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The extensive use of fossil fuels contributes to global warming and the release of toxic metals into the environment, resulting in climate change in some regions. It has been estimated that cooling buildings accounts for about 20% of global electricity consumption and this figure continues to grow. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the feasibility of using an air conditioning unit for cooling a residential building, powered by solar energy in the conditions of Iraqi Kurdistan. Such an assessment is required for the sustainable development of the region. The study location is Erbil city in Iraq (latitude: 36.1911 °N, longitude: 44.00917 °E). The PVsyst software tool was used for modeling because it is characterized by great versatility in the field of modeling solar energy systems. The specified solar panel power (kW) was a constant parameter. Variable parameters were height of solar panels, albedo reflector, tracker system. In the current study, three simulations were performed in which the variable parameter was height and four simulations in which the variable parameter was the solar panel› angle. An average of 3.5 kWh was produced throughout the day, and an average of 3.3 kWh was produced during working hours. Only 0.2 kWh was produced outside of working hours, meaning that almost all of the electricity produced is available during working hours. This is useful in countries without high feed-in tariffs where only a small feed into the grid is needed. Also with the lowest calculated values (of all the options under study) the energy produced is 2264 kW/h/year or 2.264 MW/h/year (month - January, panel installation height - 0.5 m, inclination - 20°, azimuth - 0°), greenhouse gas emissions of at least 604.3 kg CO2 per year are eliminated. At the same time, an additional measure to increase the efficiency of using a solar panel to power an air conditioner is to place reflective material in which the reflection rate or reflection coefficient is different under the solar panels. However, as mentioned earlier, this is an expensive solution. In the future, it will be beneficial to develop smart control technologies to improve performance and evaluate the impact of a solar air conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objectives of this study are to locate existing research on renewable energy, examine the energy policy of Tanzania, assess bibliometric factors, determine the direction of the current research, and comprehend unexplored research topics. This exploration focuses on a bibliometric-based study using computer-assisted software tools known as VOS viewer and RStudio in analyzing the Scopus data retrieved package for the key phrase of "Renewable energy" in the article titles published from 2002 to 2022. A total of 661 publications (which is only 0.45% and 6.3% of the global and continental publications from Africa respectively) were analysed after refining using different bibliometric criteria like study site, type of document, publication stage, language used in the document, and publication time interval. The results shows that Energy fuels, engineering, technology, environmental sciences, ecology, and business economics are the most frequently studied fields. Also, from a total of 661 publications, only 32 documents were published from Tanzania for 20 years from 2022 which is less than 2 publication/year. This study concludes that there is a notable lack of research output from Tanzania in this critical field. This gap underscores the need for greater investment in renewable energy research and development within the country, as well as targeted efforts to build research capacity and foster collaboration among academia, government, and industry stakeholders.

The extensive use of fossil fuels contributes to global warming and the release of toxic metals into the environment, resulting in climate change in some regions. It has been estimated that cooling buildings accounts for about 20% of global electricity consumption and this figure continues to grow. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the feasibility of using an air conditioning unit for cooling a residential building, powered by solar energy in the conditions of Iraqi Kurdistan. Such an assessment is required for the sustainable development of the region. The study location is Erbil city in Iraq (latitude: 36.1911°N, longitude: 44.00917°E). The PVsyst software tool was used for modeling because it is characterized by great versatility in the field of modeling solar energy systems. The specified solar panel power (kW) was a constant parameter. Variable parameters were height of solar panels, albedo reflector, tracker system. In the current study, three simulations were performed in which the variable parameter was height and four simulations in which the variable parameter was the solar panel' angle. An average of 3.5 kWh was produced throughout the day, and an average of 3.3 kWh was produced during working hours. Only 0.2 kWh was produced outside of working hours, meaning that almost all of the electricity produced is available during working hours. This is useful in countries without high feed-in tariffs where only a small feed into the grid is needed. Also with the lowest calculated values (of all the options under study) the energy produced is 2264 kW/h/year or 2.264 MW/h/year (month - January, panel installation height - 0.5 m, inclination - 20°, azimuth - 0 °), greenhouse gas emissions of at least 604.3 kg CO2 per year are eliminated. At the same time, an additional measure to increase the efficiency of using a solar panel to power an air conditioner is to place reflective material in which the reflection rate or reflection coefficient is different under the solar panels. However, as mentioned earlier, this is an expensive solution. In the future, it will be beneficial to develop smart control technologies to improve performance and evaluate the impact of a solar air conditioning.

Objective This study examined the effects of substituting winged bean tuber steam (WBTS) modified starches for cassava chips (CSC) in the concentrate diet on rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and blood metabolites in Thai-native beef cattle. Methods Four Thai-native bulls were assigned randomly as a 4×4 Latin square design, which represents the amount of CSC replaced with WBTS in the concentrate mixture diets at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Results Increasing levels of WBTS replacement for CSC in the concentrate diets had a quadratic effect on total dry matter (DM) intake (p

Objective: This study examined the effects of substituting winged bean tuber steam (WBTS) modified starches for cassava chips (CSC) in the concentrate diet on rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and blood metabolites in Thai-native beef cattle. Methods: Four Thai-native bulls were assigned randomly as a 4×4 Latin square design, which represents the amount of CSC replaced with WBTS in the concentrate mixture diets at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Results: Increasing levels of WBTS replacement for CSC in the concentrate diets had a quadratic effect on total dry matter (DM) intake (p<0.05). Replacement of WBTS at 20% and 30% for CSC did not alter total DM intake compared to 0% WBTS, whereas 10% WBTS replacement could significantly increase total DM intake by 0.41 kg DM/d compared to the control group. In addition, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility showed a quadratic increase (p<0.05) when CSC was substituted at various levels of WBTS in the concentrate diet (p<0.05). Replacement of CSC with WBTS at 10% and 20% showed higher NDF digestibility when compared to 0% replacement. There was a quadratic increase in blood glucose at 4 h post-feeding, and the average blood glucose value was significantly lower (p<0.01) when substituting CSC with WBTS. Substituting WBTS for CSC at 10% in the concentrate diet showed the highest blood glucose concentration when compared to other treatments. Replacing CSC with WBTS at 10% and 20% shows a higher concentration of C3 than those of other treatments (0% or 30%). The nitrogen (N) intake increased linearly (p<0.05) when substituting WBTS for CSC at all levels in the diet. Additionally, N retention and the ratio of N retention to N intake increased (p<0.05) when substituting WBTS for CSC at 10%, 20%, and 30% compared to 0%. The gross energy intake (GEI), digestible energy intake (DEI), and energy efficiency (DEI/GEI) were quadratically increased when substituted with various levels of WBTS for CSC in the concentrate diet. Conclusion: The findings indicate that substituting 10% of CSC in the concentrate diet with WBTS may be sufficient as an alternative feed resource for improving nutrient utilization and metabolic efficiency in beef cattle diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at identifying the optimal locations for solar and wind power plants in the Republic of Kosovo using geodetic parameters and evaluation criteria. The study used global publicly available data, including an elevation model, geographic coordinates, a land cover database, and information on solar radiation and wind characteristics, which were processed in GRASS GIS software. The analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the weights of the criteria, which provided an integrated assessment of the suitability of the territories. The study found that 61.8% of the territory of the Republic of Kosovo is suitable for utilizing sunlight, indicating the country’s significant potential for solar energy production. However, in the case of wind energy installations, the study found that only 32.5% of the territory could be considered optimal for solar power plants. This difference in percentages demonstrates the importance of considering many factors in the planning and construction of energy installations to ensure their stable and efficient operation. The study also confirmed that the F1 model, which uses all the criteria with their respective weights, provides the most reliable results for determining the optimal locations for energy installations. Sensitivity analysis showed that this model was the most effective in classifying suitable locations compared to other rasters such as F2 and F3. This confirms the importance of taking into account various parameters and their impact on the selection of optimal locations for power plants. The results open up possibilities for optimizing the use of solar and wind potential in the Republic of Kosovo, confirming the possibility of using geodetic data and geoinformation data to identify optimal locations for energy installations

The most economical and efficient method to produce green hydrogen relies on electrochemistry, the electricity for which is of a green origin, and on photocatalytic water splitting. The latter technology involves the use of a photocatalyst or a photo-electrocatalyst to transform solar energy into chemical energy. Vast efforts have thus been dedicated to the pursuit of such a catalyst. The current study focused on the development of a heterogeneous photoelectrochemical system in which the Na 3 [Ru 2 (μ -CO 3) 4 ] complex was used as a WOC. To that end, two types of electrodes were prepared: coated indium tin oxide (ITO) and meta-chemical surface (MCS) electrodes. Under 420 nm illumination, both electrode types exhibited higher catalytic currents than were observed without light. Our novel application of the Na 3 [Ru 2 (μ -CO 3) 4 ] complex as a catalyst in the photoelectrochemical water oxidation reaction requires minute amounts of the complex. The study findings add to the knowledge about the water-splitting process, and ultimately, they may facilitate the broader adoption of hydrogen as an environmentally friendly and increasingly accessible energy source. The Na 3 [Ru 2 (μ -CO 3) 4 ] complex is used as a WOC in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical water oxidation reactions showcasing elevated k cat values under 420 nm illumination. [Display omitted] • Initial usage of Na 3 [Ru 2 (μ -CO 3) 4 ] complex as a catalyst in photoelectrochemical water oxidation. • The working electrodes, made with minute amounts of catalyst, were stable and recyclable. • The prepared meta-chemical surface electrodes sustain a large surface area, which promotes the complex electrocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the primary drivers of global climate change. Human activities, particularly those related to energy production, transportation, and industry, have long contributed to the escalating levels of GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere. Recognizing the significance of this issue, universities, including Thammasat University, play a vital role in Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions research and education, carrying a responsibility to address the matter. This study is aimed aims to assess the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation measures at Thammasat University (Lampang campus), Thailand. The emissions are categorized into 3 types: (1) direct GHG emissions; (2) energy-related indirect GHG emissions; and (3) other indirect GHG emissions. Activity data from the years 2019 to 2022 was used for the calculations, resulting in GHG emissions of 1051.70, 778.28, 558.64, and 1034.531 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Among these emissions, energy-related indirect GHG emissions from electricity purchases represent the majority, accounting for approximately 78.55% of the total emissions. Consequently, implementing mitigation strategies, such as solar panel installations and solid waste reduction (combined scenario), has the potential to reduce GHG emissions by up to 57.78%. Furthermore, the university should actively promote GHG emissions reduction through the enactment of energy-saving policies and the adoption of energy-efficient technologies to reduce reliance on energy purchases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Actual Problems of Jurisprudence / Habaršy. Zan̦ Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was aimed at identifying the optimal locations for solar and wind power plants in the Republic of Kosovo using geodetic parameters and evaluation criteria. The study used global publicly available data, including an elevation model, geographic coordinates, a land cover database, and information on solar radiation and wind characteristics, which were processed in GRASS GIS software. The analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the weights of the criteria, which provided an integrated assessment of the suitability of the territories. The study found that 61.8% of the territory of the Republic of Kosovo is suitable for utilizing sunlight, indicating the country's significant potential for solar energy production. However, in the case of wind energy installations, the study found that only 32.5% of the territory could be considered optimal for solar power plants. This difference in percentages demonstrates the importance of considering many factors in the planning and construction of energy installations to ensure their stable and efficient operation. The study also confirmed that the F1 model, which uses all the criteria with their respective weights, provides the most reliable results for determining the optimal locations for energy installations. Sensitivity analysis showed that this model was the most effective in classifying suitable locations compared to other rasters such as F2 and F3. This confirms the importance of taking into account various parameters and their impact on the selection of optimal locations for power plants. The results open up possibilities for optimizing the use of solar and wind potential in the Republic of Kosovo, confirming the possibility of using geodetic data and geoinformation data to identify optimal locations for energy installations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This dedication is underpinned by public insight, and manager Mushalla Darul Ittihad's opinion about alternative energy still needs to be improved. The imbalance between the available electricity and the electricity load used often disrupts electricity due to overload. Interfere with the smoothness of worship activities. Besides lighting and sound amplifiers, the biggest electric charge lies on the water pumps that live all day. Therefore, additional power sources not charging the mushalla's operating costs are needed to cope with the problem. This activity aims to educate participants and offer ideas on the usage of alternative energy in electric water pumps. Implementation method involves observation, design, installation, and education of hybrid systems using solar energy and PLN for water pump energy. The result of the activity is increased knowledge and an installed solar power system for the water pump. The availability of this solar-powered water pump is expected to increase the congregation's participation in the implementation of mashallah activities and better social life.

Abstract Background In Tanzania, firewood, charcoal, and agricultural waste play a crucial role in daily life as sources of cooking energy, especially in rural areas. Using these energy sources contributes to deforestation and the emission of harmful substances, leading to health problems. This study highlights the potential of faecal sludge briquettes as an innovative, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources to meet the increasing demand for cooking energy in Tanzania. The process involved sludge characterization, drying, sorting, carbonization, milling, briquette making, and characterization. Results A study was conducted to assess the presence of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in faecal sludge collected from households. The results indicates that the levels of these metals were all within the acceptable limits set by the Tanzanian Standards (TZS) for sludge disposal and use in the environment, which are 5.00 mg/L, 5.00 mg/L, and 30.00 mg/L, respectively. Septic tanks and pit latrines sludge had a concentration of 0.5 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L for Zn, 0.55 mg/L, and 0.6 mg/L for Cd, and 10.01 mg/L and 4.87 mg/L for Pb, respectively. Adding 75% charcoal dust improved the gross and net heating values from 10.47 and 10.16 to 19.29 and 18.86 MJ/kg, respectively. Similarly, adding 50% charcoal dust improved the gross and net heating values to 19.24 and 18.78 MJ/kg. The emission of particulate matter (micrograms/m3) was reduced from 30.4 and 35 to 10.3 and 11.8 for PM2.5 and 7 and 8 for PM10, while carbon monoxide emission decreased from 51.2 to 19.7 ppm. Conclusion The results strongly suggest that briquettes made of carbonized faecal sludge mixed with other biomass materials could offer an alternative to traditional solid fuels, with the added benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and longer burning times.

This article explores how the public might actively participate in renewable energy projects by studying the role of local and credentialed experts in the development of micro-hydro technology for self-supply (off-grid electrification) or commercialization (on-grid electrification) in Central Java, Indonesia. All of the data were gathered qualitatively, including semi-structured interviews with local experts and energy experts, as well as interviews with local entrepreneurs, private companies, government agencies, end users, and civil society groups. Other methods included document analysis, observations, and site visits. The research found that credentialed and local experts have distinct sets of expertise and roles that complement one another. This challenges the "deficit" model of public understanding of science, which often claims that energy projects fail due to a lack of policy-relevant knowledge. The expertise of locals, their financial situation, and their geographic location are all considered to be linked with the design of micro-hydro technology, which is most typically run-of-river. While micro-hydro design is often related to "decentralization," standardized expertise has emerged as a critical impediment to alternative energy commercialization. This article concludes that public participation, supported by decentralized policies, is required to drive future growth and maintain the long-term viability of micro-hydro technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Tanzania, firewood, charcoal, and agricultural waste play a crucial role in daily life as sources of cooking energy, especially in rural areas. Using these energy sources contributes to deforestation and the emission of harmful substances, leading to health problems. This study highlights the potential of faecal sludge briquettes as an innovative, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources to meet the increasing demand for cooking energy in Tanzania. The process involved sludge characterization, drying, sorting, carbonization, milling, briquette making, and characterization. Results: A study was conducted to assess the presence of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in faecal sludge collected from households. The results indicates that the levels of these metals were all within the acceptable limits set by the Tanzanian Standards (TZS) for sludge disposal and use in the environment, which are 5.00 mg/L, 5.00 mg/L, and 30.00 mg/L, respectively. Septic tanks and pit latrines sludge had a concentration of 0.5 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L for Zn, 0.55 mg/L, and 0.6 mg/L for Cd, and 10.01 mg/L and 4.87 mg/L for Pb, respectively. Adding 75% charcoal dust improved the gross and net heating values from 10.47 and 10.16 to 19.29 and 18.86 MJ/kg, respectively. Similarly, adding 50% charcoal dust improved the gross and net heating values to 19.24 and 18.78 MJ/kg. The emission of particulate matter (micrograms/m3) was reduced from 30.4 and 35 to 10.3 and 11.8 for PM2.5 and 7 and 8 for PM10, while carbon monoxide emission decreased from 51.2 to 19.7 ppm. Conclusion: The results strongly suggest that briquettes made of carbonized faecal sludge mixed with other biomass materials could offer an alternative to traditional solid fuels, with the added benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and longer burning times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the importance of technological advancement in facilitating successful transitions to alternative energy is well recognized, the study of technological advancement strategies has been elusive. This study aims to investigate the technological advancement strategies for inventing alternative energy technologies by using patent data. This study empirically examines relationships between forward citation counts and the results of invention activities such as the degree and type of technological advancement (diversification), as well as other bibliographic information about the patent. Specifically, this study considers both the degree and the type of technological advancement of the patents, taking into account the scale and scope of technological knowledge. Finally, the study confirms the heterogeneous relationships between innovation impact and technological advancement in each field of alternative energy. It was confirmed that the innovation impact of patents related to wind energy was more significantly associated with the degree of technological advancement than that of patents related to other fields of alternative energy. In the case of patents related to fuel cells and biofuel, diversification of technological advancement was associated with a higher innovation impact. In the case of solar and hydro energy, specialization of technological advancement was found to be related to a higher innovation impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low rank coals are not used optimally, another way to increase this value is combustion without oxygen, known as pyrolysis. On the other hand, as a solid waste biomass, palm kernel shell (PKS) is a by-product of the palm oil industry that can cause environmental problems if not handled properly. In fact, the waste is plentiful and not even widely used, therefore it may also be an ideal feedstock for the pyrolysis process. This study compares the distribution of products from coal and PKS pyrolysis, and also characterizes the liquid (tar) and solid (char) products. The results show that the pyrolysis of coal produces more char, while the pyrolysis of PKS produces more gas. Higher tar yields were obtained with the pyrolysis process using PKS. GC-MS identified the main tar compounds for both materials as phenol and acetic acid, 3-methylphenol and methanol were also found in coal and PKS, respectively. The calorific value of char increased by about 5.19 % for coal and 41.12 % for PKS after pyrolysis. The other physical properties of coal and PKS are also improved after pyrolysis. Therefore, the application of pyrolysis in the use of coal and PKS can increase the added value of these two materials and contribute to alternative energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental sustainability of agricultural and industrial vehicles, as well as of the transportation sector, represents one of the most critical challenges to the sustainable development of a nation. In recent decades, compression-ignition engines have been widely used in on-road and off-road vehicles due to their better fuel economy, autonomy, compactness, and mechanical performance (spec. the high torque values). Due to the consistent environmental impact of fossil fuels, scientists are searching for alternative energy sources while preserving the beneficial features of diesel engines. The utilization of blends of diesel fuel, biodiesel, and bioethanol fuel (referred to as "ternary blends") is among the most promising solutions for replacing fossil fuels in the near term, allowing, at the same time, us to continue using existing vehicles until new technologies are developed, consolidated and adapted to the agricultural and industrial sector. These ternary blends can lower exhaust emissions without creating major problems for existing fuel-feeding systems, typically designed for low-viscosity fossil fuels. One of the concerns in using liquid biofuels, specifically biodiesel, is the high chemical affinity with conventional and bio-based lubricants, so the main parameters of lubricants can vary significantly after a long operation of the engine. The comprehensive literature review presented in this article delves into the technical challenges, the main research pathways, and the potential solutions associated with the utilization of biofuels. Additionally, it investigates the emerging application of nanoparticles as additives in lubricants and biofuels, highlighting their valuable potential. This study also discusses the potential implementation of bio-ethanol in ternary blends, offering a promising avenue for reducing reliance on fossil fuels while maintaining engine efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons (use of fossil fuels as a heat carrier) and consequences (prolonged energy and economic crises) of global warming are analyzed. It is shown that developing countries, using more advanced technologies, particularly in electricity production, are gaining global markets for raw materials and fuel. The vector of technological growth is shifting to Asian and South American countries. The global structure of electricity production by fuel types in countries with the highest electricity consumption is examined. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) data, in 2019, the majority of electricity production came from fossil sources, a small part from nuclear energy (10.3%), and 26.7% from renewable energy sources (RES). It is demonstrated that half of the world's electricity production is concentrated in three countries: China (30%), the United States (15.5%), and India (6%). Significant contributions are made by EU countries, accounting for 11.2% of global production (including 37.1% from RES). Global renewable energy capacity was 16.7% in 2010, 26.3% in 2019, and 28.7% in 2021. This growth is attributed to the UN's climate policy, aiming at decarbonizing the global economy, and substantial investments in the energy sector. Challenges hindering further growth of renewable energy share in China and other countries are discussed, including the insufficient number of energy storage systems (partly due to high entry costs ranging from 200 to 600 dollars per kWh) and the need for long-distance energy transmission. China, a global leader in renewable energy usage, generates almost 50% of the world's renewable energy capacity. Solar energy, including space projects, is considered the most promising among RES. However, a complete transition to RES is currently impossible due to various reasons. The key problem lies in ensuring an uninterrupted energy supply to consumers. Therefore, there is a need to accelerate the development of powerful energy storage systems and power lines for end consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One shortcoming of the current grid in North America is a lack of resiliency and reliability in inclement weather and the general need for investment to update its aging infrastructure. This is especially apparent in the Southeastern U.S., where tornadoes, hurricanes, flooding, and lightning strikes regularly disrupt power to customers. One way to increase grid resiliency in natural disasters is through the implementation of microgrids, which are a group of customers within defined electrical boundaries with the ability to connect to the grid or disconnect from the grid and operate independently in island mode. There are several factors impeding microgrid adoption, especially regulatory uncertainty. In many states, and particularly Southeastern states, there are not explicit tariffs regulating the interconnection and operation of microgrids, making investment in microgrids risky. Microgrids have been difficult for states to regulate because they often integrate multiple energy technologies and have complex ownership structures. There are three primary policy suggestions that could enhance microgrid adoption in the Southeastern U.S.: (1) States should adopt regulatory frameworks for microgrids that properly value the resiliency and grid benefits of microgrids, particularly through legislation that establishes legal definitions and rights of microgrids. (2) State legislatures should consider a shift to performance‐based ratemaking (PBR) rather than cost‐of‐service (COS) ratemaking to better prioritize certain performance goals, such as grid resiliency, and encourage more widespread adoption of microgrids. (3). To improve the economics of microgrids, state legislatures should consider authorizing community choice aggregation (CCA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science literacy skills are one of the abilities in understanding scientific knowledge to solve problems in everyday life. However, science literacy in Indonesia is still classified as low. So that in the independent curriculum currently used in education, science literacy is one of the competencies that is very important and also needed by Pancasila students. The purpose of this study is to analyze the improvement of science literacy skills as a result of PjBL - STEM learning in class X in one of Bandung State High School on alternative energy material. The sampling consisted of 32 students and the sampling technique was taken using convenience sampling technique. Data collection used is by formative test description of science literacy skills. The test instruments used were 2 questions identifying scientific issues, 2 questions explaining scientific evidence, and 3 questions explaining scientific evidence. The method used in this research is pre-experiment method using one group pre-test - post-test research design. The data that has been obtained is analyzed using the N-Gain value and effect size. The results showed that the value of students' science literacy skills increased with an average post-test score of 83.16 and the overall N-Gain value obtained was 0.57 and included in the moderate category, then the increase in students' science literacy in each indicator, namely in identifying problem issues, explaining scientific phenomena, and explaining scientific evidence has a moderate category. However, of the three indicators, the indicator of identifying scientific issues has the smallest N-Gain of 0.51. The calculation of the effect size value is carried out to determine how much influence learning using the PjBL-STEM model has in improving science literacy skills, so that in the research that has been done it is found that the effect size is 3.23 and is included in the "high" category. Thus, learning with the PjBL-STEM model has an effect in improving students' science literacy skills.

Electricity in Indonesia uses fossil fuels as an energy source. If fossil fuels run out, we will lose our largest source of electrical energy. Therefore, we need a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by making good use of renewable energy as a source of electrical energy. One of them is Green Technology Electricity with the utilization of sewage water to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. This study aims to determine the potential of sewage water assisted by Cu/Mg electrodes as a source of street lighting, manufacturing, and testing methods, and the effect of optimizing sewage water on electrical performance as street lighting. Lack of lighting in residential areas is also a supporting factor in this research. The stages used are preparation, incubation, construction assembly, research, and strength testing. Based on research, the sewage water from Perum Pesona Permata Gading can be used as street lighting with the highest potential difference and current strength being 4.4 V and 0.55 A for each 50 mL of the sewage water.

This research introduces the Sustainable Energy Generation Pad (SEGP), a cutting-edge solution for generating alternative energy from lightweight vehicles, such as bicycles and electric bikes. The SEGP consists of seven layers, incorporating thin-film PZT cells, an energy collector circuit, and non-interlaced composite material layers. Its primary goal is to harness clean energy from mechanical vibrations and kinetic energy generated during vehicle operation, reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels and promoting eco-friendly transportation. Simulations show that under ideal conditions (150–450 lbs weight, 10–12 mph speed), the 1XSEGP generates 0.59–1.35 W/ride in 0.34 s, and the 2XSEGP produces 1.42–3.42 W/ride in the same time frame. However, real-world implementation introduces complexities due to speed variations, material imperfections, and road conditions. In practice, the 1XSEGP generates 0.33–0.41 W/ride, and the 2XSEGP yields 0.54–0.67 W/ride in the same time frame, with a total rider and bicycle weight of about 160 lbs. While simulations are optimistic, prototype results confirm the SEGP’s potential for sustainable energy generation in lightweight vehicles. This research opens the door to more environmentally friendly alternative energy generation from lightweight transport, promising a newer, cleaner energy source and a more sustainable future.

Abstract Distillation serves as the foremost method for commercial-scale separation of fluid mixtures. Widely applied in wastewater treatment, it is the preferred choice for isolating volatile multi-component mixtures into pure substances. Distillation technology offers notable economic benefits due to its easy implementation, high efficiency, productivity, and robust safety features. This study examines the environmental impacts associated with the production and usage of a distillation, specifically in treating pharmaceutical process wastewater containing organic halogen compounds (AOX). The analysis adopts a 'gate-to-gate' approach, with the specified functional unit (FU) set at 1 kg of treated effluent containing no more than 8 ppm of AOX and less than 1000 mg O2/L of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In this work, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is conducted using Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and Recipe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.06 methodologies, utilizing the SimaPro V9.3.0.3 software in conjunction with the Ecoinvent V3.8 database. Analysis results have shown the emission of 1.11 × 10–2 kg CO2-eq, in which operational and production processes contribute 91.9% and 8.1%, respectively. To mitigate adverse effects, alternative energy sources, i.e., solar, offshore wind, and onshore wind are integrated into the distillation procedure. The substitution of hard coal with solar, offshore wind, and onshore wind energy displays the potential to significantly reduce climate change impact by 64.3%, 62.9%, and 62.8%, respectively. Article Highlights Distillation process undergoes a thorough life cycle assessment from production to application. Distillation process requires high energy and emits 1.11 × 10–2 kg CO2-eq per functional unit. The operational phase dominates over 90% in three damage categories: human health, ecosystems, and resources.

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The article examines the current state of development of the alternative energy market in Ukraine. An analysis of the energy market of Ukraine was made and the main factors stimulating the development of alternative energy were determined. These factors include legislative, economic, technological, administrative, geographic, and informational psychological factors. Changes in legislation related to the use of renewable energy sources are analyzed. A plan for the development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine is being considered. Today, most countries are trying to change their development scenarios to meet the ever-increasing energy needs. They do this by introducing new policies and focusing on alternative energy and energy efficiency issues. The transformation of energy markets is an important manifestation of modern energy trends. In this context, the achievements made within the framework of the Third Energy Package of the European Union regarding the creation of the European Union energy market should be particularly important. The analysis of the consequences of the transformation of energy markets in accordance with the Third Energy Package of the European Union allows to determine the main features and trends of the development of modern energy and to form connections between the subjects of the energy market in the next 10-20 years. All European countries have set targets for renewable energy. The European Union aims to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050.To achieve this goal, the European Union has launched its most ambitious package of measures, the European Green Deal, which aims to help people and companies in Europe achieve a sustainable green transition. In the light of the current pandemic, growing competition, globalization and ongoing European integration, research into the development of alternative energy is particularly important for Ukraine. Changes to the «green tariff» for wind and solar energy are presented. The paper shows that modern technological trends and improvement of energy efficiency and energy security of the country require changes in electricity production and are important for the country as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of air pollution and accelerated climate change, entrepreneurship is gradually becoming a deciding factor in the global conversation about saving the planet with renewable energy sources. To sustain the economy and entrepreneurial culture for future generations, researchers and entrepreneurs seek environmentally friendly methods for supporting entrepreneurial enterprises. Fossil fuel–based energy has significantly impeded the country's sustainable development. Pakistan lacks research examining the connection between biogas energy technology and entrepreneurship. This study aims to cover this void in the literature by employing the theory of planned behavior to investigate bioenergy as a business prospect for supportable monetary growth. The primary data comprises 358 comprehensive questionnaire survey respondents. PLS-SEM verifies the model and examines the suppositions. According to pragmatic findings, all views are positively and substantially associated with the sustainable progress of business enterprises implementing biogas energy. In contrast, social media awareness had no moderating effect on the dependent variable. Consequently, social media awareness substantially modifies the associations between all independent variables adopting biogas energy. The results of this research indicate the standing of altering social customs regarding private enterprise, increasing businesspersons' consciousness of these matters, reforming controlling arrangements, and highlighting the assistance of business events made possible by biogas energy technology, which increases businesspeople's investment returns. Conclusively, the study's limits and approvals for future research are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China actively promotes green investment and sustainable business development, recognising that green technology and infrastructure investment can boost economic growth while lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Green investment does come with environmental, financial, regulatory, and political risks, though these can be managed to increase investors’ long-term success. The importance of green investment and sustainable business development research stems from the need to identify challenges and promote long-term economic growth. This study seeks to identify opportunities and challenges for sustainable business development in China and the potential of green investment to address environmental issues. According to the study, the number of workers in the renewable energy industry reached 3.6 million in 2019, 4.3 million in 2020, 4.7 million in 2021, and 5.4 million in 2022, with renewable sources accounting for 34.2% of China’s electricity production in 2022. Furthermore, China has reduced air pollution by using renewable energy sources and reducing carbon emissions. A study on green investment and sustainable business development in China has practical significance in identifying market potential for green products and services. Further research could lead to recommendations to improve China’s green investment landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distillation serves as the foremost method for commercial-scale separation of fluid mixtures. Widely applied in wastewater treatment, it is the preferred choice for isolating volatile multi-component mixtures into pure substances. Distillation technology offers notable economic benefits due to its easy implementation, high efficiency, productivity, and robust safety features. This study examines the environmental impacts associated with the production and usage of a distillation, specifically in treating pharmaceutical process wastewater containing organic halogen compounds (AOX). The analysis adopts a 'gate-to-gate' approach, with the specified functional unit (FU) set at 1 kg of treated effluent containing no more than 8 ppm of AOX and less than 1000 mg O2/L of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). In this work, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is conducted using Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and Recipe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.06 methodologies, utilizing the SimaPro V9.3.0.3 software in conjunction with the Ecoinvent V3.8 database. Analysis results have shown the emission of 1.11 × 10–2 kg CO2-eq, in which operational and production processes contribute 91.9% and 8.1%, respectively. To mitigate adverse effects, alternative energy sources, i.e., solar, offshore wind, and onshore wind are integrated into the distillation procedure. The substitution of hard coal with solar, offshore wind, and onshore wind energy displays the potential to significantly reduce climate change impact by 64.3%, 62.9%, and 62.8%, respectively. Article Highlights Distillation process undergoes a thorough life cycle assessment from production to application. Distillation process requires high energy and emits 1.11 × 10–2 kg CO2-eq per functional unit. The operational phase dominates over 90% in three damage categories: human health, ecosystems, and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the recycling of waste groundnut oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production using activated coconut husk as a regenerating agent. The coconut husk was functionalized using organic acid. The properties of the functionalized coconut husk were investigated via instrumental analysis. Non-parametric modeling involving 2-degree isotherm models were used. The regeneration/recycling of the waste oil were done in batch mode examining key factors of temperature, time, concentration and dosage. Biodiesel was synthesized from recycled waste groundnut oil using transesterification reaction. The properties of biodiesel were examined using ASTM and AOAC official standards. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface analysis revealed the surface area of the adsorbent as 371.88 m2/g and a porosity distribution of 0.567 η on the surface at a pH of 6.1. Batch mode analysis revealed that 97.5% of impurities was removed from waste groundnut oil under one batch process at 80 °C after 4 h with 6 g of the activated coconut husk. Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit to the experimental data with adsorption capacity of 33.5 mg/g at R2 of 0.996. Adsorption of waste groundnut oil impurities onto activated coconut husk was endothermic, as evidenced by the calculated ΔH of +2.7914 kJ/mol. A high cetane number of 48.4 obtained after transesterification is an indication of the good ignition quality of the obtained recycled waste groundnut oil methyl ester. Kinematic viscosity and acid value were revealed to be 4.65 mm2 S−1 and 0.31 mg KOH/g, while the calorific value stood at 38,053 kJ/kg. GC-MS analysis revealed a complex mixture of fatty acid methyl esters dominated by unsaturated fatty acids (58.78%). Recycling of waste cooking oil in this work using activated coconut husk demonstrated good quality as a regenerating agent. The properties of biodiesel obtained showed that it has all the good qualities comparable to other existing biodiesel based on the ASTM and AOAC official standards. More work on the recycling of other waste cooking oils for green energy synthesis to protect our environment from pollution emanating from the use of conventional petro-diesel and promote energy transition is highly recommended.

Climate change has become a threatening problem for all countries of the world. For Kazakhstan, one of the world’s largest grain exporters, with its previously predominantly arid climate, developed mining industry, metallurgy and mainly coalfired heat and electricity generation, slowing down warming is becoming an urgent task. The purpose of this study is to summarise various aspects of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the possibilities of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through Kazakhstan’s transition to a new economic model based on the use of renewable energy sources. During the study, various methods of analysis were used – analytical selection based on a given or identified feature, comparative analysis of similar characteristics of various objects, statistical analysis of dynamic series, synthesis, representing the primary theoretical generalisation of empirical data. As a result of the study, a noticeable dependence of changes in average annual temperature and precipitation on total greenhouse gas emissions was identified. Moreover, the identified similarity of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators with the dynamics of individual greenhouse gases in Kazakhstan requires further research. It is also concluded that individual innovations in the form of individual renewable energy power plants or a Quota trading system determined by the highest values will not lead to a noticeable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Only the transition to a green economy, which should become a state priority, and its principles and main characteristics should be the reference when making any government decisions. This study can become a starting point for many theoretical and practical studies and show the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions not as a purely mechanical process, but in conjunction with other phenomena, which can be useful in making managerial decisions

The extensive range of uses of N-heterocycles as potent bioactive motifs has attracted researchers to expand newer methods for their efficient synthesis. Particularly, indoles are widely known for their prevalent pharmacological properties. Green chemistry provides various synthetic tools viz. alternative energy resources, nonconventional solvents, nano-catalysts, etc. Modern strategies of using ultrasound as an alternative energy resource in organic synthesis has led to the development of environment friendly and cost-effective techniques. The chemical and mechanical effects of ultrasound waves impart significant enhancement in both stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. The exclusive physicochemical properties of water offer widespread utility for carrying out organic reactions in this medium. The aim of this review article is to provide an inclusive summary of the combined use of ultrasound and aqueous media for the facile synthesis of biologically vital indole derivatives. 1 Introduction 2 Synthesis of Biologically Vital Indoles 2.1 Spirocyclic Indoles 2.2 Non-spiro 3-Substituted Indoles 2.3 Miscellaneous Indole Syntheses 3 Conclusions