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The research was conducted on a sample of 60 respondents, female basketball players aged 14, 15 and 16. The total sample is divided into three subsamples that count 20 female basketball players each. The first subsample includes female basketball players aged 14, the second subsample includes female basketball players aged 15 and the third subsample includes female basketball players aged 16. The subject of study in this research is some specific motor skills in female basketball players aged 14, 15 and 16. The aim is focused at determining intergroup differences in the studied variables. In the research, a total of 6 variables were used to assess specific motor abilities. Based on the obtained results, their interpretation and discussion, it was concluded that in the specific motor variable passing speed with two hands, 16-yearold female basketball players achieve the best results compared to 14- and 15-year-old subjects. In the variable leading between the stands, the best results are achieved by 15-year-old female basketball players. No significant difference was determined in this variable between 14- and 16-year-old female basketball players. In the variable shot at the basket from the free throw line, 16-year-old female basketball players achieve better results than 14- and 15-year-old female basketball players, also 15-year-old female basketball players achieve statistically significantly better results than 14-year-old female basketball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study included total of 15 participants (average age of 17 [± 0.5] [SD +/-] years), within 3 groups ((G1) N=5, (G2) N=5, and (G3) N=5). G1 performed power exercises (traditional set -- with break between sets) (~75-80% 1RM). G2 performed exercises for acceleration/speed and plyometrics (traditional set -- with break between sets). G3 performed exercises for speed / plyometrics / strength with contrast method (supersets- no break between sets). The trainings for all 3 groups were concurrent trainings, followed by regular football training, on the same day. To follow the effect of the program, the participants were tested in 2 tests, maximal speed at 30 meters -[30m] and maximal standing long jump --[Jump]. Friedman Anova (and Post Hoc Frieadman-Nemenyi -Q test) was performed for each group between 3 test points, as well as Kruskal-Wallis Anova for the comparison of differences between groups. The effect size with 90 % CL was evaluated according Field, A. (2017). The G1 group, had no effect on improving the speed (30 m sprint test) in football players (p = 0.07). For G2 group (speed + plyometrics) and G3 (strength + speed + plyometrics), 9 trainings were sufficient to significantly improve the speed (p = 0.01) Only 6 trainings made significant (p = 0.03) transformation of participants explosive strength, in the G2 group. The training of strength (G1) and strength + speed + plyometrics (G3) had a significant transformation (p = 0.01) on explosive strength after 9 supplemental trainings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research tried to discover/find out [1] whether the success of transformation of max muscle power will be just because of the training sessions? Or perhaps [2] the genetic potential of examinees will be important to make bigger and faster transformation of max muscular power. The experimental program was applied within (N) 21 examinees, age of 18-20 years, non-athlete population, for a period of 6 weeks. The programme included exercises for transformation of the maximal strength component of the flexors and extensors muscles on the elbow of the examinees' non-dominant arm (load- 90-95% of one repetition maximum). Three tests for one repetition maximum (flexion+ extension) were performed (program start, 3th and 6th week). Mutation of ACTN3 genotype allele, of the examinees, were analysed, according to establish three types of examinees: (type I) slow-oxidative - XX type/group, (type IIA) fast oxidative/glycolytic RX type/group and (type IIB) fast glycolytic -RR type/group. The three groups of examinees (XX, RR, XR) do not differ in terms of the achievements of one repetition maximum (flexors/extensors) after 3th and after 6th week. The genetic predisposition of the muscle tissue for strength capacities is not always decisive for the transformation of the maximal strength abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to compare the strength and speed capacities at a sample of N=78 subjects, boys (N=42) and separately for girls (N=36) at the age of 15, 16 and 17 years, secondary school students. Three (3) tests were applied for assessment of the strength capacities and one (1) test for the speed assessment. (Push Ups-1 min, Curl Ups -1 min, Trunk Extension, Run 20meter). The results have shown that there is no significant difference between the 3 generations of boys in terms of the system of motor abilities (Wilks' L=0.74; p=0.187; np 2=0.14). Among the girls, there is significant difference between the three generations at level (Wilks' L = 0.497; p=0.01; =0.295). Post-hoc tests of the girls have shown difference in the Curl Ups-1 min tests (p=0.003) between the generations first and second year generations, and Run 20 meter between the girls of first and second year (p=0.004), as well as between the girls of second and third year (p=0.002). It can be concluded that there are differences between the three generations of girls; however, we are unable to confirm with certainty the cause for such differences. It can be established with certainty that the sample of subjects presents lower values at the applied tests compared to a similar population. The recommendations of the authors refer to the following: need for correction in the curricula and the number of weekly classes in physical education in the secondary schools; increased motivation for physical activity among this population of young boys and girls, both on and outside of class activities; monitoring of the motor abilities among the youth in the Republic of North Macedonia; application of similar tests in other schools, comparison of results, development of a national strategy with instructions for development and maintenance of motor abilities among the youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of this study, we have conducted a comprehensive research on 143 male students from the Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health in Skopje, N. Macedonia. Through 17 anthropometric measures, 29 motor tests and 8 helping tests to recognize the psychological characteristics, the structure of three subspaces is analyzed and their relations to the successful technical performance of the element - hip circle bwd (hips touching bar) on the horizontal bar. There are three anthropometric dimensions, eight motor factors and five psychological factors with analysis of the motor placement. A regressive analysis is used to define the relations between the isolated factors. From the used regressive analysis where the anthropometric system, system of motor factors and the system of psychological factors are used as predictors. The main criterion is the performance of the gymnastic element hip circle bwd (hips touching bar) on the horizontal bar while the predictors show important influence on the criterion. Many isolated factors of the three subspaces: morphological, motor and psychological influence the criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most frequently asked questions after the changes in physical and health education of the youngest students is, whether and what effects will be achieved and how much the changes will contribute to the comprehensive and harmonious development of students of this age. A question that is debated not only by experts and competent people, but also by the general public, and we believe it deserves much broader attention, including deeper research analysis, on the basis of which relevant conclusions can be drawn. Current knowledge indicates that teaching is mainly focused on recreational exercise, and the content of the lesson is often based on children's games that are often not aligned with the goals and needs. In the context of all this, we conducted a preliminary research aimed at discovering two important components: the teacher's creativity and willingness to organize and deliver the teaching process and its role in the process of knowledge management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variations of appropriate marker genes define an individual's predisposition to sport performance and body weight. The influence of many genes and their allelic polymorphism on sport performance and obesity has been identified in various studies. In this study we optimised the PCR condition for the amplification of six genes of which two are so called “sports genes", ACE and ACTN3, and four “obesity genes", FTO, PPARγ, FABP2, ADRB3, respectively. DNA was isolated from blood samples using Promega kit. PCR amplifications for all genes were performed in 25 μL final volume with different thermal cycling conditions. One polymorphism can be identified using end point PCR (ACE gene), while in other cases it is necessary to perform Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using appropriate restriction endonucleases. The optimisation of PCR conditions is the first step followed by the molecular characterisation and the correlation analysis of those results with previously measured anthropometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses general structure and dynamics of the sports science research content as obtained from the analysis of 21998 European College of Sport Science abstracts belonging to 12 science topics. The structural analysis showed intertwined multidisciplinary and unifying tendencies structured along horizontal (scope) and vertical (level) axes. Methodological (instrumental and mode of inquiry) integrative tendencies are dominant. Theoretical integrative tendencies are much less detectable along both horizontal and vertical axes. The dynamic analysis of written abstracts text content over the 19 years reveals the contextualizing and guiding role of thematic skeletons of each sports science topic in forming more detailed contingent research ideas and the role of the latter in stabilizing and procreating the former. This circular causality between both hierarchical levels and functioning on separate characteristic time scales is crucial for understanding how stable research traditions self-maintain and self-procreate through innovative contingencies. The structure of sports science continuously rebuilds itself through use and re-use of contingent research ideas. The thematic skeleton ensures its identity and the contingent conceptual sets its flexibility and adaptability to different research or applicative problems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The research was conducted on a sample of 79 participants in order to determine the effects of programmed training process for a period of one academic year, the students of the Sports Basketball Academy in Skopje. In the research there are a total of 16 variables changed of which 7 are for assessment of motor skills and 9 variables for the estimation of specific motor skills. Based on the results we concluded that the applied training programs generally cause positive transfer of the studied skills. The results indicate the need in the further training process to pay special attention to basketball technique with the ball, because it was concluded that in a large number of students-basketball players, was not at the expected level. In the future, the professional teams that carry out the selection of these students -basketball players need to sharpen the criteria for the selection of future students - basketball players at the Sports Academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of implementing the aims of this research, a procedure has been conducted consisting of 68 examinees, i.e. male first-year students from the Faculty of Physical Education in Skopje. A total of 20 manifest motoric variables have been applied on this sample section of examinees, out of which 12 refer to coordination assessment and 8 refer to motoric tests for the assessment of explosive strength. The evaluation of the technical performance of the gymnastic element forward dismount with straddle legs on rings has been executed by 4 qualified referees who are well acquainted with the subject of assessment. Using the method of regressive analysis, the effectiveness of the applied evaluation tests for coordination and explosive strength assessment on the successful performance of the gymnastic element forward dismount with straddle legs has been affirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic basis of complex athletic phenotypes is still poorly understood and difficult to study. The molecular basis of genetic variation related to sport performances resides in both nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Variabilities in skeletal lengths, skeletal breadths, limb circumferences, and bone mass is genetically determined. In nDNA, relevant gene variants include the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), actin 3 (ACTN3), myostatin (MSTN), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinases (PEPCK) and erythropoietin (EPO), among others. Genetic factors account for ~40–60% of the variation in aerobic performance and cardiac function, 50–90% of the variation in anaerobic performance, 30–70% of the variation in muscular fitness, and 20–30% of the variation in muscle dimensions. Adaptive polymorphisms in mtDNA may directly affect maximum performance capacity. Four obligations of professional ethics for the researcher interacting with the application of molecular tools are: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Talent selection is difficult in children although it could guide early exposure to sport-specific training. Recent advances in scientific knowledge and the availability of modern technology could provide an opportunity for the direct genetic selection of athletic talent. Early talent identification and selection is institutionalized for many sports around the world. Although unique combinations of genetic and environmental factors result in elite-level performance, these factors are complicated and generally unpredictable. The question is whether genetic screening techniques are able to identify an innate advantage as part of talent identification programs and is the focus of this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study is determination of cardio-respiratory endurance level and its influence on the manifestation of certain anthropometric and motor differences in 14 years old male pupils. The main sample contains 156 fourteen-year (+ 0.5 year) old male pupils from 15 primary schools from all urban and rural regions in the Republic of Macedonia. For the prediction of cardio respiratory endurance level multistage 20 meters shuttle run test was used (20SRT). According to the success in 20SRT test, using k-means clustering method, there were established three (N/Z-scores means) maximum distinguish groups with low (52/-1.112), average (66/.126) and high (38/1.304) level of cardio respiratory endurance. The anthropometric parameters triceps skin fold thickness, body height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI), as well as 5 motor tests from battery EUROFIT for children (bent arm hang, sit-ups, standing broad jump, shuttle run 10x5 and hand grip dynamometry) was used in the study. The inter-groups differences in all analyzed anthropometric and motor manifestations were obtained with statistical method ANOVA. The obtained results of the study show significant inter-groups differences [F (df1,2) = 2.174; p < .05] in all analyzed variables, except in variables body height and hand grip dynamometry, which indicate that, in this period of adolescence, better level of cardio-respiratory endurance generates higher level in analyzed components of physical fitness and lower level of fat body mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]