicate these results with an extended dataset, including more recent European Social Survey rounds and three other European survey projects: the European Quality of Life Survey, European Values Study, and International Social Survey Programme. Based on our results, we recommend that surveys include procedures to verify respondent-selection practices into their fieldwork control procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning effects due to repeated interviewing, also known as panel conditioning, are a major threat to response quality in later waves of a panel study. To date, research has not provided a clear picture regarding the circumstances, mechanisms, and dimensions of potential panel conditioning effects. In particular, the effects of conditioning frequency, that is, different levels of experience within a panel, on response quality are underexplored. Against this background, we investigated the effects of panel conditioning by using data from the GESIS Panel, a German mixed-mode probability-based panel study. Using two refreshment samples, we compared three panel cohorts with differing levels of experience on several response quality indicators related to the mechanisms of reflection, satisficing, and social desirability. Overall, we find evidence for both negative (i.e. disadvantageous for response quality) and positive (i.e. advantageous for response quality) panel conditioning. Highly experienced respondents were more likely to satisfice by speeding through the questionnaire. They also had a higher probability of refusing to answer sensitive questions than less experienced panel members. However, more experienced respondents were also more likely to optimize the response process by needing less time compared to panelists with lower experience levels (when controlling for speeding). In contrast, we did not find significant differences with respect to the number of "don't know" responses, nondifferentiation, the selection of first response categories and mid-responses, and the number of nontriggered filter questions. Of the observed differences, speeding showed the highest magnitude with an average increase of 6.0 percentage points for highly experienced panel members compared to low experienced panelists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media representations have long reinforced Russia's negative impression in the U.S. and that of the U.S. in Russia, shaping public opinion and foreign policy. While content analysts examine stereotypical frames in American and Russian news, questions remain about the relational dynamics steering these journalistic outcomes. This comparative study draws on 20 semi-structured interviews with Russian and American reporters stationed in the U.S. and Russia, respectively, prior to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Situating journalists in their sociopolitical contexts reveals and explains the extent to and ways in which their relationship with other actors and institutions (re)produces and/or disrupts biases in news production. Foreign correspondents express dissatisfaction with dominant frames and deploy two main strategies to alter and enhance coverage—negotiating the narrative on the two countries and maximizing their purpose "on the ground"—yet their work often fortifies oversimplified and/or distorted messaging. While state regulation and ownership of the media disproportionately affects Russian journalists, both groups lack the agency to refine and rectify representations of Russia and the U.S. because of three shared challenges: the marketization of the news, the complexity of communicating foreign affairs, and the intensification of bilateral tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To objectively measure the current demographic makeup of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) diplomates and to develop a survey tool to be used as a metric to measure future changes in the ACVS demographic profile. SAMPLE: 737 ACVS diplomates. METHODS: A 14-item electronic survey was sent to 2,199 ACVS diplomates between August 25 and September 9, 2021, via email. Survey items included demographic information as well as perceptions about the ACVS and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Responses were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 34% (737/2,199). The median age category among respondents was 45 to 54. The median years in practiceas a diplomate was 11 to 15. The majority of respondents identified as white/Caucasian and heterosexual, with male and female respondents being similarly represented. Most respondents identified English as their first language. Few considered themselves first-generation college graduates or identified as disabled. Many respondents considered DEl to be an important initiative to promote in the ACVS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findingssuggested that the majority of ACVS respondentsaresupportive of DEI efforts. Thisstudyalsoserves as an objective analysis that can be reassessed in the future to determine the success of such initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incident response operations require effective planning of resources to ensure timely clearance of roadways and avoidance of secondary incidents. This study formulates a mixed‐integer linear program to minimize the total expected travel time and maximize the demand covered. The model accounts for the location, severity, frequency of incidents, dispatching locations, and availability of incident respondents. An integrated methodology that includes column generation and Lagrangian relaxation with a density‐based clustering technique that defines incident hot spots is proposed. The hybrid approach is applied to an empirical case study in Raleigh, NC. A network instance with 10,672 incident sites, clustered with a search distance (ε) of 5 min, is solved efficiently with an optimality gap of 1.37% in 2 min. A Benders decomposition technique is implemented to conduct benchmark analyses. The numerical results suggest that the proposed algorithm can solve the problem efficiently and outperform the benchmark solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has seen an explosion in popularity in recent years; however, an improved understanding of how to minimise (selective) non‐adherence is needed. Methods: We examined a range of respondent characteristics predictors of adherence (defined as the number of EMA surveys completed) in the D2M EMA study. Participants were a sample of n = 255 individuals drawn from the longitudinal z‐proso cohort who completed up to 4 EMA surveys per day for a period of 2 weeks. Results: In unadjusted analyses, lower moral shame, lower self‐control, lower levels of self‐injury, and higher levels of aggression, tobacco use, psychopathy, and delinquency were associated with lower adherence. In fully adjusted analyses with predictors selected using lasso, only alcohol use was related to adherence: beer and alcopops to higher adherence and spirits to lower adherence. Conclusions: These findings provide potential insights into some of the psychological mechanisms that may underlie adherence in EMA. They also point to respondent characteristics for which additional or tailored efforts may be needed to promote adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, we introduce two new randomised response models for estimating the prevalence of two sensitive characteristics and their overlap in a population by making use of a single deck of cards. The proposed models ensure the privacy of the respondents and also reduce the burden on the respondents as they require the random selection of only one card from a deck of cards each of which contains a pair of questions that are to be answered in order. The variance expressions of the proposed estimators are derived and matched to their Cramer–Rao lower bounds of variances. A simulation study has been carried out to compare the proposed models to each other for least protection. Lastly, a real survey application, related to the acceptability of the vaccines produced by Pfizer and Moderna is included. We had findings in Summer 2021 similar to those of the Harvard Study done in December 2021, which was based on a half‐million data values, that shows the cost effectiveness of the survey design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to further processing, completed questionnaires must be screened for the presence of careless respondents. Different people will respond to surveys in different ways. Some take the easy path and fill out the survey carelessly. The proportion of careless respondents determines the survey's quality. As a result, identifying careless respondents is critical for the quality of obtained results. This study aims to explore the characteristics of careless respondents in survey data and evaluate the predictive power and interpretability of different types of data and indices of careless responding. The research question focuses on understanding the behavior of careless respondents and determining the effectiveness of various data sources in predicting their responses. Data from a three-month web-based survey on participants' personality traits such as honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience was used in this study. Data for this study was taken from Schroeders et al.. The gradient boosting machine-based prediction model uses data from the answers, time spent for answering, demographic information on the respondents as well as some indices of careless responding from all three types of data. Prediction models were evaluated with tenfold cross-validation repeated a hundred times. Prediction models were compared based on balanced accuracy. Models' explanations were provided with Shapley values. Compared with existing work, data fusion from multiple types of information had no noticeable effect on the performance of the gradient boosting machine model. Variables such as "I would never take a bribe, even if it was a lot", average longstring, and total intra-individual response variability were found to be useful in distinguishing careless respondents. However, variables like "I would be tempted to use counterfeit money if I could get away with it" and intra-individual response variability of the first section of a survey showed limited effectiveness. Additionally, this study indicated that, whereas the psychometric synonym score has an immediate effect and is designed with the goal of identifying careless respondents when combined with other variables, it is not necessarily the optimal choice for fitting a gradient boosting machine model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists increasingly face choices among competing algorithms that represent reasonable approaches to the same task, with little guidance in choosing among them. We develop a strategy that uses simulated data to identify the conditions under which different methods perform well and applies what is learned from the simulations to predict which method will perform best on never-before-seen empirical data sets. We apply this strategy to a class of methods that group respondents to attitude surveys according to whether they share construals of a given domain. This allows us to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods we consider, including relational class analysis, correlational class analysis, and eight other such variants. Results support the "no free lunch" view that researchers should abandon the quest for one best algorithm in favor of matching algorithms to kinds of data for which each is most appropriate and provide direction on how to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When survey respondents have nothing to report for questions asking for a quantity, they should report a lack of quantity instead of skipping the question. Reports of zero can be collected by asking respondents to check a None box. However, the effectiveness of this design has not been supported and, with the growing prevalence of web surveys, new design options are available. This study on data quality and user experience tested a web survey and the impact of three designs for reporting zero: a None box, instructions to enter “0” if respondents had nothing to report, and a Yes/No filter question preceding a write-in quantity. We administered the online survey to an opt-in panel of respondents in the U.S. Respondents were randomly assigned one of the three designs. They received a four-question survey with expected high rates of reporting zero. After controlling for demographic variables, we found that the None Box design resulted in significantly more item nonresponse than the Enter 0 design and nominally more than the Filter Question design. Additionally, the None Box design was the least efficient as it took more time on average to answer, and respondents who received that design rated the survey as less easy to answer. These findings align with previous literature that the None Box design is problematic. This research supports the use of alternative question designs in web surveys such as entering “0” or using filter questions when respondents may not have anything to report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"How the 'Red Star' Rose: Edgar Snow and Early Images of Mao Zedong" by Ishikawa Yoshihiro is an academic detective story that explores the early images and biographies of Mao Zedong before Edgar Snow's famous book, "Red Star over China." The book investigates how these images and information were produced, circulated, and censored in China, the Soviet Union, and Japan. The author traces the history of biographies and images of Mao, revealing the limited amount of reliable information available prior to Snow's reports. The book also examines the circumstances surrounding the writing and publication of "Red Star over China," including the roles of key individuals and the changing perceptions of Chinese communism. Ishikawa presents his findings as a collection of historical facts, shedding light on the complexity of information gathering and the influence of political environments on the evaluation of historical facts. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the Turkish-Greek War on the Western Front during the National Struggle period of 1921 by analyzing British press coverage. The study aims to unveil how the Turkish-Greek fronts were portrayed in the British press. The research employs a comparative analysis method, assessing news and articles in the British press by comparing them with local sources. The study primarily focuses on news from Reuters, Associated Press, Havas agencies, as well as articles authored by newspaper reporters and war correspondents. The British press extensively covered the Greek occupation in Western Anatolia, which received strong support from the Allied forces, particularly the British. Initially, the Greek invasions were lauded, but starting in September 1921, the British press began reporting more negative developments regarding the Greek invasions and expressed admiration for Turkish progress. It is important to note that the British press did not maintain a consistent attitude throughout the Turco-Greek War. Furthermore, the stance of the British press significantly differed from the policy of the British government, indicating that the British press aligned its coverage with the evolving dynamics of the war. The British press predominantly featured news and statements from the victorious advancing side, while rarely including perspectives from the defeated and retreating side in the Turkish-Greek War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the rarity of pediatric diseases, collaborative research is the key to maximizing the impact of research studies. A research needs assessment survey was created to support initiatives to foster pediatric interventional radiology research. Objective: To assess the status of pediatric interventional radiology research, identify perceived barriers, obtain community input on areas of research/education/support, and create metrics for evaluating changes/responses to programmatic initiatives. Materials and methods: A survey link was sent to approximately 275 members of the Society for Pediatric Interventional Radiology (SPIR) between May and October 2020. Data was collected using a web-based interface. Data collected included practice setting, clinical role, research experience, research barriers, and suggestions for future initiatives. Results: Fifty-nine surveys were analyzed with a staff physician survey response rate of 28% (56/198). A wide range of practice sizes from 15 countries were represented. Respondents were predominantly staff physicians (95%; 56/59) with an average of 11 years (range: 1–25 years) of clinical experience working at academic or freestanding children's hospitals. A total of 100% (59/59) had research experience, and 70% (41/58) had published research with a mean of 30 peer-reviewed publications (range: 1–200). For job security, 56% (33/59) of respondents were expected or required to publish, but only 19% (11/58) had research support staff, and 42% (25/59) had protected research time, but of those, 36% (9/25) got the time "sometimes or never." Lack of support staff, established collaborative processes, and education were identified as top barriers to performing research. Conclusions: The needs assessment survey demonstrated active research output despite several identified barriers. There is a widespread interest within the pediatric interventional radiology community for collaborative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on respondent-driven sampling (RDS), which is a valuable survey methodology to estimate the size and the characteristics of hidden or hard-to-measure population groups. The RDS methodology makes it possible to gather information on these populations by exploiting the relationships between their components. However, RDS suffers from the lack of an estimation methodology that is sufficiently robust to accommodate the varying conditions under which it is applied. In this paper, we address the estimation problem of the RDS methodology and, by approaching it as a particular indirect sampling technique, we propose three unbiased estimation methods as possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survey results allowed the determination of the hypothetical structure of the training level of female judokas, the emphasis being placed on the paramount importance of the technicaltactical, volitional and motor training level. At the same time, the complex of main registered indices coincides, in general, with the structure of the training level of judokas. However, the extensive investigation of the survey results notes significant differences between the training levels of the female judokas and male judokas, especially regarding the physical training level. The survey shows that the most common manifestations of the motor skills of the female judokas are: explosive force, reaction speed, movements execution speed, coordinating abilities, starting speed, specific resistance, speed resistance, muscle sensitivity, orientation in space, active suppleness, rational relaxation and the speed of a single movement. This set of indices refers only to a force capacity - explosive force - which allows us to consider this fact an essential difference of the structure investigated from that of the physical training level of the male judokas, thus making possible the presumption of the existence of considerable reserves for increasing the mastery of the female judokas, namely in the direction of developing and improving the force and speed-force. Most specialists recognize the need to make corrections in training plans based on data on the functional state of the neuromuscular system (NMS) of the female judokas in order to increase the level of special physical training and of other aspects of mastery, but are not experienced enough on how the analysis of the test results is performed for the application of concrete individual corrections in the instructive and training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation difficulties are associated with a range of psychological disorders. A widely used measure of emotion regulation is the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-36). There are also three shortened DERS versions. Consistent with current efforts to build very brief versions of measures, the aim of this research is to develop a briefer DERS and evaluate its construct validity. Study 1 uses IRT methods coupled with content considerations to develop a briefer unidimensional DERS. Previous attempts to shorten the DERS have not considered how frame of reference may influence responses to items. The new DERS-8 includes only items prefaced with the phrase "When I'm upset," to provide respondents with a uniform context that elicits thinking about situations requiring regulation of negative emotion; answers to items are more likely to represent affect, thought, and actions in response to such situations. Study 2 showed that the DERS-8 performed well in an IRT analysis among adolescents with psychiatric disorders and showed similar group differences, sensitivity to change, and correlations with other variables compared to existing DERS versions, in both healthy adult and clinical adolescent samples. The DERS-8 offers a very brief unidimensional measure of difficulties in emotion regulation for adolescents and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys estimate and monitor a variety of data collection parameters, including response propensity, number of contacts, and data collection costs. These parameters can be used as inputs to a responsive/adaptive design or to monitor the progression of a data collection period against predefined expectations. Recently, Bayesian methods have emerged as a method for combining historical information or external data with data from the in-progress data collection period to improve prediction. We develop a Bayesian method for predicting a measure of case-level progress or productivity, the estimated time lag, in days, between first contact attempt and first respondent contact. We compare the quality of predictions from the Bayesian method to predictions generated from more commonly-used predictive methods that leverage data from only historical data collection periods or the in-progress round of data collection. Using prediction error and misclassification as short- or long- day lags, we demonstrate that the Bayesian method results in improved predictions close to the day of the first contact attempt, when these predictions may be most informative for interventions or interviewer feedback. This application adds to evidence that combining historical and current information about data collection, in a Bayesian framework, can improve predictions of data collection parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing number of organizations interested in the use of asynchronous video interviews (AVIs), little is known about its impact on interviewee reactions and behavior. We randomly assigned participants (N = 299) from two different countries (Switzerland and India) to a face‐to‐face interview, an avatar‐based video interview (with an avatar as a virtual recruiter), or a text‐based video interview (with written questions) and collected data on a set of self‐rated and observer‐rated criteria. Overall, we found that whereas participants reported more negative reactions towards the two asynchronous interviews, observer ratings revealed similar performance across the three interviews and lower stress levels in the two AVIs. These findings suggest that despite technology‐mediated interview methods still not being well‐accepted, interviewees are not at a disadvantage when these methods are used in terms of how well interviewees perform and how stressed they appear to external observers. Implications are discussed. Practitioner points: What is currently known about the topic of our study: Face‐to‐face (FTF) interviews are preferred over technology‐mediated interview methods (e.g., videoconference interviews).The rating procedure (live vs. recorded ratings) influences interviewee performance ratings.Preparation time offered in asynchronous interviews influences interviewee performance ratings. What our paper adds to this: Our study compares a FTF interview to two emerging asynchronous video interview (AVI) methods.We compared interviewee reactions (e.g., perceived fairness) across the three interview methods.We compared interviewee self‐rated levels of stress and performance to how observers rate the level of expressed stress and interviewee performance.We collected data in two different countries to assess whether the cultural context influences interviewee reactions and behavior depending on the interview method. The implications of our study findings for practitioners: Interviewee performance as assessed by observers did not differ across the three interviews, suggesting that interviewees are not disadvantaged by the AVI methods.AVIs should be used with caution given that this method is less accepted than the conventional FTF method.Overall, the cultural context mostly did not influence the findings, hence increasing the generalizability of the practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulus equivalence research is dominated by operant conditioning procedures that require the active responding of a participant to establish relations between arbitrary stimuli. In comparison, there has been relatively little research using respondent-type procedures, which only require the participant to view relations that appear on screen. This presentation describes two experiments using a respondent-type matching-to-sample procedure to examine the effect of the one-to-many (OTM) training procedure and the linear procedure on equivalence class formation. The OTM procedure was extremely effective in generating equivalence responding, however the linear procedure was not. These findings are discussed in the context of previous research comparing the two training procedures, as well as the effectiveness of previous respondent procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the results of an "Innovations in Education Survey" conducted by Childhood Education International, highlighting the importance of proactive education leaders in seeking and implementing innovative ideas. Topics discussed include respondents' familiarity with and interest in education innovation, their willingness to implement innovative ideas, and the barriers they face in doing so.

PURPOSE There are numerous supportive quality improvement (QI) projects to facilitate the implementation of evidence-based practices in primary care, but recruiting physician practices to join these projects is challenging, costly, and time consuming. We aimed to identify factors leading primary care practices to decline participation in QI projects, and strategies to improve the feasibility and attractiveness of QI projects in the future. METHODS For this qualitative study, we contacted 109 representatives of practices that had declined participation in 1 of 4 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality-funded Evidence NOW projects. The representatives were invited to participate in a 15-minute interview or complete a 5-question questionnaire. Thematic analysis was used to organize and characterize findings. RESULTS Representatives from 31 practices (28.4% of those contacted) responded. Overwhelmingly, respondents indicated that staff turnover, staffing shortages, and general time constraints, exacerbated by the pandemic, prevented participation in the QI projects. Challenges with electronic health records, an expectation of greater financial compensation for participation, and confidence in the practices' current care practices were secondary reasons for declining participation. Tying participation to value-based programs and offering greater compensation were identified as strategies to facilitate recruitment. None of the respondents' recommendations, however, addressed the primary issues of staffing challenges and time constraints. CONCLUSIONS Staffing challenges and general time constraints, exacerbated by the pandemic, are compromising primary care practices' ability to engage in QI research projects. To encourage participation, policy makers should consider direct supports for primary care, which may also help to alleviate burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of service quality and perceived service prices on patient satisfaction in the inpatient room at Hermina Hospital, Palembang. The population in this study were inpatients at the Hermina Palembang Hospital for the period March 2022 to March 2023, totaling 10,670 patients. Based on sample calculations, the sample that will be used in this research is 122 respondents who are inpatients at Hermina Palembang Hospital who were treated without payment using National Health Insurance in the period March 2022 to March 2023 who were informed by telephone, WhatsApp or direct visit. by distributing questionnaires via Google Form using purposive sampling techniques. The results of multiple linear analysis show that service quality and perceived service price have a positive and significant effect on patient satisfaction. It is hoped that the results of this research will enable Hermina Palembang Hospital to evaluate the barriers to not being able to provide patient payment services more quickly regarding service quality. Price perception, it is hoped that an evaluation can be carried out based on the price offered. Management needs to do research in determining prices with existing hospital competitors, especially in the Palembang area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to further processing, completed questionnaires must be screened for the presence of careless respondents. Different people will respond to surveys in different ways. Some take the easy path and fill out the survey carelessly. The proportion of careless respondents determines the survey's quality. As a result, identifying careless respondents is critical for the quality of obtained results. This study aims to explore the characteristics of careless respondents in survey data and evaluate the predictive power and interpretability of different types of data and indices of careless responding. The research question focuses on understanding the behavior of careless respondents and determining the effectiveness of various data sources in predicting their responses. Data from a three-month web-based survey on participants' personality traits such as honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience was used in this study. Data for this study was taken from Schroeders et al.. The gradient boosting machine-based prediction model uses data from the answers, time spent for answering, demographic information on the respondents as well as some indices of careless responding from all three types of data. Prediction models were evaluated with tenfold cross-validation repeated a hundred times. Prediction models were compared based on balanced accuracy. Models' explanations were provided with Shapley values. Compared with existing work, data fusion from multiple types of information had no noticeable effect on the performance of the gradient boosting machine model. Variables such as "I would never take a bribe, even if it was a lot", average longstring, and total intra-individual response variability were found to be useful in distinguishing careless respondents. However, variables like "I would be tempted to use counterfeit money if I could get away with it" and intra-individual response variability of the first section of a survey showed limited effectiveness. Additionally, this study indicated that, whereas the psychometric synonym score has an immediate effect and is designed with the goal of identifying careless respondents when combined with other variables, it is not necessarily the optimal choice for fitting a gradient boosting machine model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) is frequently assessed in randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in the intensive care unit (ICU), but data are limited regarding the proportions of patients without responses or not surviving to HRQoL follow‐up and the handling of this. We aimed to describe the extent and pattern of missing HRQoL data in intensive care trials and describe how these data and deaths were handled statistically. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis following a published protocol. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library for RCTs involving adult ICU patients reporting HRQoL as an outcome and excluded RCTs unobtainable in full text. We performed risk of bias assessment independently and in duplicate. Results: We included 196 outcomes from 88 RCTs published in the years 2002–2022; the numbers of patients alive and eligible to respond HRQoL were reported in 76% of trials. At follow‐up, median 27% (interquartile range 14%–39%) of patients had died, and median 20% (9%–38%) of survivors did not respond across outcomes. Analyses of 80% of outcomes were restricted to complete cases only. The handling of non‐survivors in analyses were reported for 46% of outcomes, with 26% of all outcomes reported as including non‐survivors (using the value zero or the worst possible score). Conclusion: For HRQoL outcomes in ICU trials, we found that mortality at time of follow‐up was high and non‐response among survivors frequent. The reporting and statistical handling of these issues were insufficient, which may have biased results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UK integration policy has attempted to respond to some of the critiques of the integration framework, and policymakers are pursuing an approach that focusses on the local. This paper examines this response with a particular focus on the city of Bristol. It first sets out the fundamental critiques of the integration paradigm and connects these to more general concerns in migration research about methodological nationalism and scholarly engagement with policy making. It notes different responses to these critiques including a turn to place-based approaches. It describes the history of integration policy as a background to understanding contemporary policy and observes the overlooked importance of community. The paper then describes the ESRC Everyday Integration project and the city and neighbourhood context of Bristol before moving to discuss the findings from the project's fieldwork. We find that 'community' was a very important reference point when our interviewees discussed what integration means. Talking about integration helps turns neighbourhoods into 'communities', but it also foregrounds 'national communities'. Integration discourse elides these two meanings of 'community', and locates connections between race and class in the challenge of problematic cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]