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Background: Facial skin defects following the excision of cutaneous neoplasia may present a reconstruction challenge. The island pedicle flap offers a versatile and dependable tool for reconstruction of a variety of facial defects. The aim was to evaluate our experience with the utility of the island pedicle flap in reconstruction of facial skin defects. Methods: A retrospective assessment on 48 patients was small- to medium-sized facial skin defects were reconstructed with island pedicle flaps. The data was collected between November 2018 and December 2020. The reconstructions were performed in consideration of the relaxed skin tension lines and facial aesthetic unit concept. Results: All defects were successfully covered with island pedicle flaps. The defect sizes varied from 0.2cm2 to 9.5cm2. The outcome for the safety margins were as follows; 4 cases with 0.3 cm margin, 22 cases with 0.4 cm margin, 16 cases with 0.5 cm margin and 6 cases with 0.6 cm margin. Excision margins per pathology were compared to the BAD criteria; with 40 cases meeting the BAD criteria and 8 cases not. For this study, we focussed on two FACE-Q Skin Cancer Module scales. ‘Satisfaction with Facial Appearance’ had a highest score on the scale of 93% satisfaction and 19% of patients scored 71-82% on the scale. Regarding ‘Appraisal of Scar’, 79% of patients rated their outcome 82-100% on the scale. Conclusion: Considering the simplicity and safety of island pedicle flaps, this flap has been proven a reliable and a valuable tool.

Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Whilst playing a vital role in medication supply and patient education, exposure to the pandemic demands and prolonged stressors increase their risk of burnout.Using the Job Demands-Resources model, this study aims to understand the factors that led to community pharmacists' burnout and to identify their coping strategies and perceived recommendations on interventions to mitigate burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic.A qualitative phenomenological approach was used with focus groups and interviews of community pharmacists in Qatar who were recruited using purposeful, convenience, and snowballing sampling methods. Interviews were conducted between February and April 2021, were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using thematic analysis methodology, manual inductive and deductive (based on the model) codes from the interviews were used for synthesis of themes. 11 themes emerged from six focus groups, six dyadic interviews and mini focus groups, and four individual interviews with community pharmacists.The contributing factors to community pharmacists' burnout have been identified as practical job demands, and emotional demands including fear of infection. On the other hand, government and workplace-specific resources, personal characteristics such as resiliency and optimism, as well as the implementation of coping strategies, have reduced their stress and burnout.The use of the Job Demands-Resources model was appropriate to identify the contributing factors to community pharmacists' burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on these factors, individual, organizational, and national strategies can be implemented to mitigate burnout in community pharmacists during the pandemic and future emergencies.

Background Transition to digital pathology usually takes months or years to be completed. We were familiarizing ourselves with digital pathology solutions at the time when the COVID-19 outbreak forced us to embark on an abrupt transition to digital pathology. Objective The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe how the abrupt transition to digital pathology might affect the quality of diagnoses, model possible causes by probabilistic modeling, and qualitatively gauge the perception of this abrupt transition. Methods A total of 17 pathologists and residents participated in this study; these participants reviewed 25 additional test cases from the archives and completed a final psychologic survey. For each case, participants performed several different diagnostic tasks, and their results were recorded and compared with the original diagnoses performed using the gold standard method (ie, conventional microscopy). We performed Bayesian data analysis with probabilistic modeling. Results The overall analysis, comprising 1345 different items, resulted in a 9% (117/1345) error rate in using digital slides. The task of differentiating a neoplastic process from a nonneoplastic one accounted for an error rate of 10.7% (42/392), whereas the distinction of a malignant process from a benign one accounted for an error rate of 4.2% (11/258). Apart from residents, senior pathologists generated most discrepancies (7.9%, 13/164). Our model showed that these differences among career levels persisted even after adjusting for other factors. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous findings, emphasizing that the duration of transition (ie, lengthy or abrupt) might not influence the diagnostic performance. Moreover, our findings highlight that senior pathologists may be limited by a digital gap, which may negatively affect their performance with digital pathology. These results can guide the process of digital transition in the field of pathology.

BACKGROUND Transition to digital pathology usually takes months or years to be completed. We were familiarizing ourselves with digital pathology solutions at the time when the COVID-19 outbreak forced us to embark on an abrupt transition to digital pathology. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantitatively describe how the abrupt transition to digital pathology might affect the quality of diagnoses, model possible causes by probabilistic modeling, and qualitatively gauge the perception of this abrupt transition. METHODS A total of 17 pathologists and residents participated in this study; these participants reviewed 25 additional test cases from the archives and completed a final psychologic survey. For each case, participants performed several different diagnostic tasks, and their results were recorded and compared with the original diagnoses performed using the gold standard method (ie, conventional microscopy). We performed Bayesian data analysis with probabilistic modeling. RESULTS The overall analysis, comprising 1345 different items, resulted in a 9% (117/1345) error rate in using digital slides. The task of differentiating a neoplastic process from a nonneoplastic one accounted for an error rate of 10.7% (42/392), whereas the distinction of a malignant process from a benign one accounted for an error rate of 4.2% (11/258). Apart from residents, senior pathologists generated most discrepancies (7.9%, 13/164). Our model showed that these differences among career levels persisted even after adjusting for other factors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are in line with previous findings, emphasizing that the duration of transition (ie, lengthy or abrupt) might not influence the diagnostic performance. Moreover, our findings highlight that senior pathologists may be limited by a digital gap, which may negatively affect their performance with digital pathology. These results can guide the process of digital transition in the field of pathology.

Introduction: QTc interval prolongation leads to serious complications making it a concern for all clinicians. Assessing the risk of QTc interval prolongation, especially in the psychiatric population, can be challenging for pharmacists due to the complexity of regimens in this population and the difficulty in retrieving the needed information for the risk assessment. Guidelines and protocols for QTc prolongation risk assessment may vary among clinicians and few algorithms exist that address the prevention, management or monitoring of drug-induced QTc prolongation in the psychiatric population. Hence, there is a need for a validated comprehensive algorithm that helps clinicians in with the assessment of the risk of QTc prolongation. Aim: The study aims to pilot an educational module that guides experts through an algorithm for the assessment, management and monitoring of drug-induced QTc prolongation in the psychiatric population. Methods: This study involved developing an online education module using Articulate Presenter® to introduce a comprehensive literature-based algorithm to subject-matter experts. The orientation was followed by an anonymous, self-administered survey with quantitative and qualitative components to assess the content validity of the QTc Prolongation Algorithm. Results: Feedback from the first pilot test with faculty members indicated that the module’s interface was crowded. The module was updated accordingly. The results from the second pilot test with cardiologists were that the module provided a thorough explanation of the algorithm steps and rationale. Furthermore, some cardiologists commented that the algorithm was time consuming, however, most supported the implementation of the algorithm saying that it is easy to use, systematic, stepbased and would be helpful if implemented. Conclusion/Future directions: The results show that the module was helpful in introducing cardiologists to the algorithm and that the implementation of the algorithm after minor alterations can prove to be useful as a tool for risk assessment of QTc prolongation

The role of liver biopsy in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been challenged over time by the ability of imaging techniques to characterize liver lesions in patients with known cirrhosis. In fact, in the diagnostic algorithm for this tumor, histology is currently relegated to controversial cases. Furthermore, the risk of complications, such as tumor seeding and bleeding, as well as inadequate sampling have further limited the use of liver biopsy for HCC management. However, there is growing evidence of prognostic and therapeutic information available from microscopic and molecular analysis of HCC and, as the information content of the tissue sample increases, the advantages of liver biopsy might modify the current risk/benefit ratio. We herein review the role and potentiality of liver biopsy in the diagnosis and management of HCC. As the potentiality of precision medicine comes to the management of HCC, it will be crucial to have rapid pathways to define prognosis, and even treatment, by identifying the patients who could most benefit from target-driven therapies. All of the above reasons suggest that the current role of liver biopsy in the management of HCC needs substantial reconsideration.

Hepatic adenoma (HA) is a rare benign disease. Only selected patients require a liver resection: all male patients; female patients with a progressively enlarging nodule or HA >5 cm or β-catenin mutated tumors (especially if β-catenin mutated HA exon 3); symptomatic patients. We performed a review of the literature to analyze the indications and the results of a laparoscopic resection in patients with HA. The number of minimally invasive resections performed for HA reported in the literature has progressively increased in the most recent years. Laparoscopic resection of HA is safe and feasible and carries the same advantages of minimally invasive liver surgery for other diseases. The minimally invasive approach is standard for HA requiring limited resection of antero-lateral segments or left lateral sectionectomy. Laparoscopic complex resections for HA have been reported, but they are still under evaluation and should be reserved to high-volume centers with adequate expertise. A three-step decisional process should be respected. The surgeon should evaluate: firstly, if the patient needs surgery; secondly, which resection is appropriate; thirdly, if a laparoscopic approach is suitable in his/her center. The possibility to perform a laparoscopic resection for HA should not widen indications or modify surgical strategy. Furthermore, the surgeon’s awareness of his/her expertise and learning curve and that of the entire teams’ capabilities is paramount to increase patient safety and optimize outcomes.