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Abdullah Dalboh,1 Walid M Abd El Maksoud,1 Khaled S Abbas,1 Hassan A Alzahrani,1 Mohammed A Bawahab,1 Fahad S Al Amri,1 Marei H Alshandeer,1 Maha A Alghamdi,1 Meshal S Alahmari,2 Abdulaziz M Alqahtani,2 Mansour S Alqahtani,2 Aljohrah M Alqahtani,2 Leinah H Alshahrani2 1Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Walid M Abd El Maksoud, General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, P. O. 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966543128555, Email wabdulmksoud@kku.edu.saBackground: The relationship between laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is intricate. Hiatal hernia repair or gastropexy can have an impact on postoperative GERD.Aim: To assess the effect of the repair of an accidentally discovered HH and/or gastropexy on the development of de novo postoperative GERD symptoms after LSG.Methods: This retrospective study included all obese patients who underwent LSG at our hospital from January 2018 to June 2022. The data retrieved from patients’ files comprised demographic and clinical data, including BMI, GERD symptoms, and comorbidities. Hiatal hernias, surgical technique, gastropexy, duration, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Postoperative data included early and late postoperative complications, weight loss, de novo GERD, and medication use.Results: The study included 253 patients, 89 males (35.2%) and 164 females (64.8%), with a mean age of 33.3± 10.04 years. De novo GERD was detected in 94 individuals (37.15%). HH was accidentally found and repaired in 29 patients (11.5%). Only 10.3% of LSG and HH repair patients had de novo GERD symptoms, compared to 40.6% of non-HH patients. 149 patients (58.9%) had gastropexy with LSG. Postoperative de novo GERD symptoms were comparable for LSG with gastropexy (40.5%) and LSG alone (40.9%).Conclusion: After one year, concurrent hiatal hernia repair and LSG seem to be safe and beneficial in lowering postoperative de novo GERD symptoms. The inclusion of gastropexy with LSG had no significant impact on postoperative de novo GERD. Both HH repair and gastropexy lengthened the operation but did not increase its complications.Keywords: Obesity, Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, Gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD, Hiatal hernia, Gastropexy

Abdulaziz M Al-Garni,1 Hasan S Alamri,1 Waddah M Alalmaei Asiri,1 Abdulaziz Muflih Abudasser,1 Amal Saad Alawashiz,2 Fatima Ahmed Badawi,2 Ghaidaa Abdulrahman Alqahtani,2 Sultan Saad Ali Alnasser,2 Abdulwahab Mufareh Assiri,2 Khalid Talab Salem Alshahrani,2 Osama Ayed Saleh Asiri,2 Ohoud Hussain Moalwi,2 Manar Saeed Alqahtani,2 Reema S Alqhatani2 1Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Abdulaziz M Al-Garni, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia, Email amoalqarni@kku.edu.saBackground: Use of different social media platforms has increased radically over the past decade, emerging as an important part of adolescents and young people’s everyday life. This might exert potential adverse effects on sleep quality and daytime performance of young adults.Aim of Study: To assess the relation between use of social media platforms and sleep quality among public secondary school students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 961 students in Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Students were asked to fill in a structured interview questionnaire covering personal data, pattern of social media use, sleep quality using The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and their mental health status using the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21).Results: Students’ ages ranged from 15 to 20 years with a mean age of 16.7 ± 2.1 years old. A total of 570 (59.3%) students were females. Tiktok (80%), Snapchat (77.9%), Instagram (63.8%) and YouTube (58.8%) were the most reported platforms used. Regarding their sleep quality, 34.7% of students were poor sleepers. TikTok use (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01– 1.77), hours spent on social media (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.16– 1.37) and having moderate to severe depressive symptoms (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.19– 2.40) were significant independent predictors of poor sleep among the studied sample.Conclusion: The present study emphasized the association between prolonged use of social media and poor sleep quality among Saudi adolescents. Awareness and behavioral change strategies and activities concerning the drawbacks of poor sleep and proper use of social media are urgently called for to control mental and physical health consequences of poor sleep and social media addiction.Keywords: adolescents, mental health, Saudi Arabia, screen time, sleep quality, snapchat, social media, students, tiktok

Ahmed M Al-Wathinani,1 Yahia O Dhafar,2 Salah A Aljarallah,3 Muqbil Saad Alqahtani,4 Fahad Abdullah Alamri,5 Awad O Aljohani,6 Majed D Alanazi,7 Turky J Arbaein,8 Amal M Zaidan,9 Mohammed Aljuaid,10 Krzysztof Goniewicz11 1Department of Emergency Medical Services, Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz College for Emergency Medical Services, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11541, Saudi Arabia; 2SEHA Virtual Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 1154, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Family Medicine, King Khaled University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Alhafouf, 36932, Saudi Arabia; 5Ambulatory Care Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11525, Saudi Arabia; 6Fresenius Kabi Scientific Office Alsaif Building, Riyadh, 1141, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Family Medicine, General Directorate of Health Affairs in Riyadh Region, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 12822, Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Health Administration and Hospitals, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 9College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center’s (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 10Department of Health Administration, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 11Department of Security, Polish Air Force University, Deblin, PolandCorrespondence: Ahmed M Al-Wathinani, Email ahmalotaibi@ksu.edu.saIntroduction: This cross-sectional descriptive study evaluates the experiences and perceptions of healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding the 937 medical call center in Saudi Arabia, a key telemedicine initiative.Aim: To assess HCP satisfaction, identify challenges, and provide recommendations for improvement.Methods: Conducted from November 20th to December 15th, 2022, the study surveyed 454 HCPs, achieving a 90.5% response rate.Results: A majority (86.8%) of respondents were satisfied with the call center, valuing its ease of use and effectiveness in healthcare delivery. However, challenges such as the accuracy of remote medical assessments, the need for clearer telehealth regulations, and concerns over management support and consultation overlaps were identified. The study also highlights the importance of ongoing support and updates, comprehensive telehealth regulations, integration of more medical specialties, and improvements in system integration and data confidentiality.Conclusion: The study underscores the need for strategic enhancements to the 937 call center to further improve healthcare accessibility and efficiency in Saudi Arabia. These enhancements are vital for aligning telehealth services with Saudi Arabia’s healthcare objectives under Saudi Vision 2030.Keywords: telemedicine, Saudi Arabia, health care providers, patient satisfaction, health services accessibility, telehealth, medical informatics, health policy

Nouf A Alhammadi,1,* Imtinan Al Jabbar,2,* Seham A Alahmari,2,* Rawan M Alqahtani,2,* Wajd A Alhadi,2,* Bayan M Alnujaymi,2,* Miran M Al-Jakhaideb,2,* Hanan D Almoghamer,2,* Manar S Alqahtani,2,* Syed Esam Mahmood3,* 1Rheumatologist and Lupus Specialist, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Syed Esam Mahmood, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia, Email smahmood@kku.edu.saBackground: Microaggressions are subtle and often unintentional acts that can be verbal, nonverbal, or environmental, and they convey negative messages to individuals belonging to marginalized social groups. This study aims to determine the prevalence of microaggressions experienced by female Saudi orthopaedic surgeons.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online and targeted female in orthopedic surgery across different regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey was uploaded to Google Forms and distributed through social media platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp by well-trained data collectors.Results: In this survey we included 96 female Saudi orthopedics. Their mean age was 27.46 ± 12.20 years. Most respondents were either residents (52.63%), or specialists (23.16%). Most participants (92.63%) were still in training or early in their careers, with the vast majority (93.68%) had their residency in Saudi Arabia. Nearly three-fifths (61.05%) have reported experiencing microaggressions as victims, 76.84%, did not see themselves as perpetrators of microaggressions, 23.16% acknowledged having engaged in such behavior. Patients or their families were reported to be involved in microaggressions in 43.16% of cases, while male surgeons and male support staff were implicated at 51.58% and 23.16%, respectively. Additionally, other male medical doctors participate in microaggressions in 33.68% of instances. Female surgeons were identified as being involved in 22.11% of microaggressions, whereas 29.47% involve female support staff.Conclusion: The study’s outcomes can help inform strategies to promote a supportive and inclusive environment within the field of orthopaedic surgery, encouraging positive interactions and equitable opportunities for all practitioners.Keywords: gender, microaggressions, orthopedic, surgery, Saudi Arabia

Mohammed S Alqahtani,1,2 Mohamed Abbas,3,4 Abdullah Alsabaani,5 Amjad Alqarni,1 Hussain M Almohiy,1 Entisar Alsawqaee,1 Raghad Alshahrani,1 Shahd Alshahrani1 1Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; 2BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K; 3Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia; 4Computers and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 35712, Egypt; 5Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohamed Abbas, Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 17 241 1866, Fax +966 17 242 8184, Email mabas@kku.edu.saAbstract: Heart attacks, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy are all linked to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Nothing can be held accountable in the current state of affairs. Undiagnosed chronic systolic heart failure (CSHF) develops when the heart’s second half of the cardiac cycle does not function properly. As a result, the heart’s blood pumping function is interrupted. Stress-induced cardiomyopathy may be caused by a variety of factors inside the body (SICM). Cytokine storm and microvascular dysfunction are among the issues. There is inflammation in the heart muscle, which may lead to stress-induced cardiomyopathy. A major part of our study is going to be devoted to understanding the effects of coronavirus on the cardiovascular system and blood vessels. A lot of time and effort has been put into figuring out the health effects of radiation exposure. The heart and circulatory system are shown to be affected by the coronavirus in this research. COVID-19 is shown to influence persons with heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, microvascular angiopathy, and cardiac damage in this study.Keywords: coronavirus, heart failure, cardiac diseases, myocardial injury, arrhythmias

Ume Ruqia Tulain,1 Arshad Mahmood,2 Sidra Aslam,1 Alia Erum,1 Nadia Shamshad Malik,3 Ayesha Rashid,4 Rizwana Kausar,5 Mohammed S Alqahtani6 1College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; 2College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; 3Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; 4Department of Pharmacy, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; 5ILM College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sargodha, Pakistan; 6Nanobiotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ume Ruqia TulainCollege of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, PakistanTel +92-331-6668588Email umeruqia_tulain@yahoo.comArshad MahmoodCollege of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesEmail Arshad.mahmood@aau.ac.aeIntroduction: The aim of current study was to prepare Linum usitatissimum mucilage (LUM) based nanoparticles, capable of encapsulating hydrophobic drug ezetimibe as nanocarriers.Methods: Solvent evaporation and nanoprecipitation techniques were used to develop nanoparticles by encapsulating ezetimibe in the articulated matrix of polysaccharide fractions. Developed nanoparticles were characterized to determine the particle size, zeta potential, polydispersibility index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE). Morphology and physicochemical characterization were carried out through SEM, FTIR, PXRD and thermal analysis. Saturation solubility and in vitro release studies were also performed. Safety assessment of ezetimibe loaded nanoparticles was evaluated via oral acute toxicity study.Results: The mean particle size, zeta potential, PDI and EE for emulsion solvent evaporation were 683.6 nm, − 28.3 mV, 0.39, 63.7% and for nanoprecipitation were 637.7 nm, 0.07, − 27.1 mV and 80%, respectively. Thermal analysis confirmed enhanced thermal stability, whereas PXRD confirmed amorphous nature of drug. Saturation solubility (p-value < 0.05) demonstrated improved solubility of drug when enclosed in linseed nanoparticles. Nanoprecipitation surpasses emulsion solvent evaporation in dissolution test by possessing smaller size. Acute oral toxicity study indicated no signi&filig;cant changes in behavioral, clinical or histopathological parameters of control and experimental groups.Conclusion: The in vitro release of ezetimibe was augmented by enhancing aqueous solubility through devised nanoparticles. Thus, linseed mucilage could act as biopolymer in the fabrication of nanoparticle formulation. The acute oral toxicological investigations provided evidence that LUMNs were safe after oral administration.Keywords: linseed mucilage, ezetimibe, nanocarrier, hydrophobic, acute oral toxicity

Nouf A Alhammadi,1,&ast; Hanan Saeed Alqahtani,2,&ast; Syed Esam Mahmood,3,&ast; Abdulrahman Arif Alshahrani,4,&ast; Abdullaziz Motlaq A Alahmari,4,&ast; Abdullah Rashid Safer Alshahrani,4,&ast; Abdullah Saeed A Badawi,4,&ast; Ali Mohammed Ali Alqahtani,4,&ast; Abdullah Thabet A Alsalem,4,&ast; Mohammed Saeed M Alsultan Alqahtani,4,&ast; Mohammed Ali Gazzan4,&ast; 1Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 4College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Syed Esam Mahmood, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia, Email smahmood@kku.edu.saBackground: Nearly half of the Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients develop lung involvement. The study assessed the extent of pulmonary involvement among SLE patients and to identify the associated factors in the population.Methodology: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at Aseer Hospital and Khamis Myshat Hospital in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. The study spanned from January 1, 2016, to June 3, 2023. Patient inclusion criteria encompassed individuals who received a definitive diagnosis and classification as per American College of Rheumatology criteria, while patients under 18 years of age and those with mixed connective tissue diseases were exclude.Results: A total of 247 participants were included. 41.7% (n=103) aged 41 years and older, 95.1% (n = 235) were females. Around 10.10% had diabetes mellitus and 17.00% had hypertension and hypothyroidism. Lupus Nephritis was in 15.40%. Chest involvement was reported in 21.9%, in the form of pleuritis (6.10%), pleural effusion (4.00%), and lupus pneumonitis (4.00%), interstitial lung disease (4.00%), pulmonary embolism (3.60%) of individuals, and pulmonary hemorrhage (2.80%). The respiratory symptoms reported by SLE were; dyspnea, cough, and chest pain each having a prevalence of around 18.0%. Palpitations have a relatively high occurrence at 13.80%. Meanwhile, hemoptysis (blood coughing) has a lower prevalence of 1.20%, and fever is reported at 2.80%. Having chronic kidney disease and hypertension were significantly associated with having pulmonary involvement; (χ 2=3.308, p=0.027) and (χ 2=7.782, Fisher’s p=0.002) respectively. The seropositivity for antiphospholipid Abs, anti-CCP, and antids-DNA were significantly associated with pulmonary involvement (χ 2=3.239, =p=0.049), (χ 2=4.621, Fisher’s p=0.023), and (χ 2=8.248, p=0.010) respectively.Conclusion: The study found that 21.9% of SLE patients experience chest involvement, with varying degrees of pulmonary symptoms. Factors such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, antiphospholipid antibodies, Anti-CCP positivity, and seropositivity for Anti-dsDNA were found to be significant associations with lung involvement, contributing to our understanding of SLE.Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus, pulmonary manifestation, Anti-dsDNA antibodies, ANA

الملخص: أهداف البحث: تحقيق ابتسامة طبيعية أثناء استعادة الأسنان الأمامية يمثل تحديا. ويعد اختيار البعد المناسب للأسنان أمرا مهما للحصول على ابتسامة جميلة. الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو قياس وتحليل أبعاد الأسنان الأمامية العلوية، ونسب عرضها النسبي في المجتمع السعودي. طرق البحث: ضم البحث ١٨٠ (ذكور = ١١٢؛ إناث = ٦٨) شخصا لديهم جميع الأسنان الأمامية للفك العلوي (المدى العمري = ٢٠-٣٠) سنة. تم عمل طبعات الفك العلوي باستخدام مادة (فينيل-بولي سيلوكسان) وصبها. وتم استخدام الفرجار الرقمي لحساب طول وعرض الأسنان الأمامية العلوية من قوالب الأسنان بالمليمترات (ملم) وتم تصوير القوالب رقميا لحساب نسب العرض النسبية. النتائج: متوسط عرض القاطعة المركزية كان ٨.٧٤ ملم (ذكر = ٨.٨٩ ملم، أنثى = ٨.٦٠ ملم)، والقواطع الجانبية ٦.٦٤ملم (ذكر = ٦.٧٩ ملم؛ أنثى = ٦.٤٩ ملم) وكان الناب ٧.٨٢ملم (ذكر = ٨.٠١ ملم؛ أنثى = ٧.٦٣ ملم). ومتوسط الطول المسجل لهذه الأسنان كان ٩.٨٤ ملم (ذكر = ١٠.٠٤ملم، أنثى = ٩.٦٤ملم)، ٨.٠٩ ملم (ذكر = ٨.٣٠ ملم، أنثى = ٧.٨٩ملم) و٩.٠٨ ملم (ذكر = ٩.٤٨ ملم، أنثى = ٨.٦٩ ملم)، على التوالي. وكانت القيم المتوسطة لنسبة العرض النسبي التي تم قياسها على صور قوالب الأسنان ٦٣.٦٩ للقواطع الجانبية / القاطعة المركزية و٣٥.٧٨ للقاطع الناب / الجانبي. ولم توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين القيم المتوسطة لنسبة العرض النسبي للجانب الأيمن والأيسر وبين الذكور والإناث. الاستنتاجات: لوحظ عدم وجود تماثل بين الأسنان الأمامية اليسرى واليمنى. وكانت نسبة العرض إلى الطول للقواطع المركزية والجانبية مماثلة لكلا الجنسين مع اختلاف طفيف في الأنياب. وتتخذ الأسنان الأمامية للسكان السعوديين شكلا أقرب للمربع مع تشابه في الأبعاد مع السكان الأتراك. Abstract: Objectives: Achieving a natural smile while restoring anterior teeth is challenging. Selecting appropriate dimensions of teeth is important for aesthetics. This study aims to measure and analyse the dimensions of the maxillary anterior teeth and their relative width proportions in a Saudi subpopulation. Methods: One hundred and eighty patients (112 men and 68 women) with intact maxillary anterior teeth (age range = 20–30 years) participated in this research. Maxillary impressions (Vinyl Polysiloxane) were created and poured. A digital caliper was used to record the length and width of maxillary anterior teeth in millimetres (mm) from the dental casts, and the casts were digitally photographed to calculate relative width ratios. Results: The mean width for central incisor was 8.74 mm (men = 8.89 mm, women = 8.60 mm), lateral incisor 6.64 mm (men = 6.79 mm, women = 6.49 mm) and canine 7.82 mm (men = 8.01 mm women = 7.63 mm). The recorded mean lengths for these teeth were 9.84 mm (men = 10.04 mm, women = 9.64 mm), 8.09 mm (men = 8.30 mm, women = 7.89 mm) and 9.08 mm (men = 9.48 mm, women = 8.69 mm). The mean values of apparent width/width ratio measured on the cast photographs were 63.69 mm for the lateral incisor/central incisor and 78.35 mm for canine/lateral incisor. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean values of the apparent width/width ratio of the right and left sides and between men and women. Conclusions: This study showed a minor asymmetry between left and right side anterior teeth among the participants. The width to length ratio of the central and lateral incisors was similar for both genders, with minor differences in the canines. A squarish form of anterior teeth for the Saudi population with dimensional similarities to the Turkish population was found.

The effective delivery of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) to specific cell types and target tissues poses a significant challenge in nonviral therapeutic strategies. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a leading carrier system for delivering mRNA, particularly for infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. This study aimed to describe the synthesis of a novel lipopeptide based on surfactin, a naturally occurring surfactant. Additionally, a series of novel LNPs were rationally designed, based on the modified surfactin, OleSurf, and were formulated and optimized. The physicochemical properties, morphologies, and stabilities of the particles were evaluated. All formulations containing OleSurf produced particles with a diameter <80 nm and an encapsulation efficiency >95%. OleSurf LNPs demonstrated excellent transfection efficiency and luciferase expression with no cytotoxicity, compared to lipofectamine 2000, a known transfection reagent, and were comparable to the DLin-MC3-DMA lipid. OleSurf-based LNPs behaved as efficient mRNA carriers and showed enhanced mRNA-binding capabilities, associated with facilitated intracellular release, endosomal escape, and protection from endonuclease degradation. In addition, OleSurf-LNPs showed a higher mRNA delivery efficiency, a more advantageous biodistribution pattern, and an improved safety profile in vivo . Overall, the novel OleSurf LNPs presented an optimal delivery platform for mRNA therapeutics., Competing Interests: Dr Mohammed S. Alqahtani is the inventor named on the patent application filed (#18/795 667) related to this technology., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a protein frequently found to be overexpressed in various non-prostate cancer types. Our investigation, based on data from the TCGA databases, revealed a wide range of differential PSMA (encoded by FOLH1 gene) mRNA expressions across several cancer types, with notable findings in triple-negative breast carcinoma. This preclinical study delves into the molecular underpinnings of utilizing PSMA-targeting radiopharmaceuticals within specific breast cancer subtypes. We conducted a transcriptomic expression analysis of PSMA across different subtypes of breast cancer, focusing particularly on the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subset. Our analysis encompassed 1100 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. We observed a broad distribution of PSMA mRNA expressions across various subgroups within these cancer types. Notably, a subset of triple-negative breast cancer exhibited higher PSMA mRNA expression compared to non-triple-negative breast cancer. Intriguingly, we found that higher PSMA mRNA expression was associated with favorable outcomes in terms of distant metastasis-free and relapse-free survival in patients. Within a subset of TNBC patients, there is a prevalent overexpression of PSMA, which appears to be linked with improved relapse-free and distant metastasis-free survival. Our study succinctly highlights the significance of PSMA overexpression in TNBC and its potential impact on patient outcomes and provides a clear and concise overview of the study's contributions to breast cancer research., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences.)

Gangliosides represent glycolipids containing sialic acid residues, present on the cell membrane with glycan residues exposed to the extracellular matrix (ECM), while the ceramides are anchored within the membrane. These molecules play a critical role in pathophysiological processes such as host-pathogen interactions, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, cell adhesion, motility, and immunomodulation. Accumulated evidence suggests the overexpression of gangliosides on tumor tissues in comparison to healthy human tissues. These tumor-associated gangliosides have been implicated in various facets of tumor biology, including cell motility, differentiation, signaling, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Consequently, these entities emerge as attractive targets for immunotherapeutic interventions. Notably, the administration of antibodies targeting gangliosides has demonstrated cytotoxic effects on cancer cells that exhibit an overexpression of these glycolipids. Passive immunotherapy approaches utilizing murine or murine/human chimeric anti-ganglioside antibodies have been explored as potential treatments for diverse cancer types. Additionally, vaccination strategies employing tumor-associated gangliosides in conjunction with adjuvants have entered the realm of promising techniques currently undergoing clinical trials. The present comprehensive review encapsulates the multifaceted roles of gangliosides in tumor initiation, progression, immunosuppression, and metastasis. Further, an overview is provided of the correlation between the expression status of gangliosides in normal and tumor cells and its impact on cancer patient survival. Furthermore, the discussion extends to ongoing and completed clinical trials employing diverse strategies to target gangliosides, elucidating their effectiveness in treating cancers. This emerging discipline is expected to supply substantial impetus for the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Lung cancer stands as one of the most lethal diseases and is the foremost cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. The pathophysiology of lung cancer is multifaceted, and it includes multiple cell signaling pathways and other complex factors such as oxidative stress and genetics. The association of HPV with lung carcinogenesis was first proposed in 1979, and since then, scientists worldwide have been putting forward several hypotheses to establish a relationship between this virus and lung cancer. Although studies have reported the presence of HPV in lung cancer, the exact mechanism of entry and the route of transmission have not been elucidated clearly till date. Numerous studies across the globe have detected differentially expressed HPV oncoproteins in lung cancer patients and found their association with the critical cell signaling pathways that leads to the development and progression of lung cancer. Many reports have also provided evidence stating the involvement of HPV in determining the survival status of lung cancer patients. The present review recapitulates the studies evincing the association of HPV and lung cancer, its route of transmission and mechanism of action; the detection of the virus and treatment opportunities for HPV-positive lung cancer; and the severity associated with this disease. Therefore, this will provide an explicit idea and would help to develop preventive measures and specific as well as effective treatment for HPV-associated lung carcinogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Despite considerable progress in cancer treatment options, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs remains a significant challenge. This review focuses on Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid found in various medicinal plants, which has garnered attention in the field of oncology for its anticancer potential either alone or in combination with other compounds and its ability to modulate chemoresistance, acting as a natural chemosensitizer. BBR's ability to modulate chemoresistance is attributed to its diverse mechanisms of action, including inducing DNA breaks, inhibition of drug efflux pumps, modulation of apoptosis and necroptosis, downregulating multidrug resistance genes, enhancing immune response, suppressing angiogenesis and targeting multiple pathways within cancer cells, including protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1), janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT), Wnt/β-catenin etc. Moreover, BBR, in combination with other compounds, also offers a promising approach to cancer therapy, enforcing its broad-spectrum anticancer effects. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the intricate mechanism of action of BBR in combinatorial therapy as a potential chemosensitizer to increase the efficiency of several drugs, including cisplatin, doxorubicin, lapatinib, tamoxifen, irinotecan, niraparib, etc. in various cancers. Additionally, this review briefly covers the origin and biological activities of BBR, exploring the specific actions underlying its anticancer effects. Further, pharmacokinetic properties of BBR are also discussed, providing insight into its therapeutic potential and optimization of its use in cancer treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dyslipidemia refers to the change in the normal levels of one or more lipid components in the bloodstream, which include triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Dyslipidemia represents a substantial source of danger for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Effectively managing dyslipidemia involves a thorough strategy that includes changing one's lifestyle and using medications that are specifically designed to target the complex processes involved in lipid metabolism. Lipid-lowering treatments play a crucial role in this approach, providing a wide range of medications that are developed to specifically target different components of dyslipidemia. Statins are the main drug among these medications. Other drugs that are used with statin or as monotherapy include fibrates, omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FAs), ezetimibe, bile acid sequestrants, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, and bempedoic acid. Using the PubMed database, we reviewed the literature about dyslipidemia, drugs used for treating dyslipidemia, their efficacy parameters, and common adverse events. We also reviewed the international guidelines for treating dyslipidemia and discussed the future of lipid-lowering medications. More trials and experiments are still required to verify the effectiveness of many lipid-lowering drugs and to know their common adverse events to be able to manage them properly., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alqahtani et al.)

Ovarian cancer (OVC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Despite advancements in detection and therapy, the prognosis of OVC remains poor due to late diagnosis and the lack of effective therapeutic options at advanced stages. Therefore, a better understanding of the biology underlying OVC is essential for the development of effective strategies for early detection and targeted therapies. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of 48 transcription factors that, upon binding to their specific ligand, play a vital role in regulating various cellular processes such as growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence from several studies has shown that their aberrant expression is associated with multiple human diseases. Numerous NRs have shown significant effects in the development of various cancers, including OVC. This review summarizes the recent findings on the role of NRs in OVC, as well as their potential as prognostic and therapeutic markers. Further, the basic structure and signaling mechanism of NRs have also been discussed briefly. Moreover, this review highlights their cellular and molecular mechanisms in chemoresistance and chemosensitization. Further, the clinical trials targeting NRs for the treatment of OVC have also been discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sajeev, BharathwajChetty, Manickasamy, Alqahtani, Abbas, Shakibaei, Sethi, Ma and Kunnumakkara.)

Despite significant advancements in chemotherapy, effective treatments for advanced cancer stages remain largely elusive due to chemoresistance. Resistance to anticancer agents in cancer cells can arise through various mechanisms, including multi-drug resistance, inhibition of apoptosis, modification of drug targets, and enhancement of DNA repair capabilities. Consequently, there is a critical need for agents that can suppress the molecular signatures responsible for drug resistance. Piperine, an active alkaloid extracted from Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), is one such agent that has been extensively studied for its potential in addressing chronic diseases, including cancer. Piperine's antineoplastic properties are mediated through the regulation of numerous key cellular signaling pathways and the modulation of various biological processes. Its capability to enhance drug bioavailability and counteract mechanisms of drug resistance, such as the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1), emphasizes its potential as an adjunct in cancer therapy. Research across various cancer types has demonstrated piperine's role in chemosensitization by targeting P-gp and MRP-1 and altering drug-metabolizing enzymes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of piperine's pharmacological characteristics and its capacity to modulate several cellular signaling pathways involved in drug resistance. Furthermore, the review emphasizes how piperine, when used in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic agents or natural compounds, can enhance therapeutic effects, leading to improved outcomes in cancer treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors claim no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study is to estimate the normal cross-sectional area and diameter of the stellate ganglion (SG) by ultrasound (US) in healthy adults. The study sample included 80 stellate ganglia in 40 participants (15 males, 25 females), mean age 38 years, mean height 162.5 cm, mean weight 67.8 kg, mean body mass index 25.4 kg/m2. Two radiologists separately obtained US images of the bilateral SG. Each participant was scanned 3 times bilaterally to assess for intra-observer reliability. The mean diameter of the SG was 1 mm (range: 0.1-2). The mean CSA of the bilateral SG was 1.3 mm2 (range: 0.6-3.9). The SG diameter positively correlated with age. Our study demonstrates the ability of US to image the SG and estimate its normal diameter and CSA. Knowledge of how to identify and measure the SG during ultrasound-guided procedures would be expected to decrease the risk of associated complications and help establish normal reference values., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Introduction: Dementia poses a significant healthcare challenge globally, and healthcare providers must have adequate knowledge about its diagnosis, management, and support services. By assessing the knowledge level of primary care physicians in Riyadh, we can identify potential gaps and areas for improvement in dementia care, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life. This study holds promise in shedding light on the current state of dementia knowledge among primary healthcare physicians in Riyadh and offering insights into strategies to enhance dementia care in this region., Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted from the first of June 2023 to the end of December 2023 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A validated questionnaire was used to assess physicians' knowledge, attitude, and practice toward dementia., Results: A total of 151 physicians completed the questionnaires. The majority were male (55%), below 30 years of age (88.1%), and family medicine residents (84.8%). Most (74.8%) recognized old age as the most significant risk factor; an overwhelming majority of participants (98.7%) could not identify the minimum course of treatment to judge a medication's effectiveness. The average score of correct responses (7.74 ∓ 4.11) was equivalent to 38.7%. Furthermore, the average correct responses were significantly different among the different job levels of the participants., Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight a lack of knowledge among primary care physicians regarding dementia, emphasizing the crucial importance of physician education in this area. Additionally, the results strongly indicate the need for emphasis on dementia education within the undergraduate medical curriculum, family medicine curriculum, and physician training programs. By addressing these educational gaps, we can better equip physicians to provide optimal care and support for individuals with dementia, ultimately improving patient care and quality of life., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Alsalem et al.)

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution for tackling antibiotic resistance in monogastric animals, providing innovative methods to enhance animal health and well-being. This review explores the novel use of nanotechnology-based nanomaterials as substitutes for antibiotics in monogastric animals. With growing global concerns about antibiotic resistance and the need for sustainable practices in animal husbandry, nanotechnology offers a compelling avenue to address these challenges. The objectives of this review are to find out the potential of nanomaterials in improving animal health while reducing reliance on conventional antibiotics. We examine various forms of nanomaterials and their roles in promoting gut health and also emphasize fresh perspectives brought by integrating nanotechnology into animal healthcare. Additionally, we delve into the mechanisms underlying the antibacterial properties of nanomaterials and their effectiveness in combating microbial resistance. By shedding light on the transformative role of nanotechnology in animal production systems. This review contributes to our understanding of how nanotechnology can provide safer and more sustainable alternatives to antibiotics., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Pavel Horky reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100008775Mendel University in Brno. Pavel Horky reports a relationship with Mendel University in Brno that includes: employment. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Plexiform neurofibroma is a rare variant of neurofibromatosis type 1. Diagnosis is challenging due to the highly variable clinical presentation. Early diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment and prevention of complications. This report describes a sporadic solitary plexiform neurofibroma in the temporal region of a seven-year-old girl. The growth of the mass began at birth and grew steadily over five years. Subsequently, the mass began to expand rapidly. The patient underwent complete surgical resection under general anesthesia. Histopathological examination revealed a plexiform neurofibroma. In conclusion, surgical excision is the gold standard for cases with symptomatic, visible, large superficial lesions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Alqahtani et al.)

Objectives: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting more than 50 million human lives of all ages, its social, physical and psychological implications is of huge concern. The current study and as a continuation of epilepsy knowledge assessment projects conducted by our research team is aimed to assess the knowledge of healthcare workers regarding epilepsy first aid in Saudi Arabia., Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out from 2020 to 2021., Results: During the study period, 272 healthcare workers were recruited; participants were males and females from different nationalities in various Saudi Arabian cities, possess diverse qualifications, and belong to several healthcare-related professions. The question, "Did you witness an epileptic seizure"? was answered as "Yes" by 42% of participants, and in response to the question "If you know that this patient struggles during seizure attacks," 58% of respondents stated that they would not call an ambulance. Moreover, the question "Put something in his/her mouth to prevent tongue biting" was incorrectly answered as "Yes" by 42% of respondents, and the question "Try to catch him/her and stop his/her movement" in order to control the attack was answered "Yes" by 21% of respondents. Furthermore, almost 90% of healthcare participants do not know how to use the Vagus Nerve Stimulation device. The mean knowledge score among participants was 23.7; sex, as well as type of higher qualification obtained, was found to be significantly associated with the score of knowledge., Conclusion: Knowledge toward epilepsy and epilepsy first aid among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia was found fragile. Further research is appreciated to support the current findings., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection presents a significant threat to global health with serious associated morbidities. This study aimed to assess awareness, attitudes, and practices related to HP in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) through a survey-based cross-sectional study involving 2,541 respondents. We used a structured online questionnaire to gather data on personal and sociodemographic characteristics, as well as HP-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The survey was distributed through various social media platforms. The results revealed that 59.4% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge about HP, with a mean knowledge score of 3.7 ± 1.0 out of 5. Knowledge gaps were particularly evident regarding the contagiousness and transmission modes of HP. The mean attitude score was 12.2 ± 2.2 out of a maximum score of 15. In total, 37.6% of respondents reported ever being tested for HP, with 54.2% testing positive. Among those treated for HP, only 79% received antibiotic therapy and 37.8% received acid-reducing medications. Knowledge levels were significantly higher among younger and highly educated respondents ( P < 0.001), and respondents with higher knowledge scores also had higher attitude scores than those with lower knowledge scores (12.6 ± 2.0 vs. 11.6 ± 2.0, P < 0.001). Individuals who had undergone HP testing had significantly higher knowledge levels than those who did not (62.3 vs. 57.8, P = 0.024). These findings underscore the urgent need for raising the population's awareness regarding the risks, prevention, and management of HP infection through targeted educational strategies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 by the authors.)

Cancer has become a burgeoning global healthcare concern marked by its exponential growth and significant economic ramifications. Though advancements in the treatment modalities have increased the overall survival and quality of life, there are no definite treatments for the advanced stages of this malady. Hence, understanding the diseases etiologies and the underlying molecular complexities, will usher in the development of innovative therapeutics. Recently, YAP/TAZ transcriptional regulation has been of immense interest due to their role in development, tissue homeostasis and oncogenic transformations. YAP/TAZ axis functions as coactivators within the Hippo signaling cascade, exerting pivotal influence on processes such as proliferation, regeneration, development, and tissue renewal. In cancer, YAP is overexpressed in multiple tumor types and is associated with cancer stem cell attributes, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Activation of YAP/TAZ mirrors the cellular "social" behavior, encompassing factors such as cell adhesion and the mechanical signals transmitted to the cell from tissue structure and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Therefore, it presents a significant vulnerability in the clogs of tumors that could provide a wide window of therapeutic effectiveness. Natural compounds have been utilized extensively as successful interventions in the management of diverse chronic illnesses, including cancer. Owing to their capacity to influence multiple genes and pathways, natural compounds exhibit significant potential either as adjuvant therapy or in combination with conventional treatment options. In this review, we delineate the signaling nexus of YAP/TAZ axis, and present natural compounds as an alternate strategy to target cancer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Copper(L 2 Cu) and vanadium(L 2 VOCl) complexes of N-p-tolylbenzohydroxamic acid (LH) ligand have been investigated for DNA binding efficacy by multiple analytical, spectral, and computational techniques. The results revealed that complexes as groove binders as evidenced by UV absorption. Fluorescence studies including displacement assay using classical intercalator ethidium bromide as fluorescent probe also confirmed as groove binders. The viscometric analysis too supports the inferences as strong groove binders for both the complexes. Molecular docking too exposed DNA as a target to the complexes which precisely binds L 2 Cu, in the minor groove region while L 2 VOCl in major groove region. Molecular dynamic simulation performed on L 2 Cu complex revealing the interaction of complex with DNA within 20 ns time. The complex stacked into the nitrogen bases of oligonucleotides and the bonding features were intrinsically preserved for longer simulation times. In-vitro cytotoxicity study was undertaken employing MTT assay against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Potential cytotoxic activities were observed for L 2 Cu and L 2 VOCl complexes with IC 50 values of showing 71 % and 74 % of inhibition respectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To detect the Marchiafava Bignami Disease (MBD) using a distinct deep learning technique., Background: Advanced deep learning methods are becoming more crucial in contemporary medical diagnostics, particularly for detecting intricate and uncommon neurological illnesses such as MBD. This rare neurodegenerative disorder, sometimes associated with persistent alcoholism, is characterized by the loss of myelin or tissue death in the corpus callosum. It poses significant diagnostic difficulties owing to its infrequency and the subtle signs it exhibits in its first stages, both clinically and on radiological scans., Methods: The novel method of Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) in conjunction with attention mechanisms is used to identify MBD peculiar diseases accurately. VAEs are well-known for their proficiency in unsupervised learning and anomaly detection. They excel at analyzing extensive brain imaging datasets to uncover subtle patterns and abnormalities that traditional diagnostic approaches may overlook, especially those related to specific diseases. The use of attention mechanisms enhances this technique, enabling the model to concentrate on the most crucial elements of the imaging data, similar to the discerning observation of a skilled radiologist. Thus, we utilized the VAE with attention mechanisms in this study to detect MBD. Such a combination enables the prompt identification of MBD and assists in formulating more customized and efficient treatment strategies., Results: A significant breakthrough in this field is the creation of a VAE equipped with attention mechanisms, which has shown outstanding performance by achieving accuracy rates of over 90% in accurately differentiating MBD from other neurodegenerative disorders., Conclusion: This model, which underwent training using a diverse range of MRI images, has shown a notable level of sensitivity and specificity, significantly minimizing the frequency of false positive results and strengthening the confidence and dependability of these sophisticated automated diagnostic tools., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Breast Cancer is a significant global health challenge, particularly affecting women with higher mortality compared with other cancer types. Timely detection of such cancer types is crucial, and recent research, employing deep learning techniques, shows promise in earlier detection. The research focuses on the early detection of such tumors using mammogram images with deep-learning models. The paper utilized four public databases where a similar amount of 986 mammograms each for three classes (normal, benign, malignant) are taken for evaluation. Herein, three deep CNN models such as VGG-11, Inception v3, and ResNet50 are employed as base classifiers. The research adopts an ensemble method where the proposed approach makes use of the modified Gompertz function for building a fuzzy ranking of the base classification models and their decision scores are integrated in an adaptive manner for constructing the final prediction of results. The classification results of the proposed fuzzy ensemble approach outperform transfer learning models and other ensemble approaches such as weighted average and Sugeno integral techniques. The proposed ResNet50 ensemble network using the modified Gompertz function-based fuzzy ranking approach provides a superior classification accuracy of 98.986%., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Nanoparticulate systems have the prospect of accounting for a new making of drug delivery systems. Nanotechnology is manifested to traverse the hurdle of both physical and biological sciences by implementing nanostructures indistinct fields of science, particularly in nano-based drug delivery. The low delivery efficiency of nanoparticles is a critical obstacle in the field of tumor diagnosis. Several nano-based drug delivery studies are focused on for tumor diagnosis. But, the nano-based drug delivery efficiency was not increased for tumor diagnosis. This work proposes a method called point biserial correlation symbiotic organism search nanoengineering-based drug delivery (PBC-SOSN). The objective and aim of the PBC-SOSN method is to achieve higher drug delivery efficiency and lesser drug delivery time for tumor diagnosis. The contribution of the PBC-SOSN is to optimized nanonengineering-based drug delivery with higher r drug delivery detection rate and smaller drug delivery error detection rate. Initially, raw data acquired from the nano-tumor dataset, and nano-drugs for glioblastoma dataset, overhead improved preprocessed samples are evolved using nano variational model decomposition-based preprocessing. After that, the preprocessed samples as input are subjected to variance analysis and point biserial correlation-based feature selection model. Finally, the preprocessed samples and features selected are subjected to symbiotic organism search nanoengineering (SOSN) to corroborate the objective. Based on these findings, point biserial correlation-based feature selection and a symbiotic organism search nanoengineering were tested for their modeling performance with a nano-tumor dataset and nano-drugs for glioblastoma dataset, finding the latter the better algorithm. Incorporated into the method is the potential to adjust the drug delivery detection rate and drug delivery error detection rate of the learned method based on selected features determined by nano variational model decomposition for efficient drug delivery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising frontier in revolutionizing the early diagnosis and surgical management of gastric cancers. The primary factors influencing curative efficacy in GIC patients are drug inefficacy and high surgical and pharmacological therapy recurrence rates. Due to its unique optical features, good biocompatibility, surface effects, and small size effects, nanotechnology is a developing and advanced area of study for detecting and treating cancer. Considering the limitations of GIC MRI and endoscopy and the complexity of gastric surgery, the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of gastric illnesses by nanotechnology has been a promising development. Nanoparticles directly target tumor cells, allowing their detection and removal. It also can be engineered to carry specific payloads, such as drugs or contrast agents, and enhance the efficacy and precision of cancer treatment. In this research, the boosting technique of machine learning was utilized to capture nonlinear interactions between a large number of input variables and outputs by using XGBoost and RNN-CNN as a classification method. The research sample included 350 patients, comprising 200 males and 150 females. The patients' mean ± SD was 50.34 ± 13.04 with a mean age of 50.34 ± 13.04. High-risk behaviors (P = 0.070), age at diagnosis (P = 0.034), distant metastasis (P = 0.004), and tumor stage (P = 0.014) were shown to have a statistically significant link with GC patient survival. AUC was 93.54%, Accuracy 93.54%, F1-score 93.57%, Precision 93.65%, and Recall 93.87% when analyzing stomach pictures. Integrating nanotechnology with advanced machine learning techniques holds promise for improving the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, providing new avenues for precision medicine and better patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

SKP2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2) is a member of the F-box family of substrate-recognition subunits in the SCF ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. It is associated with ubiquitin-mediated degradation in the mammalian cell cycle components and other target proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, and transcription. Being an oncogene in solid tumors and hematological malignancies, it is frequently associated with drug resistance and poor disease outcomes. In the current review, we discussed the novel role of SKP2 in different hematological malignancies. Further, we performed a limited in-silico analysis to establish the involvement of SKP2 in a few publicly available cancer datasets. Interestingly, our study identified Skp2 expression to be altered in a cancer-specific manner. While it was found to be overexpressed in several cancer types, few cancer showed a down-regulation in SKP2. Our review provides evidence for developing novel SKP2 inhibitors in hematological malignancies. We also investigated the effect of SKP2 status on survival and disease progression. In addition, the role of miRNA and its associated families in regulating Skp2 expression was explored. Subsequently, we predicted common miRNAs against Skp2 genes by using miRNA-predication tools. Finally, we discussed current approaches and future prospective approaches to target the Skp2 gene by using different drugs and miRNA-based therapeutics applications in translational research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 William, Dhar, Gundamaraju, Sahoo, Pethusamy, Raj, Ramasamy, Alqahtani, Abbas and Karmakar.)

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Prenatal ionizing radiation exposure may hinder fetal and embryonic growth depending on the dose and gestational age. The current study's objective was to discover how bone marrow transplants affected the spleens of pregnant rats that had been subjected to γ (Gamma) radiation. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Sixty rats that were pregnant were separated into five different groups, each with 6 females. The pregnant rats in the second Group were exposed to 2Gy of γ-rays. Group III; pregnant rats subjected to 2Gy of γ-rays, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of newly prepared bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The fifth Group were exposed to 2Gy γ-rays and received 1 dosage of BMT an hour later. Spleen samples from the pregnant rats as well as their fetuses were taken for histological and histochemical analyses. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Gamma rays damaged the splenic tissue of women and their fetuses on days 7 or 14 of pregnancy in a variety of histological and histochemical ways, although bone marrow transplantation significantly reduced the damage. Treated mothers with bone marrow post-radiation showed a noticeable recovery in spleen of their fetuses. Improved spleen architecture was accompanied by appearance of normal content of collagen, polysaccharides and total protein in the fetal spleen tissue especially on day 7 of gestation. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Bone marrow transplantation can lessen the damage caused by gamma radiation.

Recent advances have brought forth the complex interplay between tumor cell plasticity and its consequential impact on drug resistance and tumor recurrence, both of which are critical determinants of neoplastic progression and therapeutic efficacy. Various forms of tumor cell plasticity, instrumental in facilitating neoplastic cells to develop drug resistance, include epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) alternatively termed epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) attributes, and transdifferentiation into diverse cell lineages. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that play an essential role in regulating a multitude of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. NRs have been implicated to play a critical role in modulating gene expression associated with tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how NRs regulate these key aspects of cancer biology. We discuss the diverse mechanisms through which NRs influence tumor cell plasticity, including EMT, stemness, and metastasis. Further, we explore the intricate relationship between NRs and drug resistance, highlighting the impact of NR signaling on chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. We also discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting NRs to overcome tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review also provides valuable insights into the current clinical trials that involve agonists or antagonists of NRs modulating various aspects of tumor cell plasticity, thereby delineating the potential of NRs as therapeutic targets for improved cancer treatment outcomes., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background Lumbar puncture, a common diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, is performed regardless of individual spinal alignment variations. However, the impact of kyphosis, scoliosis, and kyphoscoliosis on spinal cord termination level and lumbar puncture safety remains unclear. Objectives This study aimed to determine if the termination level of the spinal cord is different in individuals with spinal deformities and to assess the necessity of routine neuroimaging for safe lumbar puncture localization. Study design and settings This single-center retrospective study was conducted at a university hospital using patients' electronic medical records. The study was focused on patients diagnosed with kyphosis, scoliosis, or kyphoscoliosis using spinal magnetic resonance imaging from January 2010 to December 2022. Participants We evaluated 240 patients: 120 with diagnosed spinal deformities (kyphosis, scoliosis, or kyphoscoliosis) and 120 without deformities, categorized by sex (deformed: 92 females, 28 males; non-deformed: 72 females, 48 males). Patients with spinal trauma, bleeding, or tumors were excluded. Results No statistically significant correlation was found between spinal deformities and spinal cord termination, with L1 remaining the most common endpoint in all groups. Conclusion Routine neuroimaging prior to lumbar puncture in patients with spinal deformities was not associated with a safer procedure due to no observed impact on the termination level of the spinal cord., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Alamri et al.)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent form of cancer globally, causing a significant number of deaths, surpassing 0.9 million in the year 2020. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, CRC ranks third in incidence and second in mortality in both males and females. Despite extensive studies over the years, there is still a need to establish novel therapeutic targets to enhance the patients' survival rate in CRC. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) that regulate numerous essential biological processes such as differentiation, development, physiology, reproduction, and cellular metabolism. Dysregulation and anomalous expression of different NRs has led to multiple alterations, such as impaired signaling cascades, mutations, and epigenetic changes, leading to various diseases, including cancer. It has been observed that differential expression of various NRs might lead to the initiation and progression of CRC, and are correlated with poor survival outcomes in CRC patients. Despite numerous studies on the mechanism and role of NRs in this cancer, it remains of significant scientific interest primarily due to the diverse functions that various NRs exhibit in regulating key hallmarks of this cancer. Thus, modulating the expression of NRs with their agonists and antagonists, based on their expression levels, holds an immense prospect in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutical modalities of CRC. In this review, we primarily focus on the role and mechanism of NRs in the pathogenesis of CRC and emphasized the significance of targeting these NRs using a variety of agents, which may represent a novel and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of this cancer., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Chemoresistance is the adaptation of cancer cells against therapeutic agents. When exhibited by cancer cells, chemoresistance helps them to avoid apoptosis, cause relapse, and metastasize, making it challenging for chemotherapeutic agents to treat cancer. Various strategies like dosage modification of drugs, nanoparticle-based delivery of chemotherapeutics, antibody-drug conjugates, and so on are being used to target and reverse chemoresistance, one among such is combination therapy. It uses the combination of two or more therapeutic agents to reverse multidrug resistance and improve the effects of chemotherapy. Phytochemicals are known to exhibit chemosensitizing properties and are found to be effective against various cancers. Tocotrienols (T3) and tocopherols (T) are natural bioactive analogs of vitamin E, which exhibit important medicinal value and potential curative properties apart from serving as an antioxidant and nutrient supplement. Notably, T3 exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and so on. The chemosensitizing property of tocotrienol is exhibited by modulating several signaling pathways and molecular targets involved in cancer cell survival, proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis like NF-κB, STATs, Akt/mTOR, Bax/Bcl-2, Wnt/β-catenin, and many more. T3 sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs including cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel increasing drug concentration and cytotoxicity. Discussed herewith are the chemosensitizing properties of tocotrienols on various cancer cell types when combined with various drugs and biological molecules., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Hematological malignancies (HM) represent a subset of neoplasms affecting the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic systems, categorized primarily into leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Their prognosis varies considerably, with a frequent risk of relapse despite ongoing treatments. While contemporary therapeutic strategies have extended overall patient survival, they do not offer cures for advanced stages and often lead to challenges such as acquisition of drug resistance, recurrence, and severe side effects. The need for innovative therapeutic targets is vital to elevate both survival rates and patients' quality of life. Recent research has pivoted towards nuclear receptors (NRs) due to their role in modulating tumor cell characteristics including uncontrolled proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis evasion, invasion and migration. Existing evidence emphasizes NRs' critical role in HM. The regulation of NR expression through agonists, antagonists, or selective modulators, contingent upon their levels, offers promising clinical implications in HM management. Moreover, several anticancer agents targeting NRs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review highlights the integral function of NRs in HM's pathophysiology and the potential benefits of therapeutically targeting these receptors, suggesting a prospective avenue for more efficient therapeutic interventions against HM., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background In the face of the ongoing global health crisis posed by COVID-19, it becomes imperative to understand the disease's dynamics, particularly in specific regions. This study provides a detailed examination of the factors influencing mechanical ventilation (MV) duration among COVID-19 patients in an intensive care setting, focusing on a diverse patient cohort from the Al Hassa region of Saudi Arabia. The primary aim of this study was to identify key demographic factors, clinical outcomes, and comorbidities that affect the duration of MV among ICU patients with COVID-19. This understanding is crucial for enhancing patient care and informing healthcare strategies in the context of the pandemic. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to the ICU in the Al Hassa region. The total number of participants was 1,259. Using a systematic sampling method, these participants were chosen to create a representative sample that reflects the prevailing treatment protocols in ICUs across these hospitals. Data encompassed patient demographics, comorbidities, clinical outcomes, and MV duration. Statistical analyses were employed to explore the associations between these variables. Results Our findings reveal a total of 1,259 participants significant associations between MV duration and various factors, including nationality, legal status, travel history, and comorbidities like heart failure and immunocompromised status. These insights are instrumental in understanding the nuances of COVID-19 management in critical care. Conclusion The study provides valuable insights into the determinants of MV duration in severe COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the need for individualized patient care approaches. It highlights the complexity of managing COVID-19 in ICU settings and underscores the importance of tailored healthcare responses to this global health challenge, particularly in the Al Hassa region., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Alsuwat et al.)

The present research aims to predict effluent soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in anaerobic digestion (AD) process using machine-learning based approach. Anaerobic digestion is a highly sensitive process and depends upon several environmental and operational factors, such as temperature, flow, and load. Therefore, predicting output characteristics using modeling is important not only for process monitoring and control, but also to reduce the operating cost of the treatment plant. It is difficult to predict COD in a real time mode, so it is better to use Complex Mathematical Modeling (CMM) for simulating AD process and forecasting output parameters. Therefore, different Machine Learning algorithms, such as Linear Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks, have been used for predicting effluent SCOD using data acquired from in situ anaerobic wastewater treatment system. The result of the predicted data using different algorithms were compared with experimental data of anaerobic system. It was observed that the Artificial Neural Networks is the most effective simulation technique that correlated with the experimental data with the mean absolute percentage error of 10.63 and R 2 score of 0.96. This research proposes an efficient and reliable integrated modeling method for early prediction of the water quality in wastewater treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Two-dimensional Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are highly used in the biomedical domain due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled drug loading and release capabilities, and improved cellular permeability. The interaction of LDHs with biological systems could facilitate targeted drug delivery and make them an attractive option for various biomedical applications. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) requires targeted drug delivery for optimum therapeutic outcomes. In this study, stacked double hydroxide nanocomposites with dextran sulphate modification (LDH-DS) were developed while exhibiting both targeting and pH-sensitivity for rheumatological conditions. This research examines the loading, release kinetics, and efficiency of the therapeutics of interest in the LDH-based drug delivery system. The mean size of LDH-DS particles (300.1 ± 8.12 nm) is -12.11 ± 0.4 mV. The encapsulation efficiency was 48.52%, and the loading efficacy was 16.81%. In vitro release tests indicate that the drug's discharge is modified more rapidly in PBS at pH 5.4 compared to pH 5.6, which later reached 7.3, showing the case sensitivity to pH. A generative adversarial network (GAN) is used to analyze the drug delivery system in rheumatology. The GAN model achieved high accuracy and classification rates of 99.3% and 99.0%, respectively, and a validity of 99.5%. The second and third administrations resulted in a significant change with p-values of 0.001 and 0.05, respectively. This investigation unequivocally demonstrated that LDH functions as a biocompatible drug delivery matrix, significantly improving delivery effectiveness., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction and aim Gout, the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, arises from hyperuricemia, a condition where elevated levels of uric acid lead to the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints. Nevertheless, it's important to note that not all cases of hyperuricemia result in gout. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Asir region of Saudi Arabia, targeting primary healthcare physicians (PHPs) specializing in family medicine and general practice. The study utilized a modified electronic questionnaire, inspired by similar studies and aligned with recent guidelines, to assess PHPs' knowledge and practices concerning asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH) and gout. The questionnaire encompassed the PHPs' demographic data and their knowledge and practices for AH and gout management. Results Out of 201 participating PHPs, the majority were male (68.2%), predominantly aged 25-34 years (73.1%), and practicing as general practitioners (61.2%). A significant proportion of PHPs had less than five years of experience (63.7%). In terms of education, 36.8% attended continuing medical education (CME) on AH or gout, and 66.7% were aware of the related management guidelines. The study revealed that the total knowledge score among PHPs averaged 5.18 out of seven, indicating a moderate level of knowledge. However, their practice level was moderate, with a mean practice score of 6.75 out of 12. The study also found no significant differences in knowledge scores based on gender, age, or years of experience, but significant variations were noted based on medical specialty. Conclusion There is a moderate level of knowledge and practice among PHPs in managing AH and gout in the Asir region. Despite adequate knowledge levels, there appears to be a gap in implementing this knowledge into practice, particularly in long-term management strategies. The findings emphasize the need for ongoing medical education and specialized training programs to bridge these gaps. The study provides a valuable framework for identifying and addressing similar challenges in other regions and medical practices., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Tawhari et al.)

Recent advances in oncological research have highlighted the potential of naturally derived compounds in cancer prevention and treatment. Notably, sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables including broccoli and cabbage, has exhibited potent chemosensitizing capabilities across diverse cancer types of bone, brain, breast, lung, skin, etc. Chemosensitization refers to the enhancement of cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy agents, counteracting the chemoresistance often developed by tumor cells. Mechanistically, SFN orchestrates this sensitization by modulating an array of cellular signaling pathways (e.g., Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin), and regulating the expression and activity of pivotal genes, proteins, and enzymes (e.g., p53, p21, survivin, Bcl-2, caspases). When combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, SFN synergistically inhibits cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis while potentiating drug-induced apoptosis. This positions SFN as a potential adjunct in cancer therapy to augment the efficacy of standard treatments. Ongoing preclinical and clinical investigations aim to further delineate the therapeutic potential of SFN in oncology. This review illuminates the multifaceted role of this phytochemical, emphasizing its potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-cancer agents, suggesting its prospective contributions to cancer chemosensitization and management.

Modern energy systems are finding new applications for magnetohydrodynamic rheological bio-inspired pumping systems. The incorporation of the electrically conductive qualities of flowing liquids into the biological geometries, rheological behavior, and propulsion processes of these systems was a significant effort. Additional enhancements to transport properties are possible with the use of nanofluids. Due to their several applications in physiology and industry, including urine dynamics, chyme migration in the gastrointestinal system, and the hemodynamics of tiny blood arteries. Peristaltic processes also move spermatozoa in the human reproductive system and embryos in the uterus. The present research examines heat transport in a two-dimensional deformable channel containing magnetic viscoelastic nanofluids by considering all of these factors concurrently, which is vulnerable to peristaltic waves and hall current under ion slip and other situations. Nanofluid rheology makes use of the Sutterby fluid model, while nanoscale effects are modeled using the Buongiorno model. The current study introduces an innovative numerical computing solver utilizing a Multilayer Perceptron feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Data were collected for testing, certifying, and training the ANN model. In order to make the dimensional PDEs dimensionless, the non-similar variables are employed and calculated by the Homotopy perturbation technique. The effects of developing parameters such as Sutterby fluid parameter, Froude number, thermophoresis, ion-slip parameter, Brownian motion, radiation, Eckert number, and Hall parameter on velocity, temperature, and concentration are demonstrated. The machine learning model chooses data, builds and trains a network, and subsequently assesses its performance using the mean square error metric. Current results declare that the improving Reynolds number tends to increase the pressure rise. Improving the Hall parameter is shown to result in a decrease in velocity. When raising a fluid's parameter, the temperature profile rises., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The borotellurite glasses whose chemical structure is (29.5-0.4x)CaO + 10CaF 2  + (60-0.6x)B 2 O 3  + xTeO 2 + 0.5Yb 2 O 3 (where x=10, 16, 22, 31, and 54 % mole. represent TCCBY1-TCCBY5, respectively) are Pb-free, thermally stable, and transparent glasses with attractive optical features for technological applications. The gamma-photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, carbon ions, fast neutrons, and fast neutron interaction parameters of these glasses are presented in this study to better understand the role of TeO 2 in influencing their radiation shielding properties and radiation protection applications. The photon mass attenuation coefficient was evaluated by XCOM computation and simulation using the FLUKA code. The FLUKA code was also used to evaluate the mass stopping powers of the charged radiations, while neutrons' cross sections were evaluated using standard expressions. For 0.015 MeV-15 MeV photons, the mass attenuation coefficients of the glasses fell from 17.9499 to 0.0246 cm 2 /g for TCCBY1, 20.5628 to 0.0263 cm 2 /g for TCCBY2, 23.2756 to 0.079 cm 2 /g for TCCBY3, 26.7487 to 0.0298 cm 2 /g for TCCBY4, and 33.3591 to 0.0335 cm 2 /g for TCCBY5. The photon half-value layer at 15 keV is reduced by about 19.57%, 32.68%, 48.84%, and 63.89% when the TeO 2 content increases from 10 mol to 16, 22, 31, and 54 mol, respectively. TeO 2 was found to suppress photon buildup in the glasses. The mass stopping powers of charged radiation increased as glass density decreased. The addition of TeO 2 into the glass structure increased the ability of the TCCBY glass to absorb fast neutrons by up to 54 % mole. The gamma radiation and fast neutron moderating ability of TCCBY5 glass compared to common shields and other materials is exceptional. The glass is recommended for the design of Pb-free, transparent, and efficient radiation protection structures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Taking hearing loss as a prevalent sensory disorder, the restricted permeability of blood flow and the blood-labyrinth barrier in the inner ear pose significant challenges to transporting drugs to the inner ear tissues. The current options for hear loss consist of cochlear surgery, medication, and hearing devices. There are some restrictions to the conventional drug delivery methods to treat inner ear illnesses, however, different smart nanoparticles, including inorganic-based nanoparticles, have been presented to regulate drug administration, enhance the targeting of particular cells, and decrease systemic adverse effects. Zinc oxide nanoparticles possess distinct characteristics that facilitate accurate drug delivery, improved targeting of specific cells, and minimized systemic adverse effects. Zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied for targeted delivery and controlled release of therapeutic drugs within specific cells. XGBoost model is used on the Wideband Absorbance Immittance (WAI) measuring test after cochlear surgery. There were 90 middle ear effusion samples (ages = 1-10 years, mean = 34.9 months) had chronic middle ear effusion for four months and verified effusion for seven weeks. In this research, 400 sets underwent wideband absorbance imaging (WAI) to assess inner ear performance after surgery. Among them, 60 patients had effusion Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), while 30 ones had normal ears (control). OME ears showed significantly lower absorbance at 250, 500, and 1000 Hz than controls (p < 0.001). Absorbance thresholds >0.252 (1000 Hz) and >0.330 (2000 Hz) predicted a favorable prognosis (p < 0.05, odds ratio: 6). It means that cochlear surgery and WAI showed high function in diagnosis and treatment of inner ear infections. Regarding the R 2 0.899 and RMSE 1.223, XGBoost shows excellent specificity and sensitivity for categorizing ears as having effusions absent or present or partial or complete flows present, with areas under the curve (1-0.944)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Intense sun exposure is a major risk factor for the development of melanoma, an abnormal proliferation of skin cells. Yet, this more prevalent type of skin cancer can also develop in less-exposed areas, such as those that are shaded. Melanoma is the sixth most common type of skin cancer. In recent years, computer-based methods for imaging and analyzing biological systems have made considerable strides. This work investigates the use of advanced machine learning methods, specifically ensemble models with Auto Correlogram Methods, Binary Pyramid Pattern Filter, and Color Layout Filter, to enhance the detection accuracy of Melanoma skin cancer. These results suggest that the Color Layout Filter model of the Attribute Selection Classifier provides the best overall performance. Statistics for ROC, PRC, Kappa, F-Measure, and Matthews Correlation Coefficient were as follows: 90.96% accuracy, 0.91 precision, 0.91 recall, 0.95 ROC, 0.87 PRC, 0.87 Kappa, 0.91 F-Measure, and 0.82 Matthews Correlation Coefficient. In addition, its margins of error are the smallest. The research found that the Attribute Selection Classifier performed well when used in conjunction with the Color Layout Filter to improve image quality., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly referred to as a heart attack, is a leading global cause of mortality, necessitating immediate recognition and appropriate actions. This study aims to assess AMI awareness and response among the general population in Alahssa, Saudi Arabia., Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, with surveys distributed via online platforms. Participants aged 18 years and older, residing in Alahssa, and providing informed consent were included., Results: Among 406 participants, 74.1% had good knowledge levels. Notably, 216 (53.2%) recognized calling an ambulance as the initial response to AMI symptoms. The Internet (140, 28.9%) and healthcare professionals (113, 23.3%) were primary information sources, with "sudden pain or discomfort in arms or hands" (287, 27.8%) as the most recognized symptom. "Obesity" and "heart disease" (304, 12.3%) were the most common risk factors. Demographic variations in knowledge were observed., Conclusion: This study highlights the need to enhance public awareness of AMI, particularly among specific demographic groups. Targeted educational campaigns can improve knowledge, promote appropriate actions, and ultimately enhance outcomes during AMI events in Alahssa, Saudi Arabia., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Research Ethics Committee of King Faisal University issued approval KFU-REC-2022-SEP–ETHICS1,329. Having reviewed the details submitted by the applicant regarding the abovenamed research project, the Research Ethics Committee at King Faisal University grants its ethical approval to the protocol. Projects may be subject to an audit or any other form of monitoring by the committee at any time. The committee may request a regular report on the progress of the project to ensure that researchers are committed to the highest ethical standards. Researchers are held accountable for the storage, retention, and security of original data obtained from projects. Any substantial alterations to the project or emerging events or matters that may affect the ethical acceptability of the project must be reported immediately to the committee via email (ialjreesh@kfu.edu.sa) or phone (0096615899773). Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2023, Almaqhawi et al.)

The mortality rates of patients contracting the Omicron and Delta variants of COVID-19 are very high, and COVID-19 is the worst variant of COVID. Hence, our objective is to detect COVID-19 Omicron and Delta variants from lung CT-scan images. We designed a unique ensemble model that combines the CNN architecture of a deep neural network-Capsule Network (CapsNet)-and pre-trained architectures, i.e., VGG-16, DenseNet-121, and Inception-v3, to produce a reliable and robust model for diagnosing Omicron and Delta variant data. Despite the solo model's remarkable accuracy, it can often be difficult to accept its results. The ensemble model, on the other hand, operates according to the scientific tenet of combining the majority votes of various models. The adoption of the transfer learning model in our work is to benefit from previously learned parameters and lower data-hunger architecture. Likewise, CapsNet performs consistently regardless of positional changes, size changes, and changes in the orientation of the input image. The proposed ensemble model produced an accuracy of 99.93%, an AUC of 0.999 and a precision of 99.9%. Finally, the framework is deployed in a local cloud web application so that the diagnosis of these particular variants can be accomplished remotely., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.