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Technologies such as speech recognition and machine translation are starting to change the audiovisual translation landscape, both in terms of the skills linguists need to successfully compete in the language services market and how training needs to adapt to this change. This interview highlights how such technologies have impacted audiovisual translation training, focusing specifically on subtitling and captioning.

The papers compiled in the present volume reflect the key theme of the most recent Duo Colloquium sessions – contextuality. The psychological notion of context has been central to translation research for decades, and it has evolved along with the development of translational thought, translation types and tools. The theme of contextuality can be understood at any level, from the geopolitical to the textual, and embraced by both academic and professional considerations of translational and interpreting phenomena. It is centred on context, contexts and/or decontextualisation in translation and interpreting theory and practice from a variety of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary perspectives. Discussing the above-mentioned notions is the subject of the present volume.

Aim: The involvement of proinflammatory interleukins (IL) in diabetic kidney disease of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients was studied in relation to a particular miRNA profile. Materials & methods: A total of 117 patients with Type 2 DM and 11 controls were enrolled in a case series study. Serum and urinary ILs and miRNAs were assessed. Results: IL-1α correlated with miRNA21, 124, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and negatively with miRNA125a and 192; IL-8 with miRNA21, 124, eGFR and negatively with miRNA125a, 126 and 146a; IL-18 with miRNA21, 124 and negatively with miRNA146a, 192, eGFR. Conclusion: There is an association between specific serum and urinary ILs and serum and urinary miRNAs profiles in the inflammatory response in Type 2 DM patients with diabetic kidney disease.

In this paper I investigate novel and creative linguistic features used in non-conventional subtitling settings such as fansubbing, arguing that they can be advantageously used in professional subtitling practices for a specific medium, such as the Internet. The integration of txt lingo in subtitling is supported by the recent explosion of social translation practices as a response to an ever-growing audience fragmentation as well as changes in technology which make the integration of several customised subtitling tracks possible. In an attempt to provide empirical evidence to support this argument I present the initial results of a pilot eye-tracker-based experiment to elicit data on the reception of “unregimented” subtitling when offered as an alternative to conventional subtitling from consumers in selected new subtitling contexts.

Background: The association of vascular remodeling in the kidney and the brain with a particular microRNAs (miRNA) profile is not well studied.Methods: Seventy-six patients with Type 2 diabetes and 11 healthy subjects were assessed concerning urine albumin: creatinine ratio (UACR), biomarkers of podocyte injury and of proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction. MiRNA were quantified in blood and urine by a real-time PCR System. Cerebrovascular ultrasound measurements were performed in the carotid and middle cerebral arteries.Results: MiRNA21 and miRNA124 correlated positively with nephrin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin, urinary N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), urinary kidney-injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), UACR, and negatively with eGFR; miRNA125a, 126, 146a, 192 correlated negatively with nephrin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin, urinary NAG, urinary KIM-1, UACR, and directly with eGFR. Plasma miRNA-21 and miRNA192 correlated directly with cerebral hemodynamics parameters of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. MiRNA-124, 125a, 126, 146a showed negative correlations with the same parameters.Conclusions: In Type 2 diabetes patients there is an association of vascular remodeling in the brain and the kidney with a specific miRNAs pattern. Cerebrovascular changes occur even in normoalbuminuric patients, with 'high-to-normal' levels of podocyte injury and PT dysfunction biomarkers. These phenomena may be explained by the variability of miRNA expression within the two organs in early DKD.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is a severe complication of Type 2 diabetes. Tubular lesions may play an important role in its early stages. The aim of our study was to determine if atorvastatin protects the podocytes and the proximal tubule in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 63 patients with Type 2 diabetes completed this 6-months prospective pilot study. They were randomized to continue rosuvastatin therapy (control group) or to be administered an equipotent dose of atorvastatin (intervention group), and were assessed regarding urinary podocytes, podocyte-associated molecules, and biomarkers of proximal tubule dysfunction. Results: The patients from the intervention group presented a significant reduction in podocyturia (from 7.0 to 4.0 cells/ml, p

Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Acronyms List of Contributors Rewiring the Circuitry of Audiovisual Translation: Introduction Luis Perez-Gonzalez Part I. Audiovisual Translation in Action History of Audiovisual Translation Carol O'Sullivan & Jean-Francois Cornu Subtitling on the Cusp of its Futures Marie-Noelle Guillot Investigating Dubbing: Learning from the Past, Looking to the Future Charlotte Bosseaux Voice-Over: Practice, Research and Future Prospects Anna Matamala Subtitling for Deaf and Hard-of-hearing Audiences: Moving Forward Joselia Neves Respeaking: Subtitling through Speech Recognition Pablo Romero-Fresco Audio Description: Evolving Recommendations for Usable, Effective and Enjoyable Practices Elisa Perego Surtitling and Captioning for Theatre and Opera Alina Secara Game Localization: A Critical Overview and Implications for Audiovisual Translation Minako O'Hagan Film Remakes as a Form of Translation Jonathan Evans Part II. Theoretical Perspectives in Audiovisual Translation Studies Mediality and Audiovisual Translation Henry Jones Spoken Discourse and Conversational Interaction in Audiovisual Translation Silvia Bruti Psycholinguistics and Perception in Audiovisual Translation Louise Fryer Narratology and Audiovisual Translation Jeroen Vandaele Pragmatics and Audiovisual Translation Louisa Desilla Multimodality and Audiovisual Translation: Cohesion in Accessible Films Aline Remael & Nina Reviers Sociolinguistics and Linguistic Variation in Audiovisual Translation Wai-Ping Yau Gender in Audiovisual Translation: Advocating for Gender Awareness Luise von Flotow & Daniel Josephy-Hernandez Part III. Research Methods in Audiovisual Translation Studies Corpus-based Audiovisual Translation Studies: Ample Room for Development Maria Pavesi Multimodal Corpora in Audiovisual Translation Studies Marcello Soffritti Eye-tracking in Audiovisual Translation Research Jan-Louis Kruger Audiovisual Translation and Audience Reception David Orrego Carmona Ethnography in Audiovisual Translation Studies Dang Li Part IV. Audiovisual Translation in Society Minority Languages, Language Planning and Audiovisual Translation Reglindis De Ridder & Eithne O'Connell Audiovisual Translation and Popular Music Rebecca Johnson Audiovisual Translation and Fandom Tessa Dwyer Audiovisual Translation and Activism Mona Baker Audiovisual Translator Training Beatriz Cerezo Merchan Audiovisual Translation in Language Teaching and Learning Laura Incalcaterra McLoughlin Accessible Filmmaking: Translation and Accessibility from Production Pablo Romero-Fresco Technologization of Audiovisual Translation Panayota Georgakopoulou Index

Aims To evaluate if there is a link between inflammation (expressed by inflammatory cytokines) and the early stage of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as shown by markers of podocyte damage and proximal tubular (PT) dysfunction. Methods In this study were enrolled 117 type 2 DM patients (36-normoalbuminuria, 42-microalbuminuria, 39- macroalbuminuria), and 11 healthy subjects. Serum and urinary IL-1 alpha, IL-8, IL-18, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR), eGFR, biomarkers of podocyte damage (podocalyxin, synaptopodin, nephrin) and of PT dysfunction (KIM-1, NAG) were assessed. Results In multivariable regression urinary Il-1 alpha correlated positively with podocalyxin and NAG (p Conclusions Pro-inflammatory interleukins are associated with podocyte injury and PT dysfunction in early DKD. These could exert a key role in the pathogenesis of early DKD, before the development of albuminuria.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA species that are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. The aim of the study was to establish a potential explanation of podocyte damage and proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction induced by deregulated miRNAs expression in the course of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A total of 68 patients with type 2 DM and 11 healthy subjects were enrolled in a cross-sectional study and assessed concerning urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (UACR), urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamininidase (NAG), urinary kidney injury molecule-1, urinary nephrin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary miRNA21, miRNA124, and miRNA192. In univariable regression analysis, miRNA21, miRNA124, and miRNA192 correlated with urinary nephrin, synaptopodin, podocalyxin, NAG, KIM-1, UACR, and eGFR. Multivariable regression analysis yielded models in which miRNA192 correlated with synaptopodin, uNAG, and eGFR (R2=0.902; P2=0.881; P2=0.882; P

Aim The study assessed mRNA expression of podocyte-associated molecules in urinary sediments of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in relation to urinary podocytes, biomarkers of podocyte injury and of proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction. Methods A total of 76 patients with type 2 DM and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled in a cross-sectional study, and assessed concerning urinary podocytes, urinary mRNA of podocyte-associated genes, urinary biomarkers of podocyte damage and of PT dysfunction. Results We found significant differences between urinary mRNA of podocyte-associated molecules in relation with albuminuria stage. In multivariable regression analysis, urinary mRNA of nephrin, podocin, alpha-actinin-4, CD2-associated protein, glomerular epithelial protein 1 (GLEPP1), ADAM 10, and NFκB correlated directly with urinary podocytes, albuminuria, urinary alpha1-microglobulin, urinary kidney-injury molecule-1, nephrinuria, urinary vascular endothelial growth factor, urinary advanced glycation end-products (AGE), and indirectly with eGFR (p