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With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand on the wireless power supply to consumer electronics simultaneously requires much more location freedom, ease of use, and performance with wireless communications. In this paper, an unenclosed quasi-static cavity resonator (QSCR) constructed with metallic strips and the design method are proposed and theoretically analyzed. This unenclosed QSCR has a simple structure, which benefits the wireless charging for portable/wearable electronics and smart appliances in the office and home environment. Meanwhile, it can achieve simultaneous ubiquitous 3-dimensional (3-D) wireless power transfer (WPT) inside the cavity and through-wall wireless communications with external electronic devices. Simulation and experimentation are performed to verify the theoretical analysis of the proposed cavity resonator and the WPT system based on it. As demonstrated, at a powering frequency of 6.78 MHz, the unenclosed QSCR can wirelessly transfer power to the receivers with a maximum power transfer efficiency of 90.5%, and an efficiency exceeding 51.5% is obtained at almost any position within the cavity space. The measured through-wall wireless communication channel attenuation introduced by the unenclosed QSCR is below 2.87 dB. By adjusting the inserted lumped capacitor value, the system can work at any desired frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The surge in 3D modelling has led to a pronounced research emphasis on the field of 3D shape retrieval. Numerous contemporary approaches have been put forth to tackle this intricate challenge. Nevertheless, effectively addressing the intricacies of cross‐modal 3D shape retrieval remains a formidable undertaking, owing to inherent modality‐based disparities. The authors present an innovative notion—termed “geometric words”—which functions as elemental constituents for representing entities through combinations. To establish the knowledge graph, the authors employ geometric words as nodes, connecting them via shape categories and geometry attributes. Subsequently, a unique graph embedding method for knowledge acquisition is devised. Finally, an effective similarity measure is introduced for retrieval purposes. Importantly, each 3D or 2D entity can anchor its geometric terms within the knowledge graph, thereby serving as a link between cross‐domain data. As a result, the authors’ approach facilitates multiple cross‐domain 3D shape retrieval tasks. The authors evaluate the proposed method's performance on the ModelNet40 and ShapeNetCore55 datasets, encompassing scenarios related to 3D shape retrieval and cross‐domain retrieval. Furthermore, the authors employ the established cross‐modal dataset (MI3DOR) to assess cross‐modal 3D shape retrieval. The resulting experimental outcomes, in conjunction with comparisons against state‐of‐the‐art techniques, clearly highlight the superiority of our approach.

Abstract Recovering 3D human meshes from monocular images is an inherently ill‐posed and challenging task due to depth ambiguity, joint occlusion, and truncation. However, most existing approaches do not model such uncertainties, typically yielding a single reconstruction for one input. In contrast, the ambiguity of the reconstruction is embraced and the problem is considered as an inverse problem for which multiple feasible solutions exist. To address these issues, the authors propose a multi‐hypothesis approach, multi‐hypothesis human mesh recovery (MH‐HMR), to efficiently model the multi‐hypothesis representation and build strong relationships among the hypothetical features. Specifically, the task is decomposed into three stages: (1) generating a reasonable set of initial recovery results (i.e., multiple hypotheses) given a single colour image; (2) modelling intra‐hypothesis refinement to enhance every single‐hypothesis feature; and (3) establishing inter‐hypothesis communication and regressing the final human meshes. Meanwhile, the authors take further advantage of multiple hypotheses and the recovery process to achieve human mesh recovery from multiple uncalibrated views. Compared with state‐of‐the‐art methods, the MH‐HMR approach achieves superior performance and recovers more accurate human meshes on challenging benchmark datasets, such as Human3.6M and 3DPW, while demonstrating the effectiveness across a variety of settings. The code will be publicly available at https://cic.tju.edu.cn/faculty/likun/projects/MH‐HMR.

The aim of this study is to develop a unique perforated trapezoid-shaped plate-fin channel. So, a numerical simulation is performed on the mentioned plates with different geometries. The laminar airflow (10≤Re≤1000) passes through the inter-fin passages with perforated fins, whose perforations are distributed equally throughout the duct. The effects of corrugation angle (ϕ), cross-section aspect ratio (α=H/Savg), and cross-section inclination angle (Ψ) are studied. This study has identified the improved performance of the Nusselt number and the Fanning friction factor (f) in a variety of Reynolds. A quantitative assessment of the improvement is done by measuring the area goodness factor (j/f) compared with a plain flat channel. Based on the results, with increasing ϕ from 30° to 45°, the mentioned channel's performance improves. However, as the angle increases more, performance begins to decrease. The channel's performance improves with increasing α. Also, the performance improves by changing Ψ from 90° to 76.60°. Based on the results, for a perforated case with ϕ=45°, α=10, and Ψ=90° at Re=200, versus the non-perforated fin, f decreases ~9%, and j/f increases ~61%. Also, for the above-mentioned perforated case, when Ψ is changed from 90° to 76.60°, at Re=200, f decreases ~1.3%, and j/f increases ~8.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Computerized Dentistry is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recovering 3D human meshes from monocular images is an inherently ill‐posed and challenging task due to depth ambiguity, joint occlusion, and truncation. However, most existing approaches do not model such uncertainties, typically yielding a single reconstruction for one input. In contrast, the ambiguity of the reconstruction is embraced and the problem is considered as an inverse problem for which multiple feasible solutions exist. To address these issues, the authors propose a multi‐hypothesis approach, multi‐hypothesis human mesh recovery (MH‐HMR), to efficiently model the multi‐hypothesis representation and build strong relationships among the hypothetical features. Specifically, the task is decomposed into three stages: (1) generating a reasonable set of initial recovery results (i.e., multiple hypotheses) given a single colour image; (2) modelling intra‐hypothesis refinement to enhance every single‐hypothesis feature; and (3) establishing inter‐hypothesis communication and regressing the final human meshes. Meanwhile, the authors take further advantage of multiple hypotheses and the recovery process to achieve human mesh recovery from multiple uncalibrated views. Compared with state‐of‐the‐art methods, the MH‐HMR approach achieves superior performance and recovers more accurate human meshes on challenging benchmark datasets, such as Human3.6M and 3DPW, while demonstrating the effectiveness across a variety of settings. The code will be publicly available at https://cic.tju.edu.cn/faculty/likun/projects/MH‐HMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surge in 3D modelling has led to a pronounced research emphasis on the field of 3D shape retrieval. Numerous contemporary approaches have been put forth to tackle this intricate challenge. Nevertheless, effectively addressing the intricacies of cross‐modal 3D shape retrieval remains a formidable undertaking, owing to inherent modality‐based disparities. The authors present an innovative notion—termed "geometric words"—which functions as elemental constituents for representing entities through combinations. To establish the knowledge graph, the authors employ geometric words as nodes, connecting them via shape categories and geometry attributes. Subsequently, a unique graph embedding method for knowledge acquisition is devised. Finally, an effective similarity measure is introduced for retrieval purposes. Importantly, each 3D or 2D entity can anchor its geometric terms within the knowledge graph, thereby serving as a link between cross‐domain data. As a result, the authors' approach facilitates multiple cross‐domain 3D shape retrieval tasks. The authors evaluate the proposed method's performance on the ModelNet40 and ShapeNetCore55 datasets, encompassing scenarios related to 3D shape retrieval and cross‐domain retrieval. Furthermore, the authors employ the established cross‐modal dataset (MI3DOR) to assess cross‐modal 3D shape retrieval. The resulting experimental outcomes, in conjunction with comparisons against state‐of‐the‐art techniques, clearly highlight the superiority of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Myocarditis is a significant public health concern because of its potential to cause heart failure and sudden death. The standard invasive diagnostic method, endomyocardial biopsy, is typically reserved for cases with severe complications, limiting its widespread use. Conversely, non‐invasive cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging presents a promising alternative for detecting and monitoring myocarditis, because of its high signal contrast that reveals myocardial involvement. To assist medical professionals via artificial intelligence, the authors introduce generative adversarial networks ‐ multi discriminator (GAN‐MD), a deep learning model that uses binary classification to diagnose myocarditis from CMR images. Their approach employs a series of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that extract and combine feature vectors for accurate diagnosis. The authors suggest a novel technique for improving the classification precision of CNNs. Using generative adversarial networks (GANs) to create synthetic images for data augmentation, the authors address challenges such as mode collapse and unstable training. Incorporating a reconstruction loss into the GAN loss function requires the generator to produce images reflecting the discriminator features, thus enhancing the generated images' quality to more accurately replicate authentic data patterns. Moreover, combining this loss function with other regularisation methods, such as gradient penalty, has proven to further improve the performance of diverse GAN models. A significant challenge in myocarditis diagnosis is the imbalance of classification, where one class dominates over the other. To mitigate this, the authors introduce a focal loss‐based training method that effectively trains the model on the minority class samples. The GAN‐MD approach, evaluated on the Z‐Alizadeh Sani myocarditis dataset, achieves superior results (F‐measure 86.2%; geometric mean 91.0%) compared with other deep learning models and traditional machine learning methods.

Abstract Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, with radiotherapy as one of the treatment options. Radiotherapy planning starts with delineating the affected area from healthy organs, called organs at risk (OAR). A new approach to automatic OAR segmentation in the chest cavity in Computed Tomography (CT) images is presented. The proposed approach is based on the modified U‐Net architecture with the ResNet‐34 encoder, which is the baseline adopted in this work. The new two‐branch CS‐SA U‐Net architecture is proposed, which consists of two parallel U‐Net models in which self‐attention blocks with cosine similarity as query‐key similarity function (CS‐SA) blocks are inserted between the encoder and decoder, which enabled the use of consistency regularisation. The proposed solution demonstrates state‐of‐the‐art performance for the problem of OAR segmentation in CT images on the publicly available SegTHOR benchmark dataset in terms of a Dice coefficient (oesophagus—0.8714, heart—0.9516, trachea—0.9286, aorta—0.9510) and Hausdorff distance (oesophagus—0.2541, heart—0.1514, trachea—0.1722, aorta—0.1114) and significantly outperforms the baseline. The current approach is demonstrated to be viable for improving the quality of OAR segmentation for radiotherapy planning.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, with radiotherapy as one of the treatment options. Radiotherapy planning starts with delineating the affected area from healthy organs, called organs at risk (OAR). A new approach to automatic OAR segmentation in the chest cavity in Computed Tomography (CT) images is presented. The proposed approach is based on the modified U‐Net architecture with the ResNet‐34 encoder, which is the baseline adopted in this work. The new two‐branch CS‐SA U‐Net architecture is proposed, which consists of two parallel U‐Net models in which self‐attention blocks with cosine similarity as query‐key similarity function (CS‐SA) blocks are inserted between the encoder and decoder, which enabled the use of consistency regularisation. The proposed solution demonstrates state‐of‐the‐art performance for the problem of OAR segmentation in CT images on the publicly available SegTHOR benchmark dataset in terms of a Dice coefficient (oesophagus—0.8714, heart—0.9516, trachea—0.9286, aorta—0.9510) and Hausdorff distance (oesophagus—0.2541, heart—0.1514, trachea—0.1722, aorta—0.1114) and significantly outperforms the baseline. The current approach is demonstrated to be viable for improving the quality of OAR segmentation for radiotherapy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocarditis is a significant public health concern because of its potential to cause heart failure and sudden death. The standard invasive diagnostic method, endomyocardial biopsy, is typically reserved for cases with severe complications, limiting its widespread use. Conversely, non‐invasive cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging presents a promising alternative for detecting and monitoring myocarditis, because of its high signal contrast that reveals myocardial involvement. To assist medical professionals via artificial intelligence, the authors introduce generative adversarial networks ‐ multi discriminator (GAN‐MD), a deep learning model that uses binary classification to diagnose myocarditis from CMR images. Their approach employs a series of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that extract and combine feature vectors for accurate diagnosis. The authors suggest a novel technique for improving the classification precision of CNNs. Using generative adversarial networks (GANs) to create synthetic images for data augmentation, the authors address challenges such as mode collapse and unstable training. Incorporating a reconstruction loss into the GAN loss function requires the generator to produce images reflecting the discriminator features, thus enhancing the generated images' quality to more accurately replicate authentic data patterns. Moreover, combining this loss function with other regularisation methods, such as gradient penalty, has proven to further improve the performance of diverse GAN models. A significant challenge in myocarditis diagnosis is the imbalance of classification, where one class dominates over the other. To mitigate this, the authors introduce a focal loss‐based training method that effectively trains the model on the minority class samples. The GAN‐MD approach, evaluated on the Z‐Alizadeh Sani myocarditis dataset, achieves superior results (F‐measure 86.2%; geometric mean 91.0%) compared with other deep learning models and traditional machine learning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments revealed similar neural representations across different types of two-dimensional (2-D) visual stimuli; however, real three-dimensional (3-D) objects affording action differentially affect neural activation and behavioral results relative to 2-D objects. Recruitment of multiple sensory regions during unisensory (visual, haptic, and auditory) object shape tasks suggests that shape representation may be modality invariant. This mini-review explores the overlapping neural regions involved in object shape representation, across 2-D, 3-D, visual, and haptic experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a systematic review to compare conventional (2-D) versus 3-D-guided corrective osteotomies regarding intraoperative results, patient-reported outcome measures, range of motion, incidence of complications and pain score. PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched, and 53 articles were included, reporting 1257 patients undergoing forearm corrective osteotomies between 2010 and 2022. 3-D-guided surgery resulted in a greater improvement in median Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score (28, SD 7 vs. 35, SD 5) and fewer complications (12% vs. 6%). Pain scores and range of motion were similar between 3-D-guided and conventional surgery. 3-D-guided corrective osteotomy surgery appears to improve patient-reported outcomes and reduce complications compared to conventional methods. However, due to the limited number of comparative studies and the heterogeneity of the studies, a large randomized controlled trial is needed to draw definitive conclusions. Level of evidence: III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Supra aortic obstruction in children is uncommon and is seen in certain unique conditions. While intraluminal obstruction due to heavy calcification is seen in older populations, it is not described in pediatric populations. The coral reef aorta is a rare and distinct calcifying disease causing luminal obstruction of the suprarenal aorta in adults. The definition of this diagnosis relies entirely on the unique aspects and consistency of the lesions, which are rock-hard, irregular, gritty plaques with a white luminal surface resembling a coral reef. However, no such case has been described in children. Case presentation We present an adolescent boy who presented with a heavily calcified ascending aortic lesion associated with aortopathy and hypertension, 12 years after an aortic coarctation repair. The investigations included echocardiography, magnetic resonance and computer-tomographic imaging. A 3-D model was printed in order to visualize and plan surgical steps in advance for safe placement of clamps and defining the extent of resection. In addition, it provided an idea about tissue quality, thickness, spatial relationship, and orientation in relation to surrounding structures. Successful resection and replacement of the diseased segment of the aorta were achieved on cardiopulmonary bypass support. Post-operative recovery was uneventful, and at 6-month follow-up, the patient is doing well. In this report, various aspects of such lesions have been discussed, including clinical presentations, complications, planning and conduct of a safe cardiopulmonary bypass, and precautions during surgery for a successful outcome. Conclusion Complicated obstructive aortic lesions in children require careful assessment, appropriate advanced imaging, and the use of 3-D printing technology in order to plan and perform safe and effective surgical management. The etiology of severe calcified aorta in children may be related to metabolic factors, previous surgery, use of a homograft, or an inflammatory process. However, it has yet to be proven.

3-D brain electrical impedance tomography (EIT) holds great promise for real-time noninvasive imaging of various brain injuries. However, a reference method for selecting high-performance electrode configurations has not been proposed. In this article, the optimization of electrode layout, stimulation and measurement protocols, and the number of electrodes are sequentially performed. The signal quality and image reconstruction performance of simulated perturbations in four cortical regions are evaluated with various levels of noise taken into consideration. The results showed that, considering cost and convenience, the best number of electrodes is 20, which should be placed in the suboccipital and central vertex regions as needed. Electrodes with large spacing at different heights are mainly the driving electrodes, and the potential is collected in the appropriate adjacent channels. These principles are expected to provide general guidance for the electrode configuration methods of 3-D brain EIT in clinical applications.

With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand on the wireless power supply to consumer electronics simultaneously requires much more location freedom, ease of use, and performance with wireless communications. In this paper, an unenclosed quasi-static cavity resonator (QSCR) constructed with metallic strips and the design method are proposed and theoretically analyzed. This unenclosed QSCR has a simple structure, which benefits the wireless charging for portable/wearable electronics and smart appliances in the office and home environment. Meanwhile, it can achieve simultaneous ubiquitous 3-dimensional (3-D) wireless power transfer (WPT) inside the cavity and through-wall wireless communications with external electronic devices. Simulation and experimentation are performed to verify the theoretical analysis of the proposed cavity resonator and the WPT system based on it. As demonstrated, at a powering frequency of 6.78 MHz, the unenclosed QSCR can wirelessly transfer power to the receivers with a maximum power transfer efficiency of 90.5%, and an efficiency exceeding 51.5% is obtained at almost any position within the cavity space. The measured through-wall wireless communication channel attenuation introduced by the unenclosed QSCR is below 2.87 dB. By adjusting the inserted lumped capacitor value, the system can work at any desired frequency.

Background: Supra aortic obstruction in children is uncommon and is seen in certain unique conditions. While intraluminal obstruction due to heavy calcification is seen in older populations, it is not described in pediatric populations. The coral reef aorta is a rare and distinct calcifying disease causing luminal obstruction of the suprarenal aorta in adults. The definition of this diagnosis relies entirely on the unique aspects and consistency of the lesions, which are rock-hard, irregular, gritty plaques with a white luminal surface resembling a coral reef. However, no such case has been described in children. Case presentation: We present an adolescent boy who presented with a heavily calcified ascending aortic lesion associated with aortopathy and hypertension, 12 years after an aortic coarctation repair. The investigations included echocardiography, magnetic resonance and computer-tomographic imaging. A 3-D model was printed in order to visualize and plan surgical steps in advance for safe placement of clamps and defining the extent of resection. In addition, it provided an idea about tissue quality, thickness, spatial relationship, and orientation in relation to surrounding structures. Successful resection and replacement of the diseased segment of the aorta were achieved on cardiopulmonary bypass support. Post-operative recovery was uneventful, and at 6-month follow-up, the patient is doing well. In this report, various aspects of such lesions have been discussed, including clinical presentations, complications, planning and conduct of a safe cardiopulmonary bypass, and precautions during surgery for a successful outcome. Conclusion: Complicated obstructive aortic lesions in children require careful assessment, appropriate advanced imaging, and the use of 3-D printing technology in order to plan and perform safe and effective surgical management. The etiology of severe calcified aorta in children may be related to metabolic factors, previous surgery, use of a homograft, or an inflammatory process. However, it has yet to be proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSETo evaluate the role of cone-beam computed tomography (CT) performed for the determination of the artery of Adamkiewicz (AKA) suspected by angiography during trans-catheter bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis.METHODSIn this retrospective study, 17 patients with hemoptysis who underwent cone-beam CT for evaluation of the AKA prior to arterial embolization from December 2014 to March 2022 were included. During the angiographic session, two interventional radiologists selected the possible AKAs that were defined as obscured hairpin-curved vessels arising from the dorsal branch of the intercostal arteries and running towards the midline in the arterially enhanced phase. Contrast-enhanced cone-beam CT was performed as an adjunct to angiography to determine whether the indefinite AKA was a real AKA based on whether it was found to connect to the anterior spinal artery.RESULTSSelective cone-beam CT was performed at 17 possible AKAs detected by selective arteriogram of the intercostal artery (ICA). Cone-beam CT allowed for the determination of AKAs in 16 cases (94.1%). As a result of cone-beam CT findings, 9 of 16 study arteries (56.3%) were judged as definite AKAs, and the remaining 7 (43.7%) were judged as definitely not AKAs but as the musculocutaneous branching from the dorsal branch of the ICA. In 1 of 17 cases (5.9%), cone-beam CT could not determine the AKA because of poor image quality caused by inadequate breath holding. An additional anterior radiculomedullary artery arising from the dorsal branch of the lower ICA because of the inflow of the contrast medium through the anastomosis was detected in one case by conebeam CT but not by angiography.CONCLUSIONIntraprocedural enhanced cone-beam CT performed as an adjunctive technique to angiography is sufficient for confident determination of the AKA, which is essential for the operators to perform accurate and safe arterial embolization for hemoptysis.

Abstract Ecological niche modelling (ENM), species distribution modelling and related spatial analytical methods were first developed in two‐dimensional (2‐D) terrestrial systems; many common ENM workflows organize and analyse geographically structured occurrence and environmental data based on 2‐D latitude and longitude coordinates. This may be suitable for most terrestrial organisms, but pelagic marine species are distributed not only horizontally but also vertically. Extracting environmental data for marine species based only on latitude and longitude coordinates may result in poorly trained ENMs and inaccurate prediction of species' geographical distributions, as water conditions may vary strikingly with depth. We developed the voluModel R package to efficiently extract three‐dimensional (3‐D) environmental data for training ENMs (i.e. presences and absences/pseudoabsences/background). voluModel also provides tools for 3‐D ENM projection visualization and estimation of model extrapolation risk. We present the main features of the voluModel R package and provide a simple modelling workflow for Luminous Hake, Steindachneria argentea, as an example. We also compare results from 2‐D and 3‐D spatial models to demonstrate differences in how the modelling methods perform. The use of 3‐D environmental data generates more precise estimates of environmental conditions for training ENMs. This method also improves inference of species' suitable abiotic ecological niches and potential geographic ranges. 3‐D niche modelling is important step forward for marine macroecology and biogeography, as it will yield more accurate estimates of ocean species richness and potential past and future changes in the horizontal and vertical dimensions of species' geographic ranges. The latter is particularly relevant considering ongoing climate change that may cause redistribution of species in environmental space (both in latitude and depth) over time.

With the recent progresses in lidar technology for Earth remote sensing, the development of a reliable lidar simulator is becoming central in order to define specifications for new sensors, perform intercomparisons, train machine learning algorithms, and help transferring information from one scale to another. The discrete anisotropic radiative transfer (DART) model includes such a lidar simulator. Although already tested on several virtual scenes, the DART outputs still need to be rigorously evaluated against actual sensor acquisitions, especially on real complex scenes of various forest types, such as dense tropical forests. That is the purpose of the present study. A real airborne laser scanner (ALS) with full-waveform capacity was first radiometrically calibrated on targets of measured reflectance. The properties of the ALS system were then introduced in the DART model, along with a 3-D virtual scene built from terrestrial laser scans and spectroscopic measurements acquired on a forest plot near the calibration site. Finally, an ALS acquisition was simulated and the shape and magnitude of the waveforms were compared with real acquisitions. The comparison between measured and simulated data was performed at different scales by aggregating waveform samples into a 3-D grid with a vertical resolution of 1 m and a horizontal resolution ranging from 2 to 80 m. Results showed a high similarity between simulated and measured waveforms at all scales with R2>0.9 and NRMSE

This paper describes a possible approach of designing an unconventional turbocharger using co-simulation method. Our goal is to design turbochargers running optimally during pulsating and transient modes. It means to develop a tool capable of co-simulation between 3-D and 1-D CFD. This tool must be fast and precise enough and provide a reliable result. Influence of a coarse mesh versus fine mesh was examined. Different time step size was applied to determine calculation sensitivity. Different types of turbines were tested.

High dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatment planning usually involves optimization methods to deliver uniform dose to the target volume and minimize dose to the healthy tissues. Four optimizations were used to evaluate the high-risk clinical target volume (HRCTV) coverage and organ at risk (OAR). Dose-volume histogram (DVH) and dosimetric parameters were analyzed and evaluated. Better coverage was achieved with PGO (mean CI = 0.95), but there were no significant mean CI differences than GrO (p = 0.03322). Mean EQD2 doses to HRCTV (D90) were also superior for PGO with no significant mean EQD2 doses than GrO (p = 0.9410). The mean EQD2 doses to bladder, rectum, and sigmoid were significantly higher for NO plan than PO, GrO, and PGO. PO significantly reduced the mean EQD2 doses to bladder, rectum, and sigmoid but compromising the conformity index to HRCTV. PGO was superior in conformity index (CI) and mean EQD2 doses to HRCTV compared with the GrO plan but not statistically significant. The mean EQD2 doses to the rectum by PGO plan slightly exceeded the limit from ABS recommendation (mean EQD2 dose = 78.08 Gy EQD2). However, PGO can shorten the treatment planning process without compromising the CI and keeping the OARs dose below the tolerance limit.

Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two-dimensional (2-D) monolayers composed of a single cell type have provided important insight into understanding host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, these reductionist models lack many essential features present in the native host microenvironment that are known to regulate infection, including three-dimensional (3-D) architecture, multicellular complexity, commensal microbiota, gas exchange and nutrient gradients, and physiologically relevant biomechanical forces (e.g., fluid shear, stretch, compression). A major challenge in tissue engineering for infectious disease research is recreating this dynamic 3-D microenvironment (biological, chemical, and physical/mechanical) to more accurately model the initiation and progression of host-pathogen interactions in the laboratory. Here we review selected 3-D models of human intestinal mucosa, which represent a major portal of entry for infectious pathogens and an important niche for commensal microbiota. We highlight seminal studies that have used these models to interrogate host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease mechanisms, and we present this literature in the appropriate historical context. Models discussed include 3-D organotypic cultures engineered in the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor, extracellular matrix (ECM)-embedded/organoid models, and organ-on-a-chip (OAC) models. Collectively, these technologies provide a more physiologically relevant and predictive framework for investigating infectious disease mechanisms and antimicrobial therapies at the intersection of the host, microbe, and their local microenvironments.

The Japanese submarine I-124 was sunk in a military engagement with Allied forces outside Darwin Harbor, Australia, with 80 submariners aboard on 20 January 1942. To mark the 80th anniversary of this historic event and complement more traditional commemorative activities, a virtual-reality experience was created for general public engagement. The experience was based on a high-resolution multi-beam sonar survey completed in October 2021 by the Australian Institute of Marine Science, and used an animation-based workflow to illustrate the survey of the submarine, the events of its sinking and the historical data used to digitally reconstruct it. The animation culminates in a virtual dive across its decks as they may have appeared in the years after the sinking. Future plans for the site include diver-based surveys for photogrammetric survey and management-based monitoring. The creation of the experience required an in-depth consideration of a wide range of stakeholder needs and Australian and Japanese cultural attitudes to commemoration of World War II casualties. We describe the technical and cultural challenges encountered throughout the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Methods in Ecology & Evolution is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using color Doppler flow imaging or high-definition flow imaging with three-dimensional volume or spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the glass-body mode allows displaying both gray-scale and color information of the heart cycle-related flow events and vessel spatial relationship. Conventionally, STIC in the glass-body mode has been used to examine the fetal heart and assess heart defects. Recently, a novel application of STIC in the visualization of abdominal precordial veins and intraplacental vascularization in singleton pregnancies has been reported. The aim of this present review is to discuss the use of color Doppler with three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of extracardiac, placental, umbilical cord and twin abnormalities with examples. The glass-body mode is complementary to conventional 2D ultrasonography. Further studies are required to investigate use of the glass-body mode in the assessment of intraplacental vascularization in singleton and twin pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandibular angle fractures (MAFs) are treated in a variety of ways; however, the standard therapy is still up for debate. Despite the fact that many studies have generated evidence for the appropriate biomechanical stability of 3-D miniplates, there is an insufficient amount of data on the treatment of mandibular angle fractures with these plates. A comparative study was conducted at The Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 52 patients each. Patients in group A were treated with 3-D miniplate placement on the lateral cortex following the principle of 3-D fixation proposed by Farmand and Dupoirieux, whereas patients included in group B were treated using 2-D conventional miniplate, placed according to Champy’s line of ideal osteosynthesis. A single surgical team performed the procedure. On the first and seventh post-operative days, the first month, and then the third month after surgery, regular evaluations were conducted. Assessment regarding Post Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) occlusion was performed with the help of measuring tools. On the first day post-operative follow-up, 41 (78.8%) patients in group A and 31 (59.6%) patients in group B had satisfactory occlusion. The seventh day post-operative follow-up showed that 43 (82.7%) patients in group A and 41 (78.8%) patients in group B had satisfactory occlusion (p > 0.05). In both treatment groups, the first and third month follow-up evaluations revealed optimal occlusion. In comparison to conventional 2-D miniplate, the 3-D miniplate system produced better results and can be recommended as a better option for the management of mandibular angle fractures.

Reliable and accurate measurement methods are necessary for the clinical assessment of wounds. Repeated measure of a wound indicates whether its healing is progressing or deteriorating, and if alternate treatment must be initiated. Many wound measurement techniques lack accuracy and reliability. Technology: We developed a software prototype that calculates 3-D wound measurements from 3-D scans. We conducted a study to compare the software prototype to physical and 2-D image measurement techniques commonly used by clinicians. We compared inter-rater reliability between the techniques and measurements (i.e., length, width, depth, perimeter, and surface area). Results: Inter-rater reliability was good or excellent for the physical, image, and software measurement techniques; however, there were significant differences in measurements between the techniques. For complex measurements (i.e., perimeter and surface area), the reliability of the software exceeded that of the physical and image techniques. Conclusion: Although inter-rater reliability was high for all measurement techniques, there was significant variability between the techniques. The software was overall most reliable, especially for calculation of complex measurements. Clinical Impact: Reducing the variability of wound measurements may improve patient outcomes, reduce wound prevalence, and mitigate the associated morbidity, mortality, and costs of these occurrences.

3-D cell cultures are being increasingly used as in vitro models are capable of better mimicry of in vivo tissues, particularly in drug screenings where mass transfer limitations can affect the cancer biology and response to drugs. Three-dimensional microscopy techniques, such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy, have been used to elucidate data from 3-D cell cultures and whole organs, but their reach inside the 3-D tissues is restrained by the light scattering of the tissues, limiting their effective reach to 100–200 µm, which is simply not enough. Tissue clearing protocols, developed mostly for larger specimens usually involve multiple steps of viscous liquid submersion, and are not easily adaptable for much smaller spheroids and organoids. In this work, we have developed a novel tissue clearing solution tailored for small spheroids and organoids. Our tissue clearing protocol, called HyClear, uses a mixture of DMSO, HPG and urea to allow for one-step tissue clearing of spheroids and organoids, and is compatible with high-throughput screening studies due to its speed and simplicity. We have shown that our tissue clearing agent is superior to many of the commonly used tissue clearing agents and allows for elucidating better quality data from drug screening experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3-D) meshes are commonly used to represent virtual surfaces and volumes. Over the past decade, 3-D meshes have emerged in industrial, medical, and entertainment applications, being of large practical significance for 3-D mesh steganography and steganalysis. In this article, we provide a systematic survey of the literature on 3-D mesh steganography and steganalysis. Compared with an earlier survey (Girdhar et al., 2017), we propose a new taxonomy of steganographic algorithms with four categories: 1) two-state domain, 2) LSB domain, 3) permutation domain, and 4) transform domain. Regarding steganalysis algorithms, we divide them into two categories: 1) universal steganalysis and 2) specific steganalysis. For each category, the history of technical developments and the current technological level are introduced and discussed. Finally, we highlight some promising future research directions and challenges in improving the performance of 3-D mesh steganography and steganalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic holography is an ideal 3-D display technique to ameliorate the vergence-accommodation conflict, which is a possible cause of visual fatigue and discomfort from viewing conventional stereoscopic 3-D displays. Previous studies have measured accommodative and vergence responses to holographic images and to real objects, and the results showed that these responses are in good agreement. To demonstrate the effectiveness of electronic holography as a possible solution to the vergence-accommodation conflict caused by viewing conventional stereoscopic 3-D displays, we measured both accommodative and vergence responses to reconstructed images of holograms and super multiview holographic stereograms. We also measured responses to real objects located at various distances and conventional two-view stereo images for comparison. The results indicate that the accommodative responses to the electro-holographic display and super multiview holographic stereogram change with the vergence response in a similar manner, as is the case with real objects as compared to conventional two-view stereo display. This suggests that the electronic holographic display and super multiview holographic stereograms are promising candidates for resolving the vergence-accommodation conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter has important influences on premature human mortality. Diesel particulate filter is one of the most effective means to reduce particulate matter in exhaust gas. In order to study the 3-D flow characteristics of diesel particulate filter porous structure, lattice Boltzmann method is used to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of different structures. In some software, the spherical structure is used as diesel particulate filter porous structure. In paper, the spherical structure, the quartet structure generation set structure, and the computer tomography technique structure are constructed. The computer tomography technique structure is constructed by the serial sections of diesel particulate filter porous structure. The flow and heat transfer characteristics in different structures were simulated by lattice Boltzmann method. The 3-D computer tomography technique structure is constructed by superposing the serial section data of diesel particulate filter. The results show that the pressure gradient and temperature gradient of structures are greatly affected by the structure. The pressure gradient and temperature gradient of the spherical structure is the lowest. The spherical structure and the quartet structure generation set structure are different from the porous structure of diesel particulate filter in pressure gradient and temperature gradient. By comparing different structures, it can be seen that although the pressure gradients of the computer tomography technique structure and the quartet structure generation set structure are similar, the temperature gradient of the two structures are more different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of 3-D integrated multiband bandpass filters (BPFs) based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is presented in this work, for the first time. Split-type dual-extended doublet (SDED) coupling topologies are developed to propose these BPFs with a desired multiband response by the LEGO-style assembly of planar SIW resonant-mode blocks. These design schemes offer attractive and promising advantages with regard to compact size, low cost, flexible and expandable topology, as well as integration of high-density integrated circuits. For demonstration, dual- and triple-band BPFs are designed, fabricated, and measured. The measurement results are in good agreement with the simulation ones. Results indicate that the proposals can provide not only nice selective multiband signal transmission in such flexibly extensible topologies with new spatial schemes but also increase space utilization and reduce footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigated the response of an illuminated polysilicon PV cell under AM radio waves. Using a 3 D analysis, the equations which describe the movement of excess electrons and their space and time behavior were solved in order to first find the density of the excess electrons and to subsequently derive the current density and the voltage. The effect of the amplitude of the electromagnetic field (EMF) on the current density and the voltage were studied by varying the distance between the PV cell and an AM radio antenna. The combination of the two characteristics, i.e. current density–voltage and Power–Voltageallowed the computation of the efficiency, the fill factor and the parasitic resistances (Rs, Rsh) of the electrical equivalent circuit of the PV cell. The study showed that from infinite distance to 50 m, corresponding to the Fraunhofer zone, the conversion efficiency increases slightly by about 1% and the fill factor decreases within the same order of magnitude. On the other hand, the series and shunt resistances fall considerably down by about 14% and 13% respectively.The power output curves versus the junction dynamic velocity which allow the computation of the shunt resistance, are used to highlight the impact of the electromagnetic field (EMF) on the operation of the cell. Between an infinite distance and 50 m, the results indicate a very high drop of the shunt resistance (from 64,280 Ω cm 2 to 11 Ω cm 2). Overall, one can conclude that the presence of EMF adversely affects the operation of polysilicon PV cell considering the high drop of the shunt resistance.

Shallow 3‐D reflection seismic surveys using S‐waves have rarely been carried out, even though S‐waves can provide higher resolution subsurface images than P‐waves. We conducted a 3‐D near‐surface multicomponent source and receiver survey in Quaternary sediments. We employed a small electrodynamic seismic source with a horizontal shaking unit operated in two orientations. Three‐component geophones in an orthogonal layout covering an area of 117×99 m2 were used for recording. Changes in weather and ground conditions, including freezing and thawing during acquisition, directly influenced the data quality and resulted in discernible relative time shifts in the data. Our seismic processing flow included a four‐component rotation of the data from the Cartesian acquisition geometry into the 'natural' coordinate frame to orient sources and receivers in radial or transverse orientation to separate different S‐wave polarizations. The rotation increased the signal strength and helped, for example, to improve the quality of the images of the basin base. The irregular offset distribution in the common midpoint gathers impedes filtering to suppress surface waves in the f–k domain. We, therefore, applied a common‐reflection surface processing flow. After regularization, we could better remove the energy of the surface waves. Both stacked 3‐D S‐wave volumes of vertical and horizontal polarizations provide images of the Quaternary overdeepened Tannwald Basin that was partly known from previous P‐ and S‐wave 2‐D surveys. Compared to a P‐wave profile adjacent to the volume, however, the S‐wave volumes provide higher resolution images of the basin base and internal structure. The basin base is well mapped in three dimensions and shows undulations that were not obvious from the P‐wave data. Comparing the S‐wave volumes of different polarizations, we find only minor differences in the stacks and interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data are integrated to extract the 3-D surface deformations, which are of great significance for studying geological hazards. In this study, two major problems are focused on integration. For one thing, we propose an iterated almost unbiased estimation (IAUE) method to estimate the variance components of GNSS and InSAR for the case where the estimation of variance components of multisource data by traditional variance component estimation methods may be negative and inaccurate. For another, considering that heterogeneous data errors may lead to unstable 3-D solutions, we propose adding the Laplacian smoothness constraint (LSC) to the function model, which can smooth the solutions by minimizing the second derivative of the displacements. These two methods are abbreviated as IAUE-LSC. In the simulation experiment, the performance of traditional Helmert variance component estimation is first compared with IAUE. IAUE can not only converge more quickly, but also avoid negative variances. Furthermore, we find that the excessively large relative error ratio between GNSS and InSAR is an essential factor leading to the instability of the 3-D solutions. The IAUE-LSC method is immune to this instability and can obtain more stable results. In addition, the 2018 Hawaii case demonstrates that IAUE achieves improvements of 2.58, 2.77, and 7.69 cm in the east, north, and up directions relative to the traditional weighted least-squares method, while the combined IAUE-LSC achieves improvements of 2.29, 0.32, and 1.68 cm compared to the IAUE alone.

Purpose: To describe the surgical approach with a screen-based heads-up, three-dimensional (3-D) digital viewing with intraoperative optical coherence tomography (I-OCT) for the successful repair of a myopic macular schisis (MMS) case. Case Report: A 62-year-old woman with vision loss in the left eye was scheduled for pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and MMS repair. Surgery was performed using the NGENUITYⓇ system for surgical viewing, and foveal-sparing internal limiting membrane (fs-ILM) peeling was performed without gas tamponade, after confirming the absence of iatrogenic macular hole with I-OCT. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Visual acuity improved to 20/40 and the subfoveal macular thickness improved from 706 µm (preoperative) to 221 µm after seven months of follow-up. Conclusion: Heads-up digitally assisted viewing technology with I-OCT may be useful or preferred for patients requiring vitreoretinal surgery in the setting of MMS.

In this article, an active multireceiver low-THz imaging radar is used to generate 3-D images of automotive environments by combining time (difference) of arrival (TDoA) information with backprojection techniques to give height profiles of the objects in the scene. The large bandwidth of this system facilitates noncoherent height reconstruction using time of arrival alone. In doing so, the constraints on receiver coherency are relaxed compared to many height-finding techniques. 3-D reconstructions of common roadside targets and scenes are generated through a modified form of backprojection, adapted to use the time of arrival information of the signals from multiple receivers with different sensitivities, which are arranged in a quasi-multistatic configuration. Here, it is experimentally shown that the use of three vertically-aligned receivers is sufficient to provide a fine resolution in range, cross-range, and height. The system is used to generate 3-D reconstructions of a number of different scenarios, including pedestrians moving through a scene, and complex real-world road scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a 3-D imaging synthetic aperture radar(SAR) algorithm, a theoretical expression for a Fourier transform of data cube is required. In this article, we introduce a function representing the Fourier transform of 3-D SAR data cube. The function is derived using the method of stationary phase and similar to the one used for 2-D data matrix. For verification and evaluation, a 3-D range migration algorithm using this function for bulk compression is examined. The simulation results based on the parameters of an experimental terahertz indoor SAR testbed show that the algorithm can well focus the 3-D image and, hence, verify the derived function. The image quality assessments such as spatial resolutions and peak sidelobe ratio are used to further evaluate the function and the algorithm. The measured results are compared with the ones provided by a backprojection algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM)-based architectures can be used to accelerate convolutional neural network (CNN) training. However, existing architectures either do not support normalization at all or they support only a limited version of it. Moreover, it is common practice for CNNs to add normalization layers after every convolution layer. In this work, we show that while normalization layers are necessary to train deep CNNs, only a few such layers are sufficient for effective training. A large number of normalization layers do not improve prediction accuracy; it necessitates additional hardware and gives rise to performance bottlenecks. To address this problem, we propose DeepTrain, a heterogeneous architecture enabled by a Bayesian optimization (BO) methodology; together, they provide adequate hardware and software support for normalization operations. The proposed BO methodology determines the minimum number of normalization operations necessary for a given CNN. Experimental evaluation indicates that the BO-enabled DeepTrain architecture achieves up to $15\times $ speedup compared to a conventional GPU for training CNNs with no accuracy loss while utilizing only a few normalization layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]