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Currently, the effective stop of parenchymal bleeding that has developed for various reasons: trauma, planned and emergency surgical interventions, is a serious challenge for modern clinical surgery. Today, in the arsenal of doctors there are a large number of hemostatic agents that affect the coagulation process, however, local hemostatics attract much attention, since they have a significant advantage - the absence of a systemic effect on the blood coagulation system. The objective: in a comparative aspect, to study the effectiveness of two-component sponge hemostatic agents in the model of marginal liver resection in vivo. Materials and methods. In a comparative aspect, we studied the hemostatic activity of samples of local application hemostatic agents "TachoComb" (No. 1), prototypes of two-layer spongy hemostatic agents based on sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose of various viscosities (No. 2), Surgicel Fibrillar. Rats under inhalation anesthesia underwent a median laparotomy, modeled marginal resection of the left lobe of the liver. Bleeding was stopped by applying the compared samples, while recording the amount of blood loss and bleeding time. In order to assess the statistical significance of differences between study groups, the Mann-Whitney test (p≤0.05) was used. Results. The minimum time to stop bleeding was noted in group No. 2. When comparing the volume of blood loss, no statistically significant differences were found. Conclusion. The use of samples of two-layer sponge hemostatic agents developed and tested in the experiment based on the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose of various viscosities in stopping parenchymal bleeding in laboratory animals is not inferior to the currently used local hemostatics in terms of blood loss and statistically significantly accelerates the process of stopping bleeding.

The paper contains the analysis of foreign practice in collecting customs debt and other payments from foreign individuals when placing goods and vehicles for personal use under the customs procedure of temporary admission and not re-exported. The experience of the countries of the European Union and Switzerland in this area is presented. The characteristics of the measures used abroad to ensure the customs payments and debt collection are highlighted (security for the customs payments as a guarantee, a cash deposit or other forms; signs, labels (seals), etc.). A comparative analysis of the measures used by the customs authorities of foreign countries and the Russian Federation to ensure the customs payments and debt collection is carried out.

The article analyzes the areas of customs activity, the improvement of the effectiveness of which depends on the use of advanced (innovative) technologies. The paper defines the essence of customs activity through the prism of the tasks facing the customs service and the functions they implement. The author presents modern information technologies (services) introduced into the activities of the customs authorities, such as: service CPS ”Semantics”; analysis service based on artificial intelligence of fluoroscopic images obtained using inspection and screening systems; a centralized version of the automated information system of customs (AIS ”AIST-M”) and others. The publication defines the prospects for the use of advanced information technologies in customs activities.

Purpose This paper aims to expose the nature, pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business. In the second part, it is shown why and how the directorship of slaves in private enterprise appeared and what shape it took. Design/methodology/approach By means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author reveals the pattern and mechanism of business through slaves as the primordial form of private enterprise. Findings A comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The origin and advantages of Roman public enterprise acknowledged by the state are brought to light. The way the benefits the corporate status affords were adjusted to a business framework allowed by law is demonstrated. It is just business through slaves that, combining peculium with free administration, secured limited liability for owners and turned the slaves to whom a business was entrusted into a kind of director. This construction enabled masters to become the proprietor of many formally separate enterprises at once, thereby expanding their business into something like a holding. Research limitations/implications The results obtained allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, and economists and managers to better understand the nature of private enterprise and organizational status of those owning and managing it. Practical implications Leaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how to make, within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that show up in full measure evident many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on. Social implications The paper provides an instructive model of conciliation of interests (social “compromise”). “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were held subject to proprietors but within legally regulated relations with them. The state created incentives for initiative and competent businessmen in subjection to well-offs, to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Originality/value The structure and “engine” of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director” are demonstrated in relief for the first time.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to expose the pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business.Design/methodology/approachBy means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author retraces the background and foundations of business through slave as the initial stage of private enterprise.FindingsA comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The riddle of “unnaturally” dear slaves in Rome (as compared with free labor and slaves in other countries of antiquity) is scrutinized. It is shown that “excessively” high demand for them was largely determined by their institutional worth: thanks todominica potestas, they appeared to be the key organizational resource for expanding private industrial business. The framework of private enterprise securing limited liability for owner and turning “business slave” into a kind of director is brought to light.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this research allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, while economists and managers get an opportunity to better understand its nature and organizational status of those owning and managing it.Practical implicationsLeaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how, remaining within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, to make a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that get evident only many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on.Social implicationsAn instructive model of conciliation of interests is scrutinized. “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were, as well as workers, recruited by coercion and legal regimentation of their relations with proprietors. The polarization of their institutional roles was at the bottom of private enterprise from the very outset. The state created incentives for initiative and competent business men in subjection to well-offs to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Thereby, a kind of social compromise embodied in a novel institution was attained to.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to demonstrate in relief the background and framework of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director.”

Purpose This paper aims to retrace the genesis of private share company in Ancient Rome as one of the greatest innovation in the history of management. Design/methodology/approach Relying on a thorough and systematic analysis of the available historical material, and modern research, the author reconstructs the first known form of private share company and the way it came into being under late Republic and early Empire. Findings The scope of commercial partnerships and bounds preventing them from concentration of capitals are shown. The popular myth of private corporations allegedly existing in Ancient Rome is debunked. The author reveals how existing business elements (union of co-owners, the module “slave – peculium – free administration” from individual enterprise, and the principle of inseparability of joint ownership) had been combined to form private share company. Are demonstrated its chief differences from corporation, and the untenability of attempts to deny the real existence of private share companies in Ancient Rome. By way of summing up, the pattern of innovations is brought into relief. Research limitations/implications The material opens new vistas for historians and allows them to draw an exacter and more comprehensive picture of Roman private entrepreneurship. Experts in management get an opportunity to retrace the background of modern forms of business organizing. A broader circle of researchers may see what the real path of radical novelties – from the need for them to their implementation – is. And altogether, the author’s conclusions provide scholars with a key to understanding breakthrough phenomena of history. Practical implications The results obtained may be used in many courses related to the history of economics, business, management, innovations, etc. Besides, they allow practitioners to discern plainly the origins of new business forms and learn how to make for them or facilitate their growth. Social implications The author's conception of viable novelties sheds light on the processes of social development and modernization. It may serve as an effective instrument in planning reforms and managing them. Originality/value The framework of Roman private share company and many allied issues are investigated for the first time. This type of enterprise is presented as a response to the functional request from private entrepreneurs. That is why the new organizational form, despite its radical nature, proved to be quite efficient, and caught on in business. The author infers from his findings a generalized pattern of innovations able to get integrated into reality.

Purpose The paper aims to present a systematic conceptual analysis of the problem of organizational goal and to reduce the insights into it provided by the main conceptions taken in their development from one to another, to break out of the ruling paradigm and outline a new solution. Design/methodology/approach The study has been carried out from the historical and critical perspective. Findings The paper discovers the logic of the evolution the approaches to organizational goals have undergone and portrays it in a matrix form in the heart of which is the “zigzag effect”: each posterior stage returns to the essential elements rejected by those preceding it, and the last stage, being diametrically opposite to the first, is, at that, as well as the latter, akin to the intermediate stages. The opportunities afforded by the current paradigm have been exhausted and it seems to run to an impasse. Instead, the author suggests a new frame of orientation: organizational goals are closely interknit with personal, but not reducible to them and bear fundamentally transpersonal character, while the mechanism of involving the preferences of individuals and groups in goal-setting is based on the self-contained interests of the organization they pertain to. Research limitations/implications The findings, conclusions and generalizations obtained can serve for a necessary ground to researchers getting deeper into the essence of what bonds organizational life and activity. Practical implications The material empowers practitioners to comprehend the difficulties of framing cohesive goal and find efficient ways to overcome them. It is of value also to the teachers seeking to present a more exact and elaborate view of teleological foundations of management and organization theory. Originality/value Both the conceptual analysis of the evolution of the approaches to organizational goals and the author’s exposition of its logic and vision of their nature are provided for the first time.

By means of theoretical analysis based on the results of previous research, and the relevant historical and factual material, the author outlines a new theory of formation, transformation, and fission of organizational culture. The mechanism that consolidates organizational culture (selection of “right” persons; adjustment to the common cause; and people’s accommodation with each other), the toolkit for renewing it (involvement of the key bearers of the culture to be introduced; elimination of those inconsistent with it; and translation of the proclaimed values to the “pliant mass” ready to get engaged in changes) as well as the nature of cultural ruptures in organizations and the ways out are brought into relief. The paper promotes a better understanding of the dynamics of organizational culture and gives an access to more efficient instruments to manage it.

The HPHT diamond Schottky diode was assembled as a Metal/Intrinsic/p-doped structure betavoltaic cell (BC) with a very thin (1 μm) drift layer and tested under 5–30 keV electron beam irradiation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of the β-radiation energy and the backscattering of electrons on the energy conversion was studied. From the results obtained, it is shown that, the efficiency of the investigated BC increases from 1.01 to 3.75% with the decrease of β-particle energy from 30 to 5 keV due to an increase of the electron beam absorption in a thin drift layer. Maximum efficiency is achieved when the electron beam energy is close to the average β-decay energy of 3H. The BC maximum output power of the 1.6 μW was obtained at an electron beam energy of 15 keV, that matches the β-decay energy of 63Ni. The total BC conversion efficiency at 15 keV electron-beam energy is about 3%. The calculations indicated that a preferable β-source for the diamond based BCs with a thin (1 μm) drift layer is 63Ni. peerReviewed

Many believe that organization is to be depersonalized far as possible. But can it be entirely rid of personal dimension? And should one consider the personal a mere impediment or it may claim also a wholesome part? The author sheds light on the personal “engines” of organizational management and reveals the mechanisms of its influence on the decisions and behavior of both rank and files and higher-ups by scrutinizing the relevant managerial practice and research findings. Are revealed in corpore and presented in a systematic form the factors limiting depersonalization and the intimate features of personality – emotional, volitional, and subliminal – to be brought into play. It is argued that they are not merely requisites for effective management but also fundamental conditions of success in uncertain, diverse, erratic, tangled, and quickly changing environment. Depersonalization not so much raises the level of management as technicalizes it, ousting “pieces” with no need for personal involvement from the system of human relations. They cease to be organizational proper and turn into a technological appendage subject to technical control rather than management. The paper opens a new line of research aimed at discovering the intrapersonal drives as a run-the-organization resource. The findings and conclusions the author has come to is of use to practicioners who can employ them for increasing the effectiveness of their activity as well as to teachers wanting to give a more precise and comprehensive picture of human behavior within the courses of management and organization theory.

This review assesses the therapeutic potential of placebo and nocebo effects in the treatment of narcological disorders. The background of this issue is discussed and the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of the placebo effect are addressed. Use of the placebo effect in psychotherapy is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the therapeutic and ethical aspects of the practical application of the placebo effect, including as part of treatment methods such as placebo therapy, object-oriented psychotherapy, motivational and cognitive behavioral psychotherapy, Antabuse treatment, and psychopharmacotherapy with opioid receptor antagonists. The authors conclude that placebo effects can be used in the treatment of narcological disorders with the aim of increasing efficacy, subject to compliance with the main principles of medical ethics.

Introduction Les residents des EHPAD sont particulierement a risque d’acquisition du SARS-CoV-2 et leurs comorbidites les exposent a des formes graves d’infection COVID-19. Nous avons cherche a decrire puis a identifier les caracteristiques des malades, les facteurs favorisant cette epidemie puis les moyens de controle. Materiels et methodes Une enquete epidemiologique a ete realisee le 20/04 par une equipe d’infectiologues, de geriatres et d’hygienistes dans un EHPAD ou le 1er cas etait diagnostique le 02/03. Le dossier des residents presents du 02/03 au 20/04 a permis de recueillir l’âge, les comorbidites, le statut nutritionnel, le degre de fragilite et la chronologie des symptomes. Tout le personnel a ete interviewe par telephone. Resultats Cinquante-deux (67,5 %) des 76 residents ont developpe des symptomes compatibles avec une infection COVID-19. Le pic epidemique a ete atteint 20 jours apres le premier cas. Les premiers symptomes cliniques les plus frequents etaient une fievre (49 %), une toux seche (29 %), une asthenie (25 %, avec souvent un syndrome de glissement) et une chute (17 %). Il existait un effet significatif service/secteur d’hebergement. La transmission virale s’est faite independamment des fragilites propres a chaque resident par non-respect des mesures barriere. Le taux de mortalite sur la periode de l’etude a ete de 25 %. Les facteurs de risque de mortalite en analyse multivariee en controlant pour l’âge et le sexe etaient la demence [HR : 2,7 ; p = 0,053], la fievre (1er signe) [HR : 2,8, p = 0,034] et la toux (1er signe) [HR : 2,8, p = 0,05]. Cinquante-quatre pour cent (45/84) des membres du personnel ont declare des symptomes compatibles avec une COVID-19 dont 41 salaries et 4 renforts. Quarante-huit pour cent (27/59) des salaries et 15 % (4/27) des renforts ont eu un arret de travail. Dix pour cent (10 residents et un membre du personnel) des 115 personnes testees de facon systematique entre le 9 et le 14 avril avaient une RT-PCR positive sans avoir eu aucun symptome. Conclusion Cette epidemie est caracterisee par une atteinte des soignants (54 %) comme des residents (67,5 %), apres une probable introduction du virus par les soignants. La transmission virale a eu lieu entre soignants, entre residents et entre soignants et residents. La desorganisation des soins et l’absenteisme (encadrement compris) ainsi que les cas asymptomatiques ont favorise la dissemination. L’epidemie a ete jugulee par le renforcement de l’equipe soignante, un encadrement, un support logistique, la mise en place des mesures barrieres, la formation aux pratiques d’hygiene et l’accompagnement par les equipes mobiles de geriatrie et d’hygiene.

An attempt is undertaken to reveal the conceptual grounds of the opposition and resistance to innovations. The origins and evolution of the views on the reception of new ideas, during the last half a century, have been traced, and the conclusion drawn that the social and personal dimensions are usually overemphasized while the mental ones kept in the shadow. Meanwhile, just the latter play the key role in the relation to the new by the community as a whole. Human mind passes anything through the prism of the concepts in which experience is accumulated and consolidated. And new ideas spring out of the same concepts combined otherwise. The conceptual background of the epoch presets the framework and tendencies of the common knowledge that, in its turn, being learned by people, determines the horizon of their mental outlook. Just that horizon turns, ultimately, into a frontier between accessible and inaccessible ideas. The closer an idea approaches to the frontier, the farther it moves from the scope of the contemporaries’ understanding. As to the insights having broken through the horizon, they become “invisible” and “inappreciable” to the overwhelming majority of the contemporaries. These persons are incapable of getting out from the gripe of the common knowledge as the force field of the epoch’s mentality. The revolutionary innovations are doomed to denial and nonacceptance. Their inner charge is incompatible with the conceptual background of the epoch. Nevertheless, albeit rejected, they exert not evident—indirect and marginal—but tectonic influence on knowledge and mentality and render, therethrough, great benefits even to those communities that turn them down.

Introduction La tuberculose maladie en France concerne avant tout les personnes nees a l’etranger avec une forte declaration en Ile-de-France, a Mayotte et en Guyane (source : Sante Publique France). Elle concerne aussi les autres populations precaires des villes comme les sans domiciles fixes et les personnes âgees. Peu de donnees existent en France sur les caracteristiques des tuberculoses maladies survenant en zone rurale. Materiels et methodes Nous avons recense les cas de tuberculose documentee dans notre CHU de 2012 a 2017. Outre les donnees demographiques (dont la region de naissance) et les caracteristiques cliniques, le lieu d’habitation a ete cartographie et categorise en zone rurale isolee (tres faible densite), campagne urbanisee ou grandes unites urbaines > 10 000 emplois. Les 2 dernieres categories ont ete regroupees pour l’analyse. Les differences ont ete testees par un test du Khi2 pour les donnees qualitatives et un test non parametrique pour les donnees quantitatives. Resultats Cent douze cas de tuberculose maladie ont ete repertories dont 66 % (71) en grande unite urbaine, 21 % (22) en zone rurale isolee et 13 % (14) en campagne urbanisee. La region d’origine etait majoritairement francaise (59 % ; 63). Les patients vivants en zone rurale isolee apparaissent peu differents de ceux des zones urbaines : il s’agit principalement d’hommes (63 % [14] versus 58 % [49]), d’âge moyen 56 ans ± 17 (vs 47 ± 24 ; p = 0,09), majoritairement de nationalite francaise (82 % [18] vs 53 % [45] ; p = 0,014). Seuls 4 patients ruraux etaient retraites, les autres etant sans emploi (9), en invalidite (2) ou travailleurs pauvres (6). Le delai entre les premiers symptomes n’etait pas different dans les deux populations (> 3 mois dans 52 et 49 % des cas ; p = 0,6), de meme que le type de tuberculose (pulmonaire : 59 % [13] vs 67 % [57] ; p = 0,5). Le taux de resistance etait de 9 % (2) en zone rurale et de 6 % (5) en zone urbaine (p = 0,6). L’analyse cartographique montre une majorite de cas isoles (13/22) et 2 probables clusters de 4 patients chacun. Conclusion Le milieu rural s’est considerablement modifie ces dernieres annees avec la venue notamment de personnes precaires, travailleurs pauvres ou sans emplois, souvent issues des villes. L’epidemiologie de la tuberculose suit ce changement. Il s’agit maintenant bien moins de reviviscences de tuberculose chez des personnes âgees que de cas survenant dans une population precarisee, avec un risque de transmission au sein de cette population.

The possibility to obtain a more complete and unbiased long-term history of seismic shakings over large territories than is explicitly reported from inhabited localities is discussed in the paper. An approach proposed for this purpose consists in complementing the spatial distribution of the macroseismic effect of earthquakes by calculated intensities at localities where information on felt shakings is absent. The calculated intensity is obtained on the basis of data on the epicentral intensity and location of epicenters provided by earthquake catalogs. This approach is applied to the analysis of the history of seismic shaking in Spain. The calculated intensities are shown to be comparable in accuracy with the ordinary practice of intensity determinations at national seismological centers.

Introduction Le choix de traiter un implant infecte par lavage est d’abord determine par la precocite de l’infection par rapport a l’insertion de la prothese. L’objectif de cette etude est de connaitre le pronostic des infections a S. aureus traitees par lavage et les facteurs de risque associes. Materiels et methodes Etude retrospective multicentrique (4 CHU, 2 CHG). Les patients consecutivement traites par lavage pour infection de prothese orthopedique a S. aureus de 2010 a 2014 etaient eligibles. Etaient inclus les patients ayant des donnees de suivi a deux ans. Les infections ont ete classees en precoce ( 6 mois). L’echec etait defini par le changement de prothese pour des raisons infectieuses, le deces avec des signes infectieux evolutifs, un traitement suppresseur avec des signes infectieux persistants. L’analyse statistique a utilise la methode de Kaplan–Meier et le modele de Cox. Resultats Cent-trente-neuf patients etaient eligibles dont 11 exclus. Au total, 128 patients ont ete analyses (âge moyen 73 ans ± 13 ; hommes : 55,5 % ; 71). Les affections comorbides les plus frequentes etaient l’obesite (30 % ; 38), le diabete (20 % ; 26), l’insuffisance renale (17 % ; 22) et l’immunodepression (16,5 % ; 21). L’infection d’implant concernait la hanche (57 % ; 73), le genou (39 % ; 50), la cheville (2 % ; 3) et l’epaule (2 % ; 2). Le taux d’infection precoce, retardee et tardive etait respectivement de 54 % (69), 22 % (28) et 24 % (31). Les SARM representaient 21 % (27) des infections. Les hemocultures etaient realisees chez 57 % des patients (72) dont 57 % (41) etaient positives. La prise en charge comprenait un changement des pieces mobiles dans 25 % des cas (32) avec une antibiotherapie d’une duree moyenne de 12 semaines ± 6. A un an, 20 % (26) etaient en echec et 2 % (2) ont presente une infection d’implant avec un germe distinct, 8 % (10) patients etaient decedes dont 3 avec une infection evolutive et 10 % (13) etaient sous traitement suppresseurs. A deux ans, 9 % (11) etaient sous traitement suppresseur sans signe infectieux, 2 % (2) sont decedes sans signe infectieux et 1 % (1) a declare une infection par un germe distinct. Le taux de succes a deux ans en analyse de survie a ete estime a 79,8 %. En analyse multivariee, le diabete [OR : 3,5 ± 2 ; p = 0,016), l’absence de rifampicine [OR : 3,2 ± 2 ; p = 0,027] et de facon non significative le SARM [OR : 1,4 ± 1 ; p = 0,5) etaient associes a l’echec a deux ans. Le caractere precoce, retarde ou tardif n’etait pas significativement associe a l’echec. Conclusion Ces premiers resultats suggerent que les infections de protheses orthopediques a S. aureus pourraient etre traitees par lavage quel que soit le delai entre l’insertion de la prothese et l’infection.

The article discusses therapeutic potential of placebo and nocebo effects in treatment of substance use disorders. The authors review the background of the issue, describe neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of placebo effects and demonstrate their impact on psychotherapy of patients with substance use disorders. Attention is drawn to the clinical and ethical issues of practical use of placebo effects including that in terms of placebo-therapy, indirect suggestion psychotherapy, motivational interventions and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, psychotherapy with the use of disulfiram, psychopharmacotherapy with opioid antagonists. The authors conclude that the ethical use of placebo-effects in treatment of substance use disorders may improve its overall efficiency.В статье обзорного характера обсуждается терапевтический потенциал эффектов плацебо и ноцебо в лечении наркологических заболеваний. Описывается предыстория вопроса, раскрываются нейробиологический и психологический механизмы эффекта плацебо. Рассматривается использование эффекта плацебо в ходе психотерапии. Особое внимание обращено на терапевтические и этические аспекты практического использования эффекта плацебо, в том числе в таких методах лечения, как плацебо-терапия, предметно-опосредованная психотерапия, мотивационная и когнитивно-бихевиоральная психотерапия, терапия с использованием антабуса, психофармакотерапия антагонистами опиоидных рецепторов. Сделан вывод о возможности использования эффектов плацебо в лечении наркологических заболеваний с целью повышения его эффективности, но при условии соблюдения основных принципов медицинской этики.В статье обзорного характера обсуждается терапевтический потенциал эффектов плацебо и ноцебо в лечении наркологических заболеваний. Описывается предыстория вопроса, раскрываются нейробиологический и психологический механизмы эффекта плацебо. Рассматривается использование эффекта плацебо в ходе психотерапии. Особое внимание обращено на терапевтические и этические аспекты практического использования эффекта плацебо, в том числе в таких методах лечения, как плацебо-терапия, предметно-опосредованная психотерапия, мотивационная и когнитивно-бихевиоральная психотерапия, терапия с использованием антабуса, психофармакотерапия антагонистами опиоидных рецепторов. Сделан вывод о возможности использования эффектов плацебо в лечении наркологических заболеваний с целью повышения его эффективности, но при условии соблюдения основных принципов медицинской этики.

A quasi-momentum distribution function of light and heavy holes in p-type Ge is found by expanding the field and the collision terms of the kinetic equation in terms of the anisotropy parameter, indicating the degree of non-sphericity of constant energy surfaces, in the zeroth, first, and second order approximation. The above method for solving the kinetic equation enables one to calculate the magnetic field dependence of the Hall coefficient taking into account the complex structure of the valence band of p-Ge and the nature of carrier scattering. The calculated RH/R0 = f(B) dependence is compared with the experimental values obtained on samples with p = 1.7 × 1014 cm−3 having an orientation E ∥ 〈100〉, B ∥ 〈001〉 for T = 77 and 300 K.

Experimental C-U characteristics of one-open-face coaxial detectors are employed in deriving an analytic expression that describes the distributions of ionized impurity bulk charge e(Na – Nd) and electric field E(r) for arbitrary variations of Na – Nd in the detector volume. As an example, e(Na – Nd) = f(r) and E(r) are calculated for a Ge(Li)-detector whose experimental C–U characteristic is approximated by a power law with exponent two. [Russian Text Ignored].

An analytic expression is derived which determines the electric field strength E(r) in the sensitive region of an one-open-face coaxial detector (spheric coaxial detector - SC detector). The cases of no charge in the sensitive region (Na-Nd = 0) and of uniform charge distribution (Na-Nd = = const. ± 0) are considered. The applicability of the expression obtained is confirmed experi-mentally for a model SC detector. The E(r) dependence in SC detectors is shown to be steeper than in coaxial detectors with two open faces (right coaxial detector - RC detector). This de-pendence is found to steepen when approaching the closed face and near it and to be steepest along the cylinder axis. [Russian Text Ignored.]

By solving the kinetic Boltzmann equation, a quasi-momentum distribution function for charge carriers in p-Ge is found taking into account the non-sphericity of the constant energy surfaces of light and heavy hole bands. Account is also taken of the anisotropic carrier scattering by ionized impurities and acoustic lattice vibrations. The magnetic field and temperature dependences of the Hall-factor rH are calculated for fields 0 < B ≦ 5 T and temperatures 77 K ≦ T ≦ = 260 K. The results calculated are compared with measured τH values obtained on oriented p-Ge samples with free carrier concentration p ≈ 1.7 × 1014cm−3. [Russian text ignore.]