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The physical properties of materials provide some of the most fundamental information regarding the material characterization. Porosity is one of the physical properties which affects the unit density, water absorption, strength, heat and sound insulation of materials. In this study, porcelain tiles with different thickness were sintered at same temperature, after that the cross-section of tiles were inspected with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The porosity percentage and pore size of tiles from SEM images was calculated by using Scandium Image Analysis software. The aspect ratio of pores analyzed using Fiji Image Analyses Program. The minimum porosity percentage was achieved at average thickness. These porosity results were compared with total porosity percentage measured with He pycnometer. The highest percent of spherical pore (aspect ratio equals to 1) was found at the highest thickness but the smallest pore percentage found at the lowest thickness. It was found that the image analysis programs were effective tools for material characterization, Malzemelerin fiziksel özellikleri, malzeme karakterizasyonu için gereken temel bilginin büyük bir kısmını sağlamaktadır. Gözeneklilik, malzemenin birim yoğunluğunu, su emmesini, mukavemetini, ısı ve ses yalıtımını etkileyen fiziksel özelliklerden biridir. Bu çalışmada, farklı kalınlıklardaki porselen karolar aynı sıcaklıkta sinterlendikten sonra karoların kesit alanları Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu ile incelenmiştir. Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu görüntülerinden karoların por yüzdesi ve por boyutu Scandium görüntü analizi programı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Por boyutlarının a/c oranı ise Fiji görüntü analizi programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. En düşük por miktarına orta kalınlıktaki karolarda ulaşılmıştır. Görüntü analizi ile belirlenen por yüzdesi, Helyum piknometresi ile ölçülen toplam por yüzdesi ile kıyaslanmıştır. a/c oranı 1’e eşit olan küresel porların yüzdesi en kalın karolarda elde edilirken, en küçük gözenek yüzdesi en düşük kalınlıktaki karolarda elde edilmiştir. Görüntü analiz programlarının malzeme karakterizasyonu için etkili araçlar olduğu belirlenmiştir. © Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi

WOS: 000348986600017, Non-destructive testing (NDT) has been playing critical role in processing, testing and structural evaluation of materials. Ultrasonic testing is a widely used characterization method in non-destructive testing (NDT). The aim of this study is to establish a better understanding how porosity and glassy phase amount of porcelain tiles change the ultrasonic velocity. In this study, the ultrasonic velocity of the tiles was measured by pulse-echo method, A-scan. To investigate the crystalline and glassy phases formed during heat-treatment, tiles were analyzed with X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Additionally, total porosity percentage of tiles was measured with the pycnometer and mean pore size of tiles was analyzed by mercury intrusion porosimeter. It was found that 2% variation of total porosity changed ultrasonic velocity from 4837 m/s to 5055 m/s. When total porosity and mean pore sizes were close to each other, the ultrasonic velocity increased due to the increment of glassy phase.

WOS: 000358813600012, In tile manufacturing; generally different glazes with 1-15 wt% pigment and dye are used to obtain aesthetic properties. It can be said that pigment and dyes are the most expensive raw materials in glaze production due to its high costs limits. Ferrochromium fly ashes are a waste material obtained from the manufacturing of ferrochromium alloy. It mainly consists of chrome, ferric oxides, CaO and also MgO and Al2O3. This study outlines a novel approach in formulating tile glaze production as coloring agent. With this aim factorial design of experiment is used for defining the main factors on color formation. These factors are calcination temperature of fly ash, amount of fly ash and type of glaze. Ferrochromium fly ash is calcined at 1000, 1100 and 1160 degrees C for 6 h and added at 1-4 wt% to transparent, opaque and matt glaze compositions. Glazed wall tiles were sintered at 1145 degrees C for 30 min For comparison of the colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*) of glazes spectrometer is used. The crystalline phases of the obtained glazed samples and fly ashes which calcined at different temperatures and different type glazes are evaluated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, EDS), respectively. Different brown tones are observed related to zinc iron chromite spinel crystal structure in glazed wall tiles. The most effective factors are determined by factorial design as amount of fly ash for L* parameter, and glaze type for a*, b* parameters.

WOS: 000348328300005, Amount, size and distribution of porosity are among the important factors which affect physical and mechanical properties of ceramic tiles. In this study, the effect of flux variation in porcelain tile recipes and different firing conditions were investigated. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analyses were used to determine how fluxes affect the phases of samples. In the consequence of these analyses it was found that changing the variation of fluxes and different firing conditions increased liquid phase amount and densification hence the amount and size distribution of porosity decreased. Image analysis method was used to determine the amount and morphology of porosity of porcelain tiles and the results were compared with Archimedes method, Helium pycnometer. Parallel between the amount of porosity determined through image analysis and the amount determined through Archimedes test and helium pycnometer and the possibility of determining the size distribution and morphology of porosity showed that this new method is advantageous.