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Background: Tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis (TINU) syndrome is a condition characterized by uveitis with tubulointerstitial nephritis in the absence of another systemic condition. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 16-year-old boy referred to our hospital due to elevated renal function and a 7-day history of unilateral eye congestion. An ophthalmologist made the diagnosis of left eye anterior uveitis. The diagnosis of acute kidney injury was made. A renal biopsy was obtained and showed tubulointerstitial nephritis with granulomatous inflammation and foreign body giant cell reaction. The patient improved after initiating corticosteroid therapy with a tapering dose. Conclusion: TINU syndrome is a rare clinical condition that can present unusually and can be misdiagnosed. Hence, physicians should be familiar with this condition to diagnose it and start proper treatment without delay. The patient should follow up with ophthalmologists, nephrologists, and primary physicians for a better treatment outcome. The outcome is usually excellent with treatment, but some patients may have recurrent uveitis.

The purpose of the study is to determine reliability of true horizontal (TH) plane with Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane in cephalometric measurements.One hundred lateral cephalograms were collected and traced using FACAD software, all cephalometric measurements which included FH plane as reference planes were used in this study. Cephalometric tracing was done with FH plane as reference plane and another set of measurements with TH plane as reference plane was done. Statistical tests were done using independent sampleResults of an independentWithin the limitations of the study, the results show that the FH plane is closest and as reliable as the TH plane. The variation of FH was least for all the parameters assessed.

ObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of identification and/or classification of the stage of cervical vertebrae maturity on lateral cephalograms by neural networks as compared with the ground truth determined by human observers.Materials and MethodsSearch results from four electronic databases (PubMed [MEDLINE], Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) were screened by two independent reviewers, and potentially relevant articles were chosen for full-text evaluation. Articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for data extraction and methodologic assessment by the QUADAS-2 tool.ResultsThe search identified 425 articles across the databases, from which 8 were selected for inclusion. Most publications concerned the development of the models with different input features. Performance of the systems was evaluated against the classifications performed by human observers. The accuracy of the models on the test data ranged from 50% to more than 90%. There were concerns in all studies regarding the risk of bias in the index test and the reference standards. Studies that compared models with other algorithms in machine learning showed better results using neural networks.ConclusionsNeural networks can detect and classify cervical vertebrae maturation stages on lateral cephalograms. However, further studies need to develop robust models using appropriate reference standards that can be generalized to external data.

The trial was focused on assessing the effect of Denosumab in preventing anchorage loss during en-masse anterior retraction and evaluating its effect on the retraction.This was a split-mouth randomized controlled trial. Ten subjects were randomly allocated with equal probability for Denosumab and control interventions in the contralateral quadrants using computer-generated randomization sequence. During the start of retraction, Denosumab (5 mg/0.2 mL) and injectable sterile water were administered locally on the intervention and control sides, respectively. Lateral cephalograms taken during the start of retraction and later in the 3rd and 6th months into retraction were used to evaluate anchorage loss and retraction. Independent sampleIn the maxilla, Denosumab was effective in preventing anchorage loss with aDenosumab was effective in minimizing the anchorage loss in the maxilla without affecting the anterior retraction.Denosumab can be effectively used for reinforcing anchorage in the maxilla during en-masse anterior retraction.

BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to evaluate orthodontic mini-implant placement in the maxillary anterior alveolar region by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 15 patients at a single center in South India. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 15 CBCT scans of orthodontic patients after completion of leveling and aligning stage were included. The thickness of labial alveolar bone, labio-palatal bone, and inter-radicular distance between the maxillary central incisors (U1-U1), maxillary central and lateral incisor (U1-U2), and maxillary lateral incisor and canine (U2-U3) at vertical levels 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm above the interdental cementoenamel junction were measured. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests were done to assess the differences among the groups. An independent t test was done to analyze differences by sex. RESULTS The thickness of cortical bone in the labial region was higher in the U2-U3 site than in the U1-U1 site, at a height of 4 mm. Also, there was a significant difference between 4 mm and 8 mm heights in the U2-U3 region. No significant difference was noted in bone dimensions among men and women and in the labio-palatal bone thickness among the different sites. The inter-radicular distance was the highest between the U2-U3 site, while it was the lowest in the U1-U2 site. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this center showed that when CBCT was used to evaluate orthodontic mini-implant placement in the maxillary anterior alveolar region, the U2-U3 and U1-U1 locations at heights between 6 mm to 8 mm apical to the interdental cementoenamel junction were optimal for placement of the mini-implants.

Introduction: Remitting Seronegative Symmetrical Synovitis with Pitting Edema (RS3PE) is a rare syndrome which was first reported by McCarty et al. in 1985. The association between RS3PE and both benign tumors and cancers has been reported in the literature. Case Presentation: We hereby report a case of RS3PE associated with an early-stage colorectal cancer. A 67-year-old male patient not known to have any medical illness presented to the rheumatology clinic complaining of bilateral joint pain in both ankles for 5 weeks associated with symmetrical feet edema. Laboratory findings showed negative rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP). Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) were high. Ultrasound showed grade II synovitis in both ankles without erosions. The symptoms rapidly resolved with short-term low-dose corticosteroid. Fecal occult blood was requested, and it returned positive. Colonoscopy was done and showed polyploid lesions in transverse colon. The histopathological analysis revealed adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. Conclusion: In conclusion, RS3PE patients should be screened for concomitant malignancy in order to intervene immediately and treat cancer at an early and curable stage. Further studies on screening methods of malignancy in such patients are essential and critical to prevent the devastating complications.

This retrospective two-centre study aimed to evaluate the occlusal outcomes in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery with clear aligners.A retrospective chart review and occlusal outcomes for 15 patients (10 females and five males) with different types of dentofacial deformities in the anteroposterior, vertical and transverse dimensions, who underwent orthognathic surgery in conjunction with clear aligners were evaluated. Weighed Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index scores of the pre-treatment and post-treatment digital models were used to assess initial complexity, final occlusal outcomes and degree of improvement with surgery and clear aligners.The mean post-treatment PAR score was 3.5 ± 2.54, which was a statistically significant improvement from the pre-treatment PAR score of 27.63 ± 12.09, an 87% improvement was achieved. All subcategories of the PAR index showed statistically significant improvement except for midline assessment component.Occlusal outcomes with aligners showed great improvement as indicated with the PAR index scores. Orthognathic surgical cases can be treated efficiently with aligners and future studies should compare occlusal outcomes between orthognathic surgical patients treated with clear aligners and those treated with fixed appliances.

BACKGROUND Early pre-eruptive inclination changes of the first premolar (FP) and its associative changes with canine (C) inclination are important to predict canine impaction. This study aimed to evaluate the mesiodistal root angulation of permanent lateral incisors (LI), canines, and first molars by orthopantomogram dental imaging in 296 children ages 6-14 years at a single center in India. MATERIAL AND METHODS The total number of participants was 296, with equal numbers of boys and girls divided into 4 age groups: 6-8 years, 8-10 years, 10-12 years, and 12-14 years. Angles between lateral incisor, erupting canine, and first pre-premolar with midline were measured on an orthopantomogram (dental imaging which includes all the teeth with TMJ). The angle between the erupting C with LI and erupting C with FP was measured. Pearson's correlation was also evaluated between the movement of the erupting canine with lateral incisor and erupting canine with erupting first premolar. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the angular values of different age groups (P≤0.05). The movements between LI, C, and FP were moderately correlated boys and girls aged 6-12 years. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study showed that in boys and girls aged 6-14 years, eruption of the upper canine tooth was synchronized with eruption of the LI and FP.

Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is a rare phenomenon. To date, there has been some cases reported from countries such as United States, Ecuador, Hong Kong, the Netherlands and Belgium. This case report presents the first case of reinfection from Saudi Arabia, and probably the first dental student to have been re-infected with COVID-19. A 24-year-old male dental student presents with reinfection after a period of three months since he was first infected with COVID-19. The signs and symptoms reported by the patient were similar in both instances, except that he developed fever only at the time of reinfection. The infection and reinfection were confirmed with a RT-PCR test reports. This report highlights how it is necessary to continue to observe all the prescriptions recently indicated in the literature in order to avoid new contagion for all health workers after healed from covid-19 or asymptomatic positive, since as seen sometimes the infection does not ensures complete immunity in 100% of cases.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) typically occurs in the elderly and has a highly variable clinical course. Infectious complications have been known to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in CLL patients. The management of hematological malignancies, including CLL, during the COVID-19 pandemic is challenging. Here we describe two patients with CLL who got infected with SARS-COV-2 as confirmed by positive nasopharyngeal swab PCR. The 1st patient, who was receiving treatment for CLL-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia, was hospitalized with mild COVID-19 symptoms. The 2nd patient, who was on active treatment for CLL, had asymptomatic COVID-19 infection and was not hospitalized. Both patients recovered from COVID-19 without related complications.

This paper presents a novel design and synthesis strategy for smart antibacterial and reinforcement coatings for hand embroidery threads. For the first, time molokhia stem extract was prepared and utilized as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of a uniform narrow-sized dispersion of ZnONPs, with an average size of 10 nm. This was then wrapped with starch chains and coated on hand embroidery threads. The ZnONP size and dispersion were elucidated using microscopic techniques. The tensile strength and antibacterial properties for the developed cotton threads were studied. The new green nanocoatings enhance the tensile strength of hand embroidery threads by 7% and record potential antibacterial behavior. The developed threads inhibit the growth of bacteria and record a clear antibacterial inhibition zone of 8.5 mm compared to zero for the uncoated one. The dispersion and morphology of the nanocoating on the surface cotton threads were investigated using SEM-EDS. The current study affords a green and scalable approach for the new generation of safe and green hand embroidery products.

The oral microbiological environment may be implicated in the corrosion of orthodontic metals. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in orthodontic patients undergoing fixed appliance treatment.Sixty-nine orthodontic and 69 healthy non-orthodontic participants were enrolled in the study. Supragingival and subgingivaloral biofilm were collected and tested for the presence of SRB. The DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 16sRNA Sanger sequencing method was performed from the SRB-positive samples. The sequenced PCR products were analysed and compared with databases to identify the bacterial genus.Amongst 69 orthodontic patients, characteristic black precipitates developed in 14, indicating the presence of iron sulfides which demonstrates the likelihood of SRB. Alternatively, 2 out of 69 showed the presence of SRB in healthy non-orthodontic participants (controls). Desulfovibrio spp was confirmed by analyses of 16sRNA sequencing, which revealed that the SRB prevalence was 20% in the examined participants with orthodontic appliances.The prevalence of SRB was found to be significantly higher amongst orthodontic patients compared to non-orthodontic participants. Presence of stainless steel in the oral environment may have facilitated the colonisation of SRB.

Summary Objective To assess the effect of clear aligners on the speech of patients undergoing orthodontic therapy through a systematic review of the literature. Search methods and selection criteria: The protocol of this systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42021278694. An electronic search of the Scopus, Embase, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases was done for papers published between January 2000 till September 2021. Studies that evaluated speech difficulties in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear aligners using objective and subjective analyses were included. The evaluated primary outcome was speech difficulties. Secondary outcomes were time to adaptation and recovery from speech difficulties. Study quality was assessed based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Handbook guidelines and ROBINS-I tool. Results Two hundred and eighty-three articles were screened to identify seven studies (n = 332 patients) that assessed speech difficulty with aligners, of which two were randomized trials. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity in the study designs. Five studies compared speech difficulty with aligners to fixed appliances. Two studies showed a moderate risk of bias and five studies had a serious risk of bias. Level of evidence was downgraded to low due to the methodological insufficiencies and risk of bias in the studies. All seven studies reported that aligners could influence the clarity and delivery of speech, similar to fixed appliances. Various phonemes were affected including /s/,/z/,/zh/,/sh/,/th/,/ch/ on wearing aligners. Errors in articulation of consonants and sibilants were noted with lisping and speech impairment. These speech difficulties were temporary and most patients recovered in 7–14 days while few patients took 30-60 days to recover. Conclusion The likelihood of speech difficulties appears high with clear aligners. However, patients adapt quickly and speech returns to normal. The results of this review must be interpreted with caution and more well-designed randomized trials examining long-term effects of aligners on speech are indicated. Clinical Significance Orthodontists should counsel patients opting for clear aligner treatment of the potential transient speech difficulties. Registration The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42021278694.

Introduction: Alteration of the centrifugation time and protocol may impact the release of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) scaffolds. The current study purpose was to investigate the released levels of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in standard PRF (S-PRF) and low-speed centrifugation concept known as advanced PRF (A-PRF and A-PRF+). Measurements were done at five times interval over 42 days. The aim was to assess the FGF release and the relation between initial platelet counts and the concentrations of FGF-2 release using the following technique: (1) S-PRF, (2) A-PRF, and (3) A-PRF+. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four blood samples were taken from eight random Saudi Arabian national healthy subjects enrolled in the investigation. Blood samples were processed using S-PRF, A-PRF, and A-PRF+ centrifugation protocols. Protein quantification was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 1, 7, 14, 28, and 42-day intervals. Results and Discussion: A statistically significant difference in the mean of FGF-2 measurement between protocols at the 7th day where both S-PRF and A-PRF were significantly higher than A-PRF+ (P < 0.012). Initial platelets' significant count for S-PRF, A-PRF, and A-PRF+ was on day 1, day 7, and 7th day, respectively. Both protocols S-PRF and A-PRF yielded significantly higher release of the FGF-2 when compared to A-PRF+ in Saudi healthy subjects.

Background: Hernias occur when weak points in the abdominal wall give way and organs emerge from the body cavity. They can develop in the umbilical area, in the groin area or in any other place where there is an operation scar. Groin hernias are the most common type of hernias and are particularly common in men. An inguinal hernia is often noticeable as a protuberance in the groin region. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the prevalence of different hernia types among Saudi population. The study was carried out at universities, hospitals and malls in KSA. Data were collected from patients and general population during a period from May to November 2021. Results: Among the 517 participants; the most frequent age group was 20-30 years [n= 212, 41%] while the least frequent age group was more than 50 years of age [n= 37, 7.2%]; with very close male to female ratio. Furthermore, 120 participants had DM [23.2%], 146 participants were smoking [28.2%] and 57 participants were ex-smokers [11%]. Moreover, 150 participants were suffering from constipation, 104 had cough, 134 perform weight lifting and 65 had previous hernia [the most frequent hernia was umbilical hernia and the least frequent hernia was femoral hernia]. When comparing the risk factors with the presence of hernia, there was no any statistically significant relationships except for the umbilical hernia is statistically significant for females [P = 0.01]. Conclusion: The most common hernia type among the participant was the umbilical hernia and the least common type is the femoral hernia. Moreover, there were no significant hernia risk factors among the participants, except for the female gender, which had a statistically significant relationship with the umbilical hernia.

Background: Hernias occur when weak points in the abdominal wall give way and organs emerge from the body cavity. They can develop in the umbilical area, in the groin area or in any other place where there is an operation scar. Groin hernias are the most common type of hernias and are particularly common in men. An inguinal hernia is often noticeable as a protuberance in the groin region. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study to spot light on the prevalence of different hernia types among Saudi population. The study was carried out at universities, hospitals and malls in KSA. Data were collected from patients and general population during a period from May to November 2021. Results: Among the 517 participants; the most frequent age group was 20-30 years [n= 212, 41%] while the least frequent age group was more than 50 years of age [n= 37, 7.2%]; with very close male to female ratio. Furthermore, 120 participants had DM [23.2%], 146 participants were smoking [28.2%] and 57 participants were ex-smokers [11%]. Moreover, 150 participants were suffering from constipation, 104 had cough, 134 perform weight lifting and 65 had previous hernia [the most frequent hernia was umbilical hernia and the least frequent hernia was femoral hernia]. When comparing the risk factors with the presence of hernia, there was no any statistically significant relationships except for the umbilical hernia is statistically significant for females [P = 0.01]. Conclusion: The most common hernia type among the participant was the umbilical hernia and the least common type is the femoral hernia. Moreover, there were no significant hernia risk factors among the participants, except for the female gender, which had a statistically significant relationship with the umbilical hernia.

Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a tendency to inflame the exocrine glands, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is considered an exclusion criterion for the diagnosis of this condition; however, it is a highly debated topic, mainly because HCV is viewed as a possible etiopathogenic factor in the disease onset. We report a case of a female patient diagnosed with HCV chronic infection with positive serological markers of SjS (anti-Ro and anti-La autoantibodies). She presented with neuropsychiatric manifestations and casual sicca symptoms and was eventually diagnosed with HCV-induced SjS. Initially, the patient developed symptoms that fulfilled the histopathological criteria of primary SjS and co-existence of mixed cryoglobulinemia, which is viewed as an HCV-related marker.

Aim: Orthodontic literature is scant when it comes to microbial corrosion. The oral prevalence of many bacteria which are capable of causing microbial corrosion is reported in the dental literature. The aim of this study is to experimentally determine the corrosive potential of an oral strain of Sulfate-reducing bacteria. Materials and Methods: Stainless steel (SS) bracket, stainless steel archwire, NiTi archwire, Titanium molybdenum (TMA) archwire, and titanium miniscrew were immersed in five media which included Artificial saliva (group I), Sulfate rich artificial saliva (group II), API agar medium specific for SRB (group III), AS + API medium+ bacterial strain (group IV), SRAS+ API medium+ bacterial strain (group V). The materials were then subjected to Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Results: Materials in groups I, II, and III did not show any surface changes whereas materials in groups IV and V which contained the bacteria showed surface changes which were erosive patches suggestive of corrosion. EDX analyses were in line with similar findings. Conclusion: This in vitro study suggested that the oral strain of Sulfate-reducing bacteria was able to induce corrosive changes in the experimental setup.

This piece theorises the limitations of transitioning reflection from individualistic to participatory practice. It addresses the question: what are the challenges of introducing crowd-refl...

The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak around the world has caused public health concerns and changes in peoples’ behaviors and psychological distress. The pandemic impacts on human behavior, emotions, and cognition, leading to diverse reactions in relation to awareness of the disease. However, there is little understanding around the psychological impacts of the pandemic and strategies to overcome this impact. This study aimed to examine individuals’ reactions toward the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to their psychological hardiness, their degree of awareness toward the pandemic, and precautionary measures taken. Individuals living in Saudi Arabia were invited to complete an online questionnaire which included demographic items, psychological responses to the pandemic, awareness of COVID-19, and measures of psychological hardiness. A total of 1272 individuals were recruited into the study, with the majority being female (85%). Results indicated that the average psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the study sample were 75.85%. This indicates that the sample generally has a high level of positive psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The awareness of COVID-19 among Saudi was 91.50%. This indicates a high level of awareness among the study sample.

Fasting Ramadan is known to influence patients’ medication adherence. Data on patients’ behavior to oral anticoagulant (OAC) drug intake during Ramadan is missing. We aimed to determine patient-guided modifications of OAC medication regimen during Ramadan and to evaluate its consequences. A multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected shortly after Ramadan 2019. Participants were patients who fasted Ramadan and who were on long-term anticoagulation. Patient-guided medication changes during Ramadan in comparison to the regular intake schedule before Ramadan were recorded. Modification behavior was compared between twice daily (BID) and once daily (QD) treatment regimens. Rates of hospital admission during Ramadan were determined. We included 808 patients. During Ramadan, 53.1% modified their intake schedule (31.1% adjusted intake time, 13.2% skipped intakes, 2.2% took double dosing). A higher frequency of patient-guided modification was observed in patients on BID regimen compared to QD regimen. During Ramadan, 11.3% of patients were admitted to hospital. Patient-guided modification was a strong predictor for hospital admission. Patient-guided modification of OAC intake during Ramadan is common, particularly in patients on BID regimen. It increases the risk of hospital admission during Ramadan. Planning of OAC intake during Ramadan and patient education on the risk of low adherence are advisable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11239-020-02218-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: Hydrocephalus is a worldwide disorder characterized by abnormal flow or rarely excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid, leading to the widening of the cerebral ventricles system due to the accumulation of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Previous researches have shown that knowledge about the disorder is limited among healthcare providers and the population, affecting attitudes toward patients, as well as patient outcomes. Aim: To investigate healthcare providers and population's knowledge and attitudes towards hydrocephalus in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through an electronic questionnaire. The survey was self-constructed in Arabic and English by the research team and inspired by other awareness questionnaires and validated before use by three experts. Results: There were 444 participants in this study, aged between 17 and 73 years with a mean age of 32.60 ± 10.98. Most of the participants were from the general population (74.8%). More than half of the participants had a bachelor's degree (60.1%). 38.4% of healthcare providers had negative knowledge while 61.6% had positive knowledge. In addition, 82.5% of the general population had negative knowledge, although 17.5% had positive knowledge. Moreover, it was observed that 17.0% of the healthcare providers had a bad attitude while 83.0% had a good attitude. In addition, 60.2% of the general population had a bad attitude, whereas 39.8% had a good attitude. Conclusion: This study revealed that the level of knowledge and attitude towards hydrocephalus among healthcare providers was good on both aspects, while it was poor among the general population.

We examine the impact of oil price shocks on stock market returns in Saudi Arabia using the country-level as well as the industry-level stock market data. We find that the relation between changes in oil prices and equity returns is positive and significant at the country-level and at the industry level. Our results show that oil prices have asymmetric effects on equity returns for 4 out of 15 industrial sectors (e.g., hotel and tourism, insurance, multi-investment, and petrochemicals). These results have significant implications for investors, portfolio managers, policymakers, and corporate finance managers.

The present study uses an amended version of a well-known investment model to investigate the levels of satisfaction and commitment of finance students enrolled on a blended e-learning programme. First, it presents new empirical evidence for the validity of each construct and validates the proposed investment model. Second, it examines whether students’ grade point average (GPA) scores influence their levels of satisfaction and commitment the course. A random sample of 100 undergraduate students enrolled at King Khalid University in Saudi Arabia was surveyed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The proposed investment model was suitable for predicting the levels of student satisfaction and commitment in a blended learning environment, especially finance courses. However, the levels of satisfaction and commitment among students did not reach the proposed cut-off point for high commitment/satisfaction, which implied that levels of student satisfaction and commitment were only in the middle of the range. Specifically, the results showed a significant negative correlation between the level of satisfaction and GPA score, but a significant positive correlation between student commitment and GPA score. The study also highlights areas in which further research and analysis is recommended.

Leadership development can be defined as the “longitudinal process of expanding the capacities of individuals, groups, and organizations to increase their effectiveness in leadership roles and processes”. Leadership is the cornerstone for success in most collaborative institutions. Therefore, the effort spent on leadership development will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the successful delivery of work by such institutions, in multiple different areas. Our understanding of leadership and its development has changed drastically in recent years. This has resulted in the rapid emergence of leadership development programs that focus on both the personal and social qualities and behaviors of already assigned leaders, as well as on the whole chain of prospective leaders or leadership groups, to develop their personal, cognitive and collaborative capabilities.

This review is aiming to discuss the Radiation related risk of imaging. The present review was conducted by searching in Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Science Direct, BMJ journal and Google Scholar for, researches, review articles and reports, published over the past years. Books published on Radiation related risk of imaging. If several studies had similar findings, we randomly selected one or two to avoid repetitive results. Based on findings and results this review found Radiation doses varied significantly between the different types of CT studies. During follow-up, 74 of 178 604 patients were diagnosed with leukemia and 135 of 176 587 patients were diagnosed with brain tumors. We noted a positive association between radiation dose from CT scans and leukemia. Effective radiation doses for whole-body CT and for CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis were calculated using Monte Carlo simulation studies. Keywords: Radiation, risk , imaging