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In this paper we will describe the former boundaries of the cadastral municipalities in the Slovenian-Italian cross-border area between the Socerb castle and the Rosandra valley. Today, the villages of Socerb and Beka are located on the Slovenian side of the border, and Mačkolje (Caresana), Prebeneg (Prebenico), Dolina (San Dorlingo della Valle), Boljunec (Bagnoli della Rosandra), Kroglje (Crogole), Gornji Konec (Bagnoli Superiore) and Botač (Bottazzo) on the Italian side. At the time of the Franciscan cadastral survey in this area (from 1818 to 1822), i.e., at the time of the Austrian Empire, these villages, except for Mačkolje, belonged to the district of Fünfenberg, which was part of the province of Istria. Therefore, the same type of cadastral municipality boundary marks from the Franciscan or a revised cadastral survey can be found here as elsewhere in the present-day territory of Slovenia. In addition to the twelve boundary stones with inscriptions, we will also present two natural boundary marks: inscriptions carved on the entrance walls of a cave and inscriptions carved on the smooth rock wall. We will also show that the boundary stones in the Primorska region, which have the same shape as the former cadastral municipality boundary stones, could also have once marked former common lands of agrarian communities, here called jusi, and these were not always the same as the cadastral municipality boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The borders of the cadastral municipalities that are still valid today are in many cases based on much older borders of feudal estates. Thus, in central Slovenia, in the forests below mountain Krim, we still find old boundary marks representing today's cadastral municipality of Preserje, which are based on the former border between the Bistra Carthusian monastery and the Ig estate from 1726. The preserved boundary marks are about 80 cm high, have carved sequential letters, the year 1726 and coats of arms of the Bistra and the earls Engelshaus (the owners of the Ig estate at that time). In 1748, this boundary was adopted as the boundary between the Notranjska (Inner) and the Gorenjska (Upper) districts of the Carniola region in the Habsburg Monarchy. At the time of the Franciscan cadastral survey in 1823 it was adopted as cadastral municipality border. On the Franciscan cadastral maps, we found eleven locations marked with 1726 and letters from B to M. Today, at these locations, we still find two original, two destroyed original boundary marks and three later replaced boundary marks without any inscriptions or coats of arms. We also examined locations on even older eastern border of the Bistra Carthusian monastery, where mainly post-war trigonometric points of lower orders can be found today; only on the hill Smrekovec under Rakitna another older boundary mark without inscriptions or coats of arms is still preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present 30 preserved boundary marks of the cadastral municipalities from the period of the Franciscan cadastral survey from 1818 to 1819, which we found in the vicinity of villages of Sežana, Lokev, Rodik, Markovščina and Materija in Slovenia. The studied boundary marks of the cadastral municipalities are 70 cm or more high, mostly with carved inscriptions, sometimes also with coats of arms, or have a form of isolated, larger rocks, which also have carved inscriptions. These boundary marks still mark the official boundaries of the cadastral municipalities today. But some of them also played a more important role in the past, as they marked the boundaries of the districts. Some once had a simultaneous cadastral and trigonometric role, and some still retain this dual role today. Quite a few of these boundary marks are linked to the preserved local oral tradition, associated with the Schwarzenegg estate of the Counts of Petazzi and various mythical monsters that guard the boundaries of the cadastral municipalities. With the help of two of them, Križen drev and Kokoš (Jermanec), we have discovered and proved, how the borders of the cadastral municipalities in this area date back at least to the 16th century. Therefore, we can consider the present-day boundaries of the cadastral municipalities in this area of Slovenia as one of the longest-lasting and preserved spatial division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the laser point clouds of 240 individual trees that were also identified in the field, we developed decision trees to distinguish deciduous and coniferous trees and individual tree species: Picea abies, Larix decidua, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior. The volume of the upper part of the tree crown (height of 3 m) and the average intensity of the laser reflections were used as explanatory variables. There were four aerial laser datasets: May 2012, September 2012, March 2013 and July 2015. We found that the combination of the volume and the average intensity of the first three laser datasets was the most reliable for predicting the selected tree species (60% model performance). A slightly poorer model performance was obtained if only the average intensity of the first three datasets was used (54% model performance). The worst model performance was given by the intensities (31 % model performance) or the volumes (21 % model performance) of dataset 4, which represents the national laser scanning of Slovenia (LSS). The best performing was the deciduous and coniferous separation, which achieved 75% and 95% success based on the test data (combination of volume and average intensity of the first three laser datasets). Using only the LSS intensities, deciduous and coniferous trees could be separated with 81% success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outside the main mountain ranges and high North and South regions, individual isolated very small glaciers are the only glacier remnants and exceptional high-mountain active geomorphosites, which can be used to represent climate change consequences first hand to the local general public. The isolated, very small Triglav glacier in Slovenia was used to represent 3D glacier area changes for the period 1829–2016, together with long-term meteorological changes. Spatio-temporal changes of the glacier were derived mainly from old images and postcards with the help of interactive orientation (monoplotting), which enables the acquisition of a 3D glacier boundary from a single image by using a modern detailed digital elevation model. Very intuitive 3D visualisation was prepared, which shows the spatio-temporal changes of the glacier area, together with changes in average annual temperature and maximum annual snow depth. The last two are presented by colour palettes, where red colours represent stages when temperatures or maximum snow depths deviate from long-term averages in a negative way, meaning accelerating the glacier area reduction. Blue colours are used for stages when these parameters deviate from long-term averages in a positive way, meaning preserving the glacier area. From this 3D visualisation, one can easily recognise which meteorological parameter is the most important for the Triglav glacier preservation; this is the maximum annual snow depth. Such kind of 3D visualisation has a great potential for promotion of other active or evolving passive geomorphosites too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the historical development context of the trigonometric network point types in Slovenia from 1810 onwards is presented. Examples of different trigonometric point types still seen in the field are shown, with regard to the institution that carried out the field marking of the specific state trigonometric network. The city trigonometric network of Ljubljana, which was established in 1955–1956, is also presented. Furthermore, triangulation and comparator bases are mentioned as well, which remain marked with permanent pillars. As examples of the oldest still-standing trigonometric points, the following are mentioned: 303 Veliki Javornik (2nd order) with the engraved year 1823 and 329 Limberk (2nd order) with the engraved year 1903. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Skuta Glacier in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps (in northern Slovenia) is one of the two remaining glaciers in Slovenia. It is located in a cirque oriented toward the northwest, which shields it from sunlight for most of the year. The glacier lies at an average elevation of 2070m. In recent years, its average area has measured around 1.5 hectares. Monitoring of the glacier has been performed since 1946. In 1962, regular photographing of the glacier with various cameras started from various non-fixed standpoints. Using the single image interactive orientation acquisition method, in which a single photograph is compared with the projection of a modern digital terrain model, seventeen photographs covering the period from 1970 to 2015 were used to acquire the 3D-perimeters of the glacier. The data shows that the elevation of glacier's upper edge decreased by approximately 40m in the last half-century. Changes in the glacier's area and average upper edge elevation were compared with average annual temperature and maximum seasonal snow cover depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various geodetic and lidar measurements performed on the Triglav Glacier (Julian Alps, Slovenia) make it possible to study not only the extent of the glacier but also changes in its thickness and volume. These measurements also make it possible to calculate the geodetic mass balance of the glacier. Thickness and volume changes were calculated using glacier area measurements from 1952, 1975, and 1992, and annually between 1999 and 2016. The mean thickness decreased from 39.2m in 1952 to 2.45m in 2012. The maximum thickness decreased from 48.3m in 1952 to 5.2m in 2007. The mean specific mass balance was calculated for the area of 1 hectare that the glacier covered in 2016. From 1952 to 2016, the annual specific mass balance was -0.45m w.e.a-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geodetski Vestnik is the property of Sveza Geodetov Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geodetski Vestnik is the property of Sveza Geodetov Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New sources of geospatial data and information have recently become available in the form of user-generated web content. The integration of these sources, often termed Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) or Crowdsourced Geographic Information (CGI), offer various options for geospatial applications: from monitoring natural disasters and their damages, analysing and monitoring of land cover to various cartographic and societal initiatives, to name just a few. Among other things, VGI brings new challenges in the field of National Spatial Data Infrastructure - NSDI. The paper aims to review the currents state of the art in the VGI research field focusing on the voluntary geographic information in national surveying and mapping agencies often competent for NSDI. As case studies, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Finland have been chosen. Furthermore, various initiatives for topographic and land-cadastre mapping in developing countries and potentials offered by VGI are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If today's maps are compared to the renaissance maps (between 14 and 16 century AD), the latter are much more richly ornamented. A large amount of decorative content is presented on them, from the animals and the people on the shore to the ships and the sea monsters at sea. In this paper we highlight why the sea monsters can be found in medieval and renaissance maps, and why later they disappeared from them. Maps with the sea monsters of Magnus, Mercator and Ortelius from the 16th century are described, which significantly influenced on the appearance of the sea monsters on other maps from that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial laser scanning provides information about the reflectivity of the surface from which the laser beam was reflected; this information is given as an intensity of a laser point. By comparing the average non-normalised intensity values for different tree species growing in Slovenia in laser scanning data sets acquired with different wavelengths, whether tree species can be separated based only on laser scanning intensity data was investigated. We studied 113 single trees (57 coniferous and 56 deciduous trees), identified in the field and in four laser data sets. The first two were acquired in the 1550 nm wavelength: the first set in spring (May 15, 2012), the second in late summer (September 18, 2012). The last two sets were acquired in the 1064 nm wavelength: the third in winter (March 5, 2013) and the fourth in summer (July 7, 2014). Among other things, we have determined, the same as researchers before us: (i) that the average intensities of deciduous trees in both wavelengths are higher in the leaf-on season, while it is the opposite in the leaf-off season; (ii) that the average intensities of the combined class of first and the only reflections is higher than the average intensities of all reflections in leaf-on season; during the leaf-off season it is the opposite. The behavior of tree species Juglans regia, Acer Pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior and Tilia cordata (or Tilia Platyphylolos) also implies that the differences in the average intensities in laser time series enable the determination of the phenological phase of deciduous trees in the spring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nationwide aerial laser scanning of Slovenia was carried out mainly in period 2014-2015, two scanning blocks already in 2011. Products of laser scanning are: classified point cloud, the ground point cloud and digital terrain model. Data are intended for general cartographic representations in scales not more detailed than in scale 1:5000. The data were provided for 3D data acquisition of hydrography and water land use for total Slovenian area. They are also used for data acquisition of the topographic maps in scale 1:5000 and for making of national ortophotos within the Cyclical Aerial Survey (CAS) frame from 2015 on. The data enables study of the terrain under the vegetation in such details, that previously could be studied only by field work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaciers advanced during the Little Ice Age until the year 1850. Last decade of this quite long period of cold weather, very favourable for the growth of glaciers, can be attributed to two volcanic eruptions in 1809 and 1815. The last eruption of the volcano Tambora, has caused »year without a summer« in 1816 and further two more years of distinctly bad weather, which caused widespread famine in the world. This famine also affected the population of Slovenia, as it is documented in the records of Joža Vršnik from the Solčava Region. In 1810 the famine around Solčava was supposedly so severe that people were dying from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geodetski Vestnik is the property of Sveza Geodetov Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three very small Alpine glaciers in the Julian Alps are presented: the Eastern and the Western Canin glaciers in Italy and the Triglav glacier in Slovenia. The history of measurements usinga measuringtape andvia geodetic means on Canin glaciers is presented in brief; the majority of the paper deals with the acquisition of glacier boundaries from archive non-metrical images. The acquisition is based on interactive orientation method (mono-plotting) using lidar DTM. Seven archive non-metrical images of Mount Canin from 1893 to the mid-1970s andtwo aero-photogrametric images from periodic aerial photogrammetric surveys of Slovenia from 2000 and 2011 were used to determine the glaciers' areas. In addition, a map of Canin glaciers from 1908 was geo-referenced. Five archive non-metrical images of Triglav glacier from 1897 to 1962 were usedto determine the glacier area. Problems with obstructed areas are presented, and possible solutions are also given for deriving areas behind the obstructions. The usefulness of archival imagery for long-time monitoring of glaciers is presented, and the importance of old mountaineering publications as a source of such images is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2010, one of the greatest floods in recent decades affected Slovenia, following intense rain between September 16th and 19th. Members of the Anton Melik Geographical Institute of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts made their first terrestrial oblique imaging of the floods on Ljubljansko Barje (the Ljubljana moor) from Sv. Ana hill over Podpeč on the September 20th, 2010. The floods on the Ljubljana moor, Radensko polje and Dobrepolje were later also covered with handheld imaging made from helicopter on September 23rd, 2010. Terrestrial imaging was made in the time of the highest waters and the imaging from helicopter when the floods were retreating. The floods on Ljubljana moor around Podpec are presented. Images made with the Canon PowerShot SX10 IS non-metric camera were used. The camera was calibrated afterwards, but the calibration data could not be used directly due to not knowing the parameters of zoom in the time of imaging. The flooding boundary was measured from the non-metric images with the interactive orientation of image on the DEM. The results of interactive orientation of non-metric images made with the photogrammetrically derived DEM with a cell size of 5 m x 5 m and LiDAR derived DEM with a cell size of 1 m x 1 m are presented. The evaluation of the method for the 3D data acquisition is also made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last century and a half, average summer temperatures have slowly been rising worldwide. The most observable consequence of this is the change in glacier sizes. For monitoring glacier area and volume, various measuring techniques exist--from measurements with a measuring tape and geodetic measurements to remote sensing and photogrammetry. A comparison of different measuring techniques on two Slovenian glaciers (the Triglav and Skuta glaciers) and two Austrian glaciers (the Gössnitzkees and Hornkees glaciers) is made. A long-term glacial retreat trend is presented for the Gössnitzkees, Hornkees, and Triglav glaciers because these glaciers can be monitored throughout the entire twentieth century by means of archival data. Despite their different sizes, the annual trend of glacial retreat was approximately the same in the period between 1929 and 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When ordering LiDAR data, LiDAR point density per surface unit is important information with decisive influence on the price of the LiDAR survey. The paper first deals with the theoretical calculation of the minimum LiDAR point density, necessary for the acquisition of topographic data of the largest scales. For this purpose the sampling theorem is used. However, since topographic objects (roads, water bodies, etc.) and phenomena represented on topographic maps and in topographic bases are in many cases located under vegetation, also the rate of laser beam penetration through vegetation for the area where the topographic data are to be gathered has to be known. In a research on a test case conducted in the area of the town Nova Gorica we calculated the rate of laser beam penetration for four different vegetation types: scarce Mediterranean vegetation, thick thermophilic deciduous forest, mixed vegetation (meadows, orchards and forest) and built-up area. By connecting the theoretic minimum LiDAR point density with the rate of penetration, we defined the minimum LiDAR point density for the needs of data acquisition on topographic maps of the largest scales or in topographic bases of comparable detail (from 1 : 1000 to 1 : 10,000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gostota lidarskih točk na površinsko enoto je pomemben podatek pri naročanju lidarskih podatkov, ki odločilno vpliva tudi na ceno lidarskega snemanja. V članku najprej obravnavamo teoretični izračun minimalne gostote lidarskih točk, ki je potrebna za zajem topografskih podatkov v največjih merilih. Za ta namen smo uporabili teorem vzorčenja. Ker pa so topografski objekti in pojavi, ki so predstavljeni na topografskih kartah in v topografskih bazah, velikokrat pod vegetacijo (ceste, vodna telesa itd.), moramo poznati tudi delež prodiranja laserskih žarkov skozi vegetacijo za območje, kjer bomo zajemali topografske podatke. V raziskavi smo na testnem primeru na območju mesta Nova Gorica izračunali delež prodiranja laserskih žarkov za štiri različne vegetacijske tipe: redko mediteransko vegetacijo, gost termofilen listnati gozd, mešano vegetacijo (travniki, sadovnjaki in gozd) in pozidano območje. S povezavo teoretične minimalne gostote lidarskih točk in deleža prodiranja smo določili minimalno gostoto lidarskih točk za potrebe zajema podatkov na topografskih kartah največjih meril oziroma v topografskih bazah primerljive podrobnosti (od 1:1000 do 1: 10.000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resolution No. 2 of the last EUREF symposium, held in May 2009 in Florence, highlights the importance of the INSPIRE Directive, along with that of the European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) and the European Vertical Reference System (EVRS) for this directive. A milestone in its implementation in Slovenia is the date January 1 2008, when the survey for the land cadastre database within the new national coordinate system was launched. The second phase has yet to be implemented, i.e. the starting of the maintenance of real estate databases within the new national coordinate system. The second phase requires the transformation of all real estate databases into the new national coordinate system. Because of their interconnectedness, they must be treated as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial laser scanning, also called lidar (light detection and ranging), can be used as a stand-alone acquisition technique or in combination with other types of aerial surveys (from classic photogrammetric to hyper-spectral). The basic advantage of lidar in comparison with other remote sensing techniques is that the details on the relief are directly measured rather than acquired with additional stereo-restitution. In this paper, we will describe the possibilities of lidar being involved in data acquisition for different real-estate databases in Slovenia. The possibility of applying lidar to the building cadastre and the land cadastre measurements has not been yet defined in the legislation defining these databases. Therefore, we will define the minimal conditions that will enable us to decide if lidar can be applied for those databases in practice: required accuracy, flying height and number of points per m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Triglav glacier is situated in the Julian Alps in the northwest of Slovenia. Presented are the results of investigations and measurements of the Triglav glacier done between the years 1999 and 2012. During this period its depth was measured by means of georadar for the first time. Its area was measured on a yearly basis by means of various land surveying methods. The dynamics of the glacier shrinkage is explained by using the weather data of each respective year. Due to the glacier's concave form, accumulated winter snow did not melt until the late summer in the past few years, particularly in the central and lower sections of the glacier. If such weather conditions continue, and the amount of winter precipitation further increases, the remainder of the Triglav glacier, though small in size, will continue to exist for a few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]