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Over 2023, many universities and policy organisations in the higher education (HE) sector are working to create guiding principles and guidelines for the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in HE Teaching and Learning (T&L). Despite these guidelines, students remain unsure if and how they should use AI. This article discusses the AI information sessions held over the Autumn 2023 term in the Department of Classics at the University of Reading, which aimed to provide students with the knowledge and tools to make informed judgements about using AI in their studies. These sessions discussed the benefits and drawbacks of generative AI, highlighting training data, content policy, environmental impact, and examples of potential uses. Staff and student participants were surveyed before and after these information sessions to gather their opinions surrounding AI use. Although at least 60% of participants had previously used generative AI, 80% of participants were apprehensive of or against using generative AI tools for learning purposes following the AI information sessions. By providing staff and students with the ethical considerations surrounding generative AI, they can make an informed judgement about using AI in their work without misplaced faith or excessive fear.

Playing is connected at a deep level to how we learn, participate in and create culture, as it is dynamic, complex and even unpredictable just as learning is (Reinhardt, 2019). Even Plato in his Theaetetus recognises the importance of such a component in experiencing culture and knowledge. Could playing (or gaming) therefore be a useful didactical approach in promoting the study of ancient Greek around the world? From 10th May 2023 at 1 pm. until 1st June 2023 at 1 pm., an internet survey was conducted online by the researcher Irene Di Gioia through the use of Google Forms questionnaires. This questionnaire was distributed via different social networks and communication tools. The survey aimed to understand if people around the world are interested in the idea of learning ancient Greek via a video game and if so, which video gaming activities learners prefer. The goal of the survey was therefore to understand if a ludic pedagogical approach using Digital Game-Based Learning could theoretically represent an interest experience for learners or potential learners, and furthermore to investigate their feelings, prejudices, and motivations regarding the study of ancient Greek. From the analysed data the researcher will therefore develop a video game to teach ancient Greek language and culture, which comprises the focus of her ongoing PhD dissertation at Georg-August University of Göttingen (Germany) and Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (Italy).

This study aims to explore the syntactic functions and characteristics of the genitive case in the ancient Greek novel “Daphnis and Chloe” by Longus, a text from the 2nd century AD, which exemplifies the “second sophistic” period of rhetorical development. The primary source for this research is the text of “Daphnis and Chloe”, which has been thoroughly analysed to ascertain the usage of the genitive case in various syntactic roles. The research employs descriptive and structural methods of linguistic analysis. The descriptive method identifies and explains instances of the genitive case within the text, while the structural method examines the relationships between these instances and other linguistic elements. The genitive case in the novel is found to perform multiple syntactic functions, including controlling verbs, nouns, adjectives, and expressing various semantic nuances. Detailed examples are provided to illustrate these functions and their impact on the text’s meaning. The findings offer a foundation for further studies of the genitive case in ancient Greek texts, providing significant insights for researchers and linguists interested in ancient Greek grammar and its syntactic constructions. The study enhances understanding of ancient rhetorical techniques and their application in literary texts during the “second sophistic” period.

The main idea of the work is the concept of the formation of philosophy in Ancient India and Ancient Greece, based on the initial close connection of myth, religion, and science, which subsequently contributes to the separation of theoretical philosophy as a form of knowledge based on logic and pure reason. In the article, based on a summary of scientific studies published in recent years, it is shown that this trend is characteristic of the Turkic people, including the Kazakh people, who also did not stay away from this process. Each person, thanks to oral literature and folklore, which accumulates the basis of popular worldview, indulges in fleeting fantasies about life, and develops the ability to independently think about the existence of the world. The article also analyzes the question of the influence of the nomadic way of life on the perfection of deep thinking of the steppe people. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the specific historical and cultural conditions, the knowledge and ideas of the ancient Greeks and the Kazakh people about the world, being, man, society, nature and life are very closely intertwined and demonstrate a deep connection. Such well-known scientists as Auezkhan Kodar, Seit Kaskabasov, Sagadi Bulekbaev in their studies of biogenetic laws and altered states of consciousness, based on typological analysis, note that this continuity and interrelationship of worldviews is not accidental, and cultural dialogue is not limited to a certain historical period. This is a continuous process that is reflected in the consciousness of each new generation, and thus goes beyond the space-time continuum. In their mythological knowledge, both peoples were among the first to try to generalize, classify and understand the systematicity, diversity and multiplicity of the universe. The result is the conclusion that both the formation of knowledge about the surrounding world and the realization of oneself and the meaning of life took place through the synthesis of conceptual thinking and artistic universals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article presents the method used in Elliniki Agogi, a private small school that teaches the Ancient Greek language as an extra-curricular activity. Over the 29 years of experimenting with educational material, methods, books and exercises, teaching Ancient Greek as a living language seems like the only method that really works for the students. It is immersive, experiential, educational and fun, but most important, it makes students love what they learn; by loving, they keep wanting to come back. By coming back, they repeat. By repeating; they learn. And by learning Greek as a living language, they never forget it. This is our school's aim: to make our students love the language. Experiential learning is highly valued and applied through visits to archaeological sites, and reviving important historical events. But this is only the beginning; playing, drawing, acting, foreign exchanges, educational trips, digital programs, collaborations with foreign institutions and educational organisations come alive in Elliniki Agogi, a small school that was founded 29 years ago in Greece and has joined worldwide efforts in changing the way Greek is taught in order to promote its true, timeless, precious wisdom. In Elliniki Agogi a combination of teaching Greek as a living language and activities that include play and fun, a method as old as time, shows exactly the reason way the words ‘play’ (παιδιά) and ‘education’ (παιδεία) derive from the exact same root word: παῖς (child). Educational material is also provided in order to further enhance and deepen children's knowledge.

In the Marseille region in France, ancient Greek has been taught in pre-school and primary school for more than 20 years. The ‘Nausicaa’ Association was created in 1996 with an express purpose in mind. As Nausicaa was Odysseus' guide and helped him regain his dignity as a man and a king, so our association supports children in becoming more complete and richer humans, or so we hope. Nausicaa has grown enormously in the past 20 years, and currently operates in various schools in the South of France, in particular in Marseille and Aix-en-Provence. Around ten volunteers (teachers working in middle school, high school or retired) teach ancient Greek to pupils from pre-school to the end of primary school. All activities are done at school during class teaching time and in the school setting. This paper presents an outline of the activities of the Nausicaa Association and how it benefits pupils of all abilities in learning about the ancient Greeks and their language.

This article describes some of the main features of classical languages and history learning at the primary school level in England at the current time. It briefly examines the context and education policy background and government and teachers' beliefs in the value and status of classical subjects, especially the Latin language as an aid to learning other languages and as a support for developing and improving students' English literacy. There is some overlap with the literature review co-authored by Holmes-Henderson and Kelly for the British government (Holmes-Henderson and Kelly, 2022) and a recent piece by myself about provision of teaching and resources in the Bulletin of the Council of University Classics Departments (Hunt, 2022a). I hope to develop further some of these ideas and draw out some discussions about resources, pedagogy and learning aims for possible future directions of classical languages learning at the primary level.

It is generally accepted by scholars that the songs of Homer were first written in ~ 700 BCE; the text seems to spring fully formed into a still illiterate world, demonstrating in a sophisticated vocabulary the first example of the use of a new alphabet. The language used is a never-spoken construct; its construction represents the first use of an alphabet enabling words to be written. This paper aims to open a discussion on the means by which spelling emerged, either democratically or as the work of one man.

Polarity reversal has recently been argued to be the defining characteristic of counterfactuality. Ancient Greek had a diverse set of constructions which bring about polarity reversal that is not the direct result of a negation marker nor do they all express a counterfactual meaning. It is the aim of this paper to detail the major differences between these constructions synchronically and especially diachronically, focusing on counterfactual mood forms, counterfactual modal verbs, avertives (almost+past (im)perfective), non-counterfactual rhetorical questions and non-standard wishes. As a historically varied constructional group, these constructions bring about polarity reversal in different ways with different implicatures (e.g., counterfactual, contradictory, undesirable), but they most importantly differ in their diachronic conventionalization of polarity reversal. Whereas counterfactuals conventionalize their polarity reversal in various ways (e.g., changing temporal reference, counterfactual implicature transfer), non-counterfactual polarity reversal constructions create polarity reversal as a synchronic implicature through pragmatic means (e.g., a rhetorical question identifying a contradictory presupposition in the common ground or a non-standard wish evaluating an undesirable outcome to the speaker). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last years have seen the application of Natural Language Processing, in particular, language models, to the study of the Semantics of ancient Greek, but only a little work has been done to create gold data for the evaluation of such models. In this contribution we introduce AGREE, the first benchmark for intrinsic evaluation of semantic models of ancient Greek created from expert judgements. In the absence of native speakers, eliciting expert judgements to create a gold standard is a way to leverage a competence that is the closest to that of natives. Moreover, this method allows for collecting data in a uniform way and giving precise instructions to participants. Human judgements about word relatedness were collected via two questionnaires: in the first, experts provided related lemmas to some proposed seeds, while in the second, they assigned relatedness judgements to pairs of lemmas. AGREE was built from a selection of the collected data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Word formation is often considered in many phonological studies to involve concatenation of morphemes. However, a morpheme-based morphological analysis runs into difficulties when dealing with accentuation patterns in Ancient Greek. On the one hand, Ancient Greek adjectives suffixed with - es and - to show different accentuation patterns that cannot be easily accounted for by assigning accentual properties to the morphemes they contain. On the other hand, forms with contracted vowels show that the assignment of lexical accent and default accent occurs at different cycles in phonology. This paper proposes a word-based model that is developed within the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij 2005; 2007; 2010) for phonological analysis: word formation is based on analogical parallelism among morphologically related word forms, which is modeled as the instantiation of schemata. Accentual properties are considered idiosyncrasies of schemata, and the observed accentuation patterns can be accounted for via two cycles within the Optimality Theory (OT) framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a number of resources for examining the expression of modality in the Gospels. The main resource is an XML-TEI dataset that contains the linguistic annotation of a predefined list of potentially modal markers in both Ancient Greek and Latin. When one of these markers conveys a modal meaning, each constituent of the modal passage (i.e., the marker, its scope, and the modal relation between them) is annotated with a great level of detail through several linguistic features. One of the original features of our dataset is the implementation of a cross-referencing system that enables the alignment of the potentially modal markers of both languages. To facilitate the exploitation of our data by those unfamiliar with XML technologies, we also provide summary tables with the most relevant features of the annotation. In addition, a program written in Apache Ant allows any user to generate the summary sheets and to align modal passages in both Ancient Greek and Latin with any other language available in the Multilingual Bible Parallel Corpus. This contribution presents the details of the semantic annotation and its formalization, and how our resources may be exploited within semantics and translation studies. In addition, the encoding strategies implemented are relevant for other projects dealing with the combination of multiple layers of (linguistic) annotation and/or tackling the development of parallel corpora. Explore modality in the Ancient Greek and Latin Gospels and compare their translations across nearly 100 languages through a user-friendly XML-TEI dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie II, Historia Antigua is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to make a contribution to typological semantics presenting the patterns of semantic development attested in Ancient Greek. The etymology of 22 word families meaning ‘fear’ and occurring in Ancient Greek has been examined and classified, according to their original semantics, into 11 groups belonging to six semantic fields. The etymological analysis outlines six large groups in terms of semantic development based mainly on metonymy. The contextual analysis of the uses of the words denoting fear shows that in Ancient Greek, most lexemes do not just indicate the emotion of fear but also contain a semantic component linked to a physical symptom or reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work looks at the term ksénos as an access point to the enacted model of hospitality— ksenía —in ancient Greece. It deduces the onomasiological and semasiological spread of the term across the model's participants, namely GUEST, STRANGER but also HOST, into a schematic prototypical core within a complex and dynamic conceptual integration model. Along the spatial continuum of DISTANCE-APPROACHING-PROXIMITY, the analysis looks into APPROACHING as an emergent space, where GIFT-EXCHANGE is interpreted as a process of mental-space shift on the part of a stable SELF confronting the incoming OTHER. POSSESSIONS EXCHANGE conceptualised as non-commodifiable and non-alienable to the giver activates the metaphorical relation HAVE as BE. Thus, the abrupt confrontation is accommodated as an ad hoc partial substitutability of each participant's identity by the identity of the other. Some Proto-Indo-European etymologies proposed in literature for the term are reviewed, and their compatibility with the present analysis is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estreou, no passado dia 6 de outubro, a primeira longa-metragem totalmente falada em grego antigo. Intitulado “The Frogs” (“Rãs”, em língua portuguesa), o filme é uma produção da Iuvenalis Pictures, realizada por alumni da Universidade Católica de Leuven, na Bélgica.

This paper investigates the phonological tendency of Ancient Greek to anticipate word-internal aspiration to a word-initial segment (vowel, voiceless stop, or /w/). Special attention is paid to the relationship of this tendency with hiatus resolution. A close look at the philological data shows that several processes of h-anticipation should be distinguished: in particular, various kinds of perceptually-driven leftward migration of aspiration (sporadically lexicalized) must be kept apart from a later synchronic rule that moved h to the new onset when two syllabic nuclei coalesced. The hypothesis that the latter phenomenon could accompany not only vowel coalescence but other types of hiatus resolution as well, including elision and glide-formation, may provide explanation for some hitherto obscure cases. The results of this study also have implications for the theoretical discussion of sporadicity in sound change, as they could provide further evidence for the controversial category of phonetically-conditioned sound change with probabilistic conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To complement existing synchronic typological studies of the marking strategies of (past) habituality, this paper details the diachronic paths leading to and from past habitual constructions. The rich corpus evidence from the diachrony of Ancient Greek demonstrates at least four source constructions: (1) past counterfactual mood (in optative and indicative), (2) futures in the past, (3) iteratives (with -sk) and (4) lexical sources with semantic affinity to habituality (volition, habit, love). It is argued that the former two acquire habitual meaning through an invited inference of epistemic certainty of the statement by the speaker: what certainly would have happened in the knowable past is implied to be characteristic of the past. The past forms with the so-called iterative -sk (3) suffix follow the cross-linguistically frequent evolution of pluractional constructions through a form of semantic bleaching: past iterative > frequentative > habitual > habitual imperfective. Lexical sources (4) first acquire habitual meaning in the present after which only the more heavily grammaticalized ones receive past habitual usage through semantic bleaching and generalization of usage (as reflected by host class expansions). The paper is concluded with a diachronic map of these paths into habituality and the paths leading from past habituality into other domains such as genericity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thebai, which serves as a mythological scene in narratives, appears in many works from Homer to Apollodoros, Sophocles to Seneca, especially as a city associated with tragic myths. The aim of this study is to draw a picture of Thebai, with selected texts of Antiquity, the city which is an important part of the geography and narrative of the period. Then, in order to reveal the dramatic structure of the city, the main mythological characters with which it is connected will be revealed, and its connection with the lineage of Cadmus and Dionysus will be described. Another aim is to provide a compendium that will serve as a reference for researchers interested in this topic; for this reason, general questions about the specific structure of the city of Thebai will be answered. In the light of selected texts, this city, which is very close to the heart of the Greek world, Athens, will be seen from the perspective of the ancient people, and it will be revealed where the strong connection of the city with mythology and tragedy stems from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a possible relationship between the Proto-Germanic term for 'shoulder' (ON. herðr f., Far. herðar f. pl.; Elfd. erde f.; OHG. harti, herti f., MHG. herte f. < PG. *hardīz f.) and the unexplained Greek gloss attested in the lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria: ... ("korsís: behind, buttocks, ass"). It is suggested that the above-mentioned gloss comes from the Laconian dialect, which already in the Classical era (5th--4th c. BC) spirantized the Greek phoneme θ [th] > [θ] > Lac. σ [s]. The Laconian word ... goes back to the Doric appellative *..., which presumably derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *... 'to fart, blow to, break wind', secondarily 'to stink, smell' (cf. Ved. śárdhate 's/he breaks wind downwards'; Lat. cerda f. 'dung' attested in mūscerdae f. pl. 'mouse droppings', ovicerda f. 'sheep dung' etc.). The Laconian derivative has reliable semantic equivalents in other Indo-European languages (e.g. Skt. ...- f. 'the anus, rump', .... 'id.'). The Proto-Germanic term *hardīz (gen. sg. *hardjōz) 'shoulder' has no convincing etymology. Its juxtaposition with the Laconian word ... (< Doric Greek ... < IE. *... f.) seems phonologically indisputable. Doubts are raised only by the semantic part of the proposed etymology. The author assumes that ancestors of the Germanic people originally used the term *hardīz (< PIE. ... f.) to describe an extremely smelly part of the human body, i.e. the armpit located near the shoulder. The suggested change 'anus, rump' > 'a stinking part of the body' > 'armpit' > 'shoulder' must have taken place already in the Proto-Germanic epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the modifications caused by elision in Ancient Greek prosodic structure. It is shown that elision not only changes the position of accent in oxytones. More accurately, elision carries out the systematic redistribution of the words surface metrical features. Such redistribution changes word size (number of syllables), as well as class (type according to tone position) and prosodic value (orthotonesis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay presents the methods, as well as the pedagogical effects, findings and results of introducing Ancient Greek in the curriculum of children between three and 12 years old as evidenced over 27 years in the method of Elliniki Agogi. Elliniki Agogi is an award-winning private educational institute established in Greece in the mid-1990s at a time when the teaching of Ancient Greek was questioned and dramatically reduced from the public curriculum. Its aim is to safeguard learning that has its roots in Ancient Greek and to continue to introduce students to the Greek civilisation and its language, using effective, entertaining and artistic methods. This endeavour was based on specific pedagogical models; by learning through experience and through a communication-orientated educational process. With concomitant, cautious organisation and preparation of each lesson a diversified educational curriculum is created that connects the students to their distant past while experiencing positive emotions, filled with ethical paradigms that contribute later to master a fully-shaped personality. 27 years later, studies have come to prove the positive influence of learning Ancient Greek in children's linguistic and mental abilities. The following study conducted is distinctive in the detailed pedagogical method it provides and validates the importance of teaching the Ancient Greek language to children as early as possible.

Bu çalışma ırkçılığın egemen anlatısının dışına çıkıp, gölgede kalan alternatif ırkçılık anlatısını görünür kılmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, ilk olarak ırkçılığın egemen anlatısını inceledik. Bu anlatıya göre, ırkçılık modernitenin ürünüdür, moderniteye ruhunu veren Aydınlanma felsefesinin ürünüdür. Modern dönemde kölelik, çevresel faktörler ve saf kan üzerine fikirler ırkçılığın gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Köle emek gücünü kullanmak için ırkçılık meşrulaştırılmış; bu düşünce, çevresel faktörlere göre ırklar arasında derecelendirmeler yapılarak güçlendirilmiş ve saf kan ile ırkların karışmaması gerektiği fikriyle tamamlanmıştır ki, ırkçılığın bu formu bilimsel ırkçılık olarak adlandırılmıştır. Irkçılığın egemen anlatısını verdikten sonra, ikinci olarak, ırkçılık düşüncesinin izlerini Antik Yunan düşünürlerinde sürdük. Bu incelemeyi gerçekleştirirken, odak noktası, yine kölelik, çevre (iklim) ve saf soy üzerine fikirler olmuştur. Bu doğrultuda, Aristoteles’in kölelik ve iklim üzerine fikirlerine ve Platon’un saf soy ve karma evliliklerin kınanması fikirlerine odaklandık. Bu incelemede, Platon’un ve Aristoteles’in fikirlerinin ırkçılık düşüncesinin ilk formunu oluşturduğu, modern ırkçılığın prototipi olduğu sonucuna vardık ki, ırkçılığın bu formu proto-ırkçılık olarak adlandırılmıştır.

Proto-Indo-European verbal morphology is generally described as consisting of at least a “thematic” and an “athematic” conjugation, which differ in whether or not a fixed vocalic piece adjacent to the root (traditionally known as “thematic vowel”) is present. This paper investigates the behavior of the outcomes of the thematic vowels in three ancient Indo-European languages: Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. We show that, on the one hand, Latin thematic vowels are typically “ornamental”, in that they lack any morpho-syntactico-semantic information, and are used exclusively for classification purposes; on the other hand, Sanskrit and Ancient Greek thematic vowels are fully functional, in that they expone (at least) aspectual information. We argue for a diachronic account of such differential treatment of thematicity across the three languages, whereby the original functionality of such pieces, albeit fully preserved in Sanskrit, was gradually lost over time, and finally gave rise to the Latin verbal ornamental system.

Love is a difficult concept to define. Because it covers a wide area conceptually. The interpretation it contains and the richness of meaning it carries are among the most important elements that make it difficult to define. The origins of the handling of love are based on ancient Greece and love has been one of the main subjects of philosophy, which has been evaluated in almost all problem areas. As a matter of this discipline, when questions such as the structure of the universe, its creation and the basis of all beings are asked and the existence of the world is explained by the creative action of God, or when the Creator is considered as the supreme power that loves the whole or a part of the creature he created, love has become the subject of philosophy as a concept. and became an integral part of it. Eros, which means "desire, love, affection, craving" in ancient Greek, "corresponds to 'Cupid' in Greek myth. This concept appears in Greek philosophy as the main principle of all creation and as a universal power. In this respect, when love is considered with its cosmological and ontological dimensions, it is very important that it is the first divine power. Many philosophers in Greek philosophy started the cosmic formation with Eros. Eros has been interpreted as a kind of first agent to appear in ancient cosmogonies. Plato was the first philosopher to bring a mystical value and interpretation to love in Greek philosophy. Inheriting the love interpretation of Plato's phenomenon of divine beauty and the winging of the soul towards beauty, which contains some mystical elements, Plotinus carries this legacy to a further dimension and builds a great mystical structure over them. While the philosophy of Plotinus was transferred to the Islamic world, it was mostly accepted as Neoplatonism, his view expressing the formation of the universe from the absolute One and the formation of the universe in a row order was adopted by Muslim philosophers as water, and this adoption played an important role in the formation of divine love. In a society full of contradictions in the Muslim society, which was enriched by the spoils obtained from the conquests and the phenomenon of worldliness predominated, people who were deprived of this luxury and comfort also turned away from the world and turned to zuhd and contentment in accordance with the verse, "The worldly life consists of only a deceitful livelihood" (Sura 2:185). This orientation will form the basis of the formation of the phenomenon of mysticism on the one hand and the emergence of divine love on the other. " مَخَافَةُ الله /Fear of Allah", which constitutes the thematic of the ascetic poems that showed great development during the Abbasid period, has evolved into "مُحَبَّةُالله /love of Allah" over time. The first examples of this were given by the first ascetics. From the moment Rabi'a al-Adeviyya (d. 801), one of the early zahids, came to the fore as the first person to express the love of God, the journey of divine love from Eros to God was completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So-called "distributional" language models have become dominant in research on the computational modelling of lexical semantics. This paper investigates how well such models perform on Ancient Greek, a highly inflected historical language. It compares several ways of computing such distributional models on the basis of various context features (including both bag-of-words features and syntactic dependencies). The performance is assessed by evaluating how well these models are able to retrieve semantically similar words to a given target word, both on a benchmark we designed ourselves as well as on several independent benchmarks. It finds that dependency features are particularly useful to calculate distributional vectors for Ancient Greek (although the level of granularity that these dependency features should have is still open to discussion) and discusses possible ways for further improvement, including addressing problems related to polysemy and genre differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers gathered in this Special Issue cover different phases of ancient, medieval, and modern Greek and Latin and explore an array of issues and trends dealing with historical aspects of Greek and Latin lexicography. The articles have been organized into three thematic units following chronological order: (i) ancient Greek and Latin lexicography; (ii) Greco-Latin lexicography in late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern world; and (iii) uses, perspectives, and ongoing projects in Greco-Latin lexicography. Some papers address more formal issues (linguistic, morphological, semantic, and syntactic) relevant to the study of Greek and Latin lexicography, while other contributions deal with ongoing lexicographical projects, offering fresh perspectives on the future of lexicography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a lexical study of the abbreviated simple personal names in Ancient Greek. Rarer than abbreviated compound names and usually neglected in scientific literature, they can be sorted in different lexical categories: short forms related to gods' names and their derivatives, which are the commonest, ethnics, and, finally, other vocabulary, mainly descriptive adjectives and names of animals and different objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution consists of two parts: the first section is dedicated to Athens, the second one to Delphi. Through the examination of some short sections of two long epigraphic texts (the stele of the Demotionidai; the cippus of the Labyadai), very well known and discussed as significant for the structure of the community «minor units», but neglected by Moderns with regard to prebends and sacrifices and their relation to the polis, the contribution focuses on the sacrificial procedures and the prebends associated with them (IG II2 1237, col. I, ll. 4-8; CID I 9, face D, ll. 29-43) in order to highlight, in this way, the relationship between individual citizens and their minor units, the minor units and the polis, and, although examining different sacrificial contexts, finds various points of contact between the mechanisms operating in the two poleis.

In ancient Greek, relative pronouns are, as a rule, subject to wh-movement and obligatorily surface at the left edge of the relative clause. However, the archaic poet Pindar sometimes allows material belonging to the relative clause to appear in front of the relative pronoun, which is then postponed within its clause. In this paper, I survey all relative clauses in the surviving texts by Pindar and study the possible differences in semantics and syntax between relative clauses with initial and postponed relative pronouns, which turn out to be indistinguishable in both respects. I suggest that postponed relative pronouns do move syntactically to the Spec of their relative clause but are then optionally treated as postpositive words and surface in second position in the relative clause. Phonological arguments, based on the distributional properties of postpositive words and on the metrical makeup of Pindar’s texts, are put forward to show how postponed relative pronouns select a host at the left edge of the relative clause and incorporate phonologically to it. The informational status of relative pronouns as ratified (given) topics triggers their phonological demoting, which turns them into postpositive words, a regular process in ancient Greek. Approaching the position of relative pronouns as a conflict between syntactic and (informationally driven) phonological alignment explains why Pindar’s strategy for relativization remained rare in ancient Greek and eventually disappeared: It took one specific poetic genre to allow phonology to outrank syntax.

The aim of the article is to review three Hellenic plant names of Semitic origin (βόρατον, βράθυ and βουρί) in the light of ancient language contacts in the eastern area of the Mediterranean world. These dendronyms, denoting different species of conifers from the Cupressaceae family (i.e. stinking juniper, Juniperus foetidissima Willd., savin juniper, Juniperus sabina L., Mediterranean cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L.) represent multiple borrowings, the ultimate source of which was the Proto-Semitic term *burāṯ-'juniper'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mersin University School of Medicine Lokman Hekim Journal of History of Medicine & Folk Medicine is the property of Mersin University School of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores linguistic and literary phenomena in the ancient Greek world, with a specific focus on the convergence of genres and role exchanges. We begin by briefly examining the emergence of the feminine gender in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. Subsequently, we analyze instances of linguistic and cultural cross-contamination, shedding light on the complex dynamics of gender convergence within ancient Greek society. Our examination is framed within a socio-cultural context, drawing insights from recent developments in gender studies. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted interactions shaping gender roles and linguistic expressions in the ancient Greek context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Glottodydaktyczne is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Filología Clásica: Estudios Griegos e Indoeuropeos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An integrated approach to etymology and comparative mythology is applied to five figures of Ancient Greek myth of mostly monstrous character, all linked with the concept WATER, and often related to each other. Python and Oceanus (and other Ancient Greek serpentine characters) are identified as reflexes of the Indo-European theme of the "Serpent of the Watery Depths", with parallels in the Indic (Áhi- Budhnyá- "Serpent of the Deep", Vr̥tra, Śeṣa) and Norse (the Midgard Serpent) traditions, among others. The Hydra and Scylla may instead be analyzed as reflexes of a further Indo-European theme, that of the dangerous "Water Canid", with parallels in the Irish (Onchú and Dobarchú) and the Norse (the wolf Fenrir or Fenrisulfr) traditions. A further "Eschatological Water Monster" theme links together the latter Wolf, the Greek monster Typhon and the Indic fire-monster called Vāḍava- '(being) of the mare, of the she-horse' and Aurva- '(being) of the ocean-basin'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]