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The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of tilmicosin enteric granules and premix after oral administration at a dose of 40 mg/kg in pigs. Three kinds of different respiratory pathogens were selected for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to tilmicosin. Eight healthy pigs were assigned to a two‐period, randomized crossover design. A modified rapid, sensitive HPLC method was used for determining the concentrations of tilmicosin in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by using WinNonlin 5.2 software. The MIC90 of tilmicosin against Haemophilus parasuis, Actinbacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Pasteurella multocida were all 8 μg/ml. These results indicated that these common pig respiratory bacteria are sensitive to tilmicosin. The main parameters of time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), elimination half‐life (t1/2β), mean residence time (MRT), and apparent volume of distribution (VF) were 2.03 ± 0.37 hr, 29.31 ± 5.56 hr, 25.22 ± 2.57 hr, 4.06 ± 1.04 L/kg, and 3.05 ± 0.08 hr, 17.06 ± 1.77 hr, 15.55 ± 1.37 hr, 2.95 ± 0.62 L/kg after the orally administrated tilmicosin enteric granules and premix. The relative bioavailability of tilmicosin enteric granules to premix was 114.97 ± 7.19%, according to the AUC0‐t values. These results demonstrated that tilmicosin enteric granules produced faster tilmicosin absorption, slower elimination, larger tissue distribution, and higher bioavailability compared to the tilmicosin premix. The present study results manifest that tilmicosin enteric granules can be used as a therapeutic alternative to premix in clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of the present study was to investigated the ractopamine (RAC) distribution and depletion process in various tissues of goat including liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, fat, bile, brain and the eyes. The experiment was carried out on 21 goats (18 treated and 3 controls). Treated goats were orally administered RAC in a dose of 1 mg/kg body mass per day for last 28 days and randomly sacrificed on withdrawal days of 0.25, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21. RAC in all matrices were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. After 21 days treatment discontinuation, the levels of RAC in bile reached at 13.48 ± 3.36 mg/L, which was significantly higher than that in the other tissues. The concentrations of RAC were followed by kidney, the excretory organ and liver, the major metabolic organ (4.49 ± 0.16 mg/kg for kidney and 1.81 ± 0.11 mg/kg for liver, respectively). The residual concentration of the drug in the eyes of goat was less than that in bile, kidney, liver, lung and spleen on withdrawal days 0.25. RAC residues was higher than the limits of detection = 0.15 μg/mL in liver on Day 21. These findings demonstrated that liver can serve as an alimentary matrix and as a matrix for the control of RAC abuse hypothetically except for urine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on scientific experiment on the screening and identification method for regulated veterinary drug residues in food. Topics discussed include standards for method performance requirements; use of Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); and information on routine surveillance for genetically modified product compliance.

Rationale: The retrospectivity (the ability to retrospect to a previously unknown compound in raw data) is very meaningful for food safety and risk assessment when facing new emerging drugs. Accurate mass and retention time based screening may lead to false positive and false negative results so a new retrospective, reliable platform is desirable. Methods: Different concentration levels of standards with and without matrix were analyzed using ion mobility (IM)‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry to collect retrospective accurate mass, retention time, drift time and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) evidence for identification in a single experiment. The isomer separation ability of IM and the four‐dimensional (4D) feature abundance quantification abilities were evaluated for veterinary drugs for the first time. Results: The sensitivity of the IM‐QTOF workflow was obviously higher than that of the traditional database searching algorithm [find by formula (FbF) function] for QTOF. In addition, the IM‐QTOF workflow contained most of the results from FbF and removed the false positive results. Some isomers were separated by IM and the 4D feature abundance quantitation removed interferences with similar accurate masses and showed good linearity. Conclusions: A new retrospective, multi‐evidence platform was built for veterinary drug screening in a single experiment. The sensitivity was significantly improved and the data can be used for quantification. The platform showed its potential to be used for food safety and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nonblinded, positively controlled, noninferiority trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an alternative, nonantibiotic therapy with Masti Veyxym® to reduce ineffective antibiotic usage in the treatment of nonsevere clinical mastitis ( CM) in cows with longer lasting udder diseases. The solely intramammary treatment with Masti Veyxym® (three applications, 12 hr apart) and the combined treatment with Masti Veyxym® and antibiotics as usual on the farm according to label of the respective product were compared with the reference treatment of solely antibiotic therapy. The matched field study was conducted on eight free-stall dairy farms located in Eastern Germany. Cases of mild-to-moderate CM in cows with longer lasting high somatic cell counts in preceding dairy herd improvement test days and with previous CM cases in current lactation were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups. A foremilk sample of the affected quarter was taken before treatment and again approximately 14 days and 21 days after the end of therapy for cyto-bacteriological examination. Primary outcomes were clinical cure ( CC) and no CM recurrence within 60 days after the end of treatment (no R60). Bacteriological cure ( BC) and quarter somatic cell count ( QSCC) cure were chosen as secondary outcomes although low probabilities of BC and QSCC cure for selected cows were expected. The study resulted in the following findings: the pathogens mostly cultured from pretreatment samples were Streptococcus uberis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. There were no significant differences between the two test treatments in comparison with the reference treatment regarding all outcome variables. The sole therapy with Masti Veyxym® resulted in a numerically lower likelihood of BC without significant differences to the reference treatment. The combined therapy group showed a numerically higher nonrecurrence rate than the two other treatment groups and noninferiority compared to the reference treatment was proven. Having regard to the selection criteria of cows in this study, the findings indicated that sole treatment with Masti Veyxym® in nonsevere CM cases may constitute an alternative therapy to reduce antibiotics. However, noninferiority evaluations were mostly inconclusive. Further investigations with a larger sample size are required to confirm the results and to make a clear statement on noninferiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study about the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy using imidacloprid and moxidectin in the management of Capillaria boehmi infection in dogs. Topics mentioned include the clinical examination of the upper respiratory tract to determine the presence of parasites using rhinoscopy, the comparison of the clinical signs of nasal capillariosis, and the decrease in the geometric mean number of eggs per gram feces.

The article discusses a study about the safety and effectiveness of imidacloprid/moxidectin in the management of Capillaria aerophila infection in cats. Topics mentioned include the statistical significance of the difference in mean values of eggs per gram of feces, the description of clinical signs of Capillaria aerophila infection, and the pathogenic role of Capillaria aerophila in the prevalence of a zoonotic potential.

The article discusses a study about the effectiveness of ear tag containing Diazinon insecticide in reducing the number of flies in the face among the pairs of cows and calves in the U.S. Topics mentioned include the risk of Moraxella bovis pathogen during the face fly feeding activity, the negative effect of fly biting on the performance of cow-calf pairs, and the economic impact of the occurrence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis on the cattle industry.

The article discusses research on the effectiveness of imidacloprid/flumethrin controlled release polymer matrix dog collar in the prevention of Australian paralysis tick. Topics mentioned include the different ways that acaricides can control ticks effectively, the advantages of repellency over expellency/killing effect of acaricides, the hyperimmunization of dogs against Ixodes holocyclus holocyclotoxin, and the use of digital palpation and visual inspection in examining ticks.

The article discusses a study about the safety and effectiveness of bee-hive strips flumethrin in the management of Varroa destructor infestation in honey bee colonies. Topics mentioned include the percentage of survival of honey bee colonies, the causes of losses of honey bee colonies, the effective way of preventing Varroa mite resistance against miticides, and the housing and manage of colonies.

The article discusses research about the effectiveness of moxidectin and imidacloprid in the management of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs. Topics mentioned include the occurrence of infections in dogs, the detection of granulomatous inflammation by histological examination, the frequency of application of the drugs, and the experimental inoculation of dogs.

A method for the simultaneous investigation of twenty one veterinary active ingredients in poultry litter based on MCR-ALS modeling of three-way liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection data is presented. The chromatographic procedure was optimized in terms of both the nature of the organic solvent and the pH of the mobile phase to maximize the resolution of the analytes. In order to improve the simultaneous extraction efficiency of the twenty one veterinary drugs, a simplex-centroid design with combinations of the three components of the extracting mixture, i.e. MeOH, ACN and sodium phosphate buffer 10 mmol L –1 pH =3.50, was carried out. The second-order advantage was exploited in the analysis of highly complex samples containing unmodeled components. The qualitative and quantitative results showed that the application of MCR-ALS was appropriate to resolve highly overlapped peaks in the presence of unknown matrix compounds. Limits of quantification, relative errors of prediction (REP) and average recoveries ranging from 0.02 to 0.61 µg g –1 , 3.09–9.35% and 91.0–105.6%, respectively, were obtained. Eventually, the method was successfully applied to the determination of active ingredients in five poultry litter samples collected from different poultry livestock in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Standard of care treatment for multicentric lymphoma in dogs remains doxorubicin (DOX)-based combination chemotherapy, but owners may hesitate to commit the time and financial resources to complete such a protocol, typically requiring 12-16 visits. Rabacfosadine (RAB), a double prodrug of the nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine, has substantial single-agent activity in dogs with lymphoma, and a different mechanism of action than DOX. Hypothesis/Objectives Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effect (AE) profile of alternating doses of RAB and DOX in dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma. Animals Fifty-four dogs with previously untreated lymphoma. Methods Open-label, multicenter prospective clinical trial. Dogs received alternating RAB (1.0 mg/kg IV weeks 0, 6, 12) and DOX (30 mg/m2 IV weeks 3, 9, 15). Dogs that achieved complete response (CR) were followed by monthly evaluations. Complete clinicopathological evaluation and assessment of remission and AEs were performed every 21 days. Results The overall response rate was 84% (68%; CR; 16%; partial response [PR)]. The overall median progression-free interval (PFI) was 194 days (216 for CR and 63 for PR). Most AEs were mild and self-limiting: gastrointestinal and hematologic AEs were most common. Thirteen dogs experienced dermatologic AEs, and 2 dogs developed grade 5 pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Alternating RAB/DOX generally was well tolerated and resulted in PFIs comparable to standard DOX-based multi-agent protocols, with fewer treatment visits. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and self-limiting. Further studies are warranted to explore long-term outcome and other RAB chemotherapy combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of FRONTLINE® TRITAK® For Dogs (fipronil/(S)-methoprene/cyphenothrin, Merial, Inc., Duluth, GA) against a known strain of fleas with a history of reduced susceptibility to fipronil and pyrethroids, KS1 (Kansas State 1), of Ctenocephalides felis felis fleas. Methods One day after topical treatment with placebo or active, dogs (n = 32) were infested with 100 unfed adult KS1 fleas, with repeat infestations on Days 7, 14, 21 and 28. The number of live fleas was counted at 12 hours post-infestation for Groups 1 (n=8) and 3 (n=8) and at 24 hours post-infestation for Groups 2 (n=8) and 4 (n=8). Results Observed efficacies were 97.1-99.8% at 12-hour assessments on Day 1 through Day 28 and 99.8-100% at 24-hour assessments, occurring on Day 2 through Day 29. Conclusions A single dose of FRONTLINE® TRITAK® For Dogs (fipronil/(S)-methoprene/cyphenothrin) (0.67 ml or 1.34 ml) provided excellent efficacy against the KS1 Ctenocephalides felis felis flea strain for up to 4 weeks after treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RATIONALE: Previously, we have reported a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the identification and quantification of regulated veterinary drugs in food animals. The method uses three selected transition ions per analyte but structural characterization is also needed. This work is a continuation of two previous publications in which we propose structures of the selected transition ions of 130 veterinary drugs altogether. METHODS: In this work, 24 additional veterinary drugs were analyzed by infusion into a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive or negative mode. The TOF analyzer was calibrated to achieve low error mass accuracy in the MS and MS/MS modes. Also, the MS² and MS³ spectra were obtained by using a Q-Trap mass spectrometer to further determine the possible pathways of ion formation. RESULTS: The low error mass spectrometry analysis allowed the elucidation of the ion formulae of selected transition ions for qualitative identification. The rational interpretation of data including a review of the published literature led to the proposed structures of the MS/MS product ions of 24 compounds covering two classes of regulated veterinary drugs (anthelmintics and thyreostats). In addition, the use of MS² and MS³ experiments led to the establishment of fragmentation patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The identification and quantification of veterinary drug residues is helpful information for regulatory monitoring programs in defense of regulatory enforcement actions. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe QuEChERS (method) was used for the simultaneous detection of four veterinary drug residues, namely naloxone, yohimbine, thiophanate, and altrenogest, in porcine muscle, using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Because of the unavailability of a suitable internal standard, matrix-matched calibrations were used for quantification, with determination coefficients ≥ 0.9542. The accuracy (expressed as recovery %) ranged from 60.53 to 83.25%, and the intra- and interday precisions (expressed as relative standard deviations) were <12%. The limits of quantification were 5, 0.5, 2, and 5 ng/g for naloxone, yohimbine, thiophanate, and altrenogest, respectively. Samples purchased from local markets in Seoul, Republic of Korea, revealed no traces of the target analytes. The developed method described herein is sensitive and reliable and can be applied to quantify the tested veterinary drugs in animal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in experimental colitis, and promising clinical results have been obtained in humans with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of adipose tissue-derived MSC (ASC) therapy in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Eleven dogs with confirmed IBD received one ASC intravascular (IV) infusion (2 × 10 6 cells/kg bodyweight). The outcome measures were clinical response based on percentage reduction of the validated Clinical Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity Index (CIBDAI) and Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index (CCECAI), as well as normalisation of C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin, folate and cobalamin serum concentrations at day 42 post-treatment. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare variables before and after treatment. No acute reaction to ASC infusion and no side effects were reported during follow-up in any dog. Six weeks post-treatment, the CIBDAI and CCECAI decreased significantly and albumin, cobalamin and folate concentrations increased substantially. Differences in CRP concentrations pre- and post-treatment were not significant ( P  = 0.050). Clinical remission (defined by a reduction of initial CIBDAI and CCECAI >75%) occurred in 9/11 dogs at day 42. The two remaining dogs showed a partial response with reduction percentages of 69.2% and 71.4%. In conclusion, a single IV infusion of allogeneic ASCs was well tolerated and appeared to produce clinical benefits in dogs with severe IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid multi-residue screening method that includes 128 veterinary anti-parasitic drugs and metabolites in meat of chicken, porcine and bovine has been developed. The scope of the method focuses on screening the following main families of veterinary anti-parasitic drugs: avermectines, benzimidazoles, the polyether ionophore, anti-tapeworm, anti-trematode, anti-piroplasmosis and chemical classes of coccodiostats. The method described a QuEChERS sample preparation procedure prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The modified QuEChERS technology minimises sample complexity and ion suppression effects. The method was validated according to European Union guidelines (2002/657/EC) for a quantitative screening method. The validation results demonstrate that the described LC-MS/MS method provides sensitive, repeatable and meets residue screening monitoring requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clinico-therapeutic study was conducted on 12 dermatophytosed dogs brought to TVCC, Pantnagar. Two groups of 6 dogs each were formed. Efficacy of oral Griseofulvin and fluconazole in dermatophytosis was evaluated. The clinical examination of the dogs was followed every 7 days till complete cure and hemato-biochemical evaluation before and after treatment was performed. Griseofulvin was found superior to fluconazole in treatment of canine dermatophytosis on the basis of disappearance of clinical manifestations, recovery rate post treatment, hematological and biochemical profiles. Moreover, fluconazole increased the activity of ALT that indicated hepatocellular damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Ciclosporin is approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis ( AD) in dogs and has been shown to be safe and effective. Placebo-controlled studies suggest that oclacitinib is a safe and effective alternative therapy. Hypothesis/Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oclacitinib, in comparison to ciclosporin, for the control of AD in a blinded, randomized clinical trial, incorporating a noninferiority test at day 28. Animals A total of 226 client-owned dogs with a history of AD from eight sites were enrolled. Methods Enrolled animals were randomized to receive oral oclacitinib (0.4-0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days, then once daily) or oral ciclosporin (3.2-6.6 mg/kg once daily) for 12 weeks. Owners assessed pruritus using an enhanced visual analog scale ( VAS), and veterinarians assessed dermatitis using the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index ( CADESI)-02. Results On days 1, 2, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 84, the percentage reduction from baseline for owner-assessed pruritus changed from 25.6 to 61.0% in the oclacitinib group compared with 6.5 to 61.5% in the ciclosporin group; differences were significant at all time points up to day 28. On day 56, ciclosporin-treated dogs showed a similar decrease in pruritus to oclacitinib-treated dogs. On day 14, the percentage reduction from baseline CADESI-02 was significantly greater in the oclacitinib group (58.7%) than in the ciclosporin group (43.0%). Three times as many adverse events attributed to gastrointestinal signs were reported in the ciclosporin group compared with the oclacitinib group. Conclusions and clinical importance In this study of treatment for canine AD, oclacitinib had a faster onset of action and a lower frequency of gastrointestinal side effects compared with ciclosporin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triclabendazole is anthelmintic drug that is among other successfully used to control large American liver fluke (Fascioloides magna) infections in several deer species. In attempts to control deer fascioloidosis, medicated corn was the main route of triclabendazole administration. However, despite the fact that medicated feed offers several advantages fortreatment of wild animals, its efficacy largely depends on the amount of active ingredient that may be influenced by prolonged preconsummation period, rainfalls, freezing, handling, etc. In this study selected mixture (according to handling characteristics and attractiveness to deer species) and corn alone were treated with Fasinex® 10%, exposed to environmental conditions and analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography after 1, 3 and 5 days (expected time of consummation). Both baits proved to be an excellent triclabendazole carrier containing on average 31.76 g/kg of triclabendazole per kg of mixture and 30.18 g of triclabendazole per kg of corn after five days of pre-consummation period. However, majority of triclabendazole in medicated corn was kept on its surface, thusly being highly sensitive to environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of four camels aged between seven to eight years were presented to the College Clinics with a history of inappetance and intense itching around neck, inguinal and perineal regions. Based on skin scrapping examination and clinical signs, mange infestation of Sarcoptes scabei was confirmed. Successful therapeutic management was done with the use of doramectin @ 0.2 mg/ kg b.wt. s/c along with supportive therapy. Complete recovery and disappearance of mites from skin scrapping was noticed for all four camels after four weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined a total of 369 bovine liver and muscle samples for the detection of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), and doxycycline (DOX) residues by implementation and validation of a LC-MS/MS method. The method showed good recovery values between 86% and 92% at three levels of concentrations. The linearity tests revealed r2 > 0.996 for all the tetracyclines examined. Furthermore, the Youden test revealed that the method was robust. Only 14.4% of the samples showed OTC and TC residues in a concentration range of 10.4–40.2 µg kg−1. No CTC and DOX residues were found in all the samples analyzed. Liver samples showed the highest average values (31.5 ± 20.6 and 21.8 ± 18.9 for OTC and TC, respectively). The results showed a low incidence of TCs in all the samples examined, in comparison with other studies reported in the literature. A significant decrease in TC residues frequency was found from 2013 (p < 0.05). This work reports for the first time epidemiological data on the presence of TC residues in liver and muscle samples of cattle farmed in Sicily (Southern Italy). The very low incidence of TC residues indicates a continuous improvement in farming techniques in Southern Italy, which is essential to ensure consumers' protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On June 28, 2018 the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Veterinary Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (VAST) subcommittee published the new standards for susceptibility testing (www.CLSI.org). These documents are the newest standards, representing over 20 years of developing susceptibility testing standards for pathogens isolated from animals. CLSI-VAST is the only organization in the world that has published breakpoints for animal pathogens. The current edition of the CLSI standard document has approximately 180 breakpoints for drug-bacteria combinations in the major veterinary species. There are now breakpoints for practically every approved antimicrobial agent for the label indication in veterinary medicine. CLSI-VAST is working to fill the gaps for the few agents that do not have clinical veterinary breakpoints. Because there are many human-labeled antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine, CLSI also has developed clinical breakpoints for these agents in the non-food animal species. CLSI-VAST develops the breakpoints through a rigorous process, using strict criteria. Sponsors are required to follow guidelines provided by CLSI and must submit data to support a proposed breakpoint. The data includes pharmacokinetic data in the target species, MIC distributions for the pathogens targeted, clinical data from the drug used under field conditions at the approved dose, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) analysis, using Monte Carlo Simulations, to show that at the approved dose, the drug attains PK-PD targets for the labeled pathogen. For older agents that no longer have sponsors (generic drugs), a separate Working Group has developed guidelines to establish breakpoints for these agents. The Working Group uses PK-PD analysis, Monte Carlo simulations, MIC distribution data from laboratories, and published evidence of clinical experience. The CLSI uses a consensus-driven process. The consensus process involves the development and open review of documents, revision of documents in response to discussion, and, finally, the acceptance of a document as a consensus standard. All CLSI meetings are open to the public and all opinions are considered. When accepted, the CLSI breakpoints are regarded as a public standard, not a guideline. The standard documents developed through the consensus process identifies specific, essential requirements for materials, methods, or practices for use in an unmodified form. In order to follow the CLSI standard, the testing methods must be followed, including standardized media and test conditions. MIC data generated in media other than CLSI standard media (eg, Mueller-Hinton Broth), or alternative test conditions are not acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous extracts of seeds of Butea frondosa, Neem oil (Azadirecta indica), mixture of Butea frondosa seed extract and Neem oil and a commercial preparation Jantana powder showed potential in vivo efficacy against helminth parasites in naturally infected goats. Butea frondosa seed extract showed 95.23% efficacy against Trichuris spp., 92.3% against Oesophagostomum spp. and 100% against Moniezia spp. at 40, 6 and 8 days post treatment, respectively. The efficacy of Neem oil was 93.33% for Trichuris spp. after 20 days of treatment. (100% for Oesophagostomum spp., Haemonchus spp. and Moniezia spp. after 10, 4 and 30 days of treatment, respectively). Mixture of Neem oil and Butea frondosa seed extract showed 100% efficacy for Trichuris and Oesophagostomum spp. after 30 days of treatment whereas Jantana powder was 100% effective against Trichuris spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. after 4 and 20 days of treatment, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]