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Summary Localised prostate-cancer patients treated by brachytherapy (CT, n = 57) or conformal external beam radiotherapy (RTE, n = 47) were followed before, during and after radiotherapy, with serial assays of total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), chromogranin A (CgA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and testosterone. During follow-up (median: 5.3 years), five biological failures, 10 local recurrences and five metastases were recorded. Overall, tPSA and fPSA concentrations were correlated (n = 740), together with nadir tPSA and fPSA concentrations and times to nadir (n = 104), all with p

International audience; Background: The sequence of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG beta varies depending on whether hCG beta is encoded by type I or type II genes. Type II genes are upregulated in trophoblast and cancer but hCG beta can be detected in the serum of nonpregnant women and healthy individuals. We aimed to determine whether monoclonal antibody (mAb) FBT11-II specifically detects hCG beta encoded by type II genes (type II hCG beta). Methods: Competitive inhibition assays with synthetic peptides, immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical studies, type II hCG beta dosing immunoassays and sequencing of CGB genes were performed. Results: Competitive inhibition assays determined that mAb FBT11-II recognizes the type II hCG beta derived peptide. CGB mRNA sequencing of JEG-3 (trophoblastic) and 124 (bladder) cell lines confirmed that JEG-3 expresses type II genes while T24 expresses exclusively type I. FBT11-II only recognizes JEG-expressed hCG beta. Placenta immunohistochemical studies confirmed that type II hCG beta expression is restricted to the syncytiotrophoblast. Immunoassays detected type II hCG beta in serum of patients with either nontrophoblastic cancers or fetal Down syndrome. Conclusion: Type II gene expression can be detected using FBT11-II. This specific recognition could improve the clinical usefulness of assays aimed at either managing aggressive tumors or screening for Down syndrome.

Resume Nous avons etudie les relations entre les concentrations de recepteurs solubles de l'interleukine-2 (R-IL2s) et les caracteristiques cliniques et biologiques, en particulier les taux de lymphocytes, dans un groupe de 80 patientes porteuses de cancer du sein traitees par radiotherapie. Nous n'avons pas trouve de relation significative entre les caracteristiques des patientes et de leur tumeur et les concentrations de R-IL2s mesurees avant la radiotherapie. Nous avons mis en evidence une correlation positive entre les concentrations de R-IL2s, le nombre de lymphocytes et la dose cumulee de radiations. En provoquant une lyse des lymphocytes, les rayonnements ionisants augmentent les concentrations de R-IL2s chez les patientes ayant un nombre normal (> 1,4 G/L) de lymphocytes (mediane 43,2 pM/l [etendue 31,1–126,6 pM/l] a la fin de la radiotherapie contre 36,9 pM/l [etendue 22,1–85,7 pM/l]) avant radiotherapie (p = 0,01). Par ailleurs nous avons note une elevation des concentrations medianes de R-IL2s dans les cancers du sein ayant recidive. En l'absence d'evenement carcinologique la concentration mediane de R-IL2s etait de 36,6 pM/l (etendue 1–169,6 pM/l). En cas de metastases ou de cancer du sein controlateral les medianes etaient respectivement de 41,5 pM/l (etendue 15,6–146 pM/l) et 53,1 pM/l (etendue 36–70,2 pM/l) (p = 0,0002). Dans notre serie qui comprenait une majorite de cancers de stades I et II, les concentrations initiales de R-IL2s n'ont pas de valeur pronostique vis-a-vis des recidives.

Objective To determine the value of serum chromogranin A (CgA), a marker of neuroendocrine differentiation, for monitoring prostate cancer; CgA levels were related to three other tumour markers, i.e. total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), neurone-specific enolase (NSE), and to testosterone, to assess the importance of hormone withdrawal. Patients and methods Serum samples (218) were obtained from 118 patients with prostate cancer, including 111 patients with advanced prostate cancer; 103 presented to our centre for systemic radionuclide therapy of painful skeletal metastases. CgA concentrations were measured using a new immunoradiometric assay (IRMA; Cis Bio International, Gif sur Yvette, France) and a threshold of 70 ng/mL was determined after receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Testosterone was also measured with an IRMA assay; tPSA, PAP and NSE were assayed using the time-resolved amplified cryptate emission. Results Serum marker levels were high in 64% of the patients for CgA, 24% for NSE, 89% for tPSA and 81% for PAP. Patients resistant to endocrine treatments and with elevated tPSA (i.e. hormone-independent) showed increased CgA and NSE in 62% and 29%, respectively. Patients with hormone-dependent prostate cancer (i.e. with a normal tPSA level) had elevated CgA in 59% but no abnormal NSE. All patients of the latter group except one showed clinical progression of their disease. However, the mean (sd) concentrations of CgA in hormone-independent (146) or hormone-dependent (22) patients, at 185.3 (449.1) and 160.9 (293.9) ng/mL, respectively, were not statistically different (P = 0.8, Mann–Whitney U-test). For 30 patients, blood samples were drawn and markers measured before and after systemic radionuclide therapy. There was a significant increase in the CgA and tPSA concentrations after treatment (P = 0.0146 and 0.0025, respectively). Conclusions In association with tPSA, serum CgA appears to be a promising marker for monitoring patients with prostate cancer.

To determine the value of serum chromogranin A (CgA), a marker of neuroendocrine differentiation, for monitoring prostate cancer: CgA levels were related to three other tumour markers, i.e. total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), neurone-specific enolase (NSE), and to testosterone, to assess the importance of hormone withdrawal.Serum samples (218) were obtained from 118 patients with prostate cancer, including 111 patients with advanced prostate cancer: 103 presented to our centre for systemic radionuclide therapy of painful skeletal metastases. CgA concentrations were measured using a new immunoradiometric assay (IRMA: Cis Bio International, Gif sur Yvette, France) and a threshold of 70 ng/mL was determined after receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Testosterone was also measured with an IRMA assay; tPSA, PAP and NSE were assayed using the time-resolved amplified cryptate emission.Serum marker levels were high in 64% of the patients for CgA, 24% for NSE, 89% for tPSA and 81% for PAP. Patients resistant to endocrine treatments and with elevated tPSA (i.e. hormone-independent) showed increased CgA and NSE in 62% and 29%, respectively. Patients with hormone-dependent prostate cancer (i.e. with a normal tPSA level) had elevated CgA in 59% but no abnormal NSE. All patients of the latter group except one showed clinical progression of their disease. However, the mean (SD) concentrations of CgA in hormone-independent (146) or hormone-dependent (22) patients, at 185.3 (449.1) and 160.9 (293.9) ng/mL, respectively, were not statistically different (P=0.8, Mann-Whitney U-test). For 30 patients, blood samples were drawn and markers measured before and after systemic radionuclide therapy. There was a significant increase in the CgA and tPSA concentrations after treatment (P=0.0146 and 0.0025, respectively).In association with tPSA, serum CgA appears to be a promising marker for monitoring patients with prostate cancer.

International audience

National audience; En restreignant l'étude des discours rapportés aux textes historiques voltairiens portant sur l'histoire de France, l'article s'intéresse aux fonctions particulières que l'historien assigne à l'insertion de discours rapportés a priori issus d'un matériau historique largement diffusé par ses prédécesseurs et ses contemporains. Il fait apparaître l'enjeu de la fonction testimoniale appuyée sur un réseau de polémiques implicites qui traversent la matière historique, ainsi que la manipulation sous-jacente présente dans la manière d'écrire l'histoire propre à Voltaire : en révoquant les anciennes " harangues ", et en pratiquant une ascèse de la concision dans ces propres citations, l'historien n'en construit pas moins que les autres une représentation idéologique des acteurs de l'histoire devant lesquels il semblait pourtant s'effacer pour mieux les laisser parler.

International audience

International audience

International audience

Malgré le jugement dépréciatif que Voltaire affichait vis-à-vis l ’anecdote, l ’article souligne l ’importance de la tradition classique de l ’exemplum en ce qui concerne sa manière d’en faire un usage polémique dans ses oeuvres historiques et, davantage encore, dans ses pamphlets, où il fait figure de conte philosophique en miniature.

À partir des notations de Montesquieu dans ses Pensées et de l’examen de quelques-uns de ses contes ou d’histoires, il s’agit de s’interroger sur les rapports de contiguïté, ou au contraire sur leur absence, entre la fiction et l’Histoire.

Repères théoriques et méthodologiques Contexte de l’étude L’équipe étudie des pratiques d’enseignement-apprentissage dans un contexte favorisant l’implication de l’élève et sollicitant de sa part un rôle actif dans les tâches qui lui sont confiées. Ce type de contexte amène à considérer plus particulièrement des situations d’apprentissage dans lesquelles se construisent des connaissances : situations innovantes, spécifiques, qui relèvent par exemple d’un problème pour chercher ou de la condui...