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Se realizó una caracterización socioeconómica, y descripción del sistema productivo de granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) del distrito de Oxapampa en la región Pasco-Perú, y se identificación de necesidades de innovación entre los productores. Se encuestó a 69 agricultores; se entrevistó informantes clave y se extrajeron muestras de suelos para realizar análisis de fertilidad, así como de presencia de hongos y nematodos. Los productores de granadilla trabajan mayormente una parcela propia, cuentan con estudios secundarios, la mayoría cultivan 1.5 hectáreas de granadilla, trabajan con capital propio, cuentan con electricidad e insuficiente cobertura de servicio de desagüe. El nivel tecnológico del manejo del cultivo pasó de básico a medio tras la adopción del emparrado a partir del año 2000, comparado con el sistema tradicional asociado con pacae (Inga feuilleui). La totalidad de los productores adoptó el sistema de conducción de emparrado, el ecotipo colombiano y la selección de frutos por categorías para la comercialización. La aplicación de materia orgánica es eventual y hay un uso general de plaguicidas, no se toma en cuenta el control cultural, etológico y biológico. La mayoría de productores compra plantones sin garantía de calidad. Asimismo, no reciben servicios de extensión en el cultivo. Las principales necesidades de innovación y capacitación son en sanidad y fertilización.

La Sociedad Mexicana de Historia de la Educación ha demostrado un encomiable compromiso con la generación de conocimiento sobre la historia de la educación desde su creación. De particular relevancia resulta mencionar este compromiso en las circunstancias actuales, ya que a pesar de la pandemia por el virus de la COVID-19 y los enormes retos y lamentables pérdidas humanas derivadas de ella, los miembros de la SOMEHIDE han continuado su labor. Así, en noviembre del 2020 llevaron a cabo el XVI Encuentro Internacional de Historia de la Educación “Migraciones, fronteras y reformas educativas” y han logrado mantener sus esfuerzos editoriales publicando el Anuario Mexicano de Historia de la Educación, la colección bibliográfica “Historia de la educación en México” y esta Revista Mexicana de Historia de la Educación de publicación semestral financiada con las cuotas de los miembros de la Sociedad. Aunado a lo anterior la SOMEHIDE ha dado continuidad a los procesos internos de renovación de su mesa directiva y con ello se consolida como la Sociedad representativa de las y los historiadores de la educación de México, una de las más importantes en nuestro continente tanto por su productividad, como por la calidad del trabajo de su membresía.

Objective: This case report presents a case of a rapidly progressive complicated sinus infection in a child with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Methods: Case report with literature review. Results/Case Report: We present a novel case of severe rapidly progressive complicated sinusitis in a 14-year-old African American male diagnosed with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Infection was caused by an aggressive pathogen, Streptococcus intermedius (anginosus), and within 48 hours progressed to orbital, subgaleal, and intracranial abscess, requiring multidisciplinary intervention by ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology. Following surgical intervention and a 4-week course of intravenous antibiotic therapy, the patient had resolution of the infection with no neurologic sequelae. Conclusion: Despite the low incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, physicians should be aware that immunologic changes and the cytokine storm induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can potentially predispose patients to severe bacterial or opportunistic infections. As more cases of MIS-C develop, associated complications can become evident. Similar cases of SARS-CoV-2 and severe bacterial sinusitis have been published in the literature, but it remains unclear if there is an association between SARS-CoV-2 disease and an increased risk of complicated sinusitis in children.

From the early Miocene, the uplift of the Andes Mountains, intense volcanic activity and the occurrence of successive periods of dryness and humidity would have differentially influenced the modification of Altiplano watersheds, and consequently the evolutionary history of the taxa that live there. We analyzed Orestias populations from the Caquena and Lauca Altiplanic sub-basins of northern Chile to determine their genetic differentiation and relationship to their geographical distribution using mitochondrial (D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellite) molecular markers and to reconstruct its biogeographic history on these sub-basins. The results allowed reconstructing and reevaluating the evolutionary history of the genus in the area; genic diversity and differentiation together with different founding genetic groups suggest that Orestias have been spread homogeneously in the study area and would have experienced local disturbances that promoted isolation and diversification in restricted zones of their distribution.

Accurate information on eye position in the orbit is available from visual feedback, efference copy of the oculomotor commands and proprioceptive signals from the extraocular muscles (EOM). Whereas visual feedback and oculomotor commands have been extensively studied, central processing of EOM proprioceptive signals remains to be elucidated. A challenge to the field is to develop an approach to induce passive eye movements without physically contacting the eyes. A novel method was developed to generate passive eye movements in rats. A small rare-earth magnet disk (0.7 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness) was attached to the surface of a rat's eyeball. A metal rod (5 mm diameter) wrapped with an electromagnetic (EM) coil was placed near the magnet (8-15 mm). By passing currents to the EM coil, electromagnetic force (EMF) was generated and acted upon the magnet and induced passive eye movements. The EMF induced well-defined passive eye movements, whose directions were dependent on current polarity and amplitudes and peak velocities were dependent on current intensity and duration. Peak velocities of the EMF-induced eye movements were linearly related to amplitudes, exhibiting main sequence relationships similar to that of saccades in awake rats and eye movements induced by electrical microstimulation of the abducens nucleus in anesthetized rats. Histological examination showed that repetitive EMF stimulations did not appear to result in damages in the EOM fibers. These results validated the EMF approach as a novel tool to investigate EOM proprioceptive signals and their roles in visual localization and gaze control.

To understand measures of frailty among preoperative patients and explain how these can predict perioperative outcomes among patients with head and neck cancer.Retrospective cross-sectional case series with chart review.Academic tertiary medical center.A retrospective review was performed of patients presenting to an academic hospital following a surgical procedure for a head and neck cancer diagnosis. Charts were queried for preoperative medical diagnoses to calculate 2 frailty scores: the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program modified frailty index and the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups frailty index. The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification system was also analyzed as a predictor. Primary outcomes were mortality, 30-day readmission, and length of stay. Perioperative complications and discharge disposition were also evaluated.A total of 410 charts were queried between January 2014 and December 2017. Mortality was 11%; mean ± SD length of stay was 7.4 ± 5.5 days; and the readmission rate was 17%. The modified frailty index score significantly increased the odds of mortality (odds ratio = 1.475, P = .012) and readmission (odds ratio = 1.472, P = .004), the length of stay (relative risk = 1.136, P = .001), and the number of perioperative complications. The American Society of Anesthesiologists classification was also significantly associated with poor outcomes, including readmission, length of stay, and perioperative complications. The Adjusted Clinical Groups index was not a significant predictor of outcomes in this study population.This study demonstrated a significant increase in poor perioperative outcomes and mortality among patients with head and neck cancer and increased frailty, as measured by the modified frailty index.

Organic fertilizers provide important benefits to the soil and therefore to plants, so it is important to evaluate their effects on different crops. In the present study, the effect of seven organic fertilizers and two levels of organic fertilization was evaluated for the variables plant height, dry matter, total nitrogen extraction, total phosphorus extraction and total potassium extraction in Agroceres variety corn as an indicator plant. under greenhouse conditions in Ica, in a completely randomized design. Chicken manure was the best organic source for the variable plant height. Compost treatments were superior for the total nitrogen extraction variable. The manure treatments stood out in the variable total phosphorus extraction. No significant differences were found between organic sources for total potassium extraction or a clear trend for the dry matter variable. Finally, significant differences were found in organic matter levels of 1% and 2% for all the variables under study. Los abonos orgánicos aportan importantes beneficios al suelo y por consiguiente a las plantas por lo que es importante evaluar sus efectos en los diferentes cultivos. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto de siete abonos orgánicos y en dos niveles de fertilización orgánica para las variables altura de planta, materia seca, extracción total de nitrógeno, extracción total de fósforo y extracción total de potasio en maíz variedad Agroceres como planta indicadora en condiciones de invernadero en Ica, en diseño completamente al azar. La gallinaza fue la mejor fuente orgánica para la variable altura de planta. Los tratamientos de compost fueron superiores para la variable extracción total de nitrógeno. Los tratamientos de gallinaza destacaron en la variable extracción total de fósforo. No se hallaron diferencias importantes entre fuentes orgánicas para extracción total de potasio ni una tendencia clara para la variable materia seca. Finalmente, se encontró diferencias significativas los niveles de materia orgánica de 1% y 2% para todas las variables en estudio.

El propósito del presente trabajo fue conocer los insectos y arañas asociados a plantas ornamentales en la Ciudad de David, Chiriquí, Panamá. Para ello, se realizaron cinco muestreos aleatorios en cuatro localidades, seleccionándose 35 especies vegetales en las cuales se realizó las colectas de manera manual. La identificación de los especímenes se hizo mediante consulta de documentación especializada y se llevó un registro fotográfico de lo encontrado. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que, las especies de arañas predominantes en ornamentales, fueron Argiope argentata (Fabricius, 1775) (Araneae: Araneidae) y Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer, 1841) (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Respecto a insectos fitófagos defoliadores, se encontró al orden Phasmatodea y a Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding, 1827 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) alimentándose de hojas de palmeras (Arecaceae); tres especies de saltamontes asociadas al césped Toro, de las cuales destacó Taeniopoda varipennis Rehn, 1905 (Orthoptera: Romaleidae); Scarabaeidae y Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) en Schefflera. En cuanto a especies picadoras-chupadoras, se observó presencia de ninfas de Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) en césped Toro, áfidos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) y escamas (Hemiptera: Coccidae) asociados con hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), ninfas y adultos de Membracis mexicana Guérin-Méneville, 1829 (Hemiptera: Membracidae) en brotes de Schefflera y daño por Gynaikothrips uzeli (Zimmermann, 1900) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) en Ficus benjamina. Respecto a insectos depredadores, se encontró huevos y larvas de Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) y adultos de Libellulidae (Odonata), cerca de cuerpos de agua. La ausencia de parasitoides y el bajo número de taxa encontrados podría deberse al control con plaguicidas de síntesis, lo cual rompe el equilibrio de las interacciones tróficas.

To increase our current knowledge on the nutritional regulation of growth and gene expression pattern in fish skeletal muscle, the effect of dietary macronutrient composition was assessed on digestibility, nutrient retention, growth performance, and the mRNA levels of key genes involved in functionality, growth and development of the skeletal muscle in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Long-term starvation decreased the expression of myogenic regulatory factors such as Myod2, Myf5, myogenin (Myog) and Myf6 in the skeletal muscle of S. aurata. The supply of high or medium protein, low carbohydrate diets enhanced growth parameters, feed efficiency ratio, feed conversion ratio and significantly upregulated myod2. However, the supply of low protein, high carbohydrate diets restricted growth and stimulated the mRNA levels of myostatin, while downregulated follistatin (fst), igf1, mtor and rps6. Microarray analysis revealed igfals, tnni2, and gadd45a as gene markers upregulated by diets enriched with protein, lipids and carbohydrates, respectively. The results of the present study show that in addition to myod2, fst, igf1, mtor and rps6, the expression levels of igfals, tnni2 and remarkably gadd45a in the skeletal muscle can be used as markers to evaluate the effect of dietary macronutrient changes on fish growth and muscle development in S. aurata. This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain (grant no. AGL2016-78124-R; cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund, European Commission) and the Agencia Nacional de Investigacion ´ y Desarrollo, Chile (Becas Chile/ 2011–72111506). The authors thank Piscicultura Marina Mediterranea (Burriana, Castellon, ´ Spain) for providing S. aurata juveniles.

El algodón es un cultivo industrial importante en el rubro textil, es la fibra natural más importante que se produce en el mundo. La calidad de la fibra de algodón se traduce principalmente en longitud, finura y resistencia. La fibra de algodón llega adherida a las semillas desde el campo y pasa por el proceso de desmotado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue encontrar relación entre las velocidades RPM a la que trabaja la desmotadora de serruchos utilizados para el desmote del algodón, y la longitud de fibra, finura y resistencia. Se obtuvieron los datos del promedio de diez muestras, se trabajó con diez muestras de entre 18 y 20 gramos de fibra de algodón como unidad experimental. Se consideraron como variables respuesta la longitud del 2.5% de la fibra, al 50, 60 y 70%, así como la finura y resistencia de la fibra. El diseño experimental fue un DCA con nueve repeticiones y tres tratamientos que fueron 700, 650 y 580 RPM. Se halló diferencia significativa entre tratamientos para la variable Longitud de 2.5% de la fibra, la más utilizada comercialmente, siendo la longitud más corta la del tratamiento 700 RPM, lo que indica que a mayor velocidad a la que trabajan los serruchos, hay un aumento del maltrato de la fibra, cuyo efecto es el acortamiento de la misma. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia estadística en las variables L50%, L60% y L70%. No pudo establecerse una relación de causalidad de la variable finura como indica la literatura y finalmente no se encontró diferencia significativa en la variable resistencia con respecto a la velocidad a la que trabajan los serruchos. En conclusión, la velocidad a la que trabajan los serruchos de la máquina desmotadora de algodón influye en la calidad de la fibra, principalmente en la longitud de la misma; recomendándose emplear 580 o 650 RPM.

From the early Miocene, the uplift of the Andes Mountains, intense volcanic activity and the occurrence of successive periods of dryness and humidity would have differentially influenced the modification of Altiplano watersheds, and consequently the evolutionary history of the taxa that live there. We analyzed Orestias populations from the Caquena and Lauca Altiplanic sub-basins of northern Chile to determine their genetic differentiation and relationship to their geographical distribution using mitochondrial (D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellite) molecular markers and to reconstruct its biogeographic history on these sub-basins. The results allowed reconstructing and reevaluating the evolutionary history of the genus in the area; genic diversity and differentiation together with different founding genetic groups suggest that Orestias have been spread homogeneously in the study area and would have experienced local disturbances that promoted isolation and diversification in restricted zones of their distribution.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a number of considerations for otolaryngology; anosmia and ageusia in particular have gained significant attention. Here we present considerations in regard to treatment with quinine-derived drugs and the influence of masks on communication.

Background Nasal congestion and obstruction are reported in the majority of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) users and are frequently cited as reasons for noncompliance. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated a change in objective or subjective nasal patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after a therapeutic trial of CPAP therapy. Methods This prospective nonrandomized trial tested the hypothesis that CPAP therapy would result in both objective and subjective improvements in nasal patency in patients with OSA. Prior to initiation of CPAP, acoustic rhinometry (AR) was used to determine nasal volume and minimum cross-sectional area in the upright and reclined positions. Subjective nasal patency was assessed with the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire. Both assessments were repeated at follow-up visits. Results AR data demonstrated a statistically significant increase in total nasal volume (TV) in the reclined position (p = 0.002) and minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) in both the sitting and reclined positions (p = 0.006, p = 0.021) in OSA patients after >30 days of CPAP therapy and with >70% compliance. NOSE scores decreased significantly (p = 0.038) representing an improvement in nasal patency. Conclusion Objective and subjective measurements of TV and MCA increased after initiation of CPAP therapy in this prospective study.

Blast overpressure has become an increasing cause of brain injuries in both military and civilian populations. Though blast's direct effects on the cochlea and vestibular organs are active areas of study, little attention has been given to the ear's contribution to the overall spectrum of blast injury. Acute autonomic responses to blast exposure, including bradycardia and hypotension, can cause hypoxia and contribute to blast-induced neurotrauma. Existing literature suggests that these autonomic responses are elicited through blast impacting the thorax and lungs. We hypothesize that the unprotected ear also provides a vulnerable locus for blast to cause autonomic responses. We designed a blast generator that delivers controlled overpressure waves into the ear canal without impacting surrounding tissues in order to study the ear's specific contribution to blast injury. Anesthetized adult rats' left ears were exposed to a single blast wave ranging from 0 to 110 PSI (0–758 kPa). Blast exposed rats exhibited decreased heart rates and blood pressures with increased blast intensity, similar to results gathered using shock tubes and whole-body exposure in the literature. While rats exposed to blasts below 50 PSI (345 kPa) exhibited increased respiratory rate with increased blast intensity, some rats exposed to blasts higher than 50 PSI (345 kPa) stopped breathing immediately and ultimately died. These autonomic responses were significantly reduced in vagally denervated rats, again similar to whole-body exposure literature. These results support the hypothesis that the unprotected ear contributes to the autonomic responses to blast. Keywords: Blast waves, Autonomic responses, Ear, Neurotrauma

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo conocer las alternativas sostenibles de manejo de residuos de cosecha implementadas por productores de palto (Persea americana Mill.) y mandarina (Citrus spp.) en Cañete, Lima, Perú. Para ello, se visitó 48 fincas, situadas en los distritos de San Vicente, San Luis, Quilmaná, Nuevo Imperial, Imperial y Lunahuaná. Los resultados obtenidos reflejaron que, las alternativas de manejo sostenible de residuos consisten en el trillado e incorporación al suelo luego de la poda, mulch, entierro de fruta de descarte y cámaras de recuperación de parasitoides

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is a promising new treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In the initial Stimulation Therapy for Apnea Reduction Trial, the overall rate of serious adverse events was

Nasal congestion and obstruction are reported in the majority of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) users and are frequently cited as reasons for noncompliance. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated a change in objective or subjective nasal patency in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) after a therapeutic trial of CPAP therapy.This prospective nonrandomized trial tested the hypothesis that CPAP therapy would result in both objective and subjective improvements in nasal patency in patients with OSA. Prior to initiation of CPAP, acoustic rhinometry (AR) was used to determine nasal volume and minimum cross-sectional area in the upright and reclined positions. Subjective nasal patency was assessed with the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire. Both assessments were repeated at follow-up visits.AR data demonstrated a statistically significant increase in total nasal volume (TV) in the reclined position (p = 0.002) and minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) in both the sitting and reclined positions (p = 0.006, p = 0.021) in OSA patients after30 days of CPAP therapy and with70% compliance. NOSE scores decreased significantly (p = 0.038) representing an improvement in nasal patency.Objective and subjective measurements of TV and MCA increased after initiation of CPAP therapy in this prospective study.

espanolLa fresa o frutilla (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.), un producto de consumo en fresco y directo medianamente rentable, representa una alternativa de desarrollo para productores con recursos limitados, al ser atractivo tanto en el mercado nacional como internacional y conllevar un menor riesgo economico. El presente estudio se desarrollo en la zona de influencia de la Comision de Regantes del Canal Palo Herbay, escogiendose una muestra representativa al azar de agricultores, a quienes se les aplico encuestas y entrevistas para recopilar informacion respecto a factores socioeconomicos, productivos y fuentes de informacion a los que tienen acceso para la toma de decisiones, enfocados principalmente en las modalidades de asesoramiento sobre el uso de plaguicidas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los agricultores de fresa cuentan con capital propio, venden su produccion en la parcela a mayoristas e intermediarios con destino al mercado nacional, principalmente para consumo en fresco. La principal fuente de informacion a la que tienen acceso respecto al uso de plaguicidas es el personal de ventas de las casas comerciales de agroquimicos, teniendo como modalidad de asesoramiento mas frecuente la visita gratuita de un tecnico a sus parcelas y charlas divulgativas gratuitas. El estudio de las fuentes de informacion y modalidades de asesoramiento a los agricultores reflejan una ausencia de trabajo de extension agraria por parte del Estado en la zona de estudio. En conclusion, los vendedores de agroquimicos remplazan a las instituciones publicas cumpliendo la funcion de fuentes de informacion; sin embargo, su trabajo se centra en las transacciones comerciales y no representan un verdadero servicio de extension agraria. EnglishStrawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch), a product for fresh and direct consumption is moderately profitable, represents a develop-ment alternative to farmers with limited resources, because it is attractive to both local and international markets and it implies a low economical risk. This study was developed in the zone of influence of the Palo Herbay Canal irrigators commission, choosing a random representative sample of farmers, whom fulfilled surveys and were interviewed to obtain information about socioeco-nomic and productive factors and sources of information available for them to make decisions, mainly focused on the modes of advisory about the use of pesticides. The results indicate that strawberry farmers have their own capital, sell their production in field to wholesalers and intermediaries to supply the national market, mainly to fresh consumption. The principal source of information available for them about the use of pesticides are sellers of the agrochemical companies, usually by a free visit of a technical advisor to their fields and free briefngs. The study of sources of information y modes of advisory to the farmers shows an absence of agricultural extension field work from the government in the research area. In conclusion, agrochemical sellers replace government institutions, fulfilling their function as sources of information, but their work is centered in commercial dealings and do not represent a real agricultural extension service.

A robust temporary threshold shift (TTS) can create significant primary damage to the auditory synapse, termed cochlear synaptopathy (CS). The common model applied to examination of this pathology is a single noise exposure or extended duration exposures at relatively high noise dosages. It is unclear if a single noise exposure that does not produce physiological changes consistent with CS (such as suppressed suprathreshold responses) can create evidence consistent with the pathology induced by repeated exposures. Here, we exposed 16-week (wk) old Sprague-Dawley rats to repeated noise exposures (4 consecutive days, 8–16 kHz octave-band of noise, 97 dB SPL for 2 h) and examined measures of cochlear function (distortion product otoacoustic emissions) and auditory neural integrity (auditory brainstem response, wave 1 amplitude). Our results demonstrated a mean maximal threshold shift of 16 dB at 24 h post the initial noise exposure. Subsequent daily repeated exposures (4 consecutive days) resulted in diminished threshold shift at 24 h post repeated TTS. In addition to recovered thresholds, no sustained reduction in suprathreshold responses was observed. The findings are consistent with conditioning literature suggesting diminished TTS with repeated exposures. Repeated TTS that was not individually synaptopathic did not produce physiological evidence consistent with acute CS.

Los registros de una especie en localidades nuevas son de gran interés para determinar su distribución geográfica real y así elaborarestrategias de conservación integrales. Reportamos, por primera vez, la presencia del gavilán pico gancho (Chondrohieraxuncinatus) en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Huautla, en el municipio de Tepalcingo, estado de Morelos, México. Observamosun individuo hembra perchado sobre un árbol emblemático de la selva seca, Bursera, cerca de la estación biológica “El Limón”,durante la temporada de sequía de 2015. El área donde identificamos al ave rapaz se caracteriza por presentar parches de vegetaciónsecundaria de selva seca perturbada. Este avistamiento permitirá a estudios posteriores evaluar su distribución real en elestado de Morelos y sugiere más atención a la posible presencia de la especie en áreas circundantes.

La investigación que a continuación presento tiene como principal materia de trabajo, el desarrollo de nociones históricas en estudiantes mexicanos de secundaria. O más precisamente aún: un intento encaminado a generar un proceso que coadyuve ese desarrollo. Ese intento fue emprendido por el autor de estas líneas, y tuvo como base el trabajo construido en torno a tres ejes fundamentales: la teoría de la historia y el uso de fuentes históricas de primera mano en formato digital; lo que me lleva al tercer punto: el empleo de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación.

Fuente TESIUNAM

Fuente TESIUNAM