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Breast cancer is one of the familiar diseases in women. Incidence and mortality due to cancer, particularly breast cancer has been increasing for last 50 years, even though there is a lacuna in the diagnosis of breast cancer at early stages. According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2012 reports, breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women, accounting 23% of all cancer deaths. In Asia, one in every three women faces the risk of breast cancer in their lifetime as per reports of WHO 2012. Here, the review is been focused on different breast cancer markers, that is, tissue markers (hormone receptors, human epidermal growth factor-2, urokinase plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor, p53 and cathepsin D), genetic markers (BRAC1 and 2 and gene expression microarray technique, etc.), and serum markers (CA 15.3, BR 27.29, MCA, CA 549, carcinoembryonic antigen, oncoproteins, and cytokeratins) used in present diagnosis, but none of the mentioned markers can diagnose breast cancer at an early stage. There is a disquieting need for the identification of best diagnosing marker, which can be able to diagnose even in early stage of breast carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum is one of the world's most devastating pathogen. Its capability to regulate its genes under various stages of its life cycle as well as under unfavourable environmental conditions has led to the development of vaccine resistant strains. Similarly, under drug pressure it develops mutations in the target genes. These mutations confer mid and high-level resistance to the antimalarial drugs. Increasing a resistance of malaria parasites to conventional antimalarial drugs is an important factor contributing to the persistence of the disease as a major health threat. This article reviews current knowledge of stage specific malarial targets, antimalarial drugs and the mutations that have led to the emergence of resistant strains.