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To investigate changes in the interpupillary distance (IPD) after continual instillation of topical prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) in glaucoma patients as an objective indicator of prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy (PAP).Retrospective, comparative case series.A total of 152 institutional patients with glaucoma were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were visual acuities exceeding 10/20 bilaterally and no intraocular surgery during observation. Intervention/observation procedures: First-time bilateral instillation of bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, or tafluprost and IPDs measured by automatic refractometry. IPDs, intraocular pressures (IOPs), and refractive errors were measured before and after continual drug administration (treatment, 2-24 months).Post-treatment changes in IPDs. A total of 61 untreated patients served as controls.The IPDs shortened significantly (P0.001) after treatment (-0.80 ± 2.1 mm); the IPDs of control subjects remained unchanged (0.05 ± 0.96 mm; P = 0.69). The IPD change after bimatoprost instillation (-2.20 ± 0.97 mm) was significantly (P0.001) greater than with other PGAs (-0.65 ± 2.09 mm). The IOPs decreased significantly (P0.001) (-3.7 ± 4.3 mm Hg); the refractive errors did not change significantly (P0.099) (-0.07 ± 0.69 diopter) post-treatment. The percentages of subjects with 2-mm or greater decreases in IPD after bimatoprost, travoprost, latanoprost, or tafluprost were 85.7%, 20.0%, 18.2%, and 17.2%, respectively, and with 3-mm or greater decreases in IPD 35.7%, 12.0%, 14.5%, and 12.1%, respectively. The specificities were 93.4% and 100% in the control group, respectively, with IPD threshold changes of 2 and 3 mm or more, respectively.The IPD decreased significantly after topical PGAs within 24 months. The effect was significantly greater with bimatoprost than with other PGAs. The noninvasive, immediate automatic refractometry measurement may be an objective numerical indicator of PAP.

Background Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is characterized by a ruminal pH depression, and microbiota can also be affected by a higher acidity and/or dietary changes. Previous studies have revealed similar patterns in pH reduction in the rumen and reticulum, whereas changes in reticular pH and bacterial community following a high-grain diet are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in reticular pH and bacterial community structure following a high-grain diet simultaneously with those in the rumen. Results SARA was diagnosed when ruminal and reticular pH remained under 5.6 for 350 ± 14 and 312 ± 24 min/d, respectively, on the last day of the CON period. During the CON period, lower proportion of acetic acid and higher proportion of butyric acid were observed compared with the HAY period. The proportions of acetic acid and propionic acid were lower and higher, respectively, in the rumen compared with the reticulum. From 454 pyrosequencing analysis, the relative abundance of several genera differed significantly between the two periods and the two locations. During the HAY period, higher relative abundances of Prevotella, Eubacterium, Oscillibacter, and Succiniclasticum and lower relative abundances of Ruminococcus, Clostridium, and Olsenella were identified compared with the CON period. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Eubacterium was lower in the rumen compared with the reticulum. Bacterial diversity indices were significantly different between the HAY and CON periods, being higher in the HAY period. The quantitative real-time PCR showed that the copy numbers of several cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus) were higher during the HAY period. Conclusion A high-grain diet showed similar impacts on the pH, fermentation, and bacterial community structure in the rumen and reticulum. During the CON period, ruminal and reticular pH decreased following the high-grain challenge, and lower bacterial diversity and changes in the bacterial composition, similarity, and bacterial copy numbers were observed due to a higher acidity and dietary changes compared with the HAY period. These changes may influence the fermentative ability of the rumen and reticulum. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1637-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We investigated the effect of repeated subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on the pH, fermentative function, and bacterial community in the rumen. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein bulls were fed a high-forage diet for 7 d (HF period) followed by a high-grain diet for 7 d (HG period). Four SARA challenges were carried out consecutively (first, second, third, and fourth challenges). The ruminal pH was measured continuously during the experiment, and rumen fluid samples during the first to fourth challenges were collected at 0800, 1400, and 2000 h on the last days of each feeding period for analysis; volatile fatty acid components, NH3-N, and lactic acid concentrations were measured. Bacterial community structure was analyzed at 0800 h during the first and fourth challenges on the last days of each period. The 24-h mean ruminal pH was decreased during the transition from high-forage to high-grain diet and tended to differ between the HF and HG periods. During the HG period, ruminal pH

Reaction of Cp‘Co(PPh3)2, where Cp‘ = η5-cyclopentadienyl (Cp) or η5-n-hexylcyclopentadienyl (hexCp), with conjugated diacetylenes, RC⋮CAC⋮CR, where A = p-phenylene, p-fluorophenylene, p-2,5-difluorophenylene, or 4,4‘-biphenylene and R = H or Me affords new organometallic polymers, [−C4R2{CoCp‘(PPh3)}−A−]n (1−6) involving linearly π-conjugated chains. The polymers are insoluble when Cp‘ = Cp but soluble in common organic solvents when Cp‘ = hexCp. It is suggested by the results of reactions of (hexCp)Co(PPh3)2 with PhC⋮CH and PhC⋮CMe that stereoregularity favorable to π-conjugation, i.e., connection of cobaltacyclopentadienylene moieties at 2,5 position is higher when R = Me compared to when R = H. The cobaltacyclopentadiene polymers undergo quasi-reversible oxidation and irreversible reduction at low temperatures. The oxidation potential is not significantly changed, but the reduction potential shifts considerably in the positive direction for the polymers compared to monomeric cobaltacyclopentadienes. T...

Reactions of [CpCo(PPh3)2](Cp=η5-cyclopentadienyl) with conjugated diacetylenes were investigated in terms of the synthesis of π-conjugated organometallic polymers. The reaction of an α,β-diyne, PhCCCCPh, gave three geometric isomers of dialkynylcobaltacyclopentadienes, 1a-c, and an insoluble polymeric product, 1d. A 2,4-dialkynyl complex, 2, and a 2,5-dialkynyl complex, 3, were obtained solely from Me3SiCCCCSiMe3 and MeCCCCMe, respectively. 1,1′-Bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-4,4′-biphenyl afforded two isomers of 1,3-dialkynylcyclobutadiene complexes, 4a and 4b. The stability of the one-electron oxidized forms of the cobalacyclopentadiene and cyclobutadiene complexes was examined by cyclic voltammetry.

A π-conjugated organometallic polymer with cobaltacyclopentadiene units was synthesized by successive metallacyclization reactions of diacetylene, 4,4′-diethynylbiphenyl with CpCo(PPh 3 ) 2 . The yield, infrared and UV-VIS spectra, and thermal properties depend on the synthetic conditions such as the mol ratio of the diacetylene to CpCo(PPh 3 ) 2 , solvent and reaction temperature. The electrical conductivity of the Co complex polymer is around 10 −9 S cm −1 at room temperature.

A new π-conjugated organometallic polymer of which framework is in part composed of cobaltacyclopentadienes has been synthesized by a metallacycle formation reaction of CpCo(PPh3)2 with 4,4′-diethynylbiphenyl. The polymer, poly(4,4′-biphenylene 2,5-cobaltacyclopenta-2,4-dienylene) has a strong absorption band around 500 run, and is oxidized at +0.306 V vs. Ag/Ag+ in dichloromethane and reduced at −1.8 V in acetonitrile.

A mathematical model of arc weld pool has been discussed in this paper. In the model analysis, the heat flow in welding is numerically analyzed to estimate the molten pool size, and a surface tensional balance equation for the molten pool is solved numerically to obtain a weld geometry. The model of finite difference, developed in the present work, make it possible to simulate some typical processes such as a thin plate arc welding and a fillet welding of thick plate.

The conformational difference of the title compound ( 1 ) in the solid state and in solution has been investigated by X-ray crystallography and high-field proton n.m.r. spectrometry. In the solid state, compound 1 adopts the 4 C 1 ( d ) conformation ( 1a ), whereas 1 exists preferentially in the 1 C 4 ( d ) conformation ( 1b ) in chloroform solution.