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In 303 Creative LLC v. Elenis, a web designer sought a legal right to refuse to make wedding websites for same-sex couples while making wedding websites for other couples as a service provided by her business open to the public. The web designer also sought a legal right to post a notice on her business webpage stating that she would refuse to provide such services for same-sex couples' weddings. Here, I argue that 303 Creative marks a fairly radical break from previous legal cases dealing with whether service providers have the legal right to deny services for same-sex weddings. This is because, if we take the web designer at her word, the web designer appears to have sought these legal rights, in significant part, in order to use an act of commercial discrimination as an act of religious message sending. In support of this conclusion, I argue that acts of selective commercial service constitute the primary means by which the web designer sought to promote her preferred religious messages and that these acts of selective commercial service are acts of discrimination. I also discuss some of the significance of this case for religion and politics in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) express the visual design of a website through code and remain an understudied area of web history. Although CSS was proposed as a method of adding a design layer to HTML documents early on in the development of the web, they only crossed from a marginal position to mainstream usage after a long period of proselytising by web designers working towards "web standards". The CSS Zen Garden grassroots initiative aimed at negotiating, mainstreaming and archiving possible methods of CSS web design, while dealing with varying levels of browser support for the technology. Using the source code of the CSS Zen Garden and the accompanying book, this paper demonstrates that while the visual designs were complex and sophisticated, the CSS lived within an ecosystem of related platforms, i.e., web browsers, screen sizes and design software, which constrained its use and required enormous sensitivity to the possibilities browser ecosystems could reliably provide. As the CSS Zen Garden was maintained for over ten years, it also acts as a unique site to trace the continuing development of web design, and the imaginaries expressed in the Zen Garden can also be related to ethical dimensions that influence the process of web design. Compared to Flash-based web design, work implemented using CSS required a greater willingness to negotiate source code configurations between browser platforms. Following the history of the individuals responsible for creating and contributing to the CSS Zen Garden shows the continuing influence of layer-based metaphors of design separated from content within web source code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-journals are constantly evolving and adding new features, however, scholars' views of desired features of scholarly e-articles have not received much attention. Scholars' opinions were studied as part of two scholarly reading surveys conducted in Finland in 2016 and internationally in 2018. Respondents were asked "What features would you like to see in e-scholarly articles in the future" and "How have your reading practices changed in the last few years and how do you expect them to change". A qualitative thematic analysis of 588 open-ended comments to these questions was performed. Themes discussed in open ended comments concern availability and accessibility; readability, searchability, findability, and discoverability; sharing and collaboration affordances; and seamlessness between reading and writing. Respondents also discussed affordances such as more visual materials, more interactivity, easier export of references, links to original research data, open commenting, open peer review, possibility to update articles, links to authors' social media sites, and templates for secondary and meta-analysis. Users' discussion of affordances for finding, discovering, sharing, and handling information provide insights to publishers, libraries, and web designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filter questions are used to administer follow-up questions to eligible respondents while allowing respondents who are not eligible to skip those questions. Filter questions can be asked in either the interleafed or the grouped formats. In the interleafed format, the follow-ups are asked immediately after the filter question; in the grouped format, follow-ups are asked after the filter question block. Underreporting can occur in the interleafed format due to respondents' desire to reduce the burden of the survey. This phenomenon is called motivated misreporting. Because smartphone surveys are more burdensome than web surveys completed on a computer or laptop, due to the smaller screen size, longer page loading times, and more distraction, we expect that motivated misreporting is more pronounced on smartphones. Furthermore, we expect that misreporting occurs not only in the filter questions themselves but also extends to data quality in the follow-up questions. We randomly assigned 3,517 respondents of a German online access panel to either the PC or the smartphone. Our results show that while both PC and smartphone respondents trigger fewer filter questions in the interleafed format than the grouped format, we did not find differences between PC and smartphone respondents regarding the number of triggered filter questions. However, smartphone respondents provide lower data quality in the follow-up questions, especially in the grouped format. We conclude with recommendations for web survey designers who intend to incorporate smartphone respondents in their surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the current status and online services portfolio of web OPACs and barriers users' face while searching information on web OPACs of public and private sector university libraries in Lahore. The inquirer adopted quantitative survey method and distributed self administrated (peer reviewed and pilot test) questionnaire among 425 library users who were selected using stratified convenient sampling technique. This study illustrated various types of service being offer and uncovered number of barriers and redundancies that users' of public and private sector university libraries face while searching information remotely on web OPACs. This research study would benefit library administrators and web OPAC designers in the make web OPACs more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper presents the development of a guide for the design of Higher Education Institutions (hei) websites based on the wcag 2.1 standard applied to visual disabilities. For this purpose, proposals that guide the design of accessible hei websites were identified, based on the findings and the wcag 2.1 standard; a guide that facilitates the design of hei websites applied to visual disabilities was specified; then the level of compliance obtained by the Univida website when applying the proposed guide was evaluated. The taw online tool was used as the evaluation method. The results show that the proposals analyzed focus on evaluating the accessibility of websites; however, none of them are specifically oriented to webmasters, developers and web designers, nor do they focus on the design of hei websites for the visually impaired. It was also evidenced that, when applying the guide on the selected website, from a total of 433 errors in the first analysis it was reduced to 14 in a second analysis for compliance levels a, aa and aaa. This work allows us to conclude that there is a growing interest among researchers and higher education institutions in designing inclusive institutional websites and virtual learning platforms, which not only consider the information needs and the attractive impact of their design, but also focus on the population with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rapid expansion of the CRISPR toolbox through tagging effector domains to either enzymatically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) or Cas9 nickase (nCas9) has led to several promising new gene editing strategies. Recent additions include CRISPR cytosine or adenine base editors (CBEs and ABEs) and the CRISPR prime editors (PEs), in which a deaminase or reverse transcriptase are fused to nCas9, respectively. These tools hold great promise to model and correct disease-causing mutations in animal and plant models. But so far, no widely-available tools exist to automate the design of both BE and PE reagents. Results: We developed PnB Designer, a web-based application for the design of pegRNAs for PEs and guide RNAs for BEs. PnB Designer makes it easy to design targeting guide RNAs for single or multiple targets on a variant or reference genome from organisms spanning multiple kingdoms. With PnB Designer, we designed pegRNAs to model all known disease causing mutations available in ClinVar. Additionally, PnB Designer can be used to design guide RNAs to install or revert a SNV, scanning the genome with one CBE and seven different ABE PAM variants and returning the best BE to use. PnB Designer is publicly accessible at http://fgcz-shiny.uzh.ch/PnBDesigner/ Conclusion: With PnB Designer we created a user-friendly design tool for CRISPR PE and BE reagents, which should simplify choosing editing strategy and avoiding design complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing dependence on mobile devices worldwide, web designers are starting to design websites that are suitable for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. The aim of this paper is to find out which structures of interface the mobile commerce websites should implement to meet the user's viewing visual behaviors. This is achieved through the use of eye tracking technology to record and analyze the content of online booking websites designed by responsive web design rules and to assess whether there was a difference in the location of the attention areas when the webpage presents different object arrangements. The paper finds that there are no significant differences in the number of fixations at the location of the menu icon, and the gaze sequences are also the same. However, participants have significant differences in fixation time on the navigation menu lists with different presentation methods, whereas the gaze sequences are the same; on the other hand, there are no significant differences in the total gaze time when objects are arranged in different positions, but the gaze sequences on the regions of interest are different when the object arrangements are changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the process of elaborating a set of 23 guidelines for the design of LMS interfaces, aimed at students with visual impairment. The guidelines were developed in a collaborative and user-centered manner, with the collaboration of 12 students with visual impairment (of different levels), 3 specialists in accessibility and 5 web developers and designers. From the survey of students' needs, the accessibility specialists generated a navigation protocol for students with low vision, which allowed them to identify their difficulties. From this, the set of guidelines was successively refined in a collaborative manner between accessibility specialists and designers and programmers, resulting in the set presented at the end of this paper. Although most of the guidelines listed in this research are not new in terms of interface design, the fact that they have been grouped around the needs of users with visual impairment is an advance, as it facilitates the use of these guidelines by developers who are not subject matter experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we consider the problem of tracking the eye gaze of individuals while they engage in reading. In particular, we develop the ways to accurately track the line being read by an individual using commercially available eye-tracking devices. Such an approach will enable futuristic functionalities, such as comprehension evaluation, interest level detection, and user-assisting applications such as hand-free navigation and automatic scrolling. Furthermore, the proposed approach will pave the way to develop technology that may generate valuable feedback to content makers, such as web designers, authors, educators, and social media users. The existing commercial eye trackers provide an estimated location of the eye-gaze points every few milliseconds. However, these estimated gaze points are not sufficient to quantify reading progression—a specific eye-gaze activity. In this article, we propose algorithms to bridge the commercial gaze tracker outputs and informative eye-gaze patterns while reading. The proposed system consists of Kalman filters and hidden Markov models to parameterize these statistical models and to accurately detect the line being read. The proposed approach is shown to yield an improvement of 27.1% in line detection accuracy over line tracking using estimated eye-gaze points alone by the eye tracker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a set of design recommendations for crowdsourcing platforms with a focus on user engagement. A sample of New Zealand (NZ) cultural heritage institutions (CHIs) crowdsourcing platforms were assessed, with the aim of offering insights into how they have been designed to encourage dialogue and engagement and to sustain participation. Design/methodology/approach: The design recommendations were derived from a review of related works. Following this, 12 crowdsourcing projects overseen by libraries, museums and an archive in NZ were assessed against the recommendations through content analysis. Findings: The recommendations were classified into four main categories. These were promote ease of use, attract and sustain user interest, foster a community of users and show users that their work is contributing to the institution and society. The findings indicated that the sample of crowdsourcing projects assessed were generally successful at displaying the credibility and significance of their projects, and promoting their crowdsourced collections. Many of the projects could nevertheless benefit from providing further support to promoting dialogues and engagement with their users and contributors and sustaining offline community interaction. Research limitations/implications: The content analysis conducted was focused on the functionality of design elements of the crowdsourcing platforms. The design recommendations derived from the analysis were intended as a starting point for discussion and they would need to be validated in further studies. Other relevant project information such as funding and staffing, promotion and outreach efforts were not solicited in this study. Such information could provide important contextualisation. Future research could take the form of in-depth case studies, including surveying those involved in the projects and stakeholders to investigate such contextual aspects of crowdsourcing projects. Originality/value: Previous research on crowdsourcing in NZ CHIs consisted of single case studies. This study provides a wider snapshot and insights into digital crowdsourcing platforms from public NZ CHIs. The study findings have practical implications for project managers and Web designers involved in crowdsourcing projects, particularly those in the cultural heritage sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes how Machine Learning can be very useful to develop interfaces with semiotic engineering in obtaining usable web pages. In the same way, it also analyzes how it contributes to the use of predictive models to structure web pages in anticipation of the needs of users. To analyze how the analysis of user needs contributes to the structure of web pages and how usable web pages influence the level of user satisfaction, a survey was conducted with 330 students from the USMP School of Engineering and Architecture enrolled in the semester 2019-2, as well as a Thing Aloud test among a group of six students. The development of a web page tailored to users tends to be a strenuous process that requires several stages and evaluations. Therefore, this research analyzes how a Machine Learning model can be useful to anticipate the needs and requirements of users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of an ontological model to improve the web accessibility to blind people, through the use of the World Wide Web Consortium standard (W3C) and the Colombian Technical Standard NTC 5854. The ontological model was developed using web semantic tools and new web design technologies, which contains four main components: (1) the creation of representational data schema, (2) the integration of the ontology and the development tool, (3) the visualization of each labelled web elements and visualization of semantic metadata, and (4) validation and translation/compilation process. Preliminary results facilitated the generation of a clear scheme to create a website accessible to blind people. The rresults allowed identifying functional aspects that facilitated the generation of a development scheme to create a website accessible to blind people. Recommendations are presented to web designers and programmers, to provide strategies for creating products accessible to blind people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) cancer patients experience substantial health disparities, including poorer overall health and lower satisfaction with their cancer care than their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts, which may be due in part to a lack of culturally competent providers. To address these disparities, a web-based LGBT cultural competency training tailored to oncologists was developed by an interdisciplinary team of scientists, LGBT cancer survivors, cultural competency experts, oncologists, a web designer, and an instructional designer.Methods: Oncologists (n = 44) were recruited from 3 academic cancer centers in Florida. Participants were administered the LGBT cultural competency training Curriculum for Oncologists on LGBT populations to Optimize Relevance and Skills (COLORS) and completed pre- and posttraining measures regarding LGBT-related knowledge, attitudes (including general negative attitudes and health care-related attitudes), and clinical practices. After the training, participants completed training acceptability measures.Results: Of the 44 participants, 33 (75%) completed the COLORS training. Participants were 55% non-Hispanic white, 63% male, and had a mean age of 47 years. Participants demonstrated significant improvements in LGBT-related knowledge (t = -4.9, P < .001), attitudes (Z = -3.0, P = .002; t = -2.5, P = .019), and clinical practices (Z = -3.5, P < .001) after completing the COLORS training (Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used for nonnormally distributed variables). Moreover, training acceptability was high, with 82% of participants rating the training as high quality, and 97% being willing to recommend the training to a colleague.Conclusion: The COLORS training is both feasible to administer and acceptable for use with oncologists, and may improve oncologists' LGBT-related knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices. Larger trials are needed to examine the training's effectiveness in reducing LGBT cancer disparities, as well as its applicability to other types of care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey was sent to library Web designers from randomly selected institutions to determine the background, tools, and methods used by those designers. Results, grouped by Carnegie classification type, indicated that larger schools were not necessarily working with more resources or more advanced levels of technology than other institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web accessibility refers to allowing people with diverse capabilities to use the Internet, interact with it and contribute to it. The Web offers content and services to users, which is primarily monetized through advertisements. Web accessibility issues arise when a homogeneous team of web designers and developers produce homogeneous content and services for a very heterogeneous group of Internet users and ignores the web accessibility guidelines. One such content is Internet advertisements whose volume on web pages has increased significantly from last decade. In this paper, we shed light on how advertisements can cause various accessibility barriers to persons with visual impairments. This study also attempts to identify the potential determinants and various advertisement formats, which cause multiple accessibility barriers. Our findings indicate that advertisements lack accessibility features, which cause the disturbance (63%), insecure feelings (63%), user performance decrease (60%), content obstruction (90%), Web page backtrack issues (90%) and security issues (20%) for persons with visual impairments. To decrease the intensity of advertisement-related barriers, we have proposed some solutions and advertisement creation techniques and tweaks, which can be followed by designers and developers to improve the accessibility of these web advertisements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite substantial LGBT cancer health disparities, there are no LGBT cultural competency trainings tailored for oncologists. Here we describe the systematic development of a web-based, oncology-focused LGBT cultural competency training.Methods: A literature review regarding LGBT cancer outcomes and competency training was conducted to identify potential training content. An expert panel meeting, including LGBT cancer survivors, cultural competency experts, oncologists, a web designer, and an instructional designer, was held to solidify the training content focus. Following the panel, the training was developed in collaboration with an instructional designer, a web designer, and LGBT community members.Results: The training modules include: 1) LGBT Basics; 2) Inclusive Environments; 3) Initiating Oncology Care with LGBT Patients; and 4) Issues in Cancer Survivorship among LGBT Patients. Module content is interactive, and models effective communication.Conclusion: The process of collaboration with a diverse group of stakeholders and three cancer centers in Florida has resulted in a practical and efficient web-based resource for LGBT cultural competency training for oncologists.Practice Implications: Feedback from stakeholders indicates that training in this area is needed and will be well-received by oncologists. We are currently conducting an evaluation of this training among oncologists and LGBT community members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the nature of the underlying social motivation, including collective norm and subjective norm, which shapes users' decisions to revisit a social commerce site.Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the research model using data from a survey of 531 social commerce users.Findings Results support the importance of subjective and collective norms as measures of social norm. Both norms were combined to: develop a parsimonious higher order measure of social motivation, and examine the consequent impact on social commerce continuance behavior. In addition, the authors demonstrate that the factors that influence the social impact theory variables, specifically time spent during each visit, affective experience and gender can moderate the impact of social norm on social commerce continuance use intention.Practical implications Social commerce website designers can provide visibility of the number of a user's close contacts (or contacts that the user either interacts with or follows) as well as the total number of people using the same technology as a visual cue to encourage user retention on the site.Social implications The results indicate that customers' social commerce revisit intentions are strongly influenced by a combination of how they perceive the behavior as endorsed both by their friends and by the majority view in their social network.Originality/value This study examines and validates sources of social influence that affect continuance use intention with social technologies such as social commerce sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on regulations regarding dangerous dog breeds responsible for attacks on people. Topics discussed include Colleen Lynn, independent web consultant and designer, attacked and injured by adult male pit bull, launch of national organization DogsBite.org which advocates for dog-bite victims, and pit bull-type dogs and certain breeds banned by the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marines from privatized housing.

I particularly enjoyed his calculus-based treatment of Earth's radiation energy balance and radiative forcing, which led me to his site. Https://Physics-in-a-nutshell.com https://physicsclassroom.com A "structured self-study" education resource for learning university-level physics, reminiscent of the Physics Classroom HS-level site. [Extracted from the article]

The qualitative research reported here identifies how web designers and developers experience information literacy. Using a phenomenographic approach, this cohort's experience is presented through a map of variation, which includes four different ways of experiencing information literacy. Analysis of 23 in-depth interviews with web workers from different stages of the web design and development process suggested the four ways web workers experience information literacy: staying informed, building a successful website, solving a problem or participating in a community of practice. The study advances the existing understanding of the concept of information literacy, especially in a professional context and from a relational perspective. Additionally, using the web professionals' world as the context of the study, the research contributes to the field of website design and development by shedding light on less-researched information experiences of people involved in the web industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic libraries acquire and steward numeric datasets as well as large collections of image files, audio archives, digital texts, and other non-numeric resources. This article considers how a sample of libraries in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom present these collections and make them available for discovery. And, importantly, the article examines whether these non-numeric collections are positioned on the library Website as research datasets, rather than as artifacts of limited local and/or historical interest. Findings from this analysis may help collection managers and Web designers as libraries define their role in connecting users to research data. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the antecedents of information seeking in digital libraries from the perspectives of the Technology Acceptance Model and flow experience, as well as the consequences from the perspectives of self-efficacy in getting information and individual performance. Design/methodology/approach – A research model is developed and tested using questionnaires and, partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings – The effect of flow experience on information seeking in digital libraries is the largest one. Meanwhile, flow experience fully mediates the effects of ease of use and usefulness on information seeking in digital libraries which further leads to self-efficacy in getting information and individual performance. Practical implications – Librarians should help users to experience more stable and sustainable flow by providing dependable, prompt, personalized and professional service to them. Librarians should try their best to provide diversified user training so as to guide potential users to seek information in digital libraries. Originality/value – This study contributes to the theoretical development of the structural model exploring information seeking in digital libraries, presenting a new view for digital library research and practice alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate when and how people working in collaboration could be benefitted by an exploratory search task, specifically focussing on team size and its effect on the outcomes of such a task. Design/methodology/approach – The paper investigates the effects of team sizes on exploratory search tasks using a lab study involving 68 participants – 12 individuals, ten dyads, and 12 triads. In order to assess various factors during their exploratory search sessions, an evaluation framework is synthesized using relevant literature. The framework consists of measures for five groups of quantities relevant to exploratory search: information exposure, information relevancy, information search, performance, and learning. Findings – The analyses on the user study data using the proposed framework reveals that while individuals working alone cover more information than those working in teams, the teams (dyads and triads) are able to achieve better information coverage and search performance due to their collaborative strategies. In many of the measures, the triads are found to be even better than the dyads, demonstrating the value of adding a collaborator to a search process with multiple facets. Originality/value – The findings shed light on not only how collaborative work could help in achieving better results in exploratory search, but also how team sizes affect specific aspects – information exposure, information relevancy, information search, performance, and learning – of exploratory search. This has implications for system designers, information managers, and educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to design and implement new tracking and summarization algorithms for Chinese news content. Based on the proposed methods and algorithms, the authors extract the important sentences that are contained in topic stories and list those sentences according to timestamp order to ensure ease of understanding and to visualize multiple news stories on a single screen. Design/methodology/approach – This paper encompasses an investigational approach that implements a new Dynamic Centroid Summarization algorithm in addition to a Term Frequency (TF)-Density algorithm to empirically compute three target parameters, i.e., recall, precision, and F-measure. Findings – The proposed TF-Density algorithm is implemented and compared with the well-known algorithms Term Frequency-Inverse Word Frequency (TF-IWF) and Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF). Three test data sets are configured from Chinese news web sites for use during the investigation, and two important findings are obtained that help the authors provide more precision and efficiency when recognizing the important words in the text. First, the authors evaluate three topic tracking algorithms, i.e., TF-Density, TF-IDF, and TF-IWF, with the said target parameters and find that the recall, precision, and F-measure of the proposed TF-Density algorithm is better than those of the TF-IWF and TF-IDF algorithms. In the context of the second finding, the authors implement a blind test approach to obtain the results of topic summarizations and find that the proposed Dynamic Centroid Summarization process can more accurately select topic sentences than the LexRank process. Research limitations/implications – The results show that the tracking and summarization algorithms for news topics can provide more precise and convenient results for users tracking the news. The analysis and implications are limited to Chinese news content from Chinese news web sites such as Apple Library, UDN, and well-known portals like Yahoo and Google. Originality/value – The research provides an empirical analysis of Chinese news content through the proposed TF-Density and Dynamic Centroid Summarization algorithms. It focusses on improving the means of summarizing a set of news stories to appear for browsing on a single screen and carries implications for innovative word measurements in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The four major Subject Repositories (SRs), arXiv, Research Papers in Economics (RePEc), Social Science Research Network (SSRN) and PubMed Central (PMC), are all important within their disciplines but no previous study has systematically compared how often they are cited in academic publications. In response, the purpose of this paper is to report an analysis of citations to SRs from Scopus publications, 2000-2013. Design/methodology/approach – Scopus searches were used to count the number of documents citing the four SRs in each year. A random sample of 384 documents citing the four SRs was then visited to investigate the nature of the citations. Findings – Each SR was most cited within its own subject area but attracted substantial citations from other subject areas, suggesting that they are open to interdisciplinary uses. The proportion of documents citing each SR is continuing to increase rapidly, and the SRs all seem to attract substantial numbers of citations from more than one discipline. Research limitations/implications – Scopus does not cover all publications, and most citations to documents found in the four SRs presumably cite the published version, when one exists, rather than the repository version. Practical implications – SRs are continuing to grow and do not seem to be threatened by institutional repositories and so research managers should encourage their continued use within their core disciplines, including for research that aims at an audience in other disciplines. Originality/value – This is the first simultaneous analysis of Scopus citations to the four most popular SRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – In a system-based approach, replicating the web would require large test collections, and judging the relevancy of all documents per topic in creating relevance judgment through human assessors is infeasible. Due to the large amount of documents that requires judgment, there are possible errors introduced by human assessors because of disagreements. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This study explores exponential variation and document ranking methods that generate a reliable set of relevance judgments (pseudo relevance judgments) to reduce human efforts. These methods overcome problems with large amounts of documents for judgment while avoiding human disagreement errors during the judgment process. This study utilizes two key factors: number of occurrences of each document per topic from all the system runs; and document rankings to generate the alternate methods. Findings – The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using the correlation coefficient of ranked systems using mean average precision scores between the original Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) relevance judgments and pseudo relevance judgments. The results suggest that the proposed document ranking method with a pool depth of 100 could be a reliable alternative to reduce human effort and disagreement errors involved in generating TREC-like relevance judgments. Originality/value – Simple methods proposed in this study show improvement in the correlation coefficient in generating alternate relevance judgment without human assessors while contributing to information retrieval evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to design a watcher-based crawler (WBC) that has the ability of crawling static and dynamic web sites, and can download only the updated and newly added web pages. Design/methodology/approach – In the proposed WBC crawler, a watcher file, which can be uploaded to the web sites servers, prepares a report that contains the addresses of the updated and the newly added web pages. In addition, the WBC is split into five units, where each unit is responsible for performing a specific crawling process. Findings – Several experiments have been conducted and it has been observed that the proposed WBC increases the number of uniquely visited static and dynamic web sites as compared with the existing crawling techniques. In addition, the proposed watcher file not only allows the crawlers to visit the updated and newly web pages, but also solves the crawlers overlapping and communication problems. Originality/value – The proposed WBC performs all crawling processes in the sense that it detects all updated and newly added pages automatically without any human explicit intervention or downloading the entire web sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classified advertisement for job postings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The usage of mobile devices is growing fast. Different approaches have been proposed to improve the user experience of web browsing on mobile devices. This paper comprehensively reviews and compares various techniques for web browsing on mobile devices. We classify approaches of web browsing on mobile devices into three categories: platform-specific mobile design, web page restructuring and zooming based interaction. The platform-specific mobile design technique includes various mobile markup languages and interactive tools that facilitate web designers to manually create a mobile optimized web site. The web page restructuring technique intelligently adapts a desktop web page for web browsing on mobile devices. This technique first discovers closely related information (i.e., page segmentation) and then generates an adaptive layout that fits mobile devices. The zooming based interaction displays a desktop web page within a mobile screen as an overview, which allows a user to zoom in on a specific portion for a detailed reading. Based on the classification, we compare those browsing techniques on mobile devices from six perspectives, i.e., development cost, consistency with the desktop version, dynamic content supports, hardware requirements, display optimization and user operation. We further discuss eight popular commercial mobile browsers. A user study was conducted to evaluate different browsing techniques. This paper demonstrates the state of the art in web browsing on mobile devices, and compares different approaches. Based on the comparison and user study, we propose future developments in web browsing on mobile devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallax scrolling is becoming an increasingly popular strategy in web design. This scrolling technique creates the illusion of depth on a webpage by making the background images move slower than the foreground images. In addition to its ability to engage users with a website, advocates of parallax scrolling claim that it improves user experience. Researchers attribute this pleasurable user experience to the fulfillment of the following variables: usability, satisfaction, enjoyment, fun, and visual appeal. We hypothesized that parallax scrolling would positively influence each of these five variables and subsequently the overall user experience. Eighty-six individuals from a large Midwestern university participated in the research. One group of participants (N = 43) interacted with the parallax scrolling website, whereas the second group (N = 43) interacted with the nonparallax scrolling website. An independent samples t-test revealed significant differences between the two groups in regards to perceived fun. Participants believed that the parallax scrolling website was more fun than the nonparallax scrolling website. The results of the study also showed parallax scrolling to be more effective when used in a hedonic and fun context. In spite of these benefits two of the participants suffered motion sickness and experienced significant usability issues while interacting with the parallax scrolling website. As a result, this potential risk to participants raises some ethical issues that UX practitioners and web designers should consider when planning to implement parallax scrolling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]