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This paper presents the initial exploration of the free radical scavenging capabilities of peptides derived from protein hydrolysates (PPH) obtained from Zingiber cassumunar rhizomes (Phlai). To replicate the conditions of gastrointestinal digestion, a combination of pepsin and pancreatin proteolysis was employed to generate these hydrolysates. Subsequently, the hydrolysate underwent fractionation using molecular weight cut-off membranes at 10, 5, 3, and 0.65 kDa. The fraction with a molecular weight less than 0.65 kDa exhibited the highest levels ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and NO radical scavenging activity. Following this, RP-HPLC was used to further separate the fraction with a molecular weight less than 0.65 kDa into three sub-fractions. Among these, the F5 sub-fraction displayed the most prominent radical-scavenging properties. De novo peptide sequencing via quadrupole-time-of-flight-electron spin induction-mass spectrometry identified a pair of novel peptides: Asp-Gly-Ile-Phe-Val-Leu-Asn-Tyr (DGIFVLNY or DY-8) and Ile-Pro-Thr-Asp-Glu-Lys (IPTDEK or IK-6). Database analysis confirmed various properties, including biological activity, toxicity, hydrophilicity, solubility, and potential allergy concerns. Furthermore, when tested on the human adenocarcinoma colon (Caco-2) cell line, two synthetic peptides demonstrated cellular antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. These peptides were also assessed using the FITC Annexin V apoptosis detection kit with PI, confirming the induction of apoptosis. Notably, the DY-8 peptide induced apoptosis, upregulated mRNA levels of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and downregulated Bcl-2, as confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Western blot analysis indicated increased pro-apoptotic Bax expression and decreased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression in Caco-2 cells exposed to the DY-8 peptide. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the DY-8 peptide exhibited binding affinity with Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, suggesting potential utility in combating colon cancer as functional food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The examination of photocatalyst powders for the total removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions is a vital research subject within the realm of environmental preservation. The objective of this study is to develop a photocatalyst heterojunction consisting of Zingiber/ZnO-H for the degradation of both the reactive red dye (RR 141) and ofloxacin antibiotic in wastewater. The current investigation outlines the process of synthesising a composite material by combining Zingiber montanum extract with zinc oxide (ZnO) by a hydrothermal method. The synthesis was conducted at a temperature of 180°C for a period of 4 hours. Consequently. The photocatalyst with a constructed heterojunction shown a notable enhancement in its photocatalytic activity as a result of the improved efficiency in charge separation at the interface. The application of economically viable solar energy facilitated the complete eradication of harmful pollutants through the process of detoxification. The removal of impurities occurs by a process that follows a first-order kinetics. Among the pollutants, RR141 demonstrates the greatest rate constant at 0.02 min-1, while ofloxacin has a rate constant of 0.01 min-1. The assessment of the stability of the produced photocatalyst was conducted after undergoing five cycles. This study additionally investigated the influence of sunshine on degradation, uncovering degradation rates of 97% for RR141 and 99% for ofloxacin when exposed to UV Lamp, and degradation rates of 97% for RR141 and 95% for ofloxacin when exposed to Solar Light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber purpureum Roscoe, known as plai in Thailand, is a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family and has traditionally been used in Southeast Asian countries to treat inflammation, pain, and asthma. In this study, we performed the characterization of the volatile constituents in ethyl acetate extracts of plai. Ethyl acetate extracts derived from the rhizomes of plai were subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the key peaks in the total ion current chromatograms were annotated or identified. In total, twenty-one compounds were identified using isolation procedures or standards, and nine compounds were annotated by comparing their Kovats retention index (RI) and electron ionization (EI) mass spectra with those in the literature. Most of the identifications were inconsistent with the tentative annotations found via library search and suggested that some peaks were incorrectly assigned in previous studies. Thus, to avoid further misannotations and contribute to the research on dereplication, the RI value, EI mass spectral data, and NMR spectroscopy data of the isolated compounds are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith (lempoyang) has a traditional application in the treatment of indigestion, worm infestation, loss of appetite, and postpartum conditions. Objectives: Extracts of Z. zerumbet (methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate) were utilized to investigate the mutagenic, anti-mutagenic, and cytotoxic properties. Materials and Methods: Initially, a mutagenicity test (Ames test) was conducted, followed by an anti-mutagenicity test, to assess the potential of Z. zerumbet extracts in inhibiting mutagenicity induced by sodium azide and 9-aminoacridine. Furthermore, the cytotoxic ability of the extracts was evaluated using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Results: The mutagenicity assessment revealed that the methanol extract of Z. zerumbet exhibited a twofold increase in the number of revertants in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1537. Similar results were observed for the hexane extract, except at a concentration of 6.25 mg/mL, where no significant increase in revertants was observed. On the other hand, the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated a twofold increase in revertants in S. typhimurium strain TA 1535. Notably, the ethyl acetate extract displayed remarkable anti-mutagenic activity against 9-aminoacridine, while the hexane extract exhibited strong anti-mutagenic activity against sodium azide. Regarding cytotoxicity assessment using the MTT assay, the methanol extract of Z. zerumbet exhibited the highest cytotoxicity with an IC50 value estimated at 388.50 ± 135.75 µg/mL. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed IC50 values of 514.17 ± 135.75 and 589.67 ± 241.67 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The extracts displayed both mutagenic and cytotoxic activities. However, they also exhibited promising anti-mutagenic potential, which could be harnessed for cancer prevention purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding species boundaries maintenance in the face of hybridization/introgression is an intriguing yet complex topic in evolutionary biology. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain elusive. To address this, we propose to investigate the role of climatic shifts in shaping genetic structure and influencing species boundaries. We combine multilocus genetic data and species distribution modeling to explore how past and current climatic shifts affect the genetic structure and demographic history of two Taiwan endemic gingers, Zingiber pleiostachyum and Z. shuanglongense. We identified a well-delimited genetic structure with evidence of admixture, indicating incomplete reproductive isolation between the two gingers. This is likely due to secondary contact and range overlap during the last glacial maximum, leading to sporadic instances of hybridization. Niche overlap tests based on climate and soil data indicate that these two gingers occupy similar but nonidentical ecological niches. Furthermore, we found that the considerable differences in their current geographic distribution and altitude preferences might have resulted from different seed dispersal capabilities and competitive exclusion due to their similar niche preferences. Our results reveal a model where altitudinal differentiation and dispersal strategy synergistically reinforce the species divergence, thereby illuminating the importance of these factors in shaping and maintaining the island's biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles have been used as drug carriers and imaging reagents. The plant extract-capped gold nanoparticles provide better properties than chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles. In this study, Zingiber zerumbet extract-mediated green production of gold nanoparticles (Z. zerumbet@Au NPs) was established. Based on the UV-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results, most Z. zerumbet@Au NPs were spherical. When more Z. zerumbet extracts were added, more spherical nanoparticles were formed. The hydrodynamic size changed slightly along with time, and the average size was approximately 170 nm. Capping of Z. zerumbet extract on the surface of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In general, phenolic compounds or flavonoid compounds were considered to be the reducing agent. However, zerumbone was identified as the reducing agent in this study. The resulting oxidized products were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). As a result, the solvent was proven to be involved in nanoparticle synthesis. Overall, Z zerumbet@Au NPs showed great potential to be used in cosmetic- or biomedicine-related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber densissimum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia and Kaempferia laotica Gagnep., belong to the Zingiberaceae family, which were found in Vietnam and Laos in recent years. To date, there has been very limited information on their phytochemical profiles and pharmacological activities. The present study was conducted to give insights into the chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from two plants and their antimicrobial activities. Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectral (GC-MS) analysis was utilized to identify the chemical composition of the rhizome essential oils of Z. densissimum and K. laotica. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated on three Gram-positive bacterial strains, three Gram-negative bacterial strains, and a pathogenic yeast. The GC-MS analysis showed that β-pinene (38.36%), β-phellandrene (26.85%), and α-pinene (13.31%) were the most dominant components in Z. densissimum rhizome essential oil, while K. laotica rhizome essential oil was found to contain mainly camphene (23.44%), α-pinene (10.69%), 3-carene (8.60%) and β-pinene (6.85%). As for the antimicrobial activity test results, the rhizome essential oil of Z. densissimum displayed potent activities against Candida albicans (MIC value = 2 μg/mL), Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli (MIC values = 8 μg/ mL). Meanwhile, the rhizome essential oil of K. laotica showed weaker activities against all investigated microbial strains (MIC values ranging from 32 to 256 μg/mL). The study results indicated the chemical constituents of the essential oils prepared from these plants. The two essential oil samples were also shown to exhibit potential antimicrobial activities against several pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber zerumbet affords the essential oil having important application and its rhizomes are the main ingredient in traditional Indian Ayurveda formulation. We report here the impact of enzymes on the isolable yield of oleoresin and essential oil (EO) from Zingiber zerumbet. The impact of enzymes like cellulase, amylase, bio-protease, pectinase, hemi-cellulase and enzyme for herbal extract is evaluated. Viscozyme affords the highest oleoresin (16%) and essential oil (7.1%), a betterment of 138% and 24% respectively. Zerumbone, a principal bioactive component of zerumbet, was afforded in 8.98% and 5.7% from oleoresin and essential oil. Box Behnken Design has been employed to optimize parameters to get the highest oleoresin and EO yield. The EO was tested for its inhibitory activity on α -amylase and α-glucosidase. The EO collected from viscozyme-assisted extraction inhibited α -amylase with IC 50 26 µM while the same from enzyme for herbal extract-assisted extraction inhibited α -glucosidase with IC 50 274 µM. The extraction efficiency of all the enzymes used here is reported. [Display omitted] • Viscozyme treated zerumbet affords high oleoresin & essential oil. • Zerumbone from oleoresin & essential oil was respectively 7.5% & 5.7%. • Zerumbet essential oil showed potent α -amylase and α -glucosidase inhibition. • Optimized the extraction method by RSM. • Quantified zerumbone by Gas Chromatography (GC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is related to several metabolic diseases, including hyperlipidemia. Previous studies have shown the antioxidant properties of Zingiber cassumunar rhizomes and Guazuma ulmifolia leaves. The objective of this study was to see how Z. cassumunar rhizomes, G. ulmifolia leaves extracts, and their combinations affect antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective activity in a high-fat diet-fed (HFD) rat. The water extract of Z. cassumunar rhizomes and G. ulmifolia leaves was evaporated in a freeze dryer to produce dry extracts. The Wistar rats were assigned into six groups at random: normal, positive, negative, Z. cassumunar rhizome extract at 400 mg/kg BW (ZC), G. ulmifolia leaf extract at 50 mg/kg BW (GU), and the combination of Z. cassumunar rhizome extract and G. ulmifolia leaf extract at (350+50) mg/kg BW (ZC+GU). The rats were fed HFD for 28 days, and the treatment groups also received the extracts for the last 14 days. The study revealed that ZC, GU, and ZC+GU significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the levels of cholesterol and triglyceride when compared to the negative control. These treatments also showed a hepatoprotective effect by reducing the serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and histopathological observation. The conclusion of the study showed that ZC, GU, and ZC+GU play an essential role in their antihyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer, one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, is projected to affect 30.2 million people by 2040. Among the various cancer types, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a unique tumor primarily impacting the muscular system of children. The current treatment for RMS has limited efficacy and numerous side effects, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the potential treatment of the RMS cell line RD using extracts from five folklore-based medicinal plants in An Giang, Vietnam. The plants—Moringa oleifera Lam, Brucea javanica (L.) Merr., Eclipta prostrata (L.), Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson, and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith— were extracted and fractionated using three solvents: ether, ethanol, and water. These fractions underwent phytochemical screening and cytotoxicity testing on the in-vitro RMS cell line RD. The results indicate that the ether fraction of Eclipta prostrata (L.) and the ether and ethanol fractions of Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith exhibit moderate cytotoxic effects on RD cell lines, with IC50 values of 37.08 ± 1.23 µg/mL, 23.15 ± 1.17 µg/mL, and 45.63 ± 2.39 µg/mL, respectively. These findings provide preliminary data for further in-depth research into the anticancer properties of these plants, which are widely grown in the South of Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber loerzingii Valeton is one of the species in the Zingiberaceae family found throughout Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia, with slimy flowers, yellowish white color, and dark orange stamens. Z. loerzingii is endemic in North Sumatra with a very limited distribution. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources classifies this plant into the vulnerable ones category. This study aims to examine the potential of DNA barcoding from nuclear DNA (ITS2) and DNA chloroplasts (rbcL and trnL-F) to identify Z. loerzingii plants. The research sample was obtained from two main distribution areas of Z. loerzingii in North Sumatra, Indonesia, namely Sibolangit Nature Reserve and Tangkahan Conservation Forest. The results showed that all the DNA barcode markers used were able to classify Z. loerzingii into the same group in the phylogenetic analysis. ITS marker is the most effective marker for classifying Zingiberaceae species compared to rbcL and trnL-F markers. The ITS2 marker has the lowest level of intraspecific and intraspecific genetic distance overlap compared to the rbcL and trnL-F markers. This research is expected to provide information related to the DNA barcode of Z. loerzingii in an effort to conserve this rare plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During our floristic expedition in South Vietnam, a wild taxon Zingiber densissimum (sect. Cryptanthium) was recognized as a newly recorded species for the flora of Vietnam. The taxonomic treatment with a description is provided, along with photographs, distribution, ecology, a conservation assessment, and morphological comparison with its alliance species. It is similar to Zingiber orbiculatum and Zingiber mioga in having whitish flowers and bright yellow anthers but differs in many aspects of vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Moreover, a taxonomic key for all species of sect. Cryptanthium in Vietnam is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shampoo ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) is a multipurpose ginger that has confirmed their role as food, medicine, and for decorative purposes. The rhizome possesses zerumbone, curcuminoids, and other bioactive molecules that play crucial roles in treating several human diseases. To date, several reports are existing on the in vitro biotechnology of Z. zerumbet. The present review highlights the consolidated clarification and comprehensive explanation of in vitro biotechnological implications based on plant tissue culture for the improvement of Z. zerumbet. Studies on biotechnological involvement in shampoo ginger were primarily emphasized in the study of the last 3 decades, for instance, in vitro regeneration, micro-rhizome production, callus culture, somatic embryogenesis, ex vitro establishment, and molecular assessment of in vitro-raised clones. Moreover, this review provides insights into different in vitro culture systems and endophytes involvement in the production of secondary metabolites. This review will assist for advanced research areas related to in vitro manipulation of shampoo ginger, especially for the commercial cultivation of secondary metabolites rich clones of Z. zerumbet. Moreover, it will provide an insight into crop upgrading and breeding programs of this underutilized, aromatic, and medicinal plant for amended yield and quality. Key points: • Z. zerumbet is an aromatic spice and an ornamental • This review comprehensively assesses Z. zerumbet tissue culture • Key shortcomings and future directions of Z. zerumbet biotechnology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nucleotide-binding site domain (NBD) of plant resistance (R) genes plays a vital role during plant defense signaling. The functional significance of CC-NBS-LRR (Coiled coil-NBS-Leucine Rich Repeat) class of R gene designated ZzR1, characterized from Zingiber zerumbet in earlier studies, was determined by molecular modeling and docking studies. Docked complex showed the ligand GTP interacts with amino acid residues in the cleft made by GLPL and P-loop motifs of the NBD. Heterologous expression of ZzR1 NBS protein was optimized using expression vectors, pEcoli-Nterm-6xHN and pET Directional TOPO and transformed in five Escherichia coli strains namely DH5α, TOP10, BL21DE3, BL21DE3 star and BL21plysS cells. The NBS protein of 36 kDa molecular size was expressed in E. coli BL21DE3 strain using pET TOPO vector. Optimum induction was detected at 30 °C using isopropyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) (1 mM). The present study provides valuable information on ligand interactions and heterologous expression of ZzR1 NBD protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance is rising across the world. For a very long time, bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) has been used as one of the most popular herbal remedies to treat a wide range of common diseases. Ginger has been shown to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity. It has various bioactive chemicals that might be utilized as an alternative treatment option for many infectious diseases. The present study aimed to examine the biochemical profile of ginger, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity against selective endodontic microbes. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH and antibacterial activity was performed using disk diffusion tests. Streptococcus mutants, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. were tested for antibacterial activity. Before evaluating the dried extracts, all solvents were eliminated using rotary evaporation. The obtained IC50 value revealed that ethanol extract had the greatest antioxidant activity. Concerning each bacterium, the plant extracts demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity (p =.001). Ethanol extracts showed the strongest antibacterial activity against the studied microorganisms. This study highlights that the Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) is a strong antibacterial herb against multidrug‐resistant (MDR) gram‐positive bacteria. It may also be employed as a possible natural antioxidant source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of culinary herbs and spices in our daily dietary intake has been known to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. The efficacy of these seasoning agents towards preventing or alleviating chronic diseases is facilitated through the synergistic effect of their secondary metabolites. A majority of the scientific reviews which have been conducted till present emphasise that the positive effects of culinary herbs and spices on human health is predominantly due to the presence of dietary polyphenols. This review however will focus on the therapeutic benefits of essential oils of culinary herbs and spices from the genera Curcuma and Zingiber in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical constituents of essential oils from Zingiber plants are known to exhibit chemical variability. The objective of this work was to analyze for the first time the contents and the chemical diversity of the essential oils from the leaves, stems and roots of Zingiber pellitum Gagnep, belonging to Zingiberaceae family collected in Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Vietnam. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their constituents were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS-FID). The essential oils from Z. pellitum were obtained in yield of 0.20% (leaves), 0.12% (stems) and 0.27% (roots). The essential oils from the leaves of Z. pellitum consist mainly of β-caryophyllene (51.7%), β-pinene (12.0%), α-pinene (10.0%), while β-caryophyllene (24.9%), β-pinene (19.8%) and α-humulene (18.8%) were the main constituents of the stems essential oil. On the other hand, 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (7.5%), humulene epoxide II (7.4%), α-humulene (6.4%), caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), β-caryophyllene (4.9%), camphene (4.3%), epi-α-cadinol (4.0%) and cyperotundone (4.0%) were the significant compounds of essential oil from the roots of Z. pellitum. Since the composition of the studied leaves, stems and roots of Z. pellitum essential oils differed considerably from each other and previous reports on the other parts of the plant, the paper discusses further the chemotaxonomic implications of the obtained data with respect to Zingiber pellitum and other Zingiber essential oils from Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber longii Y.H.Tan & H.B.Ding, sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from southeast Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated here. It belongs to the Zingiber sect. Dymczewiczia due to the terminal inflorescence on the leafy shoot. It is similar to Z. rufopilosum in its rufous pilose leaf sheaths and ligules but differs from it by emarginate labellum, glabrous margins of the laminae and ostiole (vs. distinctly bifid labellum with an incision about 1/3 of its length, margins of laminae pilose and ciliate ostiole). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zingiber montanum herbal compress remedy is a type of herbal medicine that can be used as an alternative treatment for improving pain symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a Z. montanum herbal compress remedy for pain relief. PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Thai databases were systematically searched for relevant articles published from inception to December 2022. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) wherein the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy was compared to that of a placebo or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were included. Six RCTs with a total of 812 patients were included in the analysis. The efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy had a significantly decreased pain score compared to the placebo (SMD = −0.63; 95% CI = −1.20, −0.06; I2 = 90%), but there was no significant difference when compared to NSAIDs (SMD = −0.61; 95% CI = −1.41, 0.81; I2 = 73%). Moreover, the efficacy of the Z. montanum remedy in terms of the flexibility score (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI −0.56, 1.74; I2 = 86.0%) and quality of life (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI −0.38, 1.05; I2 = 81.0%) was similar to that of the placebo. This meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of the Z. montanum herbal compress remedy significantly reduces the pain scores reported by patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber is a genus of medicinal plants containing a rich resource of essential oils. The current study aims to describe chemical analysis and antimicrobial assay for two Zingiber species Zingiber eberhardtii Gagnep. and Z. skornickovae N.S. Lý. The rhizome oils, which were obtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus, were analyzed by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Extraction of Z. eberhardtii rhizome gave a yellow oil with 41 identified compounds (96.3%), in which linalool (34.9%) and 1,8-cineole (12.7%) were the principal compounds. The yellow oil of Z. skornickovae rhizome included 53 identified compounds (97.8%), with β-pinene (25.0%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.8%), and α-pinene (7.9%) as the major agents. By broth dilution method, both oils moderately controlled the growth of Gram (+) bacteria Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with the same MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of 128 μg/mL. In particular, Z. skornickovae rhizome oil showed the best antimicrobial activity against yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4098 with a MIC value of 64 μg/mL. The obtained results are promising information for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation can lead to skin damage and premature skin aging known as photoaging. This work found that UVA irradiation caused an imbalance between dermal matrix synthesis and degradation through the aberrant upregulation of transgelin (TAGLN) and studied the underlying molecular mechanism. Results: Co-immunoprecipitation and proximal ligation assay results showed that TAGLN can interact with USP1. USP1 can be retained in the cytoplasm by TAGLN in UVA-induced cells, which inhibits the interaction between USP1/zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), promote the ubiquitination degradation of ZEB1, and lead to photoaging. TAGLN knockdown can release USP1 retention and help human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) resist UVA-induced damage. The interactive interface inhibitors of TAGLN/USP1 were screened via virtual docking to search for small molecules that inhibit photoaging. Zerumbone (Zer), a natural product isolated from Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, was screened out. Zer can competitively bind TAGLN to reduce the retention of USP1 in the cytoplasm and the degradation of ZEB1 ubiquitination in UV-induced HSFs. The poor solubility and permeability of Zer can be improved by preparing it as a nanoemulsion, which can effectively prevent skin photoaging caused by UVA in wild-type (WT) mice. Zer cannot effectively resist the photoaging caused by UVA in Tagln−/− mice because of target loss. Conclusions: The present results showed that the interaction of TAGLN and USP1 can promote ZEB1 ubiquitination degradation in UV-induced skin photoaging, and Zer can be used as an interactive interface inhibitor of TAGLN/USP1 to prevent photoaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Zingiber of the Zingiberaceae is distributed in tropical, subtropical, and in Far East Asia. This genus contains about 100–150 species, with many species valued as important agricultural, medicinal and horticultural resources. However, genomic resources and suitable molecular markers for species identification are currently sparse. Results: We conducted comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses on Zingiber species. The Zingiber chloroplast genome (size range 162,507–163,711 bp) possess typical quadripartite structures that consist of a large single copy (LSC, 86,986–88,200 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 15,498–15,891 bp) and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 29,765–29,934 bp). The genomes contain 113 unique genes, including 79 protein coding genes, 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes. The genome structures, gene contents, amino acid frequencies, codon usage patterns, RNA editing sites, simple sequence repeats and long repeats are conservative in the genomes of Zingiber. The analysis of sequence divergence indicates that the following genes undergo positive selection (ccsA, ndhA, ndhB, petD, psbA, psbB, psbC, rbcL, rpl12, rpl20, rpl23, rpl33, rpoC2, rps7, rps12 and ycf3). Eight highly variable regions are identified including seven intergenic regions (petA-pabJ, rbcL-accD, rpl32-trnL-UAG, rps16-trnQ-UUG, trnC-GCA-psbM, psbC-trnS-UGA and ndhF-rpl32) and one genic regions (ycf1). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sect. Zingiber was sister to sect. Cryptanthium rather than sect. Pleuranthesis. Conclusions: This study reports 14 complete chloroplast genomes of Zingiber species. Overall, this study provided a solid backbone phylogeny of Zingiber. The polymorphisms we have uncovered in the sequencing of the genome offer a rare possibility (for Zingiber) of the generation of DNA markers. These results provide a foundation for future studies that seek to understand the molecular evolutionary dynamics or individual population variation in the genus Zingiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber officinale rhizome and Centella asiatica leaves are extensively consumed as dietary supplements, and they are also reported for their antidiabetic activity. However, no proper scientific evidence exists to support its antidiabetic property at a mechanistic level. The present study was designed to assess the in-vitro and in-vivo antidiabetic activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of Zingiber officinale rhizome and Centella asiatica leaves. In-vitro assays like alpha amylase as well as alpha glucosidase inhibition assay and glucose uptake by yeast cell assay have been performed. Invivo activity was also evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. Acarbose and metformin are taken as standard drugs for comparison. Both the extracts elicited significant antidiabetic activity both in-vitro and in-vivo. The suppression of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes is connected with their anti-diabetic action. It also demonstrated its impact by increasing glucose absorption by peripheral tissue and may have insulin memetic action. Although Centella asiatica was slightly more active than Ginger. It is very likely that regular ingestion of these two herbs in conjunction with conventional hypoglycemic medicines will aid in the maintenance of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen as a global concern in recent decades. Plant extracts used in combination with antibiotics are promising against AMR, synergistically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the component of the bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) extract in different solvents using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in addition to evaluate the antibacterial activity of these extracts, in combination with their antibiotic potential against four multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). Ethanol and the aqueous extracts of bitter ginger were prepared using a conventional solvent extraction method and were evaluated for their phytochemistry using HPLC, qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, the antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic isolates was determined. A disc diffusion assay was used to obtain the antimicrobial potential of the extracts alone and with antibiotics. Eight components were identified from the separation of the bitter ginger extract by HPLC. For AMR bacteria, the combination of the antibiotic solution with the bitter ginger crude extracts could improve its susceptibility of these antibiotics. This study indicates that the combination of an antibiotic solution with the bitter ginger crude extract exhibits potent antibacterial activities against MDR bacterial strains. Therefore, they can be used for the treatment of various diseases against the microbial pathogen and can be incorporated into medication for antibacterial therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin fungal infection is still a serious public health problem due to the high number of cases. Even though medicines are available for this disease, drug resistance among patients has increased. Moreover, access to medicine is restricted in some areas. One of the therapeutic options is herbal medicine. This study aims to develop an ethosome formulation loaded with Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith. rhizome extract for enhanced antifungal activity in deep layer skin, which is difficult to cure. Ethosomes were successfully prepared by the cold method, and the optimized formulation was composed of 1% (w/v) phosphatidylcholine and 40% (v/v) ethanol. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed that the ethosomes had a vesicle shape with a diameter of 205.6–368.5 nm. The entrapment of ethosomes was 31.58% and could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans at a concentration of 312.5 μg/mL. Finally, the ethosome system significantly enhanced the skin penetration and retention of the active compound (zerumbone) compared with the liquid extract. This study showed that Z. zerumbet (L.) rhizome extract could be loaded into ethosomes. The findings could be carried over to the next step for clinical application by conducting further in vivo penetration and permeation tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cr2O3 nanoparticles were prepared using Zingiber officinal extract which were used as an efficient and reusable catalyst in the practical synthesis of polysubstituted imidazoles by means of a convenient reaction of aromatic aldehydes with ammonium acetate and benzil under microwave irradiation and H2O as solvent. The structure of the compounds was studied by IR and 1H-NMR spectrum. The most important benefits of this process are operational simplicity, reasonable reaction times, and excellent yield of products. The results show that the optimal conditions for the formation of imidazole derivatives are as follow: power of 400 W, reaction time of 4–9 min, H2O as a solvent, and 15 mmol of catalyst amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution of heavy metal ions can cause damage to the human body through food, so developing a new biocompatible material that can remove the damage of heavy metal ions has a good application prospect. In this study, we obtained a new homogeneous polysaccharide composed of seven monosaccharides from Zingiber strioatum by using the method of separation and purification of polysaccharide. The results of adsorption behavior showed that the concentration, temperature and pH value could affect the adsorption effect of Zingiber strioatum polysaccharide (ZSP). Through model fitting of the data of adsorption time and metal concentration, the pseudo second-order kinetic model can well describe the kinetics of the adsorption process, and the adsorption isotherm data fit well with the Langmuir model. In the preliminary research results of adsorption mechanism, SEM showed the appearance of ZSP as flake and porous surface; EDX analysis confirmed the metal adsorption capacity of ZSP. Meanwhile, XPS and FT-IR further clarified the adsorption based on functional groups composed of C and O. The cells preprotected by ZSP can resist heavy metal ions. The above results show that ZSP can be used as a new macromolecule to bind heavy metal ions, which can broaden the research scope of polysaccharides in contaminated food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytotoxic activities against cancer cell lines of eight known sesquiterpene and phenylbutenoids, namely, (--)-β-sesquiphellandrene (1), (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1-ene (2), (E)-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (3), (E)-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)buta-1-ene (4), (E)-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene (5), (E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-3-eneyl acetate (6), (±)-trans-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl] cyclohex-1-ene (7), and (±)-cis-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohex-1-ene (8) were evaluated. All compounds were isolated from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Plai) using classical column chromatography. Compounds 1, 7, and 8 exhibited good cytotoxic activity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia (MOLT-3) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 16.39±1.22, 16.41±3.68, and 14.38±0.78 µg/ml; promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) with IC50 values of 7.64±0.33, 15.25±0.88, and 13.02±0.91 µg/ml; and hormoneindependent breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) with IC50 values of 27.71±1.41, 28.99±2.30, and 27.94±2.24 µg/ml, respectively. Compounds 3, 7, and 8 displayed good anticancer activity against cervical carcinoma (HeLa) with IC50 values of 18.68±0.62, 20.86±1.68, and 18.89±1.26 µg/ml, respectively. The results showed that two diastereomers (7 and 8) have good activity against the broad range of tested cancer cell lines. From molecular docking analysis, the binding energy and interaction between the isolated compounds and topoisomerase II (Top2) was calculated and could be used to evaluate cytotoxic activity. Molecular docking showed that 7 and 8 interacted with Top2 (α and β types) using two or three hydrogen bonding, whereas the other compounds that also displayed this interaction had at least one hydrogen bonding. Additionally, only 7 exhibited non-toxic effect against normal embryonic lung cell line (MRC-5); therefore, the biological activity of 7 can serve as a basis for the study of anti-cancer agents in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused various clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, minor flu-like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, and even death. Early restriction of viruses is of utmost importance in controlling the spread of COVID-19. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of a common herbal extract combination of pomegranate (dantabija), turmeric (haridra), and zinger (DHZ) in mild to moderate covid cases. Methods: A hundred covid-positive subjects of mild to moderate severity have been randomized to control and study groups. The study population has been given the fixed-dose combination of DHZ as an adjuvant to standard treatment. Data have been analyzed using standard statistical tools. Finding: DHZ as an adjuvant helped in turning 83.33% of patients negative in the home quarantine group whereas 40% of patients in the hospitalized group turned negative with the addition of DHZ in the standard management. The percent negativity was lower in patients who received only standard management. Out of all patients, who did not receive DHZ, only 38% of patients in home quarantine and 32% in hospitalized patients became negative for COVID-19. Patients who received DHZ also showed improvement in blood pressure levels, oxygen levels as well as improvement in all symptoms associated with COVID-19 infections. Interpretation: DHZ has shown a promising effect in mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 as an adjuvant to the standard therapy. The study results indicated that the combination probably produces its effect by its immunomodulatory action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to identify the volatile compounds of essential oils found in the rhizomes and leaves of Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep. This is the first phytochemical investigation of this species. Essential oils from the rhizomes and leaves of Z. monophyllum were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Twenty-three compounds accounting for 90.9% of the rhizome oils were identified, while there were seventeen volatile components corresponding to 91.8% in the leaf oil. The major constituents of rhizome and leaf oils were β-pinene (44.9% and 29.8%), borneol (5.2% and 3.1%), α-pinene (4.1% and 1.8%), and myrtenal (3.2% and 4.0%). However, larger amounts of dihydroedulan I (21.7%), n-hexadecanol (7.0%), and α-copaene (6.5%) were found in the leaf oil only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 24 h of seeding, zerumbone (5, 10, and 20 g/mL), zerumbone epoxide (5, 10, and 20 g/mL) or glucosamine (100 g/mL) were diluted with the culture medium to different concentrations and added to the cultured cells and then were incubated for another 24 h. The SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells were cultured with increasing concentrations of zerumbone, zerumbone epoxide (5, 10 or 20 g/mL), or glucosamine (100 g/mL) for 24 h, followed by AlmarBlue analysis. At 20 g/mL, zerumbone significantly reduced MMP-1 production to 2.98 ± 0.14 ng/mL ( I p i < 0.01), the 20 g/mL zerumbone epoxide reduced MMP-1 production to 3.15 ± 0.94 pg/mL compare to the IL-1 alone-treated group, respectively. The SW1353 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of zerumbone, zerumbone epoxide (5, 10, and 20 g/mL), or glucosamine (100 g/mL) for 1 h, then stimulated with or without IL-1 (10 ng/mL) for 24 h. [Extracted from the article]

Zingiber zerumbet, also known as 'Lempoyang', possesses various phytomedicinal properties, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and antioxidant properties. Secondary metabolites possessing such properties i.e., zerumbone and α-humulene, are found dominantly in the plant rhizome. Synergistic effects of plant growth hormones and elicitors on in vitro α-humulene and zerumbone production, and biomass growth, in adventitious root culture (AdRC) of Z. zerumbet cultivated in a two-stage culture are reported. The culture was induced by supplementation of 1.0 mg/L NAA and 2.0 mg/L IBA (dark), and subsequently maintained in medium supplemented with 1 mg/L NAA and 3 mg/L BAP (16:08 light-dark cycle), yielded the production of zerumbone at 3440 ± 168 µg/g and α-humulene at 3759 ± 798 µg/g. Synergistic elicitation by 400 μM methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and 400 μM salicylic acid (SA) resulted in a 13-fold increase in zerumbone (43,000 ± 200 µg/g), while 400 μM MeJa and 600 μM SA produced a 4.3-fold increase in α-humulene (15,800 ± 5100 µg/g) compared to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to having a long history of traditional uses as a functional food, Zingiber zerumbet was selected here to explore the inherent antioxidant and antineoplastic activities of methanolic extract of its rhizome (MEZZR) against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. The rich polyphenol containing MEZZR showed a marked DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide radicals and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity with an IC50 of 3.43 ± 1.25, 11.38 ± 1.39, 23.12 ± 3.39 and 16.47 ± 1.47 µg/ml, respectively, when compared to the standard catechin. In vivo, MEZZR significantly inhibited EAC cell growth, decreased body weight gain, increased life span and restored the altered hematological characteristics of EAC-bearing mice. Moreover, MEZZR induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation, which are notable features of apoptosis as observed by fluorescence microscopy after staining EAC cells of MEZZR-treated mice with Hoechst 33342. Additionally, in vitro, the cell growth inhibition caused by the MEZZR in MTT assay, was remarkably decreased in the presence of caspase-3, -8 and -9 inhibitors. This study thus suggests that MEZZR may possess promising antiproliferative efficacy against EAC cells by inducing cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber ottensii (ZO) Valeton, a local plant in Northern Thailand, has been widely used in traditional medicine. Many studies using in vitro models reveal its pharmacological activities, including the anti-inflammatory activity of ZO essential oil, extracted from ZO rhizomes. However, the scientific report to confirm its anti-inflammatory activity using animal models is still lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and explore the possible mechanisms of action of ZO essential oil in rats. The results revealed that ZO essential oil significantly reduced the ear edema formation induced by ethyl phenylpropiolate. Pre-treatment with ZO essential oil significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and the severity of inflammation in paw tissue. In addition, pre-treatment with ZO essential oil exhibited decreased COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α expression in paw tissue, as well as PGE2 levels in serum. On this basis, our study suggests that ZO essential oil possesses anti-inflammatory activity in animal models. Its possible mechanisms of action may involve the inhibition of TNF-α expression as well as the inhibition of COX-2 and PGE2 production. These findings provide more crucial data of ZO essential oil that may lead to new natural anti-inflammatory product development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and hypertension risk factors. Moreover, metabolic syndrome is the most ordinary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Numerous chemical drugs are being synthesized to heal metabolic risk factors. Still, due to their abundant side effects, herbal medicines have a vital role in the treatment of these abnormalities. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) plant has been traditionally used in medicine to treat disorders, including CVD. The unique ginger properties are attributed to the presence of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol, which through different mechanisms can be beneficial in metabolic syndrome. Ginger has a beneficial role in metabolic syndrome treatment due to its hypotensive, anti-obesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects. It can significantly reduce atherosclerotic lesion areas, VLDL and LDL cholesterol levels, and elevate adenosine deaminase activity in platelet and lymphocytes. Also, it promotes ATP/ADP hydrolysis. In the current article review, the critical properties of ginger and its constituents' effects on the metabolic syndrome with a special focus on different molecular and cellular mechanisms have been discussed. This article also suggests that ginger may be introduced as a therapeutic or preventive agent against metabolic syndrome after randomized clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. is an important medicinal herb from the zingiberaceae family that has long been used as a folk medicine to treat a variety of diseases. In the present study, rhizome essential oil of Z. zerumbet (ZZREO) was examined through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). Total 28 compounds were identified accounting 91.83% of the total oil. Zerumbone (71.93 ± 0.43%) was identified to be the predominant compound in ZZREO. Apart from zerumbone, camphene (4.01 ± 0.43%), α-humulene (3.83 ± 0.27%), germacrene B (2.38 ± 0.52%), elemol (2.02 ± 0.34%), camphor (1.57 ± 0.39 %) and eucalyptol (1.5 ± 0.29%) were found to be the other major constituents. ZZREO decreases the vitality of Jurkat (Acute T-cell leukaemia) cells in a concentration dependent manner, without damaging human PBMC according to the cytotoxic study. The inhibitory action of tested oil on Jurkat cells was noted at 24 and 48h with IC50 value of 36.37 ± 0.94 and 30.83 ± 0.82 μg/mL respectively. Annexin-FITC assay using flow cytometry showed that ZZREO induced apoptosis in jurkat cells. Similarly, cell cycle analysis by PI staining exhibited that it induces G2/M phase cell cycle attest in Jurkat cells. Additionally, DNA fragmentation analysis conformed the apoptosis exhibiting fragmented DNA of ZZREO treated Jurkat cells. ZZREO possesses substantial antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing activity against Jurkat cells, indicating that it could be employed as a therapeutic agent for acute T cell leukemia treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant of the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) have primarily distributed in subtropical and tropical Asia, South America and Africa. The species of this genus have been widely used as food and in folk with a long history for treating various diseases. Reports related to the phytochemistry and phytochemistry of Zingiber species are numerous, but articles on the summary of the genus Zingiber remain scarce. This review aims at presenting comprehensive information about the genus Zingiber and providing a reference for the future application by systematically reviewing the literature from 1981 to 2020. Currently, a total of 447 phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this genus, in which volatile oils, diarylheptanoids, gingerols, flavonoids and terpenoids are the major components. Gingerols, which are the main functional components, are the spicy and aromatic ingredients in the Zingiber species. Extracts and single compounds from Zingiber plants have been discovered to possess numerous biological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, larvicidal, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. This review provides new insights into the ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Zingiber and brings to the forefront key findings on the functional components of this genus in food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Retraction: Antisecretory, Gastroprotective, Antioxidant and Anti-Helicobcter Pylori Activity of Zerumbone from Zingiber Zerumbet (L.) Smith," was retracted due to concerns about the reuse of previously published results in several figures. The figures in question were found to be similar to figures from other studies, despite representing different experimental conditions. The corresponding author provided replacement panels for some of the figures, but this did not resolve the concerns about the overall data-handling and reliability of the results. The retraction was agreed upon by several authors, while others did not respond or could not be reached. [Extracted from the article]

This study revealed the contact effect of the rhizome powder of Z. officinales on developmental stages of Ephestia cautella and evaluates the fumigant effect of its powder and oil extract on the developmental stages of E. cautella. Botanical insecticidal activity against E. cautella in stored cocoa beans was evaluated in the laboratory by administering powder (rhizome of Z. officinales at different concentrations, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g). Egg hatchability, adult emergence, larvae mortality and adult mortality of the moth were used as indices of insecticidal activity. Larva and adult mortality were assessed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. This experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Tukey HSD at 5% level of significance. There was no significant different (P > 0.05) in the percentage egg hatch and percentage adult emergence at all application rates of the plant powder. At 72 h post treatment, all conc. caused more than 40% adult mortality except conc. 0.5 g and 1.0 g 23.33% and 31.67% mortality respectively. Findings from this study revealed that the rhizome powder and ethanolic oil extract of Z. officinale are effective for the control of E. cautella on dried cocoa bean in storage since they inhibited development of E. cautella from eggs to adult stage. Findings from this study also revealed insecticidal potential of Zingiber officinales as great repository of secondary plant metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance rate is rising worldwide. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potent for fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), independently or synergistically. The purpose of this study was to prepare AgNPs using wild ginger extracts and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of these AgNPs against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. AgNPs were synthesized using wild ginger extracts at room temperature through different parameters for optimization, i.e., pH and variable molar concentration. Synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy and further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDXA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Disc and agar well diffusion techniques were utilized to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of plant extracts and AgNPs. The surface plasmon resonance peaks in absorption spectra for silver suspension showed the absorption maxima in the range of 400–420 nm. Functional biomolecules such as N–H, C–H, O–H, C–O, and C–O–C were present in Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) (aqueous and organic extracts) responsible for the AgNP formation characterized by FTIR. The crystalline structure of ZZAE-AgCl-NPs and ZZEE-AgCl-NPs was displayed in the XRD analysis. SEM analysis revealed the surface morphology. The EDXA analysis also confirmed the element of silver. It was revealed that AgNPs were seemingly spherical in morphology. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited complete antibacterial activity against the tested MDR bacterial strains. This study indicates that AgNPs of wild ginger extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf epidermal characteristics are important for phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of many plants, but there is currently insufficient such data for this application in Zingiber species. Therefore, the leaf epidermal micromorphology of 22 species in three sections of Zingiber was investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Differences between various taxonomic groups of Zingiberaceae were also compared to assess their phylogenetic and taxonomic significance. As in other genera of Zingiberaceae, the epidermal cells in both the adaxial and abaxial epidermis of Zingiber species were found to be hexagonal or polygonal, with non-sinuous anticlinal walls that are arranged parallel to leaf veins. Tetracytic stomata are mostly randomly distributed in the intercostal regions of both surfaces and are more common on the abaxial surface. The stomatal density of the species in sect. Pleuranthesis is significantly lower than that in sects. Zingiber and Cryptanthium. There are two types of trichome in Zingiber: so-called "delicate" trichomes are present in most species, while "stout" trichomes with a swollen base are only found in Z. corallinum and Z. montanum. Oil cells occur in both epidermal layers of some species in sects. Zingiber and Cryptanthium, but only in the abaxial epidermis of Z. ellipticum in sect. Pleuranthesis. Crystals are found in the abaxial epidermis only in all species, but are present in both epidermal layers of Z. corallinum and Z. montanum. Although the epidermal morphology is similar in most Zingiber species, stomatal density, type of trichome and distribution of oil cells and crystals offer valuable information for the systematic and taxonomic studies in this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The buds of I Z. striolatum i were collected in August of 2019 from Guizhou Province of P. R. China and were authenticated by Dr. Daopeng Tan (Pharmacognosy), an associate professor of Zunyi Medical University. In the present study, our further chemical investigation into the constituents of the buds of I Z. striolatum, i nine compounds were isolated and identified previously from this plant. The EtOAc extract (60 g) was subjected to a series of chromatographic methods, such as column chromatography using silica gel (200-300 or 300-400 mesh) and Sephadex LH-20, and yielded compounds B 1-9 b . The buds of I Z. striolatum i contain abundant protein, polysaccharides, amino acids, and trace elements, and serve as a delicious vegetable with high nutritional value [[3]]. [Extracted from the article]