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Under controlled conditions of 17-day isolation (Sirius-17 experiment), the protein composition of urine was studied in 6 healthy test volunteers-3 women and 3 men. Collection of samples in the form of a second freely separated morning urine fraction was carried out in the background (seven days before the experiment), as well as 1 day after the end of exposure. Chromatographic-mass-spectrometric semi-quantitative analysis of the protein composition of samples was performed on a system consisting of an Agilent 1100 chromatograph and an LTQ-FT Ultra hybrid mass spectrometer using bioinformatics resources UniProtKB, GeneOntology. An asymptomatic change in the immune defense system of kidney tissue after isolation in a closed hermetic object is associated with a change in the content of 7 proteins that provide functional activity of the TLR tubules of the kidneys - FcRIII, MUC1, Galectin-3, Ficolin-2, APOA1, FLNA, FCGR3A and Clusterin. These proteins are found to be useful biomarkers in the study of physiology and kidney diseases. They can be attributed to candidates for protein markers of the initial stages of impaired recognition by the epithelium of renal tubules of bacteria with known pathogenic potential.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the regulatory and metabolic changes in the circulatory system when simulating microgravity conditions in a five-day dry immersion. These changes reflect the adaptation processes characteristic for the initial stages of a space flight or a short-duration space flight. Studies were conducted with 13 healthy male volunteers aged 21 to 29 years. The assessment of regulatory and metabolic processes in the circulatory system was based on the heart rate variability (HRV) and urine proteomic profile analysis. It was found that the restructuring of hemodynamics during 5 days hypogravity begins with the inclusion of the nervous circuit of regulation, and for manifestations at the body fluids protein composition level and activation of the metabolic regulation, these periods are apparently insufficient. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the metabolic regulation, being evolutionarily ancient and genetically determined, is more stable and requires more time for its pronounced activation when stimulated by extreme life conditions.

Spaceflight (SF) conditions have a significant impact on the functioning of the human cardiovascular system. The endothelium plays an important role in the process of adaptation to SF factors. Therefore, the detection of biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction is necessary for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in changes caused by SFs. For this purpose, the blood plasma proteins of 18 Russian cosmonauts were used for quantitative analysis by liquid chromatography with a UPLC 1290 Infinity chromatograph coupled to an Agilent 6490 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. It was found that a decrease in the circulating plasma volume during the flight followed by the activation of fluid retention at the final stage of flight contributed to the changes in plasma protein concentrations on the first day after landing. We observed a significant increase in the concentration of the S100A9 protein that plays an important role in endothelium functioning and angiogenesis and can serve as a marker of inflammatory reactions. On the first day after landing, the complement system and acute-phase protein concentrations tended to increase, which can adversely affect the functioning of the endothelium.

Mass spectrometry–based proteomics was employed to analyze urine from eight healthy volunteers during a 21-day bed rest (BR) study. The analysis included trypsinolysis in solution prior to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and spectrum processing using the bioinformatic tools. Relying on 221 IPI indices with scores from 24 to 1700, 169 different proteins were identified. Molecular functions, biological processes, and cell components as the loci of certain protein functioning were determined with the help of UniProt-GOA. Associative interactions networks were constructed using BiNGO. There were 14 proteins identified that were functional in the cardiovascular system mostly. They were annotated, and the dynamics of their occurrence throughout the experiment was considered. Grounding on the biological functions of these proteins and an assumption of eligible activation of different biological processes during BR was made.

We performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric study of the urine proteome in 8 healthy volunteers aged between 20 and 44 y.o. who have completed 21-day head-down bed rest. ANDSystem software which builds associative networks was used to identify the urinary proteins functionally related to the endothelium. We identified 7 endothelium-related biological processes, directly linked to 13 urine proteins. We performed manual annotation of the proteins which were the most important in terms of endothelial functions. Analysis of the correlations with biochemical variables revealed a positive correlation between fasting blood glucose and the following urine proteins: albumin, CD44 antigen, endothelial protein C receptor, mucin-1, osteopontin, receptor tyrosine kinase. As well, we found a positive correlation between HOMA-insulin resistance index and the following urine proteins: endothelial protein C receptor and syndecan-4. These results might suggest the involvement of above-mentioned proteins in glucose metabolism and their participation in the response to changes in blood glucose level.

Clinical observation and examination of 12 patients with chronic pyelonephritis (CPN) were performed. The first group (GI) included patients with exacerbation of the disease. In the comparison group (GII)- the same patients after 1.5-3 months after completion of treatment, without clinical manifestations of exacerbation of CPN. Laboratory signs of acute renal damage were not revealed in all examined patients. Additionally, urine was collected in the afternoon after Breakfast, in the form of a freely separated 2nd fraction and its sample preparation, consisting of the stages: recovery, alkylation, protein deposition and proteolysis using trypsin. The resulting polypeptide mixture was separated by liquid chromatography in three repetitions and analyzed on a system consisting of Agilent 1100 chromatograph and ltq-FT ultra hybrid mass spectrometer. A list of proteins was obtained, indicating the number of peptides by which they were identified, and the parameters of its reliability. Most of the information about the obtained proteins was obtained from UniProt databases. Identified and analyzed 10 proteins that differ significantly in occurrence in the clinical group of patients in the period of exacerbation of PN. The appearance of these proteins in urine in 1patients with exacerbation of chronic PH allows us to consider them as potential biomarkers directly associated with inflammation and damage to the epithelial lining of the renal tubules.

Mass spectromy-based proteomics was employed to analyze urine from 8 normal volunteers for a 21-day bedrest study (BR). The analysis included trypsinolysis in solution prior to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and spectra processing using the bioinformatics tools. Relying on 221 IPI-indices with Score from 24 to 1700, 169 different proteins were identified. Molecular functions, biological processes and cell components as the loci of certain protein functioning were determined with the help of UniProt-GOA. Associative interactions networks were constructed using BiNGO. There were 14 proteins identified that are functional in the cardiovascular system mostly. They were annotated and -dynamics of their occurrence throughout the experiment was considered. Grounding on the biological functions of these proteins, an assumption of eligible activation of different biological processes during BR was made.