94 results on '"AHNERT, TONI"'
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2. Macroprudential FX regulations: Shifting the snowbanks of FX vulnerability?
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Forbes, Kristin, Friedrich, Christian, and Reinhardt, Dennis
- Published
- 2021
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3. The Economics of Central Bank Digital Currency.
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Ahnert, Toni, Assenmacher, Katrin, Hoffmann, Peter, Leonello, Agnese, Monnet, Cyril, and Porcellacchia, Davide
- Published
- 2024
4. Real Interest Rates, Bank Borrowing, and Fragility.
- Author
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AHNERT, TONI, ANAND, KARTIK, and KÖNIG, PHILIPP JOHANN
- Subjects
BANKING industry ,INTEREST rates ,LIQUIDITY (Economics) ,FINANCE - Abstract
How do real interest rates affect financial fragility? We study this issue in a model where bank borrowing is subject to rollover risk. A bank's optimal borrowing trades off the benefit from investing additional funds into profitable assets with the cost of greater risk of a run by creditors. Changes in the interest rate affect the price and amount of borrowing, which influence bank fragility in opposite directions. Thus, the marginal impact of changes to the interest rate on bank fragility depends on the level of the interest rate. Finally, we derive testable implications that may guide future empirical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Bank runs, portfolio choice, and liquidity provision
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Ahnert, Toni and Elamin, Mahmoud
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- 2020
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- View/download PDF
6. Asset Encumbrance, Bank Funding, and Fragility
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Ahnert, Toni, Anand, Kartik, Gai, Prasanna, and Chapman, James
- Published
- 2019
7. Government Loan Guarantees, Market Liquidity, and Lending Standards.
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Ahnert, Toni and Kuncl, Martin
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT guaranty of loans ,LOANS ,SURETYSHIP & guaranty ,LIQUIDITY (Economics) ,MATURITY (Finance) ,FINANCIAL markets - Abstract
We study third-party loan guarantees in a model in which lenders can screen and sell loans before maturity when in need of liquidity. Loan guarantees improve market liquidity, reduce lending standards, and can have a positive overall welfare effect. Guarantees improve the average quality of nonguaranteed loans traded and thus, the market liquidity of these loans because of selection. This positive pecuniary externality provides a rationale for guarantee subsidies. Our results contribute to a debate about reforming government-sponsored mortgage guarantees by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, suggesting that the excessively high subsidies to these guarantees should be reduced but not completely eliminated. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Essays on financial crises, contagion and macro-prudential regulation
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Ahnert, Toni
- Subjects
332 ,HG Finance - Published
- 2013
9. Information contagion and systemic risk
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Ahnert, Toni and Georg, Co-Pierre
- Published
- 2018
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10. Information Choice and Amplification of Financial Crises
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Ahnert, Toni and Kakhbod, Ali
- Published
- 2017
11. Rollover Risk, Liquidity and Macroprudential Regulation
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AHNERT, TONI
- Published
- 2016
12. Real Interest Rates, Bank Borrowing, and Fragility
- Author
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AHNERT, TONI, primary, ANAND, KARTIK, additional, and KÖNIG, PHILIPP JOHANN, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The Economics of Central Bank Digital Currency
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Assenmacher, Katrin, additional, Hoffmann, Peter, additional, Leonello, Agnese, additional, Monnet, Cyril, additional, and Porcellacchia, Davide, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Does IT Help? Information Technology in Banking and Entrepreneurship
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Doerr, Sebastian, additional, Pierri, Nicola, additional, and Timmer, Yannick, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. CBCD and Financial Stability
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Hoffmann, Peter, additional, Leonello, Agnese, additional, and Porcellacchia, Davide, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. CBDC and Financial Stability
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Hoffmann, Peter, primary, Ahnert, Toni, additional, Leonello, Agnese, additional, and Porcellacchia, Davide, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Macroprudential FX regulations: Shifting the snowbanks of FX vulnerability?
- Author
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Sloan School of Management, Ahnert, Toni, Forbes, Kristin, Friedrich, Christian, Reinhardt, Dennis, Sloan School of Management, Ahnert, Toni, Forbes, Kristin, Friedrich, Christian, and Reinhardt, Dennis
- Abstract
© 2020 We use a new data set on macroprudential foreign exchange (FX) regulations to evaluate their effectiveness and unintended consequences. Our results support the predictions of a model in which banks and markets lend in different currencies, but only banks can screen firm productivity. Regulations significantly reduce bank FX borrowing, and firms respond by increasing FX debt issuance. Moreover, regulations reduce bank sensitivity to exchange rates but are less effective at reducing the sensitivity of the broader economy. Therefore, FX regulations mitigate bank vulnerability to currency fluctuations and the global financial cycle, but appear to partially shift the snowbanks of vulnerability elsewhere.
- Published
- 2022
18. Macroprudential FX Regulations: Shifting the Snowbanks of FX Vulnerability?
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Forbes, Kristin, additional, Friedrich, Christian, additional, and Reinhardt, Dennis, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Government loan guarantees, market liquidity, and lending standards
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Ahnert, Toni and Kuncl, Martin
- Subjects
G28 ,adverse selection ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,Pigouvian subsidy ,G01 ,pecuniaryexternality ,market liquidity ,Mortgage guarantees ,Government Sponsored Enterprises - Abstract
We study third-party loan guarantees in a model in which lenders can screen, learn loan quality over time and can sell loans before maturity when in need of liquidity. Loan guarantees improve market liquidity and reduce lending standards, with a positive overall welfare effect. Guarantees improve the average quality of non-guaranteed loans traded and thus the market liquidity of these loans due to both selection and commitment. Because of this positive pecuniary externality, guarantees are insufficient and should be subsidized. Our results contribute to a debate about reforming government-sponsored mortgage guarantees by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
- Published
- 2022
20. A wake-up call theory of contagion
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni and Bertsch, Christoph
- Subjects
information choice ,financial crises ,financial crisis ,heterogeneous priors ,disagreement ,D82 ,D83 ,F3 ,contagion ,global games ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,G01 ,wake-up call ,bankrun ,fundamental re-assessment - Abstract
We offer a theory of financial c ontagion b ased o n t he i nformation c hoice o f i nvestors after observing a financial crisis e lsewhere. We study global coordination games of regime change in two regions linked by an initially unobserved macro shock. A crisis in region 1 is a wake-up call to investors in region 2. It induces them to reassess the regional fundamental and acquire information about the macro shock. Contagion can occur even after investors learn that region 2 has no ex-post exposure to region 1. We explore normative and testable implications of the model. In particular, our results rationalize evidence about contagious currency crises and bank runs after wake-up calls and provide some guidance for future empirical work.
- Published
- 2022
21. The digital economy, privacy, and CBDC
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Ahnert, Toni, Hoffmann, Peter, and Monnet, Cyril
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D82 ,Central Bank Digital Currency ,Payments ,Privacy ,Digital Platforms ,Financial Intermediation ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,E58 ,E42 ,330 Economics - Abstract
We study a model of financial intermediation, payment choice, and privacy in the digital economy. While digital payments enable merchants to sell goods online, they also reveal information to banks. By contrast, cash guarantees anonymity, but limits distribution to less efficient offline venues. In equilibrium, merchants trade off the efficiency gains from online distribution (with digital payments) and the informational rents from staying anonymous (with cash). The introduction of central bank digital currency (CBDC) raises welfare because it reduces the privacy concerns associated with online distribution. Payment tokens issued by digital platforms crowd out CBDC unless the latter facilitates data-sharing.
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- 2022
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22. The economics of central bank digital currency
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Ahnert, Toni, Assenmacher-Wesche, Katrin, Hoffmann, Peter, Leonello, Agnese, Monnet, Cyril, and Porcellacchia, Davide
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Central Bank Digital Currency ,Digital Money ,Payments ,Financial Stability ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,E58 ,E51 ,E41 ,E52 ,E42 ,Monetary Policy - Abstract
This paper provides a structured overview of the burgeoning literature on the economics of CBDC. We document the economic forces that shape the rise of digital money and review motives for the issuance of CBDC. We then study the implications for the financial system and discuss of a number of policy issues and challenges. While the academic literature broadly echoes policy makers' concerns about bank disintermediation and financial stability risks, it also provides conditions under which such adverse effects may not materialize. We also point to several knowledge gaps that merit further work, including data privacy and the study of end-user preferences for attributes of digital payment methods.
- Published
- 2022
23. Cyber security and ransomware in financial markets
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Ahnert, Toni, Brolley, Michael, Cimon, David, and Riordan, Ryan
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D81 ,G18 ,Payment Clearing and Settlement Systems ,Economic Models ,Financial Stability ,ddc:330 ,D78 ,G21 ,G23 ,Financial System Regulation and Policies ,Financial Services - Abstract
Financial markets face the constant threat of cyber attacks. We develop a principal-agent model of cyber-attacking with fee-paying clients who delegate security decisions to financial platforms. We derive testable implications about clients’ vulnerability to cyber attacks and about the fees charged. We characterize which cyber attacks actors choose. We find that ransomware attacks are more successful than traditional attacks and that platforms underinvest in security when security is unobservable. Regulating security investment (e.g., minimum security standards) or improving transparency (e.g., security ratings) can improve welfare. Our results support regulatory efforts to increase transparency around cyber security and cyber attacks., Les marchés financiers sont confrontés à la menace constante des cyberattaques. Nous avons élaboré un modèle mandant-mandataire pour les cyberattaques dans lequel les clients paient des frais et délèguent les décisions de sécurité à des plateformes financières. Nous déduisons des implications vérifiables sur la vulnérabilité des clients aux cyberattaques et les frais facturés. Nous caractérisons les cyberattaques choisies par les acteurs. Nous constatons que les attaques par rançongiciel sont plus efficaces que les attaques traditionnelles et que les plateformes n’investissent pas suffisamment en sécurité quand le degré de sécurité n’est pas observable. La réglementation (p. ex., adoption de normes de sécurité minimales) ou une meilleure transparence (p. ex., indices de cybersécurité) à l’égard des investissements liés à la sécurité pourrait améliorer le bien-être. Nos résultats viennent conforter les efforts réglementaires en faveur d’une plus grande transparence en matière de cybersécurité et de cyberattaques.
- Published
- 2022
24. Real interest rates, bank borrowing, and fragility
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Anand, Kartik, and König, Philipp Johann
- Subjects
G28 ,bank borrowing ,global games ,ddc:330 ,rollover risk ,fragility ,G21 ,G01 ,real interest rates ,funding liquidity risk channel - Abstract
How do real interest rates affect financial fragility? We study this issue in a model in which bank borrowing is subject to rollover risk. A bank's optimal borrowing trades off the benefit from investing additional funds into profitable assets with the cost of greater risk of a run by bank creditors. Changes in the interest rate affect the price and amount of borrowing, both of which influence bank fragility in opposite directions. Thus, the marginal impact of changes to the interest rate on bank fragility depends on the level of the interest rate. Finally, we derive testable implications that may guide future empirical work.
- Published
- 2022
25. Government Loan Guarantees, Market Liquidity, and Lending Standards
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, primary and Kuncl, Martin, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Real Interest Rates, Bank Borrowing, and Fragility
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Anand, Kartik, additional, and Koenig, Philipp, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The economics of central bank digital currency
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Assenmacher, Katrin, additional, Hoffmann, Peter, additional, Leonello, Agnese, additional, Monnet, Cyril, additional, and Porcellacchia, Davide, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Do You Know Where Your Data Sleeps at Night? Cyber Security and Ransomware in Financial Markets
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Brolley, Michael, additional, Cimon, David A., additional, and Riordan, Ryan, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Anticipated Financial Contagion
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, du Rand, Gideon, additional, and Georg, Co-Pierre, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Digital Economy, Privacy, and CBDC
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Hoffmann, Peter, additional, and Monnet, Cyril, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The digital economy, privacy, and CBDC
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Hoffmann, Peter, primary, Monnet, Cyril, additional, and Ahnert, Toni, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. A Wake-Up Call Theory of Contagion
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Ahnert, Toni, primary and Bertsch, Christoph, additional
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- 2022
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33. A funding liquidity risk channel for monetary policy transmission
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Anand, Kartik, additional, and Koenig, Philipp, additional
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- 2022
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34. Cheap but flighty: A theory of safety-seeking capital flows
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Ahnert, Toni, primary and Perotti, Enrico, additional
- Published
- 2021
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35. Bank Runs, Bank Competition and Opacity
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Ahnert, Toni and Martinez-Miera, David
- Subjects
G28 ,Financial stability ,Competition ,Financial markets ,transparency regulation ,fragility ,opacity ,Financial institutions ,G2 ,global games ,Wholesale funding ,ddc:330 ,entry ,G21 ,bank run ,competition policy ,G01 ,Financial system regulationand policies ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
"How is the stability of the financial sector affected by competition in the deposit market and by banks’ choices about the level of transparency? We propose a model in which both elements interact and influence investors’ withdrawal decisions and banks’ level of distress (that is, the probability banks will default on their debt). The model also shows how measures regulating bank competition and bank transparency affect the stability of the financial sector. Banks face a trade-off when choosing how transparent they should be—that is, how much information they should provide about their investment portfolios. On the one hand, greater transparency reduces costly investor withdrawals when the bank is solvent because investors have better information about bank returns. On the other hand, greater transparency improves the information of competitors, who are then more likely to enter the market and reduce the value of future bank profits. We show that policies that aim to increase bank competition lead to higher bank deposit rates, increasing both withdrawal incentives and instability. Policies that aim to increase transparency in the banking sector can also increase instability. The reason is that when banks are more transparent, they have incentives to raise their deposit rates—which leads to larger withdrawal incentives and higher levels of distress.", "Comment la concurrence sur le marché des dépôts et les choix des banques quant à leur niveau de transparence influent-ils sur la stabilité du secteur financier? Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel ces deux éléments (concurrence et choix) interagissent et influencent les décisions de retrait des investisseurs ainsi que le niveau de détresse des banques (autrement dit, la probabilité qu’elles ne soient pas en mesure de rembourser leurs dettes). Le modèle montre comment les mesures qui régissent la concurrence et la transparence bancaires ont une incidence sur la stabilité financière. Les banques doivent faire des compromis au moment de déterminer leur niveau de transparence, c’est-à-dire la quantité d’information qu’elles entendent fournir relativement à leurs portefeuilles de placements. D’une part, une grande transparence réduit les retraits coûteux par les investisseurs lorsque la banque est solvable, ceux-ci ayant de meilleurs renseignements sur le rendement des placements de la banque. D’autre part, une grande transparence procure plus d’information aux concurrents, qui sont alors plus susceptibles d’entrer sur le marché et de faire baisser la valeur des bénéfices futurs de la banque. Nous montrons que les politiques visant à accroître la concurrence bancaire font augmenter les taux de rémunération des dépôts, ce qui favorise les retraits et l’instabilité. Les politiques visant à accroître la transparence du secteur bancaire peuvent elles aussi alimenter l’instabilité. Cela s’explique ainsi : lorsque les banques sont plus transparentes, elles sont incitées à augmenter les taux de rémunération des dépôts, ce qui favorise les retraits et hausse le niveau de détresse."
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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36. Does IT Help? Information Technology in Banking and Entrepreneurship
- Author
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Timmer, Yannick, primary, Pierri, Nicola, additional, Ahnert, Toni, additional, and Doerr, Sebastian, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Loan insurance, market liquidity, and lending standards
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni and Kuncl, Martin
- Subjects
HG Finance ,HC Economic History and Conditions - Abstract
We examine loan insurance when lenders can screen at origination, learn loan quality over time, and can sell loans in secondary markets. Loan insurance reduces lending standards but improves market liquidity. Lenders with worse screening ability insure, which commits them to not exploiting future private information about loan quality and improves the quality of uninsured loans traded. This externality implies insufficient insurance. A regulator achieves constrained efficiency by (i) guaranteeing a minimum price of uninsured loans to eliminate a welfare-dominated illiquid equilibrium; and (ii) subsidizing loan insurance in the liquid equilibrium. Our results can inform the design of government-sponsored mortgage guarantees.
- Published
- 2020
38. Wake-Up Call Theory of Contagion*.
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni and Bertsch, Christoph
- Subjects
INVESTMENT information ,FINANCIAL crises ,CURRENCY crises ,REGIME change - Abstract
We offer a theory of financial contagion based on the information choice of investors after observing a financial crisis elsewhere. We study global coordination games of regime change in two regions linked by an initially unobserved macro shock. A crisis in region 1 is a wake-up call to investors in region 2. It induces them to reassess the regional fundamental and acquire information about the macro shock. Contagion can occur even after investors learn that region 2 has no ex post exposure to region 1. We explore normative and testable implications of the model. In particular, our results rationalize evidence about contagious currency crises and bank runs after wake-up calls and provide some guidance for future empirical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Trading for Bailouts
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Machado, Caio, and Pereira, Ana Elisa Gonçalves
- Subjects
Financial system regulation and policies ,G18 ,D83 ,G14 ,Financial markets ,ddc:330 ,G12 ,Financial institutions ,Lenderof last resort - Abstract
"In times of high uncertainty, governments often implement interventions such as bailouts to financial institutions. To use public resources efficiently and to avoid major spillovers to the rest of the economy, policy-makers try to identify which institutions should receive assistance. One important source of information is activity in stock markets: high prices generally indicate expected high profits; low prices reflect expected poor performance. With this price information, policy-makers can infer the market’s perception of the financial health of publicly traded companies and whether they need assistance. However, this “learning from the market” has a potential obstacle: some market participants (e.g., large creditors and shareholders) may have special interests in the government intervention. Prices in financial markets may therefore not only reflect overall information about the firm’s financial health but also speculators’ incentives to influence government decisions. We study how the presence of traders who may benefit from a government intervention affects the informativeness of prices in the stock market as well as the incidence and efficiency of bailouts. We propose a theoretical model in which a policy-maker decides whether to provide assistance to a financial institution. The policy-maker tries to collect information about the firm’s financial condition from its stock price. We show under which conditions, and to what extent, the policy-maker can increase the efficiency of interventions by relying on stock market information. Our results indicate that the presence of large traders with high stakes in the government intervention reduces the informativeness of stock prices. Government bailout decisions are therefore less efficient. We also show that a higher cost of implementing bailouts can actually increase welfare. If the policy-maker is more reluctant to intervene, speculators will have less incentive to trade strategically to affect its decisions. The gains in market informativeness can more than compensate for the higher implementation costs. A gradual implementation of bailouts also improves learning from the market.", "En période de forte incertitude, les gouvernements interviennent souvent en adoptant des mesures telles que le renflouement des institutions financières. Pour utiliser efficacement les ressources publiques et éviter des répercussions majeures sur le reste de l’économie, les décideurs tentent d’établir quelles institutions devraient recevoir de l’aide. L’activité sur les marchés boursiers est une importante source d’information : généralement, des cours élevés indiquent qu’on s’attend à des profits considérables, et des cours bas qu’on prévoit un mauvais rendement. À partir de ces renseignements, les décideurs peuvent déduire comment les participants aux marchés perçoivent la santé financière des sociétés cotées en bourse et déterminer si elles ont besoin d’aide. Cependant, cette façon de procéder comporte un obstacle potentiel : l’intervention de l’État peut présenter un intérêt particulier pour certains participants (p. ex., les créanciers et les actionnaires importants). Il est donc possible que les cours sur les marchés financiers ne reflètent pas uniquement l’information existante sur la santé financière des entreprises, mais aussi l’intérêt que pourraient avoir les spéculateurs à influencer les décisions des gouvernements. Nous étudions en quoi la présence d’opérateurs qui pourraient bénéficier d’une intervention de l’État influe sur la valeur informative des cours, de même que sur l’incidence et l’efficience des renflouements. Nous proposons un modèle théorique dans lequel un décideur convient de fournir de l’aide à une institution financière. Il tente de recueillir de l’information sur la situation financière de l’entreprise à partir du cours de ses actions. Nous montrons dans quelles circonstances, et dans quelle mesure, le décideur peut accroître l’efficacité des interventions en se fiant à l’information recueillie sur les marchés boursiers. D’après nos résultats, la présence de gros opérateurs qui ont beaucoup à gagner de l’intervention de l’État réduit la valeur informative des cours des actions. Les décisions de renflouement sont donc moins efficientes. Nous montrons également qu’on coût plus élevé de mise en œuvre des renflouements peut en fait accroître le bon fonctionnement des marchés. Si le décideur est plus réticent à intervenir, les spéculateurs seront moins portés à faire des opérations stratégiques pour influencer les décisions. Les gains du point de vue de la valeur informative des marchés peuvent ainsi largement compenser les coûts de mise en œuvre plus élevés. La valeur informative des marchés est également plus grande si les renflouements sont graduels."
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Loan Insurance, Market Liquidity, and Lending Standards
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni and Kuncl, Martin
- Subjects
G28 ,Financial markets ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,G01 ,Financial institutions ,Financial system regulation andpolicies - Abstract
We examine loan insurance—credit risk transfer upon origination—in a model in which lenders can screen, learn loan quality over time, and can sell loans. Some lenders with low screening ability insure, benefiting from higher market liquidity of insured loans while forgoing the option to exploit future information about loan quality., Nous examinons les contrats d’assurance contre le défaut de paiement – soit le transfert du risque de crédit au moment de l’octroi des prêts – dans un modèle où les prêteurs peuvent sélectionner les emprunteurs, obtenir de l’information sur la qualité des prêts au fil du temps et céder les prêts.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Loan Insurance, Adverse Selection and Screening
- Author
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Kuncl, Martin and Ahnert, Toni
- Subjects
G28 ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,G01 - Abstract
We examine insurance against loan default when lenders can screen in primary markets at a heterogeneous cost and learn loan quality over time. In equilibrium, low-cost lenders screen loans but some high-cost lenders insure them. Insured loans are risk-free and liquid in a secondary market, while uninsured loans are subject to adverse selection. Loan insurance reduces the amount of lemons traded in the secondary market for uninsured loans and improves liquidity and welfare. This pecuniary externality implies insufficient loan insurance in the liquid equilibrium. To achieve constrained efficiency, a regulator (i) guarantees a minimum price in the market for uninsured loans to eliminatea welfare-dominated illiquid equilibrium; and (ii) imposes Pigouvian subsidies on loan insurance in the liquid equilibrium to correct for the externality.
- Published
- 2019
42. Bank Runs, Portfolio Choice, and Liquidity Provision
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni and Elamin, Mahmoud
- Subjects
Financial stability ,Wholesale funding ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,G01 ,Financial institutions - Abstract
After the financial crisis of 2007–09, many jurisdictions introduced new banking regulations to make banks more resilient and less likely to fail. These regulations included tighter limits for the quality and quantity of bank capital and introduced minimum standards for liquidity. But what was the impact of these changes?, À la suite de la crise financière de 2007-2009, de nombreuses administrations ont adopté une nouvelle réglementation bancaire pour rendre les banques plus résilientes et moins susceptibles de faire faillite. Cette réglementation prévoit des limites plus strictes quant à la qualité et à la quantité permises de fonds propres bancaires ainsi que des normes minimales de liquidité. Mais quelle a été l’incidence des changements apportés?
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Asset encumbrance, bank funding and fragility
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Anand, Kartik, Gai, Prasanna, and Chapman, James
- Subjects
HG Finance ,HC Economic History and Conditions - Abstract
We model asset encumbrance by banks subject to rollover risk and study the consequences for fragility, funding costs, and prudential regulation. A bank's privately optimal encumbrance choice balances the benefit of expanding profitable yet illiquid investment, funded by cheap long-term senior secured debt, against the cost of greater fragility from runs on unsecured debt. We derive testable implications about encumbrance ratios. The introduction of deposit insurance or wholesale funding guarantees induces excessive encumbrance and fragility. Ex-ante limits on asset encumbrance or ex-post Pigovian taxes eliminate such risk-shifting incentives. Our results shed light on prudential policies currently pursued in several jurisdictions.
- Published
- 2018
44. Macroprudential FX Regulations: Shifting the Snowbanks of FX Vulnerability?
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Forbes, Kristin, Friedrich, Christian, and Reinhardt, Dennis
- Subjects
G28 ,Financial system regulation and policies ,G15 ,Exchange rates ,ddc:330 ,F32 ,G21 ,F34 ,Financial institutions ,International financial markets - Abstract
Can macroprudential foreign exchange (FX) regulations on banks reduce the financial and macroeconomic vulnerabilities created by borrowing in foreign currency? To evaluate the effectiveness and unintended consequences of macroprudential FX regulations, we develop a parsimonious model of bank and market lending in domestic and foreign currency and derive four predictions. We confirm these predictions using a rich data set of macroprudential FX regulations. These empirical tests show that FX regulations (1) are effective in terms of reducing borrowing in foreign currency by banks; (2) have the unintended consequence of simultaneously causing firms to increase FX debt issuance; (3) reduce the sensitivity of banks to exchange rate movements; but (4) are less effective at reducing the sensitivity of corporates and the broader financial market to exchange rate movements. As a result, FX regulations on banks appear to be successful in mitigating the vulnerability of banks to exchange rate movements and the global financial cycle, but partially shift the snowbank of FX vulnerability to other sectors., La réglementation macroprudentielle des changes applicable aux banques peut-elle réduire les vulnérabilités financières et macroéconomiques découlant des emprunts en devises? Afin d’évaluer l’efficacité et les conséquences imprévues de cette réglementation, nous avons conçu un modèle parcimonieux des opérations de prêt en monnaie nationale et en devises effectuées par les banques et sur les marchés. Ce modèle nous permet de formuler quatre hypothèses, que nous confirmons au moyen d’un riche ensemble de données sur la réglementation macroprudentielle des changes. Ces tests empiriques indiquent que celle-ci : 1) fait baisser les emprunts en devises contractés par les banques, 2) a pour effet inattendu d’augmenter simultanément l’émission de titres d’emprunt en devises par les entreprises, 3) réduit la sensibilité des banques aux fluctuations du taux de change, mais 4) est moins susceptible de réduire celle des sociétés et de l’ensemble des marchés financiers. La réglementation des changes imposée aux banques semble donc réussir à atténuer la vulnérabilité des institutions aux mouvements de change et au cycle financier mondial. Toutefois, elle tend à transférer une partie de la vulnérabilité à ces mouvements vers d’autres secteurs.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Seeking safety
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni and Perotti, Enrico
- Subjects
G2 ,ddc:330 ,Financial institutions - Abstract
The scale of safe assets suggests a structural demand for a safe wealth share beyond transaction and liquidity roles. We study how investors achieve a reference wealth level by combining self-insurance and contingent liquidation of investment. Intermediaries improve upon autarky, insuring investors with poor self-insurance and limiting liquidation. However, delegation creates a conflict in states with residual risk. Demandable debt ensures safety-seeking investors can withdraw to implement a safe outcome, so private safety provision is fragile. Public debt crowds out private credit supply and investment, while deposit insurance crowds them in by reducing liquidation in residual risk states., Le volume d’actifs sûrs donne à penser que leur demande ne découle pas seulement du rôle qu’ils jouent dans les échanges et l’offre de liquidité, mais de raisons structurelles : les investisseurs cherchent à investir une part de leurs avoirs dans des actifs sûrs. Nous analysons la façon dont les investisseurs atteignent un niveau de richesse de référence en combinant auto-assurance et liquidation éventuelle des investissements. Les intermédiaires améliorent la situation d’autarcie en assurant les investisseurs dont l’auto-assurance laisse à désirer et en limitant la liquidation des investissements. Cependant, la délégation entraîne des conflits dans les situations de risque résiduel. La dette exigible permet aux investisseurs à la recherche de sécurité de retirer leurs placements afin d’obtenir des rendements sûrs, donc l’offre privée d’actifs sûrs est fragile. Par ailleurs, la dette publique a un effet d’éviction sur l’offre de crédit et les investissements privés, tandis que l’assurance-dépôts les favorise en réduisant la liquidation dans les situations de risque résiduel.
- Published
- 2018
46. Should Bank Capital Regulation Be Risk Sensitive?
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Chapman, James, and Wilkins, Carolyn A.
- Subjects
G28 ,Financial system regulation and policies ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,Financial institutions ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
We present a simple model of the risk sensitivity of bank capital regulation. A banker funds a project with uninsured deposits and costly capital, where capital resolves a moral hazard problem in the choice of the probability of default. Investors are uninformed about the project’s high or low loss given default, but a regulator receives a noisy signal and imposes minimum capital requirements. We show that the sensitivity of capital regulation to measured risk is non-monotonic. For an inaccurate signal, the regulator pools banker types via risk-insensitive capital requirements. For an accurate signal, the regulator separates types via risk-sensitive capital requirements. For an even more accurate signal, the risk sensitivity of bank capital requirements falls., Nous exposons, à l’aide d’un modèle simple, la sensibilité au risque de la réglementation des fonds propres bancaires. Un banquier finance un projet avec des dépôts non assurés et des fonds propres coûteux à mobiliser, les fonds propres réglant un problème d’aléa moral dans le choix de la probabilité de défaillance. Les investisseurs ne sont pas informés sur la perte élevée ou faible en cas de défaillance associée au projet, mais l’organe de réglementation reçoit un signal bruyant et impose des exigences minimales de fonds propres. Nous montrons que la sensibilité de la réglementation des fonds propres au risque mesuré n’est pas monotone. Dans le cas d’un signal imprécis, l’organe de réglementation regroupe les différents types de banquiers en imposant des exigences de fonds propres insensibles au risque. À l’inverse, lorsque le signal est précis, l’organe de réglementation distingue les différents types en appliquant des exigences de fonds propres sensibles au risque. Enfin, si le signal est encore plus précis, la sensibilité au risque des exigences de fonds propres chute.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Asset Encumbrance, Bank Funding, and Fragility
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, primary, Anand, Kartik, additional, Gai, Prasanna, additional, and Chapman, James, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Information contagion and systemic risk
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni and Georg, Co-Pierre
- Subjects
Financial stability ,education ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,G11 ,G01 ,Financial institutions - Abstract
We examine the effect of ex-post information contagion on the ex-ante level of systemic risk defined as the probability of joint bank default. Because of counterparty risk or common exposures, bad news about one bank reveals valuable information about another bank, triggering information contagion. When banks are subject to common exposures, information contagion induces small adjustments to bank portfolios and therefore increases overall systemic risk. When banks are subject to counterparty risk, by contrast, information contagion induces a large shift toward more prudential portfolios, thereby reducing systemic risk.
- Published
- 2017
49. Asset encumbrance, bank funding and fragility
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Anand, Kartik, Gai, Prasanna, and Chapman, James
- Subjects
G28 ,wholesale funding ,runs ,secured debt ,ddc:330 ,rollover risk ,fragility ,encumbrance surcharges ,G21 ,G01 ,unsecured debt ,encumbrance limits ,asset encumbrance - Abstract
We propose a model of asset encumbrance by banks subject to rollover risk and study the consequences for fragility, funding costs, and prudential regulation. A bank's choice of encumbrance trades off the benefit of expanding profitable investment funded by cheap long-term secured debt against the cost of greater fragility due to unsecured debt runs. We derive several testable implications about privately optimal encumbrance ratios. Deposit insurance or wholesale funding guarantees induce excessive encumbrance and exacerbate fragility. We show how regulations such as explicit limits on encumbrance ratios and revenueneutral Pigouvian taxes can mitigate the risk-shifting incentives of banks.
- Published
- 2017
50. Asset Encumbrance, Bank Funding, and Financial Fragility
- Author
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Ahnert, Toni, Anand, Kartik, Gai, Prasanna, and Chapman, James
- Subjects
G28 ,Financial stability ,guarantees ,Financial institutions ,asset encumbrance ,Financial system ,wholesale funding ,D82 ,covered bonds ,regulation and policies ,rollover risk ,ddc:330 ,G21 ,financial fragility ,G01 - Abstract
The choices banks make for funding mortgages and other business activities have an important effect on how efficiently they provide banking services and how effectively they manage risks to their own business and to the financial system. Canadian banks typically use a broad array of funding sources, including equity, deposits and wholesale funding instruments. Covered bonds are secured senior debt issued by banks. They are claims on originating banks, collateralized by a pool of mortgages that remain on the balance sheet. The pool is ring-fenced (encumbered) and therefore bankruptcy remote. In 2017, covered bonds funded only about 3 per cent of the assets of Canada’s largest banks and 9 per cent of Canadian mortgages. Our research explores implications of covered bond use for regulation. Issuing more covered bonds allows the bank to raise cheap and stable funding for investment (such as residential mortgages). But this comes at the cost of increasing the bank’s fragility, since the bank cannot use these assets to meet withdrawals of unsecured debt. The optimal levels of covered bond use and bank fragility are excessive, since the bank does not account for the effect of encumbrance in the cost of providing the guarantee of unsecured debt (e.g., retail deposits). We show that, to reduce this excessive risk taking and fragility, a limit on the level of asset encumbrance and minimum capital requirements are effective tools for minimizing the incentive for banks to take excessive risk. In addition, increasing the sensitivity of deposit insurance premiums to asset encumbrance levels would be desirable to reduce asset encumbrance levels and, thus, the risk of runs on unsecured debt., Pour financer les prêts hypothécaires et d’autres activités commerciales, les banques font des choix qui peuvent influer fortement sur l’efficacité avec laquelle elles offrent des services bancaires et gèrent les risques pour elles-mêmes et pour le système financier. Les banques canadiennes utilisent généralement une vaste gamme de sources de financement, notamment les capitaux propres, les dépôts et les instruments de financement de gros. Les obligations sécurisées sont des titres de créance de premier rang émis par les banques. Elles constituent des créances sur les banques émettrices et sont garanties par un panier de prêts hypothécaires qui demeurent inscrits au bilan de l’émetteur. Ce panier est cantonné, ou grevé, et se trouve donc à l’abri de la faillite. En 2017, les obligations sécurisées finançaient seulement environ 3 % des actifs des grandes banques et 9 % des prêts hypothécaires au Canada. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous examinons les incidences de l’utilisation des obligations sécurisées sur la réglementation. En émettant davantage d’obligations sécurisées, les banques peuvent accéder à du financement à bon marché et stable à des fins d’investissement (dans des prêts hypothécaires à l’habitation, par exemple). Cette pratique accentue toutefois la fragilité des banques, celles-ci ne pouvant utiliser ces actifs pour combler les retraits de créances non garanties. Les niveaux optimaux d’émission d’obligations sécurisées et de fragilité d’une banque sont excessifs, puisque l’institution ne tient pas compte de l’incidence des charges grevant les actifs dans le coût associé à l’offre d’une garantie sur des créances non garanties (comme les dépôts des particuliers). Notre étude montre que pour réduire cette fragilité et cette prise de risques à outrance, il peut être efficace d’avoir recours au plafonnement du niveau des actifs grevés et à l’établissement d’exigences minimales de fonds propres. Il serait en outre souhaitable que les primes d’assurance facturées sur les dépôts tiennent davantage compte du degré auquel les actifs sont grevés, de façon à abaisser ce degré et, par le fait même, le risque de retraits de créances non garanties.
- Published
- 2016
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