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The unemployment problem, which started to become widespread with the Great Depression of 1929, started to affect the whole world with the increase of globalization. Most of the countries' economies have recently turned to struggling with the unemployment problem and have tried to produce policies in this direction. The problem of youth unemployment, which we can consider within the unemployment problem, has emerged as another issue that needs to be struggled for the national economies. The fact that young people, perhaps the most important factor in the development of countries, cannot be included in the market mechanism and remain idle in the economy has created problems for many economies. This research aims to examine the causes of youth unemployment in developing countries and to present rational and original solutions to these problems in Turkey. In this study based on the literature review, the causes of youth unemployment are elaborated by emphasizing the concept of youth unemployment and the structure of youth unemployment, the structure of youth unemployment in developing countries and Turkey has been examined in the light of data from institutions such as TUIK, International Labor Organization and the World Bank and solution proposals that can be used to combat youth unemployment in Turkey are listed. In terms of accepting the data used as more up-to-date, the fact that it covers the years 2000-2020 and that some countries that can be economically and socially equivalent to Turkey have been selected among the developing countries are the limitations of this study. Considering the data obtained, it has been determined that the share of graduates, especially at the higher education level, among the young unemployed is much higher than the graduates with a lower level of education, and this is due to the education-employment relationship.

In this paper, we reported a 37-year-old man who developed several lymphadenopathies after using the second dose of Pfizer-BioNtech vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The excisional lymph node biopsy showed eosinophil-rich inflammation with micro-abscesses. Although eosinophilic dermatosis and eosinophilic myocarditis have been described previously following COVID-19 vaccinations, eosinophilic lymph node abscess was not reported in the literature. In our case, all lesions were completely recovered with steroid treatment. The patient has been doing well and no recurrence has been observed for six months.

Objectives: It was aimed to compare the rate of insulin resistance (IR) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection with the general population. Materials and Methods: The files of the patients were retrospectively examined. Patients testing for insulin and fasting blood glucose were included. For detecting IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index was used. All patients were divided into 2 groups in terms of HOMA-IR. All data were compared between two groups. The rate of IR was compared with the general population. Results: Forty-seven were female and the mean age was 38. Seventy-one had hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative CHB infection, 44 had CHB and 5 had HBeAg-positive CHB infection. IR was detected in 47 patients. The rates of IR were similar between females and males. The rates of IR was 38% in HBeAg negative CHB infection, 36.4% in CHB and 80% in HBeAg positive CHB infection. The rate of IR in patients with CHB infection was found to be 39% in our study. Conclusion: This study showed higher rate of IR in patients with CHB infection than in the general population and thus these patients should be carefully monitored in terms of the occurrence of IR and diabetes mellitus.

COVID-19 is a viral infection which can present with various clinical manifestations. While it primarily affects the respiratory tract, several other manifestations including skin involvements have been reported. Dermatologic manifestations are uncommon, and its prevalence is not well-known. In COVID-19, there have been two reports of acute genital ulceration to date, and both are female. Here, we report a male patient with COVID-19 complicated by acute genital ulceration in the course of the illness.

COVID-19 is an infection which can present with various clinical manifestations. While it affects respiratory tract primarily, several other manifestations including gastrointestinal involvements have been reported. The prevalence of all gastrointestinal complaints is approximately 17 percent and diarrhea, nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain are the most common symptoms. In COVID-19, acute abdominal pain requiring surgical evaluation and abdominal imaging is uncommon and there is also a lack of knowledge about COVID-19 related gastrointestinal complications. Here, we report a case of mild COVID-19 infection complicated by omental infarction during the course of the illness. © 2021

We aimed to determine the contribution of quantitative HBsAg in differentiating chronic infections from chronic hepatitis in HBeAg negative patients with HBV DNA 2000–20,000 IU/ml. A total of 79 untreated HBeAg negative patients were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on HBV DNA levels: group 1 (HBV DNA ≤ 2000 IU/ml), group 2 (HBV DNA: 2000–20,000 IU/ml) and group 3 (HBV DNA > 20,000 IU/ml). We collected serum from all patients for quantitative HBsAg analysis. We compared serum quantitative HBsAg levels with biochemical parameters, HBV DNA and liver biopsy results. In this study 46 patients were female and the mean age was 42 years. Serum quantitative HBsAg levels were found to be significantly lower in chronic infections compared with chronic hepatitis. There was a positive correlation between quantitative HBsAg and HBV DNA, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), HAI score (histological activity index), fibrosis score and disease stage. The cut-off level of quantitative HBsAg was determined as 4425 IU/ml to differentiate chronic infection from chronic hepatitis. With the test specificity of 95%, we found quantitative HBsAg cut-off values 1026 IU/ml and 20,346 IU/ml for the diagnosis of chronic infection and chronic hepatitis, respectively. Our study suggests that the quantitative HBsAg ≤ 1000 IU/ml limit value might be used for the diagnosis of chronic infection not only in HBV DNA ≤ 2000 IU/ml but also in patients with HBV DNA between 2000–20,000 IU/ml. In addition, antiviral treatment could be considered in patients with quantitative HBsAg > 20,000 IU/ml and HBV DNA > 2000 IU/ml without further examinations such as liver biopsy.

Hepatitis B virus infection is a global problem and causes several liver diseases including acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Though uncommon, some immune mediated extra-hepatic manifestations may develop during the infection. Exudative ascites during HBV infection is one such.

Candidemia is a nosocomial infection mostly found in critically ill patients. Our objectives were to evaluate the change in distribution and resistance profile of Candida spp. isolated from candidemic patients in our intensive care unit over two 5-year periods spanning 15 years and to evaluate the risk factors. Records from the microbiology laboratory were obtained, from January 2004 to December 2008 and from January 2013 to December 2017, retrospectively. Antifungal susceptibility was performed by E-test and evaluated according to EUCAST breakpoints. A total of 210 candidemia cases occurred; 238 Candida spp. were isolated in 197 patients (58.8% male; mean age, 59.2 ± 19.6 years). The most predominant risk factor was central venous catheter use. Species distribution rates were 32%, 28%, 17%, and 11% for C. albicans (n = 76), C. parapsilosis (n = 67), C. glabrata (n = 40), and C. tropicalis (n = 27), respectively. Resistance rate to anidulafungin was high in C. parapsilosis over both periods and increased to 73% in the second period. Fluconazole showed a remarkable decrease for susceptibility in C. parapsilosis (94 to 49%). The prevalence of MDR C. parapsilosis (6%/33%) and C. glabrata (0%/44%) increased in the second period. We observed a predominance of non-albicans Candida spp., with C. parapsilosis being the most frequent and C. glabrata infections presenting with the highest mortality. High level of echinocandin resistance in C. parapsilosis and increasing prevalences of MDR C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata seem emerging challenges in our institution.

balkan, ilker/0000-0002-8977-5931 WOS:000573999000010 Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the etiological, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of adult patients admitted to our hospital with acute hepatitis. Materials and Methods: The patients with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels exceeding 10-fold and appropriately examined for etiology were included in the study The markers for hepatothropic viruses and the others, autoimmune markers and hepatobilian/ultrasound were evaluated. Results: In this study 111 patients were included, 46 (41%) were female and 41.4% of the patients had AH-A, 17.1% had AH-B, 2.7% had AH-C and 6.3% were not found any cause. The mean age was 22.11 +/- 6.05 years in AH-A. The majority of AH-A cases were male with 65%. The mean age was 33.5 +/- 14.78 in AH-B. There was a statistically significant difference between ages of patients with AH-A and AH-B (p=0.004). Conclusion: Since no specific treatment is available for acute viral hepatitis, preventive measures are more significant. The prevalence of AH-A and AH-B have declined in the recent years. It is clear that extensive vaccine policies and improved sanitation help eliminate these diseases. In order to ensure complete elimination of viral hepatitis, it is essential to give due importance to the vaccination in childhood as well as in adults.

Female genital tuberculosis (FG-TB) is an important disease leading to substantial morbidity including infertility and abnormal vaginal bleeding. While the incidence of FG-TB is < 1% in a developed area, its incidence is >1% in developing countries. Due to its subtle presentation, many cases are overlooked and diagnosed incidentally. Accordingly, the actual incidence of FG-TB is unknown. The definitive diagnosis of the disease is based on histopathological or microbiological examination but in most cases, the bacteriological test is overlooked. In addition, there is no specific laboratory or imaging evaluation to distinguish FG-TB from others. The first step in the diagnosis of FG-TB is suspicion of the disease. In the case of infertility, FG-TB should be included in the differential diagnosis in developing countries after excluding other common diseases and tissue biopsy should be sent for not only histopathology but also microbiological investigations.

In this case, we report a patient who developed acute trigeminal neuritis after using a Pfizer-BioNtech vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The patient was completely recovered with steroid treatment.

Abdurrahman Kaya,1 Sibel Yıldız Kaya2 1Department of Infectious Disease, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; 2Department of Infectious Disease, Sungurlu State Hospital, Istanbul, TurkeyCorrespondence: Abdurrahman KayaDepartment of Infectious Disease, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, TurkeyTel +90 506 6113328Email dr.abdkaya@hotmail.com View the original paper by Dr Lensen and colleagues

We investigated the cases with Aeromonas bacteremia in terms of clinical and microbiological characteristics, underlying disease and mortality rates. Patients with positive blood cultures were included in this research. Aeromonas bacteremia was diagnosed as at least one positive blood culture for Aeromonas species. The bacteremia was defined as community origin if the onset was in the community or within 72 hours of hospital admission. The others were considered as nosocomial. All bacteria were defined as Aeromonas with conventional method. Species identification was verified by VITEK system. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were analyzed with the disc diffusion, E-test method or VITEK system. Thirty-three patients were diagnosed with bacteremia due to Aeromonas spp. Hematologic and solid tumors were the leading underlying conditions, followed by cirrhosis. Two patients (6%) had community-acquired infections. Aeromonas hydrophila was the most common isolated bacterium. The crude mortality rate was 36%. 12 patients died and 6 deaths and 4 deaths were detected in patients with bacteremia caused by A. hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria respectively. All strains were resistant to ampicillin and more than 90% of the strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolone, third generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Aeromonas sp. is not a frequent cause of bacteremia however, it may lead to high mortality rates, especially in the immunocompromised hosts and patients with liver cirrhosis. Nosocomial Aeromonas bacteremia is not uncommon in these populations. Broad-spectrum cephalosporins, piperacillin-tazobactam, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems remain as effective antimicrobial agents for therapy of Aeromonas bacteremia.

Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic fatal encephalitis. Although timely administered acyclovir treatment decreases mortality, neuropsychiatric sequelae is still common among survivors. Magnetic resonance imaging is frequently utilized for the diagnosis of HSE, which typically involves temporal lobe(s) and can be mixed with brain tumors involving the same area. Here, we report a case of HSE, who received acyclovir with a delay of 90 days because of presumptive tumor diagnosis and survived with minimal sequelae.

Skull base osteomyelitis is a very rare and life-threatening disease. It has significant mortality and morbidity though appropriate antibiotherapy. Here we report a case of atypical skull base osteomyelitis, which is rarely seen in infectious disease practice, caused by E.coli and Candida albicans in a patient with GAPO syndrome.

Objective Increased glycemic variability (GV) is associated with increased oxidative stress, vascular complications, and mortality in metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes mellitus patients. To investigate the relationship between GV and inflammatory parameters in obese children with insulin resistance (IR) and to elucidate their effects on the development of MS. Methods Fifty obese adolescents with IR were included in the study. All patients underwent anthropometric measurements, body fat analysis, and continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for 24 hours. Serum lipids, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured. GV coefficient (GVC) was calculated using the standard deviation and the average glucose value obtained by CGMS. IR was diagnosed according to the results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). MS was diagnosed according to the modified World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Results Twenty-seven of the patients had MS and the remaining had only IR. Body fat mass, HbA1c, IL-6 levels, and peak insulin levels in the OGTT were significantly higher in the group with MS, but there was no difference in adiponectin levels. GVC was not different between the groups, but GVC significantly positively correlated with homeostasis model of assessment for IR, as well as with fasting, peak, and total insulin levels when all the patients were analyzed, while no significant relation was detected with adiponectin and IL-6 levels. Conclusion This study suggests that GV is not different among obese adolescents with IR and MS. There seems to be a significant association between GV and IR parameters. However, other diagnostic criteria of MS (hypertension and/or dyslipidemia) or elevated IL-6 levels does not cause further increase in GV.

Objective: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus infection is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease in all over the world. The prevalence of CHC is almost 0.5-1% in Turkey. Until recently, pegylated-interferon (PEG IFN) alpha in combination with ribavirin was the main treatment of CHC. The aim of the study was to evaluate the real life data of CHC patients.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the demographical data and treatment responses of patients with CHC who were followed and treated in our clinic between January 2008 and December 2015.Results: A total of 117 patients (67 female and 50 male) with a mean age of 48 (15-65) were included in the study. 105 patients were genotype 1, 3 were genotype 2 and 9 were with genotype 3. The patients were treated with PEG IFN alpha-2a (81/117) or alpha-2b (36/117) combined with ribavirin. We observed sustained virologic response (SVR) in 68% of all genotype 1 patients. While relapse was observed in only 1 patient among those with genotype 2 and 3, SVR was achieved in 11. The rate of SVR was only 42% among patients older than 60 years of age, whereas SVR was achieved in all young patients (range: 15-30). The overall SVR rate was 70%.Conclusion: As CHC can result in long-term complications (cirrhosis, terminal liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma), patients without therapy remain at risk of developing progressive liver disease. Since advanced fibrosis is a predictor for poor prognosis and insufficient therapy outcome, early treatment is required to efficiently cope with this health problem, Although the rates of SVR with direct acting antivirals are very high, starting treatment in early stage could reduce the complications of CHC and transmission of the disease.

We aimed to determine the proportion of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) colonized patients among all inpatients who later developed VRE bacteremia during hospital stay and to identify the risk factors for VRE bacteremia at a tertiary hospital. Patients with positive rectal screening or any clinically significant positive culture results for VRE were included in 1‑year follow-up. Colonization with VRE was defined as a positive culture (rectal, stool, urinary) for VRE without infection and VRE bacteremia was defined as positive blood culture if the signs and symptoms were compatible with infection. To determine the risk factors for VRE bacteremia among VRE colonized patients, a retrospective case control study was performed. The two groups were compared in terms of variables previously defined as risk factors in the literature. Of 947 positive samples, 17 VRE bacteremia were included in the analysis. Cephalosporin use for more than 3 days within 3 months was a significant risk factor for bacteremia (p = 0.008). Prior use of carbapenems was found to be statistically significant for bacteremia (p = 0.007). In multivariate analyses the use of carbapenems and cephalosporins was an independent risk factor for developing bacteremia among VRE colonizers (odds ratio, OR, 6.67; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.30–34; p = 0.022 and OR 4.32, 95% CI 1.23–15; p = 0.022, respectively). A VRE colonization in patients receiving broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems and cephalosporins may result in bacteremia. It is possible to keep mortality at very low levels in VRE bacteremia with effective infection control measures, rapid infectious diseases consultation and rational antimicrobial treatment based on current epidemiological data.

Aims To determine the prevalence of wound infection following cesarean delivery, risk factors, common bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivity. Material-method The study population consisted of 5787 cesarean deliveries. All of the patients received 2 g doses of cephazolin perioperatively for antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients with wound infection who had two doses of 1 g cephazolin postoperatively and who were continued on oral preparations of 500 mg of cephuroxime twice daily for 5 days after hospital discharge were included in Group A. Patients with wound infection whose postoperative antibiotics and antibiotics after discharge were omitted were included in Group B. Patient related variables, gestational age, co-morbidities, cesarean section indications, neonatal intensive care requirements were assessed. Risk factors were evaluated according to the type of the procedure (elective or emergent) and administered antibiotic protocol. Results The incidence of wound infection following cesarean section was 0,37% in elective operations and 5,4% in emergency cases. On the other hand, wound infection rate was found to be 1,35% in antibiotic receiving group (Group A) and 1,12% in the group not receiving antibiotics (Group B). Conclusion Increased rate of wound infections were remarkable in emergency cases and postoperative antibiotics did not have a major impact in reducing the rate of wound infection following cesarean section.

Syphilis is an increasingly common infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Atypical clinical presentations occur that may delay its diagnosis and treatment. Regional enlargement of lymph nodes is seen in both primary and secondary stages. Such lymph nodes very rarely become abscesses. Antibiotics should be administered in this situation; however, if this fails, the lymph nodes should be surgically excised.

Bu arastirmanin temel amaci, ozelde Milli Egitim Bakanligi’na bagli, Proje Okullari (PO)’nda okul mudurlerine verilen “kendi takimini” olusturma uygulamasinin bu okullarda gorev yapan yoneticiler ve ogretmenlerde nasil bir karsilik buldugunu bir ornek olay uzerinden betimlemektir. Genelde ise yonetsel olarak bu uygulamanin, egitim sistemimizde okul yonetim yapi ve isleyisinde yeni bir paradigma degisimi surecine gidisin oncu bir isareti olup olmadigini anlamaya calismaktir. Arastirma; nitel arastirma yontemlerinden, ornek olay yontemi ile yapilmistir. Katilimci seciminde ise amacli ornekleme teknigi kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubu; 2014-2015 Egitim-Ogretim yilinda proje okuluna donusturulen Gaziantep il merkezinde yer alan bir Kiz Anadolu Imam Hatip Lisesi ve bir Fen Lisesi’nde gorev yapan yoneticilerden ve ogretmenlerden olusmustur. Arastirma; 4 yonetici ve 14 ogretmen 18 katilimci ile gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirma; verileri yari yapilandirilmis gorusme formu ile toplanmistir. Yuz-yuze yapilan gorusmelerden ulasilan veriler icerik ve betimsel analize tabii tutularak bulgulara ulasilmistir. Proje Okullarinin yapi ve isleyis modelinin avantajli yonlerinin dezavantajli yonlerine gore daha fazla oldugu ve bu yeni okul yonetim modelinin surdurulebilir olduguna dair bulgulara ulasilmistir. Proje okullarinda okul mudurunun kendi ekibini olusturma yetkisi okul calisanlari arasinda; ekip ruhu duygusunu, ogretim surecinde inisiyatif kullanimini, memnuniyeti, mesleki doyum duzeyini yukseltmis ve bu sonuclarin okulun egitsel basarisini olumlu etkileyecek gibi gorundugunden Proje Okullarina yonelik ogrenci talebini de artirmistir. Arastirma bulgularina dayali olarak arastirmacilara ve uygulayicilara yonelik onerilerde bulunulmustur.

WOS: 000354124400016 PubMed ID: 25959163 Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) status cannot be reliably predicted in anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative individuals who may either have recovered spontaneously or have a false-positive test due to antibody cross-reaction. Investigating T lymphocyte responses in individuals with different HCV status may help understand the cellular immune mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery, treatment response, and chronicity. Objective: We aimed to determine whether anti-HCV positive, HCV-RNA negative individuals are truly spontaneous recoverers from acute HCV infection. Study design: We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay to compare HCV-specific lymphocyte response among anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative individuals, patients with sustained virological response to interferon-gamma/ribavirin treatment, and patients with chronic HCV infection. Results: We found that 83% of anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative individuals without a past medical history of acute icteric hepatitis had an HCV-specific T lymphocyte response in peripheral blood. Lymphocyte responses in these individuals were similar in magnitude to treatment responders unlike patients with chronic HCV whose virus-directed immunity was significantly suppressed. Conclusions: Detection of HCV-specific T lymphocyte responses using ELISPOT is a feasible method to ascertain past asymptomatic acute HCV infection. Office of Scientific Research Projects, Istanbul University [BYPS-1-26/31012007] This study is funded in part by the Office of Scientific Research Projects, Istanbul University (no: BYPS-1-26/31012007).

Fasciolosis is a rare cause of hepatobiliary system infections and caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica. It primarily infects sheeps or goats, and humans are accidental hosts. On laboratory findings, marked eosinophilia is present in most of the cases. Here, we report a case of fasciolosis without eosinophilia who was presented as sepsis and responded to therapy in second dose of triclabendazole. Sepsis like clinical presentation has been reported in few cases. Forty-eight year old female patient presented with high fever, abdominal pain, hypotension and tachycardia. The patient was considered as sepsis secondary to liver abscess, which was demonstrated on the initial abdominal ultrasonography (USG) findings. Therefore, empirical antibiotic therapy was started. Due to failure of the treatment, the image was found to be compatible with fasciolosis on control magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and USG. On detailed anamnesis, history of eating watercress was learned and the diagnosis of fasciolosis was confirmed by serological tests. (Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2014; 38: 131-4)

Prolonged fever presents a challenge for the patient and the physician. Fever with a temperature higher than 38.3°C on several occasions that lasts for at least 3 weeks and lacks a clear diagnosis after 1 week of study in the hospital is called a fever of unknown origin (FUO). More than 200 diseases can cause FUO, and the information gathered from history taking, physical examination, laboratory and imaging studies should be evaluated with care. History taking and physical examination may provide some localizing signs and symptoms pointing toward a diagnosis. Infection, cancers, noninfectious inflammatory diseases and some miscellaneous diseases are the main etiologies, and some patients remain undiagnosed despite investigations. Tuberculosis, lymphoma and adult-onset Still's disease are the main diseases. Fluorodeoxyglucose PET is a promising imaging modality in FUO. Establishing a uniform algorithm for FUO management is difficult. Every patient should be carefully evaluated individually considering the previous FUO management experience.

Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative infection caused by Actinomyces, a branching filamentous gram-positive bacterium that can involve many organs. When the lungs are involved, it is called pulmonary actinomycosis, which may rarely mimic lung cancer radiologically. The differential diagnosis is very difficult by the routine investigation methods and usually requires tissue biopsy. Here, we report a case of pulmonary actinomycosis mimicking lung cancer, which was diagnosed and treated with surgical excision.

Septic arthritis is an emergency disease. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy are important for preventing morbidity. The acromioclavicular joint is very rarely involved in septic arthritis. We report a case with acromioclavicular joint septic arthritis due to Staphylococcus aureus without any risk factor and the treatment of our patient with antibiotics for eight weeks.

The use of microwave ovens has been increasing from day to day and they are used widely to heat and reheat foods in institutions, hospitals and homes. Recent scientific studies in microwave field have shown that thermal inactivation effects of microwave on microorganism can be a new sterilization method in future. In this study, the thermal inactivation of L. monocytogenes in cow milk was observed by means of microwave and conventionally heating. The performance of conventional and microwave heating were compared in this study in terms of thermal inactivation mentioned here. Any superiority of microwave heating was not observed according to conventional heating in terms of thermal inactivation of L. monocytogenes. However, microwave heating has shorter boiling and cooling time conventional heating.

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is an uncommon disorder, characterized by the acute onset of multiple pruritic, small, nonfollicular, sterile, superficial pustules over erythematous and edematous skin. It is frequently caused by medications, mainly antibiotics, and particularly beta-lactams. It is a rare condition that is not well known in infectious disease practice. We report a case of ceftriaxone-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis that presented with the appearance of sepsis. After discontinuation of ceftriaxone, the findings were improved.

Dear Editor, A 38-year-old female patient was admitted with right lower abdominal pain of 4 months duration. On her clinical examination, right lower abdominal tenderness was noted. Complete blood count including the numbers of eosinophils (80/mm3) was normal. Biochemistry was normal. An abdominal MRI showed an 11 × 9 × 5.5 cm sized cystic lesion in the right ovary surrounded by loculated fluid collection with septations (Figure 1). Echinococcal serology was positive (hydatid cyst antibodies by ELISA and indirect hemagglutination test dilutions up to 1/1280 were positive). Pathological examination of the material had a cuticle and germinative membrane of the hydatid cyst and around it chronic nonspecific inflammation leading to the formation of lymphoid follicles was seen. No other organ involvement was detected. Albendazole (10mg/kg/day) was prescribed. The cyst was removed surgically on the 30th day of albendazole treatment. Pathological examination of the cyst was compatible with hydatid cyst. The patient had regular follow-ups, with no recurrence of the cyst. Echinococcal disease is endemic in many countries (1). It involves multiple organs particularly the liver (50-70%) and the lung (20-30%), while primary involvement of the ovary is very rare (2). The liver and spleen cysts can rupture into the peritoneal cavity which is the way of secondary involvement (3). In our case, there were no cysts in other organs. Although ovarian cysts are usually single, this case showed multilocular cysts the treatment is surgical removal and albendazole is recommended before surgery. Figure 1 Pelvic MRI revealed a septated, lobulated and contrast enhancing cystic mass that is hyperintense on T2 and hypointense on T1 FLAIR sequences.

In this study, we investigated the effects of High Voltage Transmission Lines (HVTL) on people who work and live in such areas. The study was carried out on 51 persons from 15 to 50 years of age exposed to electric field. First, we gave out a questionnaire to everybody under investigation. We established that these people most often suffer from headache, irritability, fatigue, stress and shock. Secondly, we determined 23 parameters of their blood serum. The levels of ALP, Na, Cl, total protein, albumin, Group Specific Component, ceruloplasmin and albumin/globulin ratio were found especially significant.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF) on the uterus and ovary of rats.Forty-eight female Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups, one for 50 and the other for 100 days of exposure. Each group was further divided into two groups, one sham exposed (n=12) and the other the experimental group (n=12). The experimental rats were exposed to 50-Hz 1-mT ELFMF for three hours/day for 50 or 100 days. The sham groups of rats were kept under the same circumstances without applying ELFMF. Electron microscopic examination was performed to evaluate the ovaries and uterus.Ultrastructural dissolution, decrease in cell organelles, cavities in cells, heterochromative appearance, and typical structural loss of the nucleus were observed in germinal epithelial cells of the rat ovaries in the 50-days ELFMF exposure group. Ultrastructural alterations in germinal epithelium and tunica albuginea of ovaries, irregularity in nucleus and nucleolus, increase in lipid vacuoles of cell cytoplasm and reduction in organelles were observed in rat ovaries in the 100-days ELFMF exposure group. Similar alterations were observed in uterus. Malondialdehyde concentration (MDA) of the ovaries and uterus increased in rats of the two exposure groups (p0.001).The results of the study showed that 50 and 100 days of exposure to a 1-mT ELFMF can cause alterations at the cellular level and in MDA concentration.

Osteoporosis is a common health problem, especially in the elderly and in women after menopause. Although there are some treatment methods, they impose serious side effects. Recently, the use of an electromagnetic field (EMF) has been a promising candidate for better treatment of osteoporosis. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effects of low-frequency (50 Hz), low-intensity (1 mT), and long-term (6 weeks) EMF on bone loss in ovariectomized rats. We used 18 female albino Wistar rats (8 unexposed and 10 exposed) to assess the effect of EMF. We examined the mineralization and the morphology of the tibia in control and EMF-exposed rats. The cortical thickness of the tibia was increased in EMF-exposed rats (P < 0.002). The levels of Na and K in the tibia were significantly increased in rats exposed to EMF (P < 0.001; P < 0.002, respectively). We also observed an increased blood alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level after EMF exposure (P < 0.05). No significant differences in the levels of Ca, Mg, Li, or creatine were found between the exposed and unexposed groups. Our data support the notion that an EMF may prove to be an effective treatment method for osteoporosis and other abnormalities related to bone loss.