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The World Health Organization estimates that one fifth of university students have experienced major depressive disorder at some point in their lives. Nutrition may be one of the modifiable factors that influence the development of depression. Specifically, low omega-3 fatty acid and vitamin D levels, both nutrients found in high quantities in fish, have been linked to depressive disorders. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression among young Spanish university students, in addition to the pattern of fish consumption among students and the possible relationship between fish consumption and the presence of depression. Data were collected retrospectively from a nationally representative sample of 11,485 Spanish university students aged 18 years or older in 11 Spanish universities, from 2012 to 2022. The respondents were analyzed according to frequency of consumption and compliance with weekly recommendations for fish intake and the presence of depression. Regression models were also performed to determine students’ odds of depression as a function of compliance with recommendations according to selected sociodemographic variables. The prevalence of depression was 10.5%; it was more prevalent in women, older students and in those with both high and low BMIs. In addition, it was also more prevalent in those that lived outside the family home, with roommates and those who were employed. Sixty-seven percent of the students met the fish intake recommendations. The most common frequency of fish consumption was 1–2 times/week (44.2%), and the least frequent was 2.3% daily fish consumption. Students from northern universities were more likely to consume fish (68.4%) than those from southern universities (66.4%). Non-consumption of fish was found to increase the risk of depression (ORa = 1.45 (1.28–1.64); AF = 31.0% (21.9–39.0)), but it was the student’s own conditions that had the greatest influence on the development of the disorder. In summary, a lower consumption of fish seems to be associated with a higher incidence of depression in Spanish university students; however, other social factors of the student may influence the development of the disorder, and all of this should be taken into account for the development of prevention strategies. This research was funded by the National Drug Plan from the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality of Spain (Grant numbers: 2010|145, 2013|034 and 2020|030) and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant number: PI16/01947).

The COVID-19 pandemic placed pregnant women at high risk, but behavioural changes have also led to lower rates of preterm births in high-income countries. The main goal of this article is to study the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy control and outcomes, this is a joint analysis of two cohorts. The pre-pandemic cohort includes 969 pregnant women recruited in 2018. The pandemic cohort comprises 1168 pregnant women recruited in 2020. Information on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, reproductive history, characteristics of the current pregnancy and its outcome were obtained from medical records. Birth by Caesarean section was more frequent in the pre-pandemic cohort (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–0.92). A birth weight lower than 2500 g and higher than 4000 g occurred more frequently in the pre-pandemic cohort (adjusted OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.41–0.93 for lower than 2500 g and adjusted OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20–0.46 for higher than 4000 g). Exclusive breastfeeding upon hospital discharge was more frequent in the pandemic cohort than in the pre-pandemic cohort (60% vs. 54%, p = 0.005), with adjusted OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52–0.86 for mixed breastfeeding and infant formula. In conclusion, we report reductions in Caesarean sections and reduced numbers of low birth weight babies during the pandemic in a hospital located in northern Spain. Further analysis will clarify if these reductions are related to changes in health-related behaviour or healthcare operation.

Fundamentos: La discriminación durante los momentos vitales, como el periodo universitario, puede generar un alto impacto en la conducta y en el estado de salud de las personas. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la posible asociación de la discriminación con la salud percibida y con distintas conductas de riesgo, así como describir las diferencias de género en estudiantes universitarios españoles. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos de estudiantes universitarios de primera matrícula de primer curso de 11 universidades españolas (n=9.862). Se valoró la discriminación, la salud percibida, el consumo de alcohol, el hábito tabáquico, el consumo de sustancias ilegales, el tiempo de ocio conectado a internet, la práctica de relaciones sexuales de riesgo, la función familiar, el riesgo de problemas de salud mental y el riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Se obtuvieron las prevalencias con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% y para las variables cuantitativas la media y desviación estándar. Se calcularon las Odds Ratio con los intervalos de confianza al 95% para conocer la relación entre la discriminación y las otras variables. Resultados: Se encontró asociación entre la discriminación y una regular o mala salud percibida (OR: 1,7; p=0,0001), el consumo de sustancias ilegales (OR: 1,3; p=0,002), el uso problemático de internet (OR: 1,3; p=0,004), la disfunción familiar (OR: 1,8; p=0,0001), el riesgo de problemas de salud mental (OR: 1,9; p=0,0001) y de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (OR: 1,5; p=0,0001). En cuanto a las diferencias de género, se apreciaron mayores prevalencias de discriminación en hombres con estado de salud percibida como regular o peor (OR: 2,2; p=0,0001), disfunción familiar (OR: 1,8; p=0,0001), riesgo de problemas de salud mental (OR: 2,2; p=0,0001) y de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (OR: 1,9; p=0,002). Las mujeres, además de las variables anteriores, mostraron asociación de la discriminación con el consumo de sustancias ilegales (OR: 1,3; p=0,005) y el uso problemático de internet (OR: 1,4; p=0,002). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos del estudio subrayan que existe asociación entre la discriminación y las conductas de riesgo de los estudiantes universitarios españoles. A su vez, la discriminación se asoció con una mala o regular salud percibida, siendo esta relación similar tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Background: Discrimination during vital moments, such as the university period, can generate a high impact on people’s behavior and health. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of discrimination with perceived health and with different risk behaviors, as well as to describe gender differences in Spanish university students. Discrimination during vital moments, such as college, can have a high impact on people’s behavior and health. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with data from first-year university students from 11 Spanish universities (n=9,862). Discrimination, perceived health, alcohol consumption, smoking, consumption of illegal substances, leisure time connected to the Internet, risky sexual relations, family function, risk of mental health problems and risk of eating disorders were assessed. Prevalences with their 95% confidence intervals were obtained and for quantitative variables the mean and standard deviation were calculated. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the relationship between discrimination and the other variables. Results: An association was found between discrimination and fair or poor perceived health (OR: 1.7; p=0.0001), consumption of illegal substances (OR: 1.3; p=0.002), problematic internet use (OR: 1.3; p=0.004), family dysfunction (OR: 1.8; p=0.0001), risk of mental health problems (OR: 1.9; p=0.0001) and eating disorders (OR: 1.5; p=0.0001). Regarding gender differences, higher prevalence of discrimination was observed in men with health status perceived as fair or worse (OR: 2.2; p=0.0001), family dysfunction (OR: 1.8; p=0.0001), risk of mental health problems (OR: 2.2; p=0.0001) and eating disorders (OR: 1.9; p=0.002). Women, apart from the previous variables, presented association of discrimination with consumption of illegal substances (OR: 1.3; p=0.005) and problematic internet use (OR: 1.4; p=0.002). Conclusions: The study findings underline that there is an association between discrimination and risk behaviors among Spanish university students. In turn, discrimination was associated with poor or fair perceived health, this relationship being similar in both men and women. El presente trabajo recibió financiación del Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2010/145-2013/034) y del Fondo de Investigación en Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI16/01947).

Fundamentos: En universitarios, el consumo de alcohol de mayor riesgo (borracheras y binge drinking (BD), tiene consecuencias negativas sobre su desarrollo y probablemente facilita conductas sexuales de riesgo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar si las conductas sexuales de riesgo al consumir alcohol (CSRA) se asocian a los consumos de mayor riesgo. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico transversal con datos del Proyecto uniHcos, de universitarios de 1er año de 11 universidades españolas, entre los cursos 2011-2012 y 2017- 2018. Datos recogidos mediante cuestionario autoadministrado. Se realizó un análisis uni y bivariable, evaluando la significación estadística de las diferencias de prevalencia con chi-cuadrado. Se utilizó media y desviación típica para variables cuantitativas y como estadístico de contraste t de Student. Resultados: 9.862 participantes (72,2% mujeres). El 90,3% consumió alcohol y el 60,9% tuvo borracheras en último año; el 49% tuvo BD en el último mes. El consumo en el último mes y las borracheras fueron mayores en hombres y < 21 años. Las CSRA fueron superiores entre los que se emborracharon (15,7% sexo sin protección, 1,9% abuso sexual y 0,7% aprovecharse sexualmente) y consumieron en BD (17,1%, 1,9% y 0,7%). Las mujeres con ambos consumos de riesgo presentaron más abusos sexuales (2,2%), y los hombres fueron quienes más se aprovecharon sexualmente de otros (borracheras:1,2%; BD: 1,3%). Conclusiones: El consumo de alcohol está por encima de grupos similares. El BD tiene un patrón similar por género y edad. Las CSRA se asocian a los consumos de mayor riesgo, no detectándose en este grupo diferencias por género en sexo sin protección, sí en otras CSRA. Objective: In college students, higher risk alcohol consumption (drunkenness and binge drinking-BD) has negative consequences on their development and and probably facilitates risk sexual behaviors. The objective was to study if risky sexual behaviors when consuming alcohol (RSBA) are associated with higher risk consumption. Methods: Cross-sectional multicenter study with UniHcos Project, 1st year university students from 11 universities in Spain, academic years 2011-2012 to 2017-2018 data. This data were collected by self-administered questionnaire. A uni and bivariate analysis was performed, evaluated the statistical significance of the differences in prevalence with chi-square. Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables and Student's t test statistic was used. Results: 9,862 subjects (72.2% women). 90.3% reported having consumed alcohol and 60.9% had drunk the last year, 49% BD in last month. It was deteded in men, significantly higher consumption in the last month and drunkenness. Last month consumption and drunkenness were significantly higher in men and in

Additional file 1: Table S1. List of countries in the OECD and region assigned for the purpose of this paper.

PurposeThe Mother and Child Covid-19 study is a cohort recruiting pregnant women and their children in Cantabria, North of Spain, during COVID-19 pandemic in order to ascertain Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnant women and their descendants. This article reports the cohort profile and preliminary results as recruitment is still open.ParticipantsThree sub-cohorts can be identified at recruitment. Sub-cohort 1 includes women giving birth between 23rd March and 25th May 2020; they have been retrospectively recruited and could have been exposed to COVID-19 only in their third trimester of pregnancy. Sub-cohort 2 includes women giving birth from 26th May 2020 on; they are being prospectively recruited and could have been exposed to COVID-19 in both their second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Sub-cohort 3 includes women in their 12th week of pregnancy prospectively recruited from 26th May 2020 on; they could have been exposed to COVID-19 anytime in their pregnancy. All women are being tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection using both RT-PCR for RNA detection and ELISA for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. All neonates are being tested for antibodies using immunochemoluminiscency tests; if the mother is tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, a naso-pharyngeal swab is also obtained from the child for RT-PCR analysis.Findings to dateAs of 22nd October, 1167 women have been recruited (266, 354 and 547 for sub-cohorts 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Fourteen women tested positive to SARS-CoV-2 RNA by the day of delivery. All fourteen children born from these women tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.Future plansChildren from women included in sub-cohort 3 are expected to be recruited by the end of 2020. Children will be followed-up for one year in order to ascertain the effect that COVID-19 on their development.ARTICLE SUMMARYStrengths and limitationsStrengthsThis cohort would ascertain the effect of COVID-19 in both mother and children whatever the trimester of the infection.It would also compare health care provided to pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic with that provided in the same hospital before the emergence of COVID-19.The cohort is recruited in Spain, one of the developed countries earlier and more affected by COVID-19.LimitationsThe study could be underpowered according to the prevalence reported in a Spanish national study.Information regarding exposure to people infected by SARS-CoV-2 or risk activities is self-reported.

El ciervo rojo tiene una gran proyección como especie ganadera: pero se conoce poco de su genética en comparación con otras especies domésticas. Tanto es así que, tres años después de anunciarse la completa secuenciación del genoma de vaca (Bos taurus) apenas hay secuencias nuclares de cérvidos disponibles. En el Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL) de la Universidad de León existe una línea de investigación sobre la calidad espermática de esta especie. En estos estudios estamos intentando aplicar técnicas de biología molecular para determinar lesiones en sus secuencias específicas de ADN. Esto requiere la disponibilidad de la secuencia de los genes de interés, motivo por el cual estamos en proceso de secuenciar varios fragmentos de su ADN. En este artículo repasamos la técnica de secuenciación que estamos utilizando, los obstáculos con los que nos hemos encontrado y algunos resultados que vamos obteniendo

The relationship between sleep and quality of life has been widely studied, but the results tended to be contradictory, and the subject tended to be affected by disease. In this cross-section study, using the Cohorte Cantabria, constituted by around 8932 volunteers (in December of 2021) from Cantabria, Spain, we aim to study if there is any correlation between sleep patterns and quality of life in a healthy population of adults who are between 40 and 70 years old. Quality of life was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire and questions related to sleep habits were self-reported. Extreme sleep durations (≤5 hours or ≥10 hours) have been both associated with lower scores and, thus, worse quality of life, in all the variables studied. In this study, we also noticed the existence of differences between sexes. In addition to sleep duration abnormalities, taking sleep medication, having problems to fall asleep, awakening during the night, or taking naps longer than 30 minutes were also associated with worse quality of life. RESUMEN : La relación entre el sueño y la calidad de vida ha sido ampliamente estudiada, pero siempre con tendencia a obtener resultados contradictorios, con sujetos que padecían alguna enfermedad de base. En este estudio transversal, haciendo uso de la cohorte Cantabria, constituida por unos 8932 voluntarios de Cantabria (en diciembre de 2021), España, nuestro objetivo es esclarecer si existe relación entre los patrones de sueño y la calidad de vida en una población adulta sana (Individuos entre 40 y 70 años). La calidad de vida se midió mediante el cuestionario SF-36 y los hábitos de sueño fueron autorreferidos. Las duraciones extremas del sueño (≤5 horas or ≥10 horas) se han relacionado con puntuaciones más bajas y, por tanto, con una peor calidad de vida en todas las variables estudiadas. Así mismo, en este estudio también se observó una diferencia entre sexos. Además de las alteraciones en la duración del sueño, tomar medicación para dormir, tener problemas para conciliar el sueño, despertarse durante 2la noche o echarse siestas de más de 30 minutos también se relacionaron con una peor calidad de vida. Grado en Medicina

The new Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is devastating for specific groups of patients, but currently there is not enough information about its effects on pregnant women. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pregnancy course and the consequences that could cause. We studied a cohort of pregnant ladies who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, and classified as infected or not infected. The recruitment was made in the HUMV hospital, a third level hospital located in Santander, North of Spain. It started on 23rd March 2020 and ended on 14th October 2020. Data from our cohort was compared with another cohort recruited in 2018 at the same hospital. We found out that gestational hypertension, placental abruptio and home exposure to an infected person, among other variables, could be related with high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we consider pregnant women a high-risk group of patients towards a possible SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially those who present conditions such as gestational hypertension or obesity, moreover we think that SARS CoV-2 infection could increase the possibilities of experimenting an abruptio placent RESUMEN : El nuevo Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, es devastador en determinados grupos de pacientes, pero no se ha demostrado aún cómo afecta a las mujeres embarazadas. El propósito de este estudio es identificar el impacto que tiene la infección por SARS-CoV-2 durante el curso del embarazo y las consecuencias que puede acarrear. La metodología del estudio se ha basado en el análisis de una cohorte de embarazadas catalogadas como infectadas o no infectadas mediante test RT-PCR para SARS-CoV-2. La selección de las participantes se realizó en el Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, en Santander, Norte de España, en el periodo desde el 23 de marzo de 2020 hasta el 14 de octubre del mismo año. Los datos recogidos fueron comparados con los de otra cohorte de embarazadas seleccionada en el mismo hospital en el año 2018. Como resultados, hemos encontrado que la hipertensión gestacional, el desprendimiento prematuro de placenta normo inserta y la ganancia de peso, entre otras variables, podrían aumentar el riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Como conclusión, creemos que las embarazadas son un grupo de riesgo ante una posible infección por SARS-CoV-2, sobre todo aquellas que presentan adicionalmente hipertensión arterial u obesidad, también creemos que la infección por SARS-CoV-2 podría incrementar las posibilidades de experimentar un abruptio placentae. Grado en Medicina

Burnout syndrome is an increasingly more frequent pathology that is related to people suffering a deterioration in the development of their daily activities due to highly demanding psychological requirements in their workplaces. It was the aim of this project to study its existence, prevalence, and influential factors among medical students. In order to investigate it, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was gathered to medical students from every Medical Faculty in Spain through an online survey in April 2019. 1073 students answered the survey, and the relation between their burnout levels and personal variables were analyzed. The results suggest that burnout syndrome is a prevalent condition among medical students in Spain (68.6% of participants scored high or very high for exhaustion, 25% of participants scored high or very high for depersonalization and 13.7% of participants scored high or very high for deterioration in their academic efficacy). The most remarkable results were that family support and the years spent in the degree are the two independent factors that are more influential in the development of burnout syndrome among the variables that have been analyzed. RESUMEN : El síndrome de burnout es una patología cada vez más frecuente relacionada con colectivos que sufren un deterioro en el desarrollo de sus actividades diarias debido a la elevada presión psicológica en sus lugares de trabajo. El objetivo de este proyecto era estudiar su existencia, prevalencia y los factores que influyen en su desarrollo en los estudiantes de Medicina. Para estudiarlo, se pasó el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach a estudiantes de Medicina de todas las Facultades de España a través de un formulario online en abril del 2019. 1073 estudiantes respondieron a la encuesta, analizándose la relación entre sus niveles de burnout y algunas variables personales. Los resultados sugieren que el síndrome de burnout es una condición prevalente entre los estudiantes de Medicina de España (68.6% de los participantes puntuaron alto o muy alto en agotamiento, 25% de los participantes puntuaron alto o muy alto en despersonalización y el 13.7% de los participantes puntuaron alto o muy alto en deterioro de la actividad académica). Los resultados más destacados fueron que el apoyo familiar y los años invertidos estudiando Medicina son los dos factores independientes más influyentes en el desarrollo de síndrome burnout entre las variables que fueron analizadas. Grado en Medicina