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Le problème de compétition entre les adventices et les cultures se trouve au coeur des préoccupations de la production agricole. La gestion durable des adventices nécessite une connaissance de la flore. Ainsi cette étude a été menée sur deux sites d’exploitation (gombo et tomate) afin de caractériser les adventices en fonction des amendements organiques utilisés dans le temps et d’évaluer les rendements des cultures associées. A cet effet des inventaires floristiques ont été réalisés tous les 15 jours dès la levée des plantules. Les points quadrants ont été utilisés. Ainsi 23 espèces, réparties en 23 genres appartenant à 14 familles, ont été rencontrées. La parcelle du gombo (23 espèces) est plus riche que celle de la tomate (12 espèces). Les indices de Shannon (H’) et de Pielou diffèrent d’une parcelle à l’autre. Leurs valeurs relativement faibles variant respectivement entre 0,78 et 0,58 pour H’ ; 0,401 et 0,371 pour E montrent que certaines espèces dominent au niveau des deux parcelles. L’indice de beta (0,68) montre qu’il existe une similarité entre ces deux parcelles même si 32% des espèces sont spécifiques à la parcelle du gombo. Les résultats obtenus montrent que Cyperus rotondus, Kyllinga squamulata, Digitaria horizontalis, Spermacoce radiata et Nelsonia canescens sont les espèces dominantes et sont plus fréquentes dans les traitements : terreaux de manguier à 2 kg (TM2) pour le gombo et terreaux de SONACOS à 1 kg et cendre de SONACOS à 0,1 kg (T1C0,1) et cendre de SONACOS à 0,1 kg (T0C0,1) pour la tomate. Cependant les rendements des cultures sont plus faibles dans ces traitements et sont plus élevés dans le traitement Ts2 où la fréquence des espèces est élevée. En définitive, la présence d’une forte adventice compétitrice est susceptible de générer des pertes de rendements. The problem of competition between weeds and crops has become a major concern in agricultural production. Sustainable weed management required knowledge of the flora. Thus, this study was carried out on two farming sites (gumbo and tomato) in order to identify weeds according to the organic amendments used and to evaluate the yields of the associated crops. For this purpose, floristic inventories were carried out every 15 days as soon as the seedlings emerged. Quadrat points were used. Thus 23 species, divided into 23 genera belonging to 14 families, were encountered. The gumbo plot (23 species) was richer than the tomato plot (12 species). The Shannon (H') and Pielou indices differed from one plot to another. Their relatively low values varying respectively between 0.78 and 0.58 for H'; 0.401 and 0.371 for E showed that some species dominate in both plots. The beta index (0.68) showed that there was a similarity between these two plots even if 32% of the species were specific to the okra plot. The results obtained showed that Cyperus rotondus, Kyllinga squamulata, Digitaria horizontalis, Spermacoce radiata and Nelsonia canescens were the dominant species and were more frequent in the treatments: 2 kg mango potting soil (TM2) for okra and 1 kg SONACOS potting soil and 0.1 kg SONACOS ash (T1C0.1) and 0.1 kg SONACOS ash (T0C0.1) for tomato. However, crop yields were lower in these treatments and are higher in the SONACOS potting soils at 2 kg (TS2) treatment where the frequency of species was high. Finally, the existence of a strong weed competitor was likely to lead to yield losses.

Many children with sickle cell disease living in sub-Saharan Africa die before reaching age 5 years. We estimate the child mortality associated with sickle cell anaemia using an indirect approach to overcome the absence of systematic screening at birth.We did a retrospective, multicentre, case-control study in five countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal). Women with at least one child with a confirmed SS haemoglobin phenotype (sickle cell anaemia) and who had at least three (alive or deceased) children from the same father born more than 5 years ago were recruited at an outpatient consultation in a sickle cell disease care centre. Women who had children without sickle cell disease (control group) were recruited from the same area, with inclusion criteria of being a neighbour or relative of one of the mothers included in the study who had a child with sickle cell anaemia, having no child or other first-degree relative with major sickle cell syndrome, having at least three children (alive or deceased) born more than 5 years ago, and having a confirmed haemoglobin AA phenotype. During the mothers' interview, we collected data concerning the mortality of siblings from the same father of a child with sickle cell anaemia and characteristics of the family, such as age at the time of the survey and the level of education of both parents. Mortality rates were calculated for children younger than 1, 5, and 10 years using the Kaplan-Meier method after excluding the index children. We assumed, as per Mendel law, that in families who have a child with sickle cell anaemia and healthy heterozygous parents, 25% of children born on average have sickle cell anaemia. A multivariate Cox model was used to describe socioeconomic and geographical factors associated with mortality.Between Sept 1, 2017, and Nov 30, 2020, 1563 women who had at least one child with sickle cell anaemia and 4972 women from the same neighbourhood who had children without sickle cell disease were assessed for eligibility. Of 1563 women, 248 were excluded because the genotype of the index child was SC or S β-thalassaemia. 1315 families with cases of sickle cell anaemia and 1243 control families were included in the study. The median age of children (alive) was 14 years (IQR 8-20) in control families and 13 years (8-19) in families with cases of sickle cell anaemia. 5532 [50·6%] of 10 924 children were male. Mortality rates were 15·3% (95% CI 13·3-17·3) for children with sickle cell anaemia younger than 1 year, 36·4% (33·4-39·4) for those younger than 5 years, and 43·3% (39·3-47·3) for those younger than 10 years. Multivariate Cox survival analysis showed that belonging to a family with sickle cell anaemia (hazard ratio [HR] 2·23, 95% CI 1·96-2·54), living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (HR 1·64, 1·34-2·01), having an older parent (father or mother age had similar effect; HR 1·12, 1·05-1·19 per 10 years of age), or a significantly higher global Multidimensional Poverty Index (HR 1·09, 1·03-1·14), independently increased the risk of mortality. Whereas, living in Senegal (HR 0·70, 95% CI 0·57-0·86) or having a mother with higher education (high school HR 0·66, 0·55-0·80 or advanced HR 0·41, 0·28-0·61) independently decreased the risk of mortality.Although higher than in high-income countries and affected by non-specific socioeconomic factors, the estimated mortality in children with sickle cell anaemia living in sub-Saharan African cities was substantially lower than previous estimates, suggesting an improvement of sickle cell anaemia care in this setting.Fondation Pierre Fabre.For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Contexte :La gangrene de fournier GF est unenecrose fascio-cutanee associee a un syndrome toxi-infectieux et interessant surtout laregion perineo-scrotale. Objectif : Notre objectif etait de proceder en une analyse des aspectsepidemiocliniques et therapeutique de la GF. Materiels Et Methode : Il sagissait dune etuderetrospective realisee dans le service durologie de lhopital de Sikasso entre le 1er janvier 2017 –30 juin 2019. Resultats :Quinze cas de GF ont ete collectes, totalisant 1,50 % de nos activites.Age moyen : 59,80 ±22,41 (29 -100ans).Cetaient surtout des patients de niveauSocio-economique bas, parmi lesquels 40.0% presentait un facteur de risque reconnu dontle diabete. Deux patients, soit 13.33% ont beneficie de soins intensifs a cause du fait quilsetaient dans un etat de choc hemodynamique. Toutes les hemocultures etaient negatives etles prelevements effectues lors du debridement se sont reveles positif chez 3 patients. Lagrande majorite des patients presentaient une anemie normocytaire avechyperleucocytose. Delai moyen de prise en charge : 5,60± 3,13(2-11jours). Une derivationurinaire a ete effectuee chez tous les patients soit par sondage uretro-vesicalou parcystostomie. Un seul patient a beneficie dune colostomie. Nous avons enregistre 5 deces, soitun taux de mortalite de 33 .33%. Apres stabilisation des patients, on a procede aun debridement extensif et immediat suivi de pansement quotidien. Duree moyennesejour hospitalier : 23,40 ±22,06 (1-91jours). Conclusion :Seule une detection precoce des signesprecurseurs de la maladie, surtout chez des personnes a risque, pourrait contribuer audiagnostic precoce et a lamelioration du pronostic. Lenfouissement des testicules sous lapeau a labase de la cuisse et lutilisation de greffe de peau fine pourraient donner de tres bon Resultat.

L’étude a porté sur la caractérisation du peuplement ligneux de deux systèmes d’utilisation des terres (la forêt qui est une mise en défens et les champs) dans le terroir de Ngouye au Sénégal. Elle a été effectuée dans une zone agropastorale qui accueille annuellement plusieurs familles de transhumants. Au moyen d’un échantillonnage par relevés de la végétation ligneuse et d’enquêtes auprès des populations nous avons inventorié 28 espèces appartenant à 25 genres et 15 familles botaniques. Les Fabaceae (sous-familles : Mimosoideae, Caesalpinioideae, Faboideae) ont été les plus représentées, suivies des Combretaceae. Les paramètres de l’étude ont révélé qu’il existait des différences nettes entre les deux systèmes, ce qui montrait leur hétérogénéité, avec par ailleurs une grande stabilité de peuplement en forêt. Le peuplement était généralement très jeune, avec un grand pourcentage d’individus dans la première catégorie de diamètreet de hauteur. Les champs avaient la plus forte proportion d’individus adultes mais le taux de régénération dans cette zone était inférieur à celui de la forêt. La richesse spécifique des champs était bien supérieure à celle de la forêt. Sur le plan pastoral les ligneux intervenaient dans l’alimentation du bétail.

Les déficits pluviométriques combinés à l’action anthropique ont entrainé une dégradation des ressources naturelles à partir desquelles les paysans tchadiens tirent leurs moyens de subsistance. Cette étude avait pour objectif de déterminer la composition floristique, la circonférence et la hauteur des peuplements ligneux dans deux sites de la Grande Muraille Verte du Tchad (Batha et Wadi-Fira Ouest). Pour cela, nous avons utilisé la méthode des relevés floristiques et des mesures dendrométriques pour caractériser lavégétation. Cette méthode nous a permis d’inventorier 15 espèces réparties en 11 genres et 6 familles. Les espèces les plus dominantes sont Balanites aegyptiaca (Delile), Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan et Capparis decidua Edgew (Forssk.). La répartition des individus selon la grosseur et la hauteur permettent d’établir la structure du peuplement ligneux. Ainsi, dans le Batha, le peuplement ligneux ainsi que les espèces dominantes (Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia raddiana et Capparis decidua) est constitué de cinquante-deux virgule seize pour cent (52,16%) d’individus qui ont une circonférence comprise entre 10 et 50 cm. Au niveau de Wadi-Fira Ouest, le peuplement est dominé par des individus de circonférence comprise entre 20 et 60 cm. Le peuplement du Batha renferme des individus qui ont une hauteur comprise entre 1 et 14 m. Quatre-vingt-six virgule soixante-sept pour cent (86,67%) des espèces ont une hauteur inférieure ou égale à 7 m. Tandis que dans le Wadi-Fira Ouest, la hauteur des individus du peuplement varie de 0,9 à 12 m et quatrevingt-dix pour cent (90%) des individus ont une hauteur comprise entre 0,9 et 7 m. La strate ligneuse estdominée par des arbustes en grande partie. L’étude a permis de mettre en évidence que les facteurs d’ordre climatique et anthropique ont un impact sur l’environnement des sites.Mots clés : Ligneux, Circonférence, Hauteur, Batha, Wadi-Fira Ouest, Tchad

Introduction: Congenital limb gangrene is a rare pathology. In the majority of cases, no cause is identified and its treatment is not codified. Observation: 29-week premature newborn, female from poorly followed twin pregnancy. Clinical examination at admission found an unstable neonate, the presence of necrosis of the left hand and forearm well limited, with absent humeral pulse and absence of hand movement. Surgical treatment was scheduled for amputation of the limb after the agreement of the parents whose postoperative follow-ups were simple. Conclusion: Congenital gangrene remains a rare entity in neonatology.

In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this study is to assess the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of three Sahelian species: Acacia raddiana tortilis (Forsk.) hayne ssp. raddiana (savi) Brenan, Acacia senegal (L.) Willd and Balanites aegyptiaca (L.). The study was carried out in northern Senegal commonly known as Ferlo. Biomasses of the populations of the three target species were first assessed by harvesting the entire epigenetic part of the species and then modelled by correlation using dendrometric parameters measured on each individual of the sample. Two models, mono-specific and multi-species, were used. The results obtained showed that the diameter at breast height (x) and the parameter best correlated to the epigeal biomass (y). The dry biomass of woody plants was 31.4 ± 15.2 kg/tree for B. aegyptiaca, 30.6 ± 13.2 kg/tree for A. senegal and 26.2 ± 11.1 kg/tree for A. raddiana; i.e. carbon equivalents of 14.75 - 14.38 - 12.31 kg/tree respectively. The amount of carbon contained in the above-ground woody biomass is estimated at 4.48 t/ha. The carbon equivalent, atmospheric CO2 is estimated at 16.44 tons of CO2/ha and based on the actual density of Ferlo (108.08 ± 49.79 ind/ha) the sequestered carbon of the area is estimated at 1777.008 tons of CO2. The comparison between the models developed in this study and the multispecific or mono-specific models from the literature showed substantial differences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the contribution of Sahelian woody species to carbon sequestration and the results could be used in the framework of adaptation to climate change.

The objective of this study is to analyze the dendrochronological potential of two Sahelian species (B. senegalensis and S. birrea) and to evaluate the relationships between their growth rings and the climate. The study was conducted in 2016 in the Ferlo area of Senegal. The biological material consists of wood slices, taken from the trunks of these adult woody species at 0.30 m and 1.30 m from the ground after they have been felled. The technique used to examine the slices consists in identifying their rings, establishing their structures, inter-dating them and studying the relationship between the identified rings and climatic factors. The results showed that the species had thin, clear, highly visible and sharp rings. The limit of growth is marked by a line of parenchyma. Intradatation series carried out on the chronologies made it possible to estimate the ages of the individuals, which vary from 10 to 38 years for B. senegalensis and from 29 to 50 years for S. birrea. Their average growth rates are estimated at 0.906 mm/year and 0.89 mm/year respectively. The chronological sequences are 29 years (1987-2016) for B. senegalensis and 38 years (1964-2012) for S. birrea. The results revealed that there is no significant correlation between the growth chronologies of B. senegalensis and the climatic regressors (temperature and precipitation). In contrast, the ring-climate relationship shows that in S. birrea winter precipitation positively influences ring growth while temperature has no effect on ring growth in this species. This study provides a better understanding of the response of forest ecosystems to possible climate change, particularly in the current context of sustainable forest management.

L’étude est réalisée dans les parcours communautaires du département de Kaffrine. Cette zone constitue un axe incontournable de transhumance pendant saison sèche des ruminants. Sa végétation ligneuse contribue à l’affouragement du cheptel mais subit d’énormes pressions de diverses sortes. Ce travail a pour objectif principal d’évaluer l’importance des espèces ligneuses dans le bassin arachidier. Une enquête ethnobotanique a été réalisée sur la base d’un questionnaire portant sur les espèces fourragères utiles, leurs princiapaux usages, les modes d’exploitations et les parties utilisées. L’enquête a révélé que 82,14% des espèces ligneuses inventoriées sont considérées comme fourragères. Il s’agit notamment de Adansonia digitata, Cordyla pinnata, Faidherbia albida, Ficus capensis, Ziziphus mauritiana et Sterculia setigera. Ce constat montre l’importance de la richesse spécifique des champs où se trouvent toutes ces espèces. La saison sèche est la période pendant laquelle les ligneux sont plus exploités par les agropasteurs. D’autres enquêtés utilisent ces ligneux fourragers pour l’alimentation humaine, la pharmacopée, l’artisanat, le bois d’oeuvre, le bois de chauffe, etc., ce qui montre une forte pression sur ces ressources. La promotion de la régénération naturelle assistée, la réalisation des cultures fourragères (sensibiliser les paysans sur les bienfaits de ces cultures), des émondages modérés limités par exemple au quart de la couronne des arbres fourragers, pourraient contribuer à atténuer les pressions exercées sur les ligneux les plus appétés.Mots clés : Enquête ethnobotanique, forêt, champs, pression. English Title: Pastoral perceptions of fodder ligneous by agro-pastoralists and transhumants in central Senegal The study is carried out in the community routes of the department of Kaffrine. This zone constitutes an essential axis of transhumance during the dry season of ruminants. Its woody vegetation contributes to the feeding of the livestock but is under enormous pressure of various kinds. The main objective of this work is to assess the importance of woody species in the groundnut basin. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out on the basis of a questionnaire relating to useful fodder species, their main uses, the modes of exploitation and the parts used. The survey revealed that 82.14% of the woody species inventoried are considered as fodder. These include Adansonia digitata, Cordyla pinnata, Faidherbia albida, Ficus capensis, Ziziphus mauritiana and Sterculia setigera. This observation shows the importance of the specific richness of the fields where all these species are found. The dry season is the period during which woody trees are more exploited by agro-pastoralists. Other respondents use these woody fodder for human consumption, pharmacopoeia, handicrafts, lumber, firewood, etc., which shows great pressure on these resources. The promotion of assisted natural regeneration, the production of fodder crops (making farmers aware of the benefits of these crops), moderate prunings limited, for example, to a quarter of the crown of fodder trees, could help to reduce the pressures exerted on woody plants. the most popular.Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey, forest, fields, pressure.

Pour faire des propositions de stratégies de gestion durable de la grande muraille verte, la connaissance des caractéristiques du peuplement ligneux du tracé du Tchad est capitale. L’étude a pour objet de caractériser la flore et la végétation ligneuse sur le tracé de la GMV du Tchad, précisément au Wadi Fira Est et à l’Ennedi Est. La méthodologie utilisée a consisté à déterminer la composition floristique et la structure du peuplement ligneux dans les deux sites. Les inventaires floristiques ont permis de recenser 8 espèces reparties en 7 genres et 4 familles dans le site de Wadi Fira Est tandis que dans le site de l’Ennedi Est nous avons recensé 7 espèces reparties en 6 genres et 4 familles. La flore ligneuse est dominée par les Mimosaceae. La densité des ligneux (39,43 ind.ha-1) est plus importante dans l’Ennedi Est que dans le Wadi Fira Est (36,62 ind.ha-1) ; Cependant, le recouvrement au Wafi Fira Est (559,428 m².ha-1) est plus important que celui de l’Ennedi Est (499,844 m².ha-1). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les espèces les plus adaptées aux conditions écologiques pour la réussite de la GMV sont Acacia raddiana et Balanites aegyptiaca qui conviennent pour la restauration de ces écosystèmes. To make proposals for sustainable management strategies for the Great Green Wall, knowledge of the characteristics of the woody population along the Chad route is essential. The purpose of the study is to characterize the flora and woody vegetation along the route of the GGW of Chad, specifically in Wadi Fira East and Ennedi East. The methodology used consisted in determining the floristic composition and the structure of the woody stand in the two sites. Floristic inventories made it possible to identify 8 species divided into 7 genera and 4 families in the Wadi Fira East site while in the Ennedi East site we have identified 7 species divided into 6 genera and 4 families. The woody flora is dominated by Mimosaceae. The density of woody plants (39.43 ind.ha-1) is higher in Ennedi East than in Wadi Fira East (36.62 ind.ha-1); However, the overlap at Wafi Fira East (559.428 m².ha-1) is greater than that at Ennedi East (499.844 m².ha-1). The results obtained show that the species most suited to ecological conditions for the success of GMV are Acacia raddiana and Balanites aegyptiaca which are suitable for the restoration of these ecosystems.

Despite the important socio-economic role of non-timber forest products from the Great Green Wall in Senegal, little is known about their contribution to the local or national economy. This study aims to analyse the value chain of Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus mauritiana fruits in the Sahelian zone of Senegal. To this end, a socio-economic survey was conducted in the Ferlo area (Widou Thiengoly, Amaly, Labgar, Téssékéré and Dahra) and in the major cities where products from the Great Green Wall are sold, namely Dakar, Thiès and Touba. Individual structured interviews were conducted with a questionnaire administered to 260 people in the study sites. The surveys revealed that only fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca (51%) and Ziziphus mauritiana (49%) species are harvested. Harvesting is almost exclusively done by women (98%). The highest usage values obtained from harvesters (3.05) and consumers (1.73) concern B. aegyptiaca. In the Ferlo, the traders surveyed (banabanas) buy the products at the weekly markets in the various villages along the GMV at the survey sites. In the larger towns, the banabanas transport the products to the urban markets to sell them to wholesalers, demigrosalers, retailers and consumers. The lowest price varies from 200 to 300 FCFA for B. aegyptiaca and from 225 to 400 FCFA for Z. mauritiana. The highest price varies from 300 to 450 FCFA for B. aegyptiaca and from 350 to 500 FCFA for Z. mauritiana. This study reveals the strong economic potential of harvesting and selling forest products from GMV and points to the possibility of job creation, which complements the improvement of the food and nutritional status of the rural populations of the Ferlo through the consumption of these fruits. Keywords: Value chain, Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ferlo and Senegal., Malgré l’important rôle socio-économique des produits forestiers non ligneux issus de la Grande Muraille Verte au Sénégal, leur contribution à l'économie locale ou nationale est peu connue. Cette étude se propose d’analyser la chaine de valeur des fruits de Balanites aegyptiaca et Ziziphus mauritiana dans la zone sahélienne du Sénégal. A cet effet, une enquête socio-économique a été menée dans la zone du Ferlo (Widou Thiengoly, Amaly, Labgar, Téssékéré et Dahra) et au niveau des grandes villes de revente des produits issus de la Grande Muraille Verte, à savoir Dakar, Thiès et Touba. Des entretiens structurés individuels ont été réalisés avec un questionnaire administré à 260 personnes dans les sites d’étude. Les enquêtes ont révélé que seuls les fruits des espèces de Balanites aegyptiaca (51 %) et de Ziziphus mauritiana (49 %) sont exploités. La récolte est quaisment exclusivement assurée par les femmes (98 %). Les valeurs d’usages les plus importantes obtenues au niveau des récolteurs (3,05) et des consommateurs (1,73) concernent l’espèce B. aegyptiaca. Au Ferlo, les commerçants enquêtés (banabanas) achètent les produits au niveau des marchés hebdomadaires des différents villages situés le long de la GMV, sur les sites d’enquêtes. Dans les grandes villes, les banabanas transportent les produits dans les marchés urbains pour les vendre aux grossistes, demigrossistes, détaillants et consommateurs. Le prix le plus faible varie de 200 à 300 FCFA pour le B. aegyptiaca et de 225 à 400 FCFA pour le Z. mauritiana. Le prix le plus élevé varie de 300 à 450 FCFA pour le B. aegyptiaca et de 350 à 500 FCFA pour le Z. mauritiana. Cette étude révèle le fort potentiel économique de la récolte et de la vente de produits forestiers issus de la GMV et dessine la possibilité de création d'emplois, qui viennent compléter l'amélioration de l'état alimentaire et nutritionnel des populations rurales du Ferlo grâce à la consommation de ces fruits. Mots clés : Chaine de valeurs, Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ferlo et Sénégal.

Bien que l’agriculture soit reconnue pour les services qu’elle rend aux citadins, elle peine à se développer dans les villes africaines. L’étude a été conduite dans la commune de Ziguinchor, situé au Sud du Sénégal. Elle vise à caractériser des systèmes de production végétale de l’agriculture urbaine dans cette commune et s’est appuyé, essentiellement, sur des enquêtes, auprès de 390 agriculteurs. Quatre systèmes de production végétale exploités par des femmes (74,4%) ont été recensés. Le maraîchage est le plus représenté avec 59,7% de cas de citation. Avec 24 spéculations cultivées dans les bas-fonds ou dans les interstices urbains. Ce système de production mobilise plus de producteur en saison sèche (51,5%) qu’en hivernage. Les grandes cultures pluviales qui représentent 32,9% des cas compte 9 essences cultivées réparties dans la famille des Poaceae, des Fabaceae et des Pedaliaceae. Le riz se distingue parmi les grandes cultures pluviales par l’envergure des vallées non aedificandi (838,9 ha) qui abritent ses activités de production. L’arboriculture fruitière et la floriculture constituent les systèmes de production les moins représentés avec respectivement 6,8% et 0,7% des cas. Avec 8 espèces d’arbres fruitiers inventoriées, l’arboriculture est, essentiellement, notée dans la périphérie Sud de la commune où sont localisés plus de vergers d’anacardiers. La floriculture, comptant 13 principales espèces cultivées, est une activité qui subsiste avec seulement 5 exploitations notées dans toute la commune. Toutefois, il faut rappeler que ces divers systèmes de production végétale souffrent de l’avancée du front urbain et de l’occupation de l’espace par le bâti. Il urge, donc, que l’agriculture soit prise en compte dans les prochains plans d’aménagement urbain de Ziguinchor. Although agriculture is recognised for the services it provides to city dwellers, it is struggling to develop in African cities. The study was conducted in the commune of Ziguinchor, located in southern Senegal. It aimed to characterise the plant production systems of urban agriculture in this commune and was based essentially on surveys of 390 farmers. Four crop production systems, mainly operated by women (74.4%), were identified. Market gardening is the most represented with 59.7% of cases cited. With 24 crops cultivated in the lowlands or in the urban interstices, this production system mobilises more producers in the dry season (51.5%) than in the winter season. Rainfed field crops, which account for 32.9% of cases, include 9 species cultivated in the Poaceae, Fabaceae and Pedaliaceae families. Rice stands out among the major crops due to the scale of the not aedificandi valleys (838.9 ha) in which it is produced. Fruit growing and flower growing are the least represented production systems, with 6.8% and 0.7% of cases respectively. With 8 species of fruit trees inventoried, arboriculture is essentially noted in the southern periphery of the district where more cashew orchards are located. Floriculture, with 13 main species produced, is an activity wich survives with only 5 farms noted in the district. However, it should be remembered that these various plant production systems are suffering from urbanisation and the occupation of space by buildings. It is therefore urgent that agriculture be taken into account in the next urban development plans for Ziguinchor.

Risk factors associated with complications occurring in sickle cell disease are not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the existence of an association between the clinical severity of sickle cell disease and platelet count in the steady state phase in patients with sickle cell disease followed up at the Center for Research and Control of Sickle Cell Disease in Bamako, Mali. We conducted a retrospective review of 40 medical records of patients aged 5 to 42 years with sickle cell disease at the Center for Research and Control of Sickle Cell Disease in Bamako, Mali. Clinical severity of sickle cell disease was assessed according to the criteria of VOC and/or hospitalizations2 or ≥ 2 per year. Data entry was carried out using the Excel 2013 version. The statistical tests used were the Chi2, Student and Mac Nemar tests. Of the 40 patients, 82.5% had haemolytic phenotype and 17.5% hyperviscous phenotype; complications of sickle cell disease were more frequent in the haemolytic phenotype group (p0.05). There was a significant association between mean platelet count ≥ 450 G/L in the steady state phase and the annual number of CVOs ≥ 2 (p = 0.002). This study shows that mean platelet count ≥ 450 G/L in sickle cell patients in the steady state phase could be a risk factor for the frequent occurrence of CVO. It underlines the importance of conducting prospective studies focusing on both hyperplateletosis and platelet activation markers in larger sample sizes, as well as therapeutic trials involving platelet activation inhibitors, such as Crizanlizumab, a humanised anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibodies.

Temporary ponds play substantial roles in preserving biodiversity in the Sahel. This study investigated the influence of anthropic and eco-hydrological factors on the plant diversity around two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond in Ferlo, northern Senegal. Two phytoecological transects were established per pond. On each transect, homogenous herbaceous vegetation units were identified and characterized (herbaceous cover, exposure, soil texture, soil moisture and pH, average height and slope). The herbaceous flora comprised 55 species, 41 genera and 22 families across the three ponds. Species of the Poaceae, particularly Eragrostis tremula and Enteropogon prieurii, mostly colonized the grazed ponds, while the ungrazed pond favored other families’ species such as Achyranthes sp., Commelina forsskaolii, Corchorus sp. The Shannon’s diversity index (H′) of Wendu Marodi (ungrazed pond) was slightly higher (4.9 bits) than that of Belel Lougal and Belel Sow (grazed ponds) with 4.8 and 4.5 bits, respectively. The equitability indices were relatively high in the three ponds (0.85, 0.83 and 0.78). Eco-ecological factors distinguished four species’ groupings: a Tribulus terrestris grouping colonizing the constraining and over-grazed zones, a Digitaria horizontalis grouping, and Chloris barbata grouping found in the transition zones, and an Achyranthes aspera grouping in the wetlands, where woody plants were strongly present and the anthropic action low. This study highlighted the importance of maintaining a landscape mosaic of ungrazed or semi-protected ponds and grazed ponds to preserve the herbaceous floristic diversity in the center of Ferlo (Senegal) and the Sahel in general.

This work consisted of analysing the impact of protection on the Widou Thiengoly's grasslands structure. Data were collected from three selected sites by the quadrat point methodology, consisting of reading the herbaceous on a 10 m line. These sites were the 2013 defended plot (site A), the 2009 semi‐protected plot (site B) and the unprotected grazing areas or off plot (site C). The results revealed a floristic composition of 45 species, belonging to 34 genera and 17 botanical families. The number of species identified was 28 in site A, 31 in site B and 29 in site C. Despite a certain similarity noted in the number of species, the herbaceous vegetation was more balanced in 2013 plot than in 2009 plot and in off plot where it tended to be homogeneous. The herbaceous cover in October 2015 was 99.8% in the 2013 plot; 98.8% in the 2009 plot; and 96.8% in the unprotected sites. The vertical stratification of herbaceous cover showed a better development at the intermediate strata (between 20 cm and 50 cm) in all the sites except in off plot where small grasses dominated. In this study, protection improved the specific balance, while semi‐protection had a positive effect on the specific richness and growth of the grasses.

Les mares présentent un grand intérêt environnemental en raison des services écosystémiques qu'elles fournissent. Au Ferlo, les activités pastorales sont développées autour des mares. La connaissance des ressources herbacées est importante pour une gestion durable du pâturage autour des mares temporaires. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la répartition spatiale des ressources herbacées autour des mares par une approche phytoécologique. L’échantillonnage sur des transects est réalisé dans les différents faciès morpho-pédologiques de deux mares pâturées et une mare non pâturée. La flore herbacée recensée compte 55 espèces, réparties dans 41 genres dont 22 familles. Les familles des Poacées et des Fabacées sont plus fréquentes quelle que soit l’unité morpho-pédologique et la mare, suivi de la famille des Cypéracées dans les mares et des versants et la famille des Zygophyllacées dont l’espèce Tribulus terrestris sur les dunes. Le recouvrement est globalement élevé (82,6%) dans la mare non pâturée et moyen sur les mares pâturées (55,33% et 46,4%). Au niveau des versants, les espèces sont de grandes tailles, rares et très diversifiées. Les espèces vivaces sont plus fréquentes autour des mares pâturées alors que les espèces rares se retrouvent autour de la mare non pâturée. Ces résultats révèlent ainsi l’influence prédominante des facteurs anthropiques et topographiques sur la répartition spatiale de la végétation herbacée.Mots clés : Transects, pâturée, phytoécologique, morpho-pédologiques. English Title: Distribution of herbaceous vegetation around temporary ponds: influence of anthropic and topographical factors in Widou Thiengoly (Ferlo, Northern Senegal)At the Ferlo, pastoral activities are developed around the ponds. The knowledge of herbaceous resources is important for sustainable grazing management around the temporary pools. The general objective of this study is to determine the spatial distribution of herbaceous resources around the ponds using a phytoecological approach. Transect sampling was carried out in the different morpho-pedological facies of two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond. The recorded herbaceous flora includes 55 species, divided into 41 genera including 22 families. The Poaceae and Fabaceae families are more frequent whatever the morpho-pedological unit and the pond, followed by the Cyperaceae family in the ponds and on the slopes and the Zygophyllaceae family including the species Tribulus terrestris on the dunes. The overall coverage is high (82.6%) in the ungrazed pond and medium on the grazed ponds (55.33% and 46.4%). At the level of the slopes, the species are large, rare and much diversified. Perennial species are more frequent around the grazed ponds, while rare species are found around the ungrazed pond. These results thus reveal the predominant influence of anthropogenic and topographical factors on the spatial distribution of herbaceous vegetation.Keywords: Transect, grazed, phytoecological, morpho-pedological.

Le barrage anti-sel de Diama, erige dans la zone centrale du delta du fleuve Senegal, a cree de profondes mutations au niveau de l’environnement de la vallee. La Foret Classee de Maka Diama (FCMD), amenagee au niveau de ce delta en 1934 par l’administration coloniale n’est pas epargnee. La presente etude fait l’etat de lieux de la foret, elle decrit la composition floristique et la structure des ligneux. La base de sondage a ete des images satellitaires indiquant les differentes entites ecologiques de cette foret. La vegetation ligneuse a ete caracterisee par inventaire suivant une approche dendrometrique. Les resultats de cette etude montrent que la FCMD presente une biodiversite relativement faible avec 13 especes appartenant a 11 genres et 9 familles. L’espece Acacia tortilis var.raddiana (Savi) Brenan (39,67 %) est la plus abondante, elle est suivie de Salvadora persica L. (16,99%) et de Tamarix senegalensis DC (12,13 %), Euphorbia balsamifera Ait. (11,21 %) et Prosopis juliflora (SW.) (10,38 %). La presence de T. senegalensis considere comme un indicateur de salinite, pourrait aussi expliquer cette faible biodiversite des ligneux. La FCMD est globalement arbustif. C’est un bassin versant constitue d’une relique de savane arboree au centre du bassin qui constitue son noyau (F1) et qui evolue en une steppe arbustive vers la peripherie (F3). Avec la diversite des activites menees autour de la foret, il semble indispensable de prendre des mesures appropriees de limitation ou d’interdiction d’acces, dans l’interet de la protection de la biodiversite. The Diama anti-salt dam, built in the central zone of the Senegal River delta, has created profound changes in the environment of the entire valley. The Maka Diama Classified Forest (FCMD), developed at the level of this delta in 1934 by the colonial administration is not spared. This study presents an inventory of the forest, describing the floristic composition and structure of ligneous trees. The sampling frame was satellite images showing the different ecological features of this forest. Woody vegetation was characterized by inventory using a dendrometric approach. The results of this study show that the FCMD has a relatively low biodiversity with only 13 species belonging to 11 genera and 9 families. Acacia tortilis var.raddiana (Savi) Brenan (39.67%) is more abundant, followed by Salvadora persica L. (16.99%), Tamarix senegalensis DC (12.13%), Euphorbia balsamifera Ait. (11.21%) and Prosopis juliflora (SW.) (10.38%). The presence of T. senegalensis, considered as an indicator of salinity, could also explain the low plant biodiversity observed on ligneous trees. The FCMD is generally shrubby. It is a catchment area made up of a relic of savannah trees in the centre of the basin which constitutes its nucleus (F1) and which evolves towards a shrub steppe towards the periphery (F3). With the diversity of activities carried out around the forest, it seems essential to take appropriate measures to limit or prohibit access, in the interestn of protecting biodiversity.

The temporary ponds at Ferlo constitute wetlands whose pastoral activity is of paramount importance in the economy of Senegal. These zones are characterized by a fairly specific microclimate (soft and humid), a shallow depth of the water table, alternating phases of submersion and exudation whose functioning is linked to the soil. Thus the restoration and conservation of these wetlands requires a good knowledge of the soil factors. The objective of this study is to compare the physico-chemical parameters of the soil around temporary pools in grazed and ungrazed areas and different topographical units in order to determine their relative similarities. The samples taken at different horizons from seven soil pits (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7) opened in the different morpho-pedological facies of two grazed ponds and one ungrazed pond were analyzed in the laboratory. The results obtained show that the soils of Ferlo have a sandy texture and low fertility in the slopes and plateaus. However, they have a balanced texture and average fertility in ponds and ungrazed areas. The factorial analysis made it possible to highlight three distinct soil classes. A class of sandy texture soil with very low chemical fertility comes from the plateau. A class of soil with a balanced texture which is rich in cation and calcium exchange capacity found in the low zones of strong mineralization. A last class rich in chemical element with a silty texture which is found in wooded areas. These results thus reveal the predominant influence of anthropic and topographic factors on the evolution and physico-chemical composition of the soil.

International audience; Knowledge of the dendrochonology of Sahelian species is very limited. However, dendrochronology may be a way of furthering the knowledge of the growth dynamics the African dry area species. The purpose of the study was to better understand the anatomical structure of the tress rings of the Sahelian species in order to determine the age and estimation of trees and shrubs. It was conducted out in the Ferlo, an area located in the north of Senegal, and focused on 14 and 12 wood slices of Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne ssp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan and from Acacia senegal (L.) Willd respectively. Identification and dating methods were used to study the morpho-anatomical structure of the ring and determine the age of individuals. The rings were identified and very high-resolution (1200 dpi) pictures taken with a Leica (M80) binocular magnifier equipped with a digital camera. Then the pictures were assembled with the Adobe Photoshop software.The results showed that both species had distinct growth rings with parenchymal cells. Significant correlations between 0.33 and 0.82 was then calculated between the radii of the same individual. Estimated ages of the Acacia raddiana ranged from 10 to 27 years, whereas the Acacia senegal seemed older white 13 to 35 years of age. The difficulty to read the rings of the Acacias is related to the anatomical structure of the wood because boundaries between dark circles are often hidden by parenchyma clusters. The study helps put in place strategies and methods which enable to control the growth dynamics of the species in order to valorize them.; La connaissance de la dendrochronologie des espèces sahéliennes est très limitée. Néanmoins, elle peut constituer une voie pour mieux améliorer la connaissance de la dynamique de croissances des espèces en zone sèche africaine. Cette étude vise à mieux connaitre la structure anatomique des cernes de croissances d’espèces sahéliennes comme moyen de datation et d’estimation de l’âge des arbres et arbustes. Elle a été réalisée dans la zone du Ferlo situé au Nord du Sénégal sur 14 et 12 rondelles de bois de Acacia tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne ssp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan, et de Acacia senegal (L.)Willd. Des méthodes d’identification et de datation des cernes ont été utilisées en vue d’étudier leur structure morpho-anatomiques des cernes et de déterminer l’âge des individus. Les cernes ont été identifiés et des photos à très haute résolution (1200 dpi) ont été prises à l'aide d'une loupe binoculaire Leica (M80) équipée d’une caméra digitale. Les photos prises ont été assemblées avec le logiciel Adobe Photoshop. Les résultats ont montré que les deux espèces présentent des cernes de croissances distinctes marquées par des cellules de parenchymes. Des corrélations statistiquement significatives comprises entre 0,33 à 0,82 ont ainsi été calculées entre les rayons d’un même individu. Les âges estimés chez les Acacia raddiana sont compris entre 10 à 27 ans alors que les Acacia senegal paraissent plus âgés entre 13 à 35 ans. La lecture des cernes plus ou moins difficile chez les Acacias est liée à la structure anatomique du bois dont les limites entre les cernes sont souvent cachées par des groupes de parenchymes. Cette étude contribue à mettre en place des stratégies et des méthodes permettant de maitriser la dynamique de croissance de ces espèces afin de les valoriser.

International audience

The objective of this study was to characterize the phenology of the species Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst and to monitor the influence of climatic factors (rainfall and temperature) on its phenological behaviour. The study was carried out in three sites of Ferlo Nord (Senegal) (Amaly, Widou Thingoly and Tessekere) between December 2015 and December 2016. Climatic data were collected throughout the year and the phenological characterization of the species (leafing, flowering and fruiting) was carried out according to the method described by Grouzis & Sicot in 1980. The results showed that for the majority of individuals, leaf fall was between August and March, the budding phase between January and July and full leafing between May and February. The flowering and fruiting phases took place during the dry period. There was also another flowering phase in the cold dry season, which was unusual for the species S. birrea . According to these observations the species behaved like a savannah species that flowers more than once a year. Marked differences were observed between and within sites for the leafing and flowering phases and a significant difference within and between species. Furthermore, the results confirmed the importance of inter-site variations and climatic variations in particular the temperature on S. birrea phenophases. The results of this study were of capital interest in the management and silviculture of this species whose potential was little exploited and less valued.

Le prunier d’Afrique ou Sclerocarya birrea est un arbre fruitier de la famille des Anacardiaceae, qui fournit aux populations des fruits consommables pendant la periode de soudure. Bien que presente dans les regions a climat soudano-sahelien du Senegal, sa zone de predilection demeure le Ferlo. Elle y fait l’objet de rehabilitation dans la mise en place du programme de l’Union Africaine dite de la muraille verte. Malheureusement, peu d’etudes scientifiques n’ont encore fait mention de la composition nutritive des fruits issus de cette zone. Dans le cadre de la reconstitution du couvert vegetal des zones arides, la connaissance des relations entre l’homme et son milieu s’avere importante. Ainsi, la presente etude est entreprise dans le but de connaitre les usages de Sclerocarya birrea et les potentialites qu’offre son fruit. Des enquetes ethnobotaniques ont permis de recueillir les connaissances sur les usages de l’espece dans la zone du Ferlo (Senegal). Des echantillons de fruits murs recoltes ont ete analyses grâce a des techniques de dosages normalises et conventionnelles. Les resultats revelent que les populations du Ferlo connaissent bien S. birrea , dont l’usage medicinal est de loin le plus important (79%). En usage medicinal, les organes vegetaux les plus utilises sont les ecorces et les feuilles. Les resultats obtenus sur la pulpe du fruit montrent qu'elle constitue une bonne source en vitamine C, en sucres, en Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium et en Polyphenols totaux. L'huile de l'amande presente des caracteristiques qui dans l'ensemble restent dans la norme admise pour les huiles alimentaires. Ces resultats sont marques par une forte variabilite de la composition physico-chimique qui semble etre liees aux variations des conditions edaphiques et climatiques. Il ressort de cette analyse que le fruit de S. birrea constitue une excellente source de nutriments et peut valablement combler certaines carences nutritionnelles des populations autochtones. Par ailleurs, le fruit presente aussi des potentialites de transformation et de conservation qui doivent etre explorees. Mots cles: Sclerocarya birrea , fruits, usages, valeurs nutritionnelles, polyphenols, vitamine C, variabilite, Ferlo English Abstract The present study was undertaken to know the uses and some nutritional potentials of Sclerocarya birrea . The African plum tree called Sclerocarya birrea is a fruit tree of the Anacardiaceae family, which provides populations some consumable fruits during the lean season. Although it is present in Sudano-Sahelian regions of Senegal, its favorite repartition zone is the Ferlo. Sclerocarya birrea is being rehabilitated in the framework of the implementation of the African Union program called the “Green Wall”. Unfortunately, no scientific studies have mentioned the nutritional content of fruits coming from this area. In the context of the reconstitution of the vegetation cover, knowledge of the relations between man and his environment is important. Thus, the present study is undertaken with the aim of knowing the uses of Sclerocarya birrea and its fruits attibutes. According to that, ethnobotanical surveys have gathered knowledge on the species' uses in the Ferlo area (Senegal). Samples of ripe fruits harvested were analyzed using standard and conventional assay techniques. The results revealed that the populations of the Ferlo are well acquainted with Sclerocarya birrea and that its medicinal use is by far the most important (79%). In medicinal use, the most commonly used plant organs are barks and leaves. The results obtained on the pulp of the fruit showed that it is a good source of vitamin C, sugars, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium and total polyphenols. The almond oil has characteristics that remain within the accepted food standards. These results are marked by a high variability in the physicochemical composition, which appears to be linked to variations in edaphic and climatic conditions. The analysis shows that the fruit of Sclerocarya birrea is an excellent source of nutrients and can validly fill certain nutritional deficiencies of indigenous peoples. The fruit also has potential for transformation that needs to be explored. Keywords: Sclerocarya birrea , fruits, uses, nutritional values, polyphenols, vitamin C, variability, Ferlo

When Mali grabbed the international headlines in 2012, it was mostly related to the resurgence of a Tuareg-dominated rebellion led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA, Mouve...

Dynamique de l’occupation du sol de la commune de Téssékéré de 1984 à 2015 (Ferlo Nord, Sénégal) Diarra SYLLA1,2, Taibou BA2, Mariama Dalanda DIALLO3,4, Tamsir MBAYE5, Aly DIALLO6, Jean Luc PEIRY3,7, Aliou GUISSÉ1,3* 1Département de Biologie végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP. 5005 Fann, Dakar, Sénégal 2Centre de Suivi Écologique pour la gestion des ressources naturelles (CSE), Fann Résidence, Rue Léon Gontran Damas, Dakar, Sénégal 3Observatoire Hommes-Milieux international (OHMi) Tessékéré, Ferlo, Sénégal 4Section Productions Végétales et Agronomie, UFR des Sciences Agronomiques, de l’Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires, Université Gaston Berger, BP. 234, Saint Louis, Sénégal 5Centre National de Recherches Forestières, Institut Sénégalais de recherches Agricoles, Bel Air, Dakar, Sénégal 6Département d'Agroforesterie, Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, BP: 523 Néma, Ziguinchor, Sénégal 7CNRS, Unité Mixte Internationale 3189 « Environnement, Santé, Société », Dakar, Sénégal *Auteur correspondant : alguisse@orange.sn; +221 776389669 Mots clés: Occupation du sol, Dynamique, Télédétection, SIG, Téssékéré, Ferlo, Sénégal Keywords: Land-cover, Dynamics, Remote sensing, SIG, Téssékéré, Ferlo, Sénégal Publication date 30/06/2019, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS 1 RESUME L’objectif de cette étude a été de déterminer l’évolution de l’occupation du sol de la commune de Tessékéré dans le Ferlo situé au Nord du Sénégal entre 1984 et 2015, en utilisant les techniques de télédétection et les Systèmes d’Information Géographiques (SIG). En 2015, 13 modes d’occupation du sol appelés classes ont été identifiées dans la commune : savane boisée, savane arborée, savane arbustive à arborée, savane arbustive, steppe arborée, steppe arbustive à arborée, steppe arbustive, cultures maraîchères, cultures pluviales-jachère, village, mare, zone nue, plantation. Toutes ces classes étaient présentes dans la commune en 1984 à l’exception de la classe plantation. La dynamique spatio-temporelle de la commune a montré que les classes savane arbustive à arborée, savane arbustive et plantation ont connu une évolution progressive tandis que les classes savane arborée, steppe arborée, steppe arbustive et zone nue ont eu une évolution régressive. L’analyse des changements intervenus entre 1984 et 2015 a montré que 27,46% de la superficie de la commune sont restés à l’état initial ; 65,54% ont subi des modifications et 7% se sont converties. Cette étude élargie sur toute la réserve sylvopastorale (aire protégée) permettra d’évaluer l’efficacité des plans de gestion des zones protégées au Ferlo. The land cover evolution of the Tessekere commune from 1984 to 2015 (North Ferlo, Senegal)

This study aims to analyze the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and anatomopathologic features of urogenital fistulas. We conducted a retrospective study of patients with urogenital fistulas admitted to the department of general surgery and gynecology and obstetrics between January 1, 2014 and December 30, 2015, including the first 5 fistula repair campaigns organized by the Fistula Mali project. Urogenital fistulas account for 19.53% of all urologic disorder treated during our daily practice. The median age at first marriage was 16.57 years. The majority of our patients (96.70%) was illiterate and self-employed, coming from rural areas (85.36%). Obstructed labour was the dominant etiology, with 91.50% of stillborn children. The patients were primiparous women (43.33%) and, among them, 53.60% received no prenatal care. The divorce rate associated with the disease was 7.30%. Most patients underwent simple fistulorraphy, of whom 121 underwent lower fistulorraphy, 26 upper fistulorraphy and 3 mixed fistulorraphy. Outcomes were satisfactory in 65.33% patients and poor in 34.66% of patients. Patients with type I and type V obstetric fistulas had the highest healing rate compared to patients with type IV fistulas. Urogenital fistulas are a real public health problem. Treatment is mainly based on surgery and prognosis is compromised by the narrowness of the surgical field, the complexity of the lesions and the condition of the surrounding tissue. The focus must be on the implementation of women’s socio economic development programs and on emergency obstetric care access. The research and discussion should continue to facilitate the development of a standard classification.

Le rétrécissement urétral est une pathologie dont l'étiologie et la prise en charge varient selon le contexte. L'objectif de l'étude était de procéder à une analyse des aspects épidémiologiques, étiologique et thérapeutique du rétrécissement urétral dans notre contexte. Il s'agit d'une étude transversale longitudinale portant sur les cas de rétrécissement urétral acquis admis dans notre service entre mars 2014-février 2016. Age moyen: 24,5ans (10 et 81 ans). Le diagnostic fut confirmé par l'Uretro-Cystographie Rétrograde et Mictionnelle (UCRM). La longueur moyenne du rétrécissement était de 2,28cm (0,5-5cm). Les modalités thérapeutiques adoptées: la Résection Anastomose Termino-Terminale (RAT-T); la Dilatation Urétrale Rétrograde Itérative (DURI) etc. L'évaluation du résultat 6-15 mois postopératoire; satisfaisant en l'absence de récidive, RPM ≤30cc et un jet urinaire fort et mauvais en cas de récidive de dysurie ou RPM ≥100cc. Le RU occupe 7,14% de nos activités urologiques. La plus part de nos patients sont des cultivateurs provenant de la zone rurale. Les antécédents d'urétrite répétée ont été le plus souvent évoqués par nos patients et 78,57% d'entre eux étaient des hommes mariés dont 91% polygames. Les patients ont consulté surtout pour dysurie soit 50% de l'effectif et 50,01% de nos patients ce sont présentés avec une infection urinaire secondaire dont le germe prédominant est Escherichia coli. L'étiologie infectieuse a été la plus dominante soit 56,52%. La portion la plus atteinte a été l'urètre bulbaire soit 45,60% des cas. La RAT-T a été la technique la plus utilisée soit 39,13%. Globalement nous avons eu 85,65% de bon résultat et 13,04% d'échec; les taux de succès les plus élevés ont été obtenus avec la résection anastomotique soit 94,44% respectivement. Le rétrécissement urétral reste une pathologie fréquente chez les jeunes. L'étiologie infectieuse demeure la plus dominante dans notre contexte. L'accent doit être mis sur la prévention et la Prise en Charge (PEC) efficace et efficiente des Infections Sexuellement Transmissible (IST).

In Senegal, the peri-urban Niayes region has biophysical and socio-economic potential to contribute to national food security. Peri-urban agriculture highly contributes to the local food supply, but one potential constraint to expansion is soil suitability for new crops. We examined the suitability of soils for the cultivation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a peri-urban wetland outside of Dakar. The selected crops are central to local diets. Study sites were located along a toposequence. We evaluated soil suitability metrics for these three crops based on physical and chemical characteristics. The results show that soil texture varied from sandy to sandy loam. The organic matter concentration varied between 0 g kg−1 and 2 g kg−1. Total nitrogen and organic carbon had low values in all sites except in S4 while macronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) varied across sites. Calcium was the most abundant cation in the soils; followed by Mg, Na, and K. Based on these factors, we found that there is high suitability for groundnut production in peri-urban Dakar, slight potential for cassava, and marginal or poor suitability for rice production. It attempts to fill the knowledge gap with new data for soil suitability in research development (R&D) in Senegalese agriculture. The same approach could be applied in other areas when introducing new crops for diversification.

The general objective of this study is to describe the demographic structure and distribution according to topographic units of two woody species, Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. Ex Poir and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hoscht in Widou Thiengoly (Ferlo) in northern Senegal. Stratified random sampling was used to carry out the study taking into consideration the topographic units (low background, pouring and tray). The ligneous inventory method consisted in carrying out vegetation surveys using a dendrometric approach with a minimum area of 2500 m2. The results obtained indicate that in the study area, the population of B. senegalensis is denser (42 ± 7.3 ind/ha) compared to that of S. birrea (6.1 ± 3.4 ind/ha). Topographic variability has a great influence on the life of the species. The study of the structure of individuals in diameter and height classes has shown that the population of B. senegalensis is shrubby and is generally renewed itself well, unlike that of S. birrea, which is more mature and whose lack of regeneration seems to compromise the renewal of the population. Given the total lack of regeneration of the species, this population, therefore requires more effective conservation strategies for its restoration.

Epidemiological, clinical and biological characteristics of colorectal cancer vary across continents probably because of different risk factors that are not yet fully listed in countries with limited resources. This study describes the epidemiological and clinical features of colorectal cancer at a University hospital in Bamako, Mali.A retrospective study that concerned the period from 2005 to 2011 was carried out. It included records of patients with colorectal cancer histologically documented in the service. Were analyzed epidemiological, clinical and biological data stored in files.One hundred-thirteen (113) cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed representing 15% of all cancers documented over the 7 years. The number of cases increased year by year. The cases of colorectal cancer are not uncommon in young patients (23% under 30 years of age, 60% under 50). The male is significantly more represented in this population of colorectal carriers with a sex ratio M / F = 2. The time between first the symptom and care is long and the diagnosis is made in 85% of cases at a metastatic stage. Localization of the cancer is more frequent in the colon (56%) than in the rectum (44%). Cancer is an adenocarcinoma in 97% of cases.These epidemiological and clinical features invite practitioners to reconsider the concept of rarity of colorectal cancer in Africa and vigilance in front of a digestive disorder, even the patient is young, they also emphasize the need to conduct prospective studies to identify specific risk factors and develop appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer in Mali.Les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques et biologiques du cancer colorectal sont variables selon les continents, probablement à cause de facteurs de risque différents et non encore complètement répertoriés dans les pays à faibles moyens. Cette étude décrit les particularités épidémiologiques et cliniques du cancer colorectal dans un service hospitalier de référence spécialisé de Bamako au Mali.L'étude rétrospective a concerné la période de 2005 à 2011. Elle a inclus les dossiers des patients atteints de cancer colorectal documenté histologiquement. Ont été analysés, les données épidémiologiques, cliniques et biologiques enregistrées dans les dossiers.Cent-treize (113) cas de cancer colorectal ont été colligés et représentaient 15% de l'ensemble des cancers diagnostiqués sur 7 ans. Ces cas étaient en augmentation d'année en année et s'observaient chez une population souvent jeune (23% avant 30 ans, 60% avant 50 ans). Le sexe masculin était significativement plus représenté, soit 2 hommes pour une femme. Le délai entre le premier symptôme et la prise en charge du malade était long avec dans 85% des cas, un diagnostic porté à un stade métastatique. La localisation était plus souvent colique (56%) que rectale (44%). Le cancer était un adénocarcinome dans 97% des cas.Ces particularités épidémiologiques et cliniques invitent à reconsidérer le concept de rareté du cancer colorectal en Afrique et à la vigilance de la part des praticiens devant un trouble digestif même chez un sujet jeune, ils soulignent aussi la nécessité de conduire des études prospectives pour identifier des facteurs de risque particuliers et élaborer les stratégies les mieux adaptées pour la prévention et la prise en charge du cancer colorectal au Mali.

Reference values for blood cell count are not established at birth in Mali. This study aimed to determine reference values for erythrocyte and leukocyte at birth in Bamako. Blood was collected from the umbilical cord immediately following its clamping and studied for complete blood cell count in 481 newborns with a birth weight2500g, Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 or 10 minutes, without abnormal hemoglobin mutations and whose mothers were willing in Bamako, Mali. Other than the median and mean values, 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles were calculated. The findings suggest that the normal reference values following a timely clamping of the umbilical cord were (mean ± 1SD and range): RBC = 4,00 ± 0,46.1012/L (3,13 - 4,89), Hb = 14,12 ± 1,49 g/dL (11,20 - 17,00), Hct = 40,27 ± 4,71% (31,62 - 50,18), MCV = 101 ± 5 fl (91 - 112), MCHC = 35,37 ± 2,16 pg/cellule (30,70 - 39,59), MCH = 35,06 ± 0,93 g/dL (33,40 - 36,90), RDW = 17,79 ± 7,33% (15,50 - 20,39), Reticulocytes (109/L) = 133,081 ± 29,95 (66,62 - 200,86), GB (109/L) = 13,24 ± 7,23 (7,20 - 23,70), PMN (109/L) = 7,16 ± 4,70 (3,07 - 14,22), PME (109/L) = 0,28 ± 0,26 (0 - 0,98), PMB(109/L) = 0,05 ± 0,09 (0 - 0,31), Lymphocytes (109/L) = 4,49 ± 2,45 (1,96 - 9,42), Monocytes (10Les valeurs de référence de l'hémogramme ne sont pas établies à la naissance au Mali. Cette étude détermine les valeurs de référence érythrocytaires et leucocytaires du nouveau-né à Bamako. Le sang du cordon ombilical a été prélevé après clampage sans délai et étudié pour les paramètres érythrocytaires et leucocytaires chez 481 nouveau-nés à terme avec un poids de naissance2500g, un score d'Apgar ≥ 7 à 5 ou 10 minutes, sans mutant de l'hémoglobine et dont les mamans étaient consentantes, à Bamako, Mali. Outre les valeurs médianes et moyennes, les percentiles 2,5 et 97,5 ont été calculés. Les valeurs considérées comme normes de référence locales après un clampage sans délai du cordon ombilical (moyenne ± 1SD et extrêmes) sont : GR = 4,00 ± 0,46.10

International audience; The combined effects of climate change and human pressure have led to the progressive degradation of natural resources in semi-arid regions. Woody taxa in these regions play an important role in the functioning and services provided by semi-arid savannah by serving as forage for both domestic and non-domestic grazers. Maintaining the functioning of semi-arid savannas thus requires understanding the dynamics of these communities of woody taxa and their responses to exogenous forces, such as climate. To better understand the dynamics of woody taxa in semi-arid environments we collected dendrometric characteristics from five field sites along an environmental gradient in the Ferlo region of central Senegal. Density and basal area were found to be greater in the northern part of the zone, contrasted with the distance between individuals and crown cover, which is greater in the southern part of the zone. Stand structure estimated from the distribution according to height and diameter at breast height shows a preponderance of individuals in the shrub layer, although with a significant representation of the tree layer in southern Ferlo. Stand regeneration was better in the south and less effective in the north. There was a trend towards the rejuvenation of populations belonging to the dominant species. There were only three species for which degradation was not apparent (Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia raddiana and Dalbergia me-lanoxylon), all of which have important ethnobotanical uses, suggesting that human use of taxa can play an important role in preventing degradation. Three distinct groups of woody taxa were found to correspond to gradients of precipitation, topography, and human land use pressure. Our results suggest an important role in the management and reintroduction of woody species in the Sahel and the regulation of pastoral techniques necessary for the rehabilitation of the agro-pastoral zone of Senegal.

The goal of this study was CGH array profiling of breast cancer from Malian women in order to define differences with those from USA. CGH array was performed in 28 samples, 17 with a triple negative phenotype. The profiles were compared to those of 106 tumors from USA. 6 chromosomal regions (6p21, 9q34, 11q13, 12q24, 17q25 and 22q12.1-22q13.1) were identified with a significant higher rate of copy number alterations. These regions contain several genes of interest including BCR. FISH and IHC confirmed that BCR was amplified and overexpressed particularly in triple negative tumors. Finally, 5 regions presented a high level of amplification in two or more samples, including 2 regions located between 9p22.3-9p23 and 9p23-9p24.1. This study confirms that breast cancers from African women present biological differences with those from USA. Larger studies are needed to go further in the identification of therapeutic targets that would be specific to African women.

The development of equations to predict tree height, crown diameter, crown depth from stem diameter of a tree species enables arborists, researchers, and urban forest managers to model costs and benefits, analyze alternative management scenarios, and determine the best management practices for sustainable forests. The objective of this study was to develop regression prediction models for tree age, tree height, crown diameter, crown ratio and crown depth for A. senegal growing in Ferlo, in the northern Senegal. Four plantations of different years old (ISRA, 10 years old plantations, Ndodj, 8 years old plantations, Boulal, 5 years old plantations and Deali, 4 years old plantations) were selected. The following dendometric variables: crown height, crown diameter, stem diameter at the breast height, stem basal diameter (at 0.30 m) and the height from the tree base to first branch were measured on a total of 489 trees. The results suggested that the ecological structure of the different year old A. Senegal plantation revealed a bell-shaped form with left dissymmetric distribution indicating a predominance of individuals with small diameter at breast height. Allometry study of A. Senegal showed highly significant positive correlations (p = 0.00) between stem diameter at breast height, stem basal diameter, tree height, crown diameter and crown depth. Positive correlations were also found between crown diameter, tree height and crown height. Prediction models derived from these relationships can be used to estimate the tree height, stem diameter at breast height and crown depth from crown diameter with greater precision. As for A. Senegal age estimation, the established model is not strong as it can explain only 49.1% of the age variation.

International audience

Balanites aegyptiaca, a forest species of socio-economic interest for rural people, was chosen to be planted in the frame-work of the Great Green Wall project in Senegal. Although in vastly demand during food scarcity period before crops harvest, the species’ fruit is poorly valued despite its important production. In this study, the fruit pulps were harvested at maturity and the biochemical characteristics were accessed in order to better understand the fruit’s nutritional value. The moisture, sugars, proteins, amino acids, ash, fat, minerals and some vitamins were determined by standard methods of analysis. The results indicated that the fruits are a good alimentary source of sugar, minerals (mainly potassium) and ascorbic acid. The pulp proteins were qualitatively balanced, but were present only in weak quantities. Its caloric value is high due to the high concentration of sugars. Low humidity should allow a fairly good postharvest fruit conservation. The dietary intake of this fruit for local people is very valuable especially in terms of nutrition.Keywords: Balanites aegyptiaca, pulp, biochemical, nutritional valueAfrican Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 13(2), pp. 336-342, 8 January, 2014

Cette etude vise a evaluer la diversite floristique et la structure du peuplement ligneux de six villages du Ferlo (Keur Momar Sarr, Syer, Mbar toubab, Widou thiengoly, Tessekere et Labgar). Chaque site a ete prospecte puis echantillonne par la methode des releves dendrometriques. La richesse specifique totale est de 38 especes, elle varie en fonction des sites et est moins importante a Keur Momar Sarr et Syer. Les indices de diversite de Shannon et de regularite evalues n'ont pas trop varie en fonction des sites. Ils sont plus faibles a Tessekere et plus eleves a Mbar toubab. L'evaluation de la structure horizontale et verticale, montre une predominance de la strate arbustive. L'Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances a permis de discriminer trois groupements vegetaux en etroite relation avec la localisation geographique et la geomorphologie des sites. Ainsi, dans le cadre d'une gestion durable et rationnelle des ressources naturelles en milieu sahelien, cette etude apporte des informations complementaires sur l'etat actuel des peuplements ligneux du Ferlo. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Peuplement ligneux, diversite floristique, structure, Ferlo English Title: Characterization of the Sahelian woody vegetation of Senegal: case of Ferlo English Abstract This study aims to evaluate the floristic diversity and timber stand structure of six villages of Ferlo (Keur Momar Sarr, Syer, Mbar Toubab, Widou Thiengoly, Tessekere and Labgar). Each site was prospected and sampled by the dendrometric survey method. Total specific richness was 38 species; it varies depending on the site and is less important in Keur Momar Sarr and Syer. Shannon diversity indices and estimated regularity did not vary too much depending on the site. They are lower in Tessekere and higher in Mbar Toubab. The assessment of horizontal and vertical structure shows a predominance of the shrub layer. The Correspondence Analysis allowed to discriminate three plant groups closely related to the geographical location and the geomorphology of the sites. Thus, within the framework of sustainable and rational management of natural resources in the Sahel, this study provides additional information on the current state of timber stands in Ferlo. © 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Woody stand, floristic diversity, structure, Ferlo

Objectif : Ce travail realise dans les parcours communautaires du Ferlo-Nord, le long du trace de la Grande Muraille Verte, a pour objectif d’etudier les caracteristiques essentielles de la vegetation ligneuse pouvant servir de reference a l’etude de sa dynamique ou toute autre etude necessitant un etat des lieux par rapport a la vegetation. Methodologie et resultats: La methode d’echantillonnage par releves dendrometriques utilisee, a permis d’obtenir 20 especes appartenant a 18 genres et 12 familles. La famille des Mimosaceae est la mieux representee, suivie de celles des Combretaceae, Asclepiadaceae et Papilionaceae . La distribution selon la hauteur et selon la circonference du tronc a 30 cm du sol des individus du peuplement montre une dominance de la strate arbustive. La regeneration plus importante a Widou est dominee par Balanites aegyptiaca, Calotropis procera et Boscia senegalensis qui semblent etre plus adaptees aux conditions climatiques severes et aux actions anthropiques croissantes. Conclusion : Cette etude a mis en evidence la regression de certaines especes ligneuses a interet multiple pour la population locale du Ferlo-nord et l’expansion d’autres moins utilisees. Ainsi, dans le cadre de la Grande Muraille Verte par rapport aux conditions du milieu (les aleas climatiques et les usages multiples par les populations locales), le choix d’especes adaptees et a proteger devra etre guide par cette presente etude. Mots cles : Ferlo ,structure, Flore , Ligneux. N ature and structure of woody vegetation along the Great Green Wall in the Ferlo region of Northern Senegal. Objective : The work done in the Ferlo North region,along the Great Green Wall aims to study the essential characteristics of woody vegetation in order to serve as a reference for the study of dynamics in other study areas. Methodology and results : the sampling method using dendrometric surveys indicated the presence of 20 species belonging to 18 genera and 12 families. The Mimosaceae family is the most highly represented, followed by the Combretaceae, Asclepiadaceae and Papilionaceae . Population distribution based on the height and the circumferences of trunks at 30 cm above soil level indicated a predominance of shrubs. The greatest regeneration potential was observed in Widou where Balanites aegyptiaca, Calotropis Procera and Boscia senegalensis dominated the landscape. These species are highly adapted to harsh climatic conditions and increasing human activities. Conclusion : This study showed the regression of some useful multi-purpose woody species for the local populations of North Ferlo whereas other less valuable species became dominant in the landscape. Thus, in the context of the Great Green Wall, this study is particularly useful in order to determine the choice of tree species for reforestation and protection. Keywords : Ferlo , structure , Flora , Trees.

La connaissance des caractéristiques du peuplement ligneux du tracé de la Grande Muraille Verte (GMV) du Tchad permet de comprendre leur structure et fonctionnement afin de proposer des stratégies de gestion durable. C’est dans ce cadre que ce travail vise à caractériser la flore et la végétation ligneuses sur le tracé de la GMV du Tchad. La méthodologie utilisée consiste à déterminer la composition floristique et la structure du peuplement ligneux dans les trois sites retenus (Lac, Kanem et Bahr El Ghazal). Les inventaires floristiques ont permis de recenser 18 espèces réparties en 15 genres et 9 familles. La flore ligneuse est dominée par la famille des Mimosaseae. La densité des ligneux (34,67 ind.ha-1) et le recouvrement (1604,30 m².ha-1) sont plus importants au Lac et faible au Bahr El Ghazal (densité de 21,39 ind.ha-1 et recouvrement de 465,66 m².ha-1), quant à la surface terrière, elle est plus élevée au Kanem (3,39 m².ha-1). La distribution par classes de hauteur et de circonférence des ligneux révèle une prédominance des individus de la strate arbustive dans les trois sites. L’étude de la régénération naturelle montre que Acacia raddiana et Balanites aegyptiaca présentent le potentiel de régénération le plus élevé dans les trois sites. Globalement, les résultats obtenus montrent que les espèces les plus adaptées aux conditions écologiques de la GMV au Tchad sont Acacia raddiana et Balanites aegyptiaca et par conséquent, doivent être choisies pour la restauration de ces écosystèmes.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Tchad, GMV, végétation, peuplement, structure, régénérationEnglish Title: Characterization of the ligneous populatings on the route of the Great Green Wall in ChadEnglish AbstractThe knowledge of ligneous populating characteristics of the route of the Great Green Wall (GGW) of Chad helps to understand their structure and function in order to propose strategies for sustainable management. This study was carried out to characterize the flora and the tree vegetation present on the Chad Great Green Wall (GGW) line. The methodology consisted in determining the floristic composition and the structure of the tree population in three sites: Lac, Kanem, and Bahr El Ghazal. The floristic inventories have identified 18 species distributed into 15 genera and 9 families. Trees are dominated by the Mimosaseae family. Their density (34.67 individuals ha-1) and their recovery (1604.3 m2 ha-1) are more important at Lac and lower at Bahr El Ghazal with 21.39 individuals ha -1 and 465.66 m2 ha-1, respectively. However, the basal area of the vegetation was more important at Kanem with 3.39 m2 ha-1. The distribution by classes of height and circumference of the trees indicates a predominance of the shrub layer in all the three sites. The study of the natural regeneration reveals that Acacia raddiana and Balanites aegyptiaca present the highest regeneration potential in the three sites. Globally, the results obtained in this study show that the most adapted species to the ecological conditions of the Chad’s GGW are Acacia raddiana and Balanites aegyptiaca. Consequently, these species must be considered during the restoration of the given ecosystems.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Chad, GGW, vegetation, population, structure, regeneration