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The target of SLR or sign language recognition is to interpret the sign language into text, respectively. So the deaf and mute people can communicate with ordinary people easily. Sign language recognition has a tremendous social impact; however, it is challenging due to the significant variations and complexity in the hand actions. There are many existing methods for recognizing sign language that uses handcraft features for describing the motion of sign language and then, based on the features it makes the classification models. To approach the problem, we have discussed considering the KNN that can conveniently extract the features. The proposed model can be validated on a real data set.

Quantum dots (QDs) offer unique physical properties and novel application possibilities like single-photon emitters for quantum technologies. While strongly confined III-V and II-VI QDs have been studied extensively, their complex valence band structure often limits clear observations of individual transitions. In recently emerged lead-halide perovskites, band degeneracies are absent around the bandgap reducing the complexity of optical spectra. We show that for spherical-like CsPbBr

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes Mellitus is a major public health concern worldwide. Global burden of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate. The lack of awareness among population is the major cause of the disease burden as well as its complications. According to the Global Burden Disease Study, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in India was 31.7 million in the year 2010, and the prevalence is expected to upsurge to 79.4 million 1 by the year 2030. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:To assess the awareness level of Diabetic Retinopathy among the diabetic individuals. To increase the level of awareness regarding one of the leading causes of blindness among population and thereby minimizing the sight threatening complication of Diabetes. METHODOLOGY Study design/ Experiment design:Institution based cross-sectional study. Study setting and timelines:All patients who fulll the inclusion criterias, presented to the Out Patient Department of RIO, Kolkata in a time span of 18 months were taken for study with their informed consent. Apre-tested interviewer-administered KAPquestionnaire was asked to the patients. Eyes were examined by slit lamp biomicroscope, detailed posterior segment examination by +90D lens and indirect ophthalmoscope to detect diabetic retinopathy. Period of study:January 2019 - June 2020 Study population: 200 patients RESULT AND ANALYSIS:We found in Knowledge about DR Present, 7(21.2%) patients were Female and 26(78.8%) patients were Male. Association of Gender vs Knowledge about DR was statistically signicant (p=0.0017). In Knowledge about DR present, 4(12.1%) patients had DM 1 and 29(87.9%) patients had DM 2. Association of Type of DM vs Knowledge about DR was statistically signicant (p20yrs which was statistically signicant. It was found that Education Level was signicantly associated with Knowledge about effect of DM on eyesight as well as with Knowledge about Diabetic Retinopathy. 33(25.2%) patients had both Knowledge about DR and Knowledge about effect of DM on eyesight. Association of Knowledge about DR with Frequency of eye check-up was statistically signicant

Lead halide perovskites (LHPs) exhibit large spin-orbit coupling (SOC), leading to only twofold-degenerate valence and conduction bands and therefore allowing for efficient optical orientation. This makes them ideal materials to study charge carrier spins. With this study we elucidate the spin dynamics of photoexcited charge carriers and the underlying spin relaxation mechanisms in CsPbI3 nanocrystals by employing time-resolved differential transmission spectroscopy (DTS). We find that the photoinduced spin polarization significantly diminishes during thermalization and cooling toward the energetically favorable band edge. Temperature-dependent DTS reveals a decay in spin polarization that is more than 1 order of magnitude faster at room temperature (3 ps) than at cryogenic temperatures (32 ps). We propose that spin relaxation of free charge carriers in large-SOC materials like LHPs occurs as a result of carrier-phonon scattering, as described by the Elliott-Yafet mechanism.

Lead-free halide double perovskites have emerged as a nontoxic alternative to the heavily researched lead-based halide perovskites. However, their optical properties and the initial charge carrier relaxation processes are under debate. In this study, we apply time-resolved photoluminescence and differential transmission spectroscopy to investigate the photoexcited charge carrier dynamics within the indirect band structure of Cs2AgBiBr6 nanocrystals. Interestingly, we observe a high energetic emission stemming from the direct band gap, besides the previously reported emission from the indirect band gap transition. We attribute this emission to the radiative recombination of direct bound excitons. This emission maximum redshifts nearly 1 eV within 10 ps due to electron intervalley scattering, which leads to a transfer of direct to indirect bound excitons. We conclude that these direct bound excitons possess a giant oscillator strength causing not only a pronounced absorption peak at the optical band gap energy but also luminescence to occur at the direct band gap transition in spite of the prevailing intervalley scattering process. These results expand the understanding of the optical properties and the charge carrier relaxation in double perovskites, thus, facilitating the further development of optoelectronic devices harnessing lead-free perovskites.

The concept of doping Mn2+ ions into II–VI semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) was recently extended to perovskite NCs. To date, most studies on Mn2+ doped NCs focus on enhancing the emission related to the Mn2+ dopant via an energy transfer mechanism. Herein, we found that the doping of Mn2+ ions into CsPbCl3 NCs not only results in a Mn2+‐related orange emission, but also strongly influences the excitonic properties of the host NCs. We observe for the first time that Mn2+ doping leads to the formation of Ruddlesden–Popper (R.P.) defects and thus induces quantum confinement within the host NCs. We find that a slight doping with Mn2+ ions improves the size distribution of the NCs, which results in a prominent excitonic peak. However, with increasing the Mn2+ concentration, the number of R.P. planes increases leading to smaller single‐crystal domains. The thus enhanced confinement and crystal inhomogeneity cause a gradual blue shift and broadening of the excitonic transition, respectively., The doping of Mn2+ ions into CsPbCl3 nanocrystals (NCs) strongly influences the excitonic properties of the host NCs. Manganese doping leads to the formation of Ruddlesden–Popper defects and thus induces quantum confinement within individual crystals. This results in a blue shift of the excitonic emission.

Mn-doping in cesium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets (NPls) is of particular importance where strong quantum confinement plays a significant role towards the exciton-dopant coupling. In this work, we report an immiscible bi-phasic strategy for post-synthetic Mn-doping of CsPbX

Spin-dependent properties of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have recently gained significant attention paving their way toward spin-optoelectronic applications. However, separate measurements of the electron and hole spin relaxation rates are so far missing in LHPs. The knowledge of the electron and hole spin relaxation timescales is necessary to understand the spin-dependent properties of LHPs. Here, we report on the spin polarization dynamics in CsPbI3 nanocrystals (NCs). We employ polarization dependent ultrafast differential transmission spectroscopy (DTS) at room temperature to study the spin polarization dynamics in this system. In the case of pure CsPbI3 NCs, it is not possible to measure separately electron and hole spin relaxation rates from the polarization dependent DTS. Here, we introduce the soluble fullerene derivative PC60BM as an electron acceptor along with CsPbI3 to create an imbalance between the photoexcited electrons and holes in the NCs and, thus, affecting their spin-dependent carrier distribution. CsPbI3:PC60BM blend sample shows a distinct difference in the spin dependent kinetics of the DTS spectra as compared to the NCs-only sample. With the help of a kinetic model for the spin-dependent charge carrier distributions, we separately determine the electron and hole spin relaxation times in CsPbI3 NCs. We find that the room temperature hole spin lifetime ( τh ∼ 5 ps) is ∼13 times longer than the electron spin lifetime ( τe ∼ 0.4 ps). We ascribe the fast electron spin relaxation to the presence of strong spin–orbit coupling in the conduction band, which is ineffective for holes in the s-type valence band.

A metal-free, environmentally friendly protocol for the arylselenylation of 2H-indazole has been developed using a catalytic amount of I2 under ambient conditions. A number of 3-(phenylselanyl)-2H-indazoles with wide functional group tolerance have been synthesized in good yields at room temperature. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction possibly proceeds through an ionic pathway.

Triplet sensitization is an important aspect for enhancing the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) process is known to increase the efficiency of OLEDs. In this case, the time scale of triplet diffusion is an important parameter. In this paper, we have studied the triplet energy-transfer process as a function of time scale and temperature in pure and phosphorescent molecule FIrpic (bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2, N](picolinato)iridium(III))-doped F8BT (poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene- alt-benzothiadiazole)) films. We have investigated the dynamics of triplet energy-transfer processes by probing the corresponding delayed fluorescence (DF) spectra (of the F8BT host system) generated from TTA. We have noticed that the dynamics of DF depends on the diffusion kinetics of the triplet excitonic state. We find that the successful triplet transfer to the host polymer system is directly proportional to the triplet lifetime of the guest molecule. We have further implemented doped F8BT films in polymer LEDs (PLEDs). A high triplet absorption (TA) signal (of the host triplets, i.e., F8BT) has been observed in doped PLEDs under electrical excitation. The high TA signal of the host triplets indicates the successful triplet transfer process from the FIrpic guest molecule to the F8BT host polymer system.

A highly efficient method for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles has been developed using readily available aromatic amines, benzaldehydes, and NH4SCN as a sulfur source. A library of 2-arylbenzothiazoles with wide functional group compatibility has been synthesized in good yields through iodine-mediated oxidative annulation.

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG Metal-halide perovskites have rapidly emerged as one of the most promising materials of the 21st century, with many exciting properties and great potential for a broad range of applications, from photovoltaics to optoelectronics and photocatalysis. The ease with which metal-halide perovskites can be synthesized in the form of brightly luminescent colloidal nanocrystals, as well as their tunable and intriguing optical and electronic properties, has attracted researchers from different disciplines of science and technology. In the last few years, there has been a significant progress in the shape-controlled synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals and understanding of their properties and applications. In this comprehensive review, researchers having expertise in different fields (chemistry, physics, and device engineering) of metal-halide perovskite nanocrystals have joined together to provide a state of the art overview and future prospects of metal-halide perovskite nanocrystal research. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. RYC2018-026103-I Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. CTQ2017-82711-P Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. MDM-2015-0538 Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-107314RB-I00

Health and hygiene are topics that are inextricably intertwined from ages. Off late, steam cleaning has overtaken the traditional cleaning techniques in many places, due to the many advantages it offers. There is numerous health benefit of using steam for cleaning as we are only using heat and water to generate the steam to clean with. Many cleaning agents contain sodium hypochlorite, and since it is an oxidizing agent, it can cause a burning sensation or can even damage the skin. Cleaning with steam does not use poisonous and toxic chemicals like bleach and ammonia. Therefore, it does not leave residues of the harmful chemicals. Moreover, apart from cleaning, the comfort of the person involved in cleaning has been prioritized in many of the development so far. With time, the steam cleaning must be accepted globally for a better future which promises a healthy growing environment than the one we are dealing with now. Till now, there is various kind of steam cleaners that has been proposed by various inventors and researchers. A steam cleaner after all provides complete sterilization thus enhancing the living condition. The various steam cleaners include the upright steam cleaner, one with the rotatable brush, then in some inventions clean water is subjected to super atmospheric pressure, the steam cleaner that automatically powers off, pressure and temperature control steam cleaner, robotic extraction cleaner with dusting pad, an autonomous floor-cleaning robot, artificial intelligence robot cleaner, robot cleaning system, and many more which has been discussed.

Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India E-mail: alakananda.hajra@visva-bharati.ac.in Manuscript received online 10 November 2020, revised and accepted 25 December 2020 A new ionic liquid tagged Cu(II) catalyst has been prepared by the reaction between imidazolium-based task-specific ionic liquid and CuO. Its catalytic activity has been evaluated in a cascade reaction involving 2-aminopyridine, aldehyde, and terminal alkyne. A bunch of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines was synthesized efficiently in high yields and the catalyst is easily recyclable without significant loss of catalytic activity. The catalyst structure was established by X-ray crystallography.

Lead halide perovskites (LHPs) exhibit large spin-orbit coupling (SOC), leading to only twofold-degenerate valence and conduction bands and therefore allowing for efficient optical orientation. This makes them ideal materials to study charge carrier spins. With this study we elucidate the spin dynamics of photoexcited charge carriers and the underlying spin relaxation mechanisms in CsPbI

Lead-free halide double perovskites have emerged as a nontoxic alternative to the heavily researched lead-based halide perovskites. However, their optical properties and the initial charge carrier relaxation processes are under debate. In this study, we apply time-resolved photoluminescence and differential transmission spectroscopy to investigate the photoexcited charge carrier dynamics within the indirect band structure of Cs

We investigate the role of n-type organic molecule, bathocuproine (BCP), additive in perovskite semiconductor film based solar cells using first principle calculations and optoelectronic studies. A state-of-art high fill factor of 0.82 and improved open circuit voltage of 0.95 V for CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) based perovskite solar cells are achieved in addition with highly improved (more than one order) electroluminescence efficiency. Delayed emission spectroscopy does not show any blue shift peak or double peak emission suggests no structural changes in 3D perovskite. Contact angle studies using water droplet supports BCP is forming a capping layer to boost moisture barrier. Our experimental findings regarding no 2D structure formation has also been supported by first-principles electronic structure calculations based on DFT in MAPI after insertion of BCP. Furthermore, calculations suggest that a physisorption type of interaction has been found in between MAPI and BCP with an average distance of 2.9 A. These res...

Truxene (10,15-dihydro-5H-diindeno[ 1,2-a; 1', 2'-c] fluorene) derived blue emitting materials were designed and developed utilizing Suzuki and Buchwald-Hartwig type cross-coupling reactions. The target molecules T-1, T-2 and T-3 bearing N-carbazolyl, 1-pyrenyl and N-phenyl-N-(pyren-1-yl) substituents, respectively at 2,7,12-positions, were synthesized under mild conditions by palladium-catalyzed reactions in good yields. To improve the solution processability of the material, n-hexyl chains were used as substituents at 5,5'-, 10,10'-, 15,15'-positions. From UV-vis measurements, the absorption maxima were found to be at 330 nm for T-1, 356 nm for T-2 and 412 nm for T-3. The materials were found to be blue emitting with their emission maxima at 385 nm, 425 nm and 490 nm for T-1, T-2 and T-3, respectively. The excited state lifetimes were investigated using time correlated single photon counting and were found to be 10 ns, 1.4 ns and 5.4 ns for T-1, T-2 and T-3, respectively. The highest photoluminescence quantum yield was observed in the case of T-2 corresponding to a value of 0.97. The compounds T-2 and T-3 were used as active materials for the fabrication of solution processed, single layer blue light emitting diodes, with low turn-on voltage (2-3.3 V) and Commission Internationale de l'eclairage (CIE) coordinates corresponding to (0.16, 0.23) and (0.17, 0.36) for T-2 and T-3, respectively.

The FeCl3/ZnI2-catalyzed synthesis of angularly fused furans by intermolecular coupling between enols and alkynes has been developed in ambient air. The methodology is successfully applicable to 4-hydroxycoumarin, 4-hydroxyquinolinone and α-tetralone affording regioselective 2-aryl furans in good yields. The control experiments suggest the possibility of a radical reaction mechanism.

The present method describes a palladium-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction of coumarin and aniline for the synthesis of indole fused coumarin derivatives. The one-pot method is operationally simple and molecular oxygen is used as sole oxidant. The target compounds are obtained in good yields from commercially available precursors.

A metal-free, environmentally friendly protocol for the arylselenylation of 2

A Zn(OTf)2-catalyzed simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of imidazole-substituted allenes by the reaction of 1,1,3-triphenylprop-2-yn-1-ol and imidazoheterocycles. A library of tetrasubstituted allenes with broad functionalities have been prepared with excellent yields. The present methodology is also applicable to imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.

A tBuONO mediated practical and efficient method for the synthesis of azo imidazoheterocycles with broad functionalities has been achieved by the reaction between imidazoheterocycles and anilines at room temperature in goods yields. Azo indolizines were also prepared by employing this methodology. Mild reaction conditions, tolerance of wide functionalities, operational simplicity and easy purification of the products are the notable advantages of the current protocol.

Understanding the photophysical process governing the operation of the organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and how they are affected by film morphology is crucial to the efficient design of future OLEDs. In particular, delayed fluorescence (DF), is known to contribute a significant fraction of the light emission from polymer-based OLEDs, but its mechanism remains unclear. Here, we investigate the origin of DF in the state of the art OLED polymer Poly (9, 9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), under both optical and electrical excitation using time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) as a function of film thickness, excitation fluence, magnetic-field, and temperature. The temperature dependence of the DF for various film thicknesses suggests that thermally activated triplet migration is the dominant process controlling DF at room temperature. We found that thermal activation energy (Eeff) of triplet migration decreases from 179 ± 31 meV to 86 ± 11 meV as film thickness varied from ~110 nm to ~560 nm, respectively. The Eeff of triplet migration is found to be a function of the molecular packing of polymer chains as determined from synchrotron grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) studies and steady-state photoluminescence studies. Quantum chemical calculations of reorganization energy and singlet–triplet exchange energy gap in F8BT molecule as a function of the dihedral angle between donor & acceptor moiety also confirm the experimental results. Our results show that DF in polymer OLEDs is significantly affected by parameters such as the film thickness and disorder, allowing for a high degree of control over the underlying photophysics to be achieved. The detailed time-resolved photophysical studies stress the importance of the morphology of the polymer chains on designing high efficiency organic light emitting diodes. A collaborative team lead by Prof Dinesh Kabra from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay conducts systematic investigations on the decay kinetics and the mechanism of the delayed fluorescence in a typical F8BT based polymeric light-emitting diodes. Through time-resolved emission spectroscopy as a function of film thickness, excitation fluence, magnetic-field, and temperature, they show that the main process controlling the delayed fluorescence is thermally activated triplet-triplet annihilation. They further show that the triplet transport is highly dependent on the molecular packing order and film thickness of the F8BT polymer, opening feasible gateways for molecular engineering of polymer LEDs.

A metal-free visible-light-induced phosphonylation of 2 H-indazoles with diphenylphosphine oxide has been developed using rose bengal as an organophotoredox catalyst under ambient air at room temperature. A library of diphenyl(2-phenyl-2 H-indazol-3-yl)phosphine oxide with broad functionalities has been synthesized in high yields. The experimental result suggests the radical pathway of the reaction.

We report a blue-emitting random copolymer (termed modified Aryl-F8) consisting of three repeat units of polydioctylfluorene (F8), Aryl-polydioctylfluorene (Aryl-F8), and an aromatic amine comonomer unit, poly(bis-N,Ν′-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N′-phenyl-1,4 phenylenediamine) chemically linked to get an improved charge carrier balance without compromising on the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield with respect to the Aryl-F8 homo-polymer. The measured photoluminescence quantum efficiency (∼70%) of the blue-emitting polymer is comparable to or greater than the individual monomer units. The time resolved PL spectra from the modified Aryl-F8 are similar to those of Arylated-poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N′-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N′-phenyl-1,4 phenylenediamine) (PFB) even at a time scale of 100–250 ps, indicating an ultrafast energy transfer from the (Aryl-F8 or F8):Arylated-PFB interface to Arylated-PFB, i.e., endothermic transfer of non-radiative exciplex to a radiative molecular exciton. Furthermore, the presence of non-radiative exciplex is confirmed by the photoluminescence decay profile and temperature dependent PL spectra. The luminance efficiency achieved for the modified Aryl-F8 polymer light-emitting diodes is ∼11 cd A−1 with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of ∼4.5%, whereas it is 0.05 cd/A with an EQE of ∼0.025% for Aryl-F8. Almost two orders of higher efficiency is achieved due to the improved charge carrier balance from the random copolymer without compromising on the photoluminescence yield.We report a blue-emitting random copolymer (termed modified Aryl-F8) consisting of three repeat units of polydioctylfluorene (F8), Aryl-polydioctylfluorene (Aryl-F8), and an aromatic amine comonomer unit, poly(bis-N,Ν′-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N′-phenyl-1,4 phenylenediamine) chemically linked to get an improved charge carrier balance without compromising on the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield with respect to the Aryl-F8 homo-polymer. The measured photoluminescence quantum efficiency (∼70%) of the blue-emitting polymer is comparable to or greater than the individual monomer units. The time resolved PL spectra from the modified Aryl-F8 are similar to those of Arylated-poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene-co-bis-N,N′-(4-butylphenyl)-bis-N,N′-phenyl-1,4 phenylenediamine) (PFB) even at a time scale of 100–250 ps, indicating an ultrafast energy transfer from the (Aryl-F8 or F8):Arylated-PFB interface to Arylated-PFB, i.e., endothermic transfer of non-radiative exciplex to a radiative molecular exciton. Furthermore, the ...

The FeCl

A regioselective synthesis of multisubstituted furan derivatives has been developed via Cu(II)-catalyzed intermolecular annulation of aryl ketones with a wide range of aromatic olefins under ambient air in good yields. This protocol is applicable to both cyclic and acyclic aryl ketones.

The performance of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) degrades due to exciton quenching at the interface with charge injection layers and electrodes. We investigate the photo-physics of singlet excitons in Poly (9, 9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) conjugated polymer interfaced with various commonly used hole and electron injection layers. Absolute, steady-state and transient photoluminescence (PL) studies are carried out on pristine F8BT film and films with injection layer/F8BT to understand the role of injection layers on exciton quenching. Exciton quenching by the charge injection layers is treated by accounting for both exciton diffusion and the non-radiative transfer of energy to the charge injection layer. The non -radiative transfer of energy is modelled using dipole-dipole interaction theory coupled with diffusion of excitons, from which we obtain the exciton capture radius (x(0)) in the range of 1-7 nm. We also correlate x0 with PL decay time (tau) using the relation tau alpha 1/x(0)(3) The steady-state PL yield for each case also shows correlation with the PL decay lifetime. This study provides interesting insight on the selection criterion for injection layer to be used in PLEDs for minimizing optical losses while preserving the electronic injection properties. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper reports quantitative correlation of CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr(3)) thin film morphology to light emitting diode efficiency parameters. Sequential (spin coating) deposition is used for highly reproducible and dense film morphology of MAPbBr(3) thin-film. In this fabrication process using an orthogonal solvent approach, control of morphology, coverage, thickness, and optical properties in these compact thin-films is demonstrated. Optical studies show direct correlation between morphology to dynamics of photoluminescence (PL) and absolute PL yield. Perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are fabricated from these films to find the best ratio of PbBr2 versus MABr for optimal performance. This study demonstrates PeLEDs with high brightness, approximate to 1050 cd m(-2) at 4.7 V (luminance efficiency approximate to 0.1 cd A(-1)), for optimal thin-film process with state-of-the-art device performance. This quantitative analysis suggests that these state-of-the-art PeLEDs suffer from poor charge carrier balance (approximate to 2%) and out-coupling efficiency (approximate to 6%). Interestingly, charge carrier balance and PL yield together can explain the change in PeLED efficiency modulation with film morphology. Studies on single carrier devices show that these PeLEDs are electron current dominated and charge carrier balance increases with operating bias voltage.

Control of unwanted low-energy emission originating due to trap states is crucial for improving the emission efficiency and for maintaining the color purity in blue light-emitting diodes. Here, a truxene-based emitter (T-pyrene) that is a good candidate for the blue emitter is investigated using photophysical studies. Steady-state absorption of the emitter reveals the presence of a charge-transfer state, and the photoluminescence spectrum suggests an occurrence of a strong interchain/exciplex state. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) and fluence-dependent measurements of the material in the dilute solution show the presence of multiple excitonic processes contributing to the delayed fluorescence. Similar studies on the pristine film suggest that the delayed fluorescence is dominated by the presence of the traps. By blending the oligomer with a higher bandgap polymer matrix, poly(9-vinyl carbazole) (PVK), a type I heterojunction at the T-pyrene:PVK interface is obtained that confines the generated excitons in T-pyrene. With this architecture, device efficiencies with T-pyrene (20 wt. %):PVK show significantly enhanced efficiency than those of the pristine device. We elucidate the relevance of the matrix:T-pyrene system using TRPL and fluence-dependent studies on T-pyrene (20 wt. %):PVK. Time-resolved emission spectra on the T-pyrene (20 wt. %):PVK films do not show red-shifted emission with time delays, which suggests the passivation of the quenching sites due to the dispersion of T-pyrene in PVK to prevent the intermolecular interactions.

A Zn(OTf)