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Abstract Background Patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases (IMRDs) have been prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination to mitigate the infection severity risks. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at a high risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, especially those under immunosuppression or with associated comorbidities. However, few studies have assessed the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine in patients with RA. Objective To evaluate the safety of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with RA. Methods This data are from the study “Safety and Efficacy on COVID-19 Vaccine in Rheumatic Diseases,” a Brazilian multicentric prospective phase IV study to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine in IMRDs in Brazil. Adverse events (AEs) in patients with RA of all centers were assessed after two doses of ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) or CoronaVac (Sinovac/Butantan). Stratification of postvaccination AEs was performed using a diary, filled out daily and returned at the end of 28 days for each dose. Results A total of 188 patients with RA were include, 90% female. CoronaVac was used in 109 patients and ChAdOx1 in 79. Only mild AEs were observed, mainly after the first dose. The most common AEs after the first dose were pain at the injection (46,7%), headache (39,4%), arthralgia (39,4%), myalgia (30,5%) and fatigue (26,6%), and ChAdOx1 had a higher frequency of pain at the injection (66% vs 32 %, p

Abstract Background Hip fractures in the older adults lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Although a low bone mineral density is considered the leading risk factor, it is essential to recognize other factors that could affect the risk of hip fractures. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of clinical characteristics, patient-reported outcomes, and muscle and aerobic capacity for hip fractures in community-dwelling older adults. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study with real world-data from subjects ≥ 60 years old attending an outpatient clinic in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from May 1, 2019, to August 22, 2022. Data about clinical characteristics (multimorbidity, medications of long-term use, sedative and or tricyclic medications, number of falls), patient-reported outcomes (self-perception of health, self-report of difficulty walking, self-report of vision problems, and self-report of falls) and muscle and aerobic capacity (calf circumference, body mass index, and gait speed) were retrieved from an electronic health record. The association of each potential risk factor and hip fracture was investigated by a multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex. Results A total of 7,836 older adults were included with a median age of 80 years (IQR 72–86) and 5,702 (72.7%) were female. Hip fractures occurred in 121 (1.54%) patients. Multimorbidity was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture (OR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.06–1.18) and each episode of fall increased the chance of hip fracture by 1.7-fold (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.52–1.80). Patient-reported outcomes associated with increased fracture risk were regular or poor self-perception of health (OR = 1.59, 95%CI 1.06–2.37), self-report of walking difficulty (OR = 3.06, 95%CI 1.93–4.84), and self-report of falls (OR = 2.23, 95%CI 1.47–3.40). Body mass index and calf circumference were inversely associated with hip fractures (OR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.87–0.96 and OR = 0.93, 95%CI 0.88–0.97, respectively), while slow gait speed increased the chance of hip fractures by almost two-fold (OR = 1.80, 95%CI 1.22–2.66). Conclusion Our study reinforces the importance of identified risk factors for hip fracture in community-dwelling older adults beyond bone mineral density and available fracture risk assessment tools. Data obtained in primary care can help physicians, other health professionals, and public health policies to identify patients at increased risk of hip fractures.

Breakthrough COVID-19 (occurring in fully vaccinated people) has been described. Data on its characteristics among immune-mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD) patients are scarce. This study describes breakthrough COVID-19 occurring in IMRD patients participating in the SAFER-study, a Brazilian multicentric cohort evaluating the safety, effectiveness, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with autoimmune diseases. A descriptive analysis of the population and a binary logistic regression model were performed to evaluate the predictors of COVID-19-related hospitalization. A p-value < 0.05 was significant. The included 160 patients were predominantly females (83.1%), with a mean (SD) age of 40.23 (13.19) years. The patients received two (19%), three (70%), or four (11%) vaccine doses. The initial two-dose series was mainly with ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) (58%) or BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm-Beijing) (34%). The first booster (n = 150) was with BNT162b2 (BioNtech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer) (63%) or ChAdOx1 (29%). The second booster (n = 112) was with BNT162b2 (40%) or ChAdOx1 (26%). The COVID-19 hospitalization rate was 17.5%. IMRD moderate/high activity (OR: 5.84; CI: 1.9–18.5; p = 0.002) and treatment with corticosteroids (OR: 2.94; CI: 1.02–8.49; p = 0.0043) were associated with higher odds of hospitalization, while increasing the number of vaccine doses was protective (OR: 0.37; CI: 0.15–0.9; p = 0.032). These findings, along with previous reassuring results about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccines, argue in favor of booster vaccination in IMRD patients.

Abstract Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are developed to align standards of health care around the world, aiming to reduce the incidence of misconducts and enabling more effective use of health resources. Considering the complexity, cost, and time involved in formulating CPG, strategies should be used to facilitate and guide authors through each step of this process. The main objective of this document is to present a methodological guide prepared by the Epidemiology Committee of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the elaboration of CPG in rheumatology. Through an extensive review of the literature, this study compiles the main practical recommendations regarding the following steps of CPG drafting: distribution of working groups, development of the research question, search, identification and selection of relevant studies, evidence synthesis and quality assessment of the body of evidence, the Delphi methodology for consensus achievement, presentation and dissemination of the recommendations, CPG quality assessment and updating. This methodological guide serves as an important tool for rheumatologists to develop reliable and high-quality CPG, standardizing clinical practices worldwide.

Abstract Objective To provide guidelines on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in patients with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases (IMRD) to rheumatologists considering specific scenarios of the daily practice based on the shared-making decision (SMD) process. Methods A task force was constituted by 24 rheumatologists (panel members), with clinical and research expertise in immunizations and infectious diseases in immunocompromised patients, endorsed by the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology (BSR), to develop guidelines for COVID-19 vaccination in patients with IMRD. A consensus was built through the Delphi method and involved four rounds of anonymous voting, where five options were used to determine the level of agreement (LOA), based on the Likert Scale: (1) strongly disagree; (2) disagree, (3) neither agree nor disagree (neutral); (4) agree; and (5) strongly agree. Nineteen questions were addressed and discussed via teleconference to formulate the answers. In order to identify the relevant data on COVID-19 vaccines, a search with standardized descriptors and synonyms was performed on September 10th, 2021, of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, and LILACS to identify studies of interest. We used the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of nonrandomized studies. Results All the nineteen questions-answers (Q&A) were approved by the BSR Task Force with more than 80% of panelists voting options 4—agree—and 5—strongly agree—, and a consensus was reached. These Guidelines were focused in SMD on the most appropriate timing for IMRD patients to get vaccinated to reach the adequate covid-19 vaccination response. Conclusion These guidelines were developed by a BSR Task Force with a high LOA among panelists, based on the literature review of published studies and expert opinion for COVID-19 vaccination in IMRD patients. Noteworthy, in the pandemic period, up to the time of the review and the consensus process for this document, high-quality evidence was scarce. Thus, it is not a substitute for clinical judgment.

Abstract Background In Brazil, we are facing an alarming epidemic scenario of Yellow fever (YF), which is reaching the most populous areas of the country in unvaccinated people. Vaccination is the only effective tool to prevent YF. In special situations, such as patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (CIMID), undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, as a higher risk of severe adverse events may occur, assessment of the risk-benefit ratio of the yellow fever vaccine (YFV) should be performed on an individual level. Main body of the abstract Faced with the scarcity of specific orientation on YFV for this special group of patients, the Brazilian Rheumatology Society (BRS) endorsed a project aiming the development of individualized YFV recommendations for patients with CIMID, guided by questions addressed by both medical professionals and patients, followed an internationally validated methodology (GIN-McMaster Guideline Development). Firstly, a systematic review was carried out and an expert panel formed to take part of the decision process, comprising BRS clinical practitioners, as well as individuals from the Brazilian Dermatology Society (BDS), Brazilian Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Study Group (GEDIIB), and specialists on infectious diseases and vaccination (from Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunizations National Societies); in addition, two representatives of patient groups were included as members of the panel. When the quality of the evidence was low or there was a lack of evidence to determine the recommendations, the decisions were based on the expert opinion panel and a Delphi approach was performed. A recommendation was accepted upon achieving ≥80% agreement among the panel, including the patient representatives. As a result, eight recommendations were developed regarding the safety of YFV in patients with CIMID, considering the immunosuppression degree conferred by the treatment used. It was not possible to establish recommendations on the effectiveness of YFV in these patients as there is no consistent evidence to support these recommendations. Conclusion This paper approaches a real need, assessed by clinicians and patient care groups, to address specific questions on the management of YFV in patients with CIMID living or traveling to YF endemic areas, involving specialists from many areas together with patients, and might have global applicability, contributing to and supporting vaccination practices. We recommended a shared decision-making approach on taking or not the YFV.

Abstract Systemic erythematosus lupus (SLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease which has nephritis as one of the most striking manifestations. Although it can coexist with other autoimmune diseases, and determine the predisposition to various infectious complications, SLE is rarely described in association with non‐lupus nephropathies etiologies. We report the rare association of SLE and primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most frequent primary glomerulopathy in the world population. The patient was diagnosed with SLE due to the occurrence of malar rash, alopecia, pleural effusion, proteinuria, ANA 1: 1,280, nuclear fine speckled pattern, and anticardiolipin IgM and 280 U/mL. Renal biopsy revealed mesangial hypercellularity with isolated IgA deposits, consistent with primary IgAN. It was treated with antimalarial drug, prednisone and inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, showing good progress. Since they are relatively common diseases, the coexistence of SLE and IgAN may in fact be an uncommon finding for unknown reasons or an underdiagnosed condition. This report focus on the importance of the distinction between the activity of renal disease in SLE and non‐SLE nephropathy, especially IgAN, a definition that has important implications on renal prognosis and therapeutic regimens to be adopted in the short and long term.

Resumo O maior entendimento das bases fisiopatológicas e do comportamento das vasculites sistêmicas, aliado ao desenvolvimento de regimes terapêuticos com perfil de segurança e eficácia cada vezes melhores, modificou drasticamente o prognóstico dos pacientes diagnosticados com essas entidades clínicas. Recentemente, o emprego do rituximabe no tratamento de pacientes com vasculites ANCA associadas em ensaios clínicos randomizados se mostrou uma opção importante em casos selecionados, especialmente pacientes refratários ou intolerantes à terapia-padrão com ciclofosfamida e corticosteroides. O presente artigo traz o relato de sete casos de vasculites sistêmicas com tratamento bem-sucedido com rituximabe.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a frequência de remissão total e parcial no tratamento da nefrite lúpica aos 12 e 24 meses de seguimento. Comparar esses subgrupos aos 12 meses, correlacionando as variáveis renais iniciais com a resposta ao tratamento. Analisar e comparar os resultados terapêuticos do subgrupo com glomerulonefrite proliferativa difusa por correlação clínico-patológica ("classe IV clínica") com aqueles de "classe IV histológica", isto é, com biópsia renal comprovada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 100 pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) e nefrite, atendidos no Serviço de Reumatologia da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo e acompanhados por dois anos. Os portadores de comorbidades que comprometem os rins foram excluídos. Foram analisadas as variáveis demográficas, clínicas, laboratoriais e o índice de atividade da doença (SLEDAI). Os pacientes com classe histológica III, IV ou V receberam corticosteroide e ciclofosfamida como tratamento de indução da nefrite lúpica e aqueles com classe II receberam apenas corticosteroide. RESULTADOS: A idade média ao diagnóstico de LES foi de 24,71 ± 10,14 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino (88%). O SLEDAI calculado ao diagnóstico foi de 16,09 ± 6,48. Em relação às variáveis renais iniciais, a creatinina média foi de 1,02 ± 0,49 mg/dL, a proteinúria de 24 horas média foi de 2,57 ± 2,39 g e o anticorpo anti-dsDNA foi encontrado em 66% dos casos. Todos os pacientes receberam corticosteroide e 75% utilizaram a ciclofosfamida. Cinquenta e seis pacientes foram submetidos à biópsia renal. Os subtipos II e IV foram os mais prevalentes (33,9% e 32,2%, respectivamente). Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, todos os pacientes apresentaram redução significativa da proteinúria de 24 horas, melhora do sedimento urinário e dos valores das frações do complemento (C3, C4, CH50). A frequência de remissão total aos 12 meses foi 72,7% e, aos 24 meses, 85,7% (p = 0,013). A remissão parcial ocorreu em 27,3% dos doentes aos 12 meses e em 14,3% aos 24 meses. O sexo masculino apresentou menor frequência de remissão total comparado ao feminino aos 12 meses de acompanhamento (45,5% versus 81,6%, p = 0,007). Dentre as diferentes variáveis estudadas, nenhuma se correlacionou com remissão total ou parcial aos 12 meses. O subgrupo "classe IV clínica" apresentou maior frequência de remissão total que o subgrupo "classe IV histológica". CONCLUSÃO: Com o esquema terapêutico usado em nosso serviço, verificou-se um excelente desfecho em dois anos. Não foram observadas correlações entre variáveis clínico-laboratoriais e remissão total ou parcial. O sexo masculino apresentou menores taxas de remissão total comparado ao feminino. Apesar do pequeno número de pacientes estudados e das controvérsias quanto à biópsia renal, a taxa de remissão total foi maior nos pacientes com "classe IV clínica" em relação àqueles com "classe IV histológica".OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of total and partial remission in the treatment of lupus nephritis at 12 months and 24 months. To compare these subgroups at 12 months and correlate the initial renal variables with the therapeutic response. To analyze and to compare the therapeutic results of the subgroup with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis by clinicopathological correlation ("clinical class IV") with those with biopsy-proven WHO class IV ("histological class IV"). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and nephritis who attended to the department of rheumatology of a tertiary referral center were studied. The length of the follow up was 2 years. Patients with comorbidities that compromise the kidneys had been excluded. The demographic, clinical and laboratory variables and the disease activity index (SLEDAI) were analyzed. Patients with lupus nephritis WHO class III, IV or V received glucocorticoid and cyclophosphamide for induction of remission and those with class II received only glucocorticoid. RESULTS: The average age at SLE diagnosis was of 24.71 + 10.14 years, with a predominance of female gender (88%). The initial SLEDAI was 16.09 ± 6.48. At the time of the diagnosis of nephritis, mean serum creatinine was 1.02 ± 0.49 mg/dL, mean 24-hour urinary protein level was of 2.57 ± 2.39g and the antibody anti-dsDNA was found in 66% of the cases. All the patients had received glucocorticoids and 75% had used cyclophosphamide. Fifty-six patients had been submitted to renal biopsy. The most prevalent subtypes were class II and IV (33.9% and 32.2%, respectively). After 12 months, all the patients had significant reduction in the 24-hour urinary protein level, improvement in the urinary sediment and increase in the fractional values of the complement (C3, C4, CH50). The frequency of total remission at 12 months was 72.7% and, at 24 months, 85.7% (p =0.013). Partial remission occurred in 27.3% at 12 months and, in 14.3%, at 24 months. Male gender presented a lower rate of total remission compared with women at 12 months (45.5% versus 81.6%, p = 0.007). Among several factors studied, none was correlated with total or partial remission at 12 months. The subgroup "clinical class IV" presented a higher frequency of total remission than the subgroup "histological class IV". CONCLUSION: Our therapeutic approach achieved an excellent outcome in two years. Correlations between clinical and laboratory variables and total or partial remission were not observed. Male gender presented a lower rate of total remission compared with women. Despite the small number of patients studied and the controversies of renal biopsy, the rate of total remission was higher in patients with "clinical class IV" than in those with "histological class IV".

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a alteração do perfil lipídico na artrite reumatóide e sua associação com a atividade de doença. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de 21 pacientes, do sexo feminino, com artrite reumatóide, acompanhados durante um ano. Foram avaliados colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides, apolipoproteínas A e B, lipoproteína (a) e VHS, além de HAQ e índice de atividade de doença, por meio do DAS28. RESULTADOS: Após um ano, houve aumento significativo dos níveis de colesterol total (p = 0,019) em 66,6% das pacientes e de LDL-colesterol (p = 0,008) em 80,9% das pacientes. Quanto aos níveis de lipoproteína (a), houve redução significativa (p = 0,003) em 33,33% dos casos. Diminuição significativa ocorreu também no VHS, HAQ e DAS28. Porém, não houve associação entre a alteração do perfil lipídico e a atividade de doença. CONCLUSÃO: Embora tenha sido significativa a redução da atividade da doença (DAS28), houve piora do perfil lipídico.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lipid profile in rheumatoid arthritis and its association with the disease activity. METHODS: This was a prospective study with 21 female patients who had rheumatoid arthritis and whose progress was accompanied for 1 year. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A and B, lipoprotein (a), ESR, as well as HAQ and disease activity through DAS28, were evaluated. RESULTS: After 1 year, the total cholesterol level was increased in 66.6% of the patients (p=0.019) and the LDL-cholesterol level was also elevated in 80.9% of the patients (p=0.008). In contrast, the lipoprotein (a) level was reduced in 33.33% of the cases (p=0.003). A significant decrease also occurred in ESR, HAQ and DAS28. However, there was no association between the alteration of the lipid profile and the disease activity. CONCLUSION: Although the reduction in the disease activity (DAS28) was significant, the lipid profile worsened.

Breakthrough COVID-19 (occurring in fully vaccinated people) has been described. Data on its characteristics among immune-mediated rheumatic disease (IMRD) patients are scarce. This study describes breakthrough COVID-19 occurring in IMRD patients participating in the SAFER-study, a Brazilian multicentric cohort evaluating the safety, effectiveness, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with autoimmune diseases. A descriptive analysis of the population and a binary logistic regression model were performed to evaluate the predictors of COVID-19-related hospitalization. A p-value < 0.05 was significant. The included 160 patients were predominantly females (83.1%), with a mean (SD) age of 40.23 (13.19) years. The patients received two (19%), three (70%), or four (11%) vaccine doses. The initial two-dose series was mainly with ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) (58%) or BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm-Beijing) (34%). The first booster (n = 150) was with BNT162b2 (BioNtech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer) (63%) or ChAdOx1 (29%). The second booster (n = 112) was with BNT162b2 (40%) or ChAdOx1 (26%). The COVID-19 hospitalization rate was 17.5%. IMRD moderate/high activity (OR: 5.84; CI: 1.9–18.5; p = 0.002) and treatment with corticosteroids (OR: 2.94; CI: 1.02–8.49; p = 0.0043) were associated with higher odds of hospitalization, while increasing the number of vaccine doses was protective (OR: 0.37; CI: 0.15–0.9; p = 0.032). These findings, along with previous reassuring results about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccines, argue in favor of booster vaccination in IMRD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Chikungunya fever has become an important public health problem in countries where epidemics occur because half of the cases progress to chronic, persistent and debilitating arthritis. Literature data on specific therapies at the various phases of arthropathy caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection are limited, lacking quality randomized trials assessing the efficacies of different therapies. There are a few studies on the treatment of musculoskeletal manifestations of chikungunya fever, but these studies have important methodological limitations. The data currently available preclude conclusions favorable or contrary to specific therapies, or an adequate comparison between the different drugs used. The objective of this study was to develop recommendations for the treatment of chikungunya fever in Brazil. A literature review was performed via evidence-based selection of articles in the databases Medline, SciELO, PubMed and Embase and conference proceedings abstracts, in addition to expert opinions to support decision-making in defining recommendations. The Delphi method was used to define the degrees of agreement in 2 face-to-face meetings and several online voting rounds. This study is part 2 of the Recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology (Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia - SBR) for the Diagnosis and Treatment of chikungunya fever and specifically addresses treatment.

Abstract Chikungunya fever has become a relevant public health problem in countries where epidemics occur. Until 2013, only imported cases occurred in the Americas, but in October of that year, the first cases were reported in Saint Marin island in the Caribbean. The first autochthonous cases were confirmed in Brazil in September 2014; until epidemiological week 37 of 2016, 236,287 probable cases of infection with Chikungunya virus had been registered, 116,523 of which had serological confirmation. Environmental changes caused by humans, disorderly urban growth and an ever-increasing number of international travelers were described as the factors responsible for the emergence of large-scale epidemics. Clinically characterized by fever and joint pain in the acute stage, approximately half of patients progress to the chronic stage (beyond 3 months), which is accompanied by persistent and disabling pain. The aim of the present study was to formulate recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Chikungunya fever in Brazil. A literature review was performed in the MEDLINE, SciELO and PubMed databases to ground the decisions for recommendations. The degree of concordance among experts was established through the Delphi method, involving 2 in-person meetings and several online voting rounds. In total, 25 recommendations were formulated and divided into 3 thematic groups: (1) clinical, laboratory and imaging diagnosis; (2) special situations; and (3) treatment. The first 2 themes are presented in part 1, and treatment is presented in part 2.