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Le succes de la theorie du jeu de Winnicott risque d’occulter la complexite de son approche et de gommer certaines determinations decisives. En renouant avec la question de l’espace, « ou est le jeu ? », nous soulignons le pas de cote vis-a-vis de Freud, et proposons de recentrer l’approche sur la presence, la confiance et le repos qui sous-tendent le jeu et qualifient en propre l’espace winnicottien.

International audience; Many emerging infectious diseases originate from wild animals, so there is a profound need for surveillance and monitoring of their pathogens. However, the practical difficulty of sample acquisition from wild animals tends to limit the feasibility and effectiveness of such surveys. Xenosurveillance, using blood-feeding invertebrates to obtain tissue samples from wild animals and then detect their pathogens, is a promising method to do so. Here, we describe the use of tsetse fly blood meals to determine (directly through molecular diagnostic and indirectly through serology), the diversity of circulating blood-borne pathogens (including bacteria, viruses and protozoa) in a natural mammalian community of Tanzania. Molecular analyses of captured tsetse flies (182 pools of flies totalizing 1728 flies) revealed that the blood meals obtained came from 18 different vertebrate species including 16 non-human mammals, representing approximately 25% of the large mammal species present in the study area. Molecular diagnostic demonstrated the presence of different protozoa parasites and bacteria of medical and/or veterinary interest. None of the six virus species searched for by molecular methods were detected but an ELISA test detected antibodies against African swine fever virus among warthogs, indicating that the virus had been circulating in the area. Sampling of blood-feeding insects represents an efficient and practical approach to tracking a diversity of pathogens from multiple mammalian species, directly through molecular diagnostic or indirectly through serology, which could readily expand and enhance our understanding of the ecology and evolution of infectious agents and their interactions with their hosts in wild animal communities.

Le texte aborde un cas particulier d’atmosphere, l’inquietante etrangete, dans son rapport a l’espace architectural, selon une inflexion phenomenologique soulignant la teneur d’atmosphere (Stimmung) du sentiment eprouve. Effectuant une relecture du texte eponyme de 1919 de Freud sous cet angle, notamment l’episode de la promenade dans la petite ville italienne, la reflexion s’engage ensuite dans une approche de la peinture de De Chirico, en particulier le tableau de 1913 La grande Tour. Les ecrits du theoricien americain de l’architecture Anthony Vidler viennent a l’appui de la reflexion. La conclusion fait retour sur la maison hantee, au regard d’experiences artistiques plus contemporaines.

Characterization of the worldwide genetic diversity of 447 P. vivax strains shows evidence for a Southeast Asian origin., Plasmodium vivax is the most common and widespread human malaria parasite. It was recently proposed that P. vivax originates from sub-Saharan Africa based on the circulation of its closest genetic relatives (P. vivax-like) among African great apes. However, the limited number of genetic markers and samples investigated questions the robustness of this hypothesis. Here, we extensively characterized the genomic variations of 447 human P. vivax strains and 19 ape P. vivax-like strains collected worldwide. Phylogenetic relationships between human and ape Plasmodium strains revealed that P. vivax is a sister clade of P. vivax-like, not included within the radiation of P. vivax-like. By investigating various aspects of P. vivax genetic variation, we identified several notable geographical patterns in summary statistics in function of the increasing geographic distance from Southeast Asia, suggesting that P. vivax may have derived from a single area in Asia through serial founder effects.

À travers un examen précis des dernières analyses musicales d’Adorno consacrées aux œuvres de Mahler et de Berg, cet ouvrage vise à réévaluer la pensée adornienne de la musique, tout d’abord en interrogeant son statut qui est philosophique. Ni réduc­tible à une approche musicologique, mais ni non plus la simple application d’un système qui se construirait indépendamment d’elle, celle-ci se présente comme le foyer privilégié à partir duquel l’esthétique d’Adorno se laisse saisir comme une esthétique du concret, comme une philosophie de l’art s’élaborant à travers les œuvres. Appréhender sa pensée musicale excède donc une étude spécialisée, elle permet de circonscrire les concepts fondamentaux de son esthétique, notamment ceux de matériau, forme, et contenu de vérité. On a jusqu’à présent beaucoup insisté sur l’ouvrage d’Adorno Philosophie de la nouvelle musique. En s’attachant à ses derniers écrits, cette étude vise à épouser sa pensée musicale jusqu’à son terme pour en ressaisir la cohérence et la dynamique internes. On ne la comprend qu’au vu d’un double effort : d’une part éla­borer un concept positif de la raison, d’autre part penser l’évolu­tion de la musique dans les années post-quarante-cinq. Aussi, en précisant les termes du débat avec l’avant-garde musicale, avec le sérialisme généralisé et la musique de Cage, cet ouvrage tente enfin de dégager les raisons philosophiques qui justifient certaines réserves d’Adorno. Si cela permet de circonscrire chez lui l’idée d’une musique informelle, cela contribue surtout à remettre en chantier l’idée de son conservatisme ou de son passéisme en manière d’art.

Objectives Men engaged in high-risk sexual behaviour, such as MSM, are likely to be infected by resistant Mycoplasma genitalium strains. Understanding the transmission dynamics is challenging. We aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of M. genitalium in men visiting sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics. Patients and methods Between June 2017 and February 2018, 95 M. genitalium-positive specimens from 78 men, including 76.9% MSM, visiting two STI clinics in Montpellier, France, were analysed for SNPs in the mgpB adhesin gene and number of tandem repeats in the MG_309 gene. Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance were determined. Typing results were compared with antibiotic resistance, sexual behaviour, sampling site, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) usage and HIV status. Results Thirty-eight mgpB STs were identified, including 23 new STs, with ST4 being most prevalent. The mgpB/MG_309 typing method identified 52 genetic profiles, resulting in a discriminatory index of 0.979. Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations were detected in 58.3% and 10.8% of patients, respectively. The macrolide resistance rate was higher among MSM than among men who have sex with women only (68.4% versus 9.1%; adjusted OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.13–2.18; P = 0.007). A lower mgpB diversity of 0.870 was found among macrolide-resistant strains in comparison with 0.978 in macrolide-susceptible strains, with an over-representation of mgpB ST62 and ST153. Conclusions Although macrolide resistance spread appears polyclonal in M. genitalium, the lower diversity of mgpB types among macrolide-resistant strains may reflect the easier spread of a few specific mgpB types or the occurrence of sexual networks among MSM.

Plasmodium vivaxis the most prevalent and widespread human malaria parasite, with almost three billion people living at risk of infection. With the discovery of its closest genetic relatives in African great apes (Plasmodium vivax-like), the origin ofP. vivaxhas been proposed to be located in the sub-Saharan African area. However, the limited number of genetic markers and samples investigated questioned the robustness of this result. Here, we examined the population genomic variation of 447 humanP. vivaxstrains and 19 apeP. vivax-likestrains originating from 24 different countries across the world. We identified 2,005,455 high quality single-nucleotide polymorphism loci allowing us to conduct an extensive characterization to date ofP. vivaxworldwide genetic variation. Phylogenetic relationships between human and apePlasmodiumrevealed thatP. vivaxis a sister clade ofP. vivax-like, not included within the radiation ofP. vivax-like. By investigating a variety of aspects ofP. vivaxvariation, we identified several striking geographical patterns in summary statistics as function of increasing geographic distance from Southeast Asia, suggesting thatP. vivaxmay derived from serial founder effects from a single origin located in Asia.

Malaria, a major cause of child mortality in Africa, is engendered by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. Fitness of Plasmodium parasites is closely linked to the ecology and evolution of its anopheline vector. However, whether the genetic structure of vector populations impacts malaria transmission remains unknown. Here, we describe a partitioning of the African malaria vectors into generalists and specialists that evolve along ecological boundaries. We next identify the contribution of mosquito species to Plasmodium abundance using Granger causality tests for time-series data collected over two rainy seasons in Mali. We find that mosquito microevolution, defined by changes in the genetic structure of a population over short ecological timescales, drives Plasmodium dynamics in nature, whereas vector abundance, infection prevalence, temperature and rain have low predictive values. Our study demonstrates the power of time-series approaches in vector biology and highlights the importance of focusing local vector control strategies on mosquito species that drive malaria dynamics. A combination of genetic analyses of Anopheles species across sub-Saharan Africa, time-series quantification of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in mosquitoes and Granger causality statistical testing reveals that changes in the genetic structure of a population over short ecological timescales drive Plasmodium dynamics in nature.

La ville, chez Walter Benjamin, est inseparable d’une pensee de la modernite qui a ceci de particulier qu’elle s’organise autour d’une saisie de l’experience humaine en sa totalite. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de decrire la ville ou les modes de vie urbains, mais d’apprehender les mutations d’une epoque. C’est le XIXe siecle, celui de l’industrie et du capitalisme a son apogee, que Benjamin a en vue dans une perspective qui ne se reduit pas a la lecture marxiste qu’il connait pourtant bien. La quete, en effet, est celle d’images qu’il faut amener a la visibilite, images d’un passe qui marque les commencements, ou mieux, la prehistoire de cette modernite. L’interrogation sur la ville, au premier chef Paris, ne peut se departir d’un projet critique sur l’histoire et sur le progres, dans un style eminemment et deliberement concret.

Male infertility is a devastating problem that affects many couples worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms and causes of idiopathic male infertility remain unclear. Circulating cell-free nucleic acids have an important role in human physiology and emerging evidence suggests that they play a role in male infertility. This review summarizes recent results on cell-free and intracellular nucleic acids in male infertility and discusses their potential use as biomarkers of male infertility in the clinical practice.L’infertilité masculine est un problème qui touche de nombreux couples. Cependant, aujourd’hui les mécanismes moléculaires et les causes de l’infertilité masculine idiopathique ne sont pas élucidés. Les acides nucléiques circulant ont un rôle important dans la physiologie et des évidences suggèrent qu’ils jouent un rôle dans l’infertilité masculine. L’objectif de cette revue est de mettre en avant les nouvelles avancées scientifiques sur les acides nucléiques circulant et non-circulant en lien avec l’infertilité masculine et de fournir une vue d’ensemble de leurs utilisation comme biomarqueurs en pratique clinique.

Malaria transmission relies on the successful development of Plasmodium parasites in the Anopheles mosquito vector. Within the mosquito midgut, malaria parasites encounter a resident bacterial flora and parasite-bacteria interactions modulate Plasmodium development. The mechanisms by which the bacteria interact with malaria parasites are still unknown. The intestinal microbiota could regulate immune signaling pathways or produce bacterial compounds that block Plasmodium development. In this study, we characterized Escherichia coli strains previously isolated from the Anopheles mosquito midgut and investigated the putative role of two E. coli clones, 444(ST95) and 351(ST73), on parasite development. Sporogonic development was significantly impacted by exposure to clone 444(ST95) whereas prevalence and intensity of infection were not different in mosquitoes challenged with 351(ST73) as compared to control mosquitoes. This result indicates midgut bacteria exhibit intra-specific variation in their ability to inhibit Plasmodium development. Expression patterns of immune genes differed between mosquitoes challenged with 444(ST95) and 351(ST73) and examination of the luminal midgut surface by transmission electron microscopy revealed distinct effects of bacterial exposure on midgut epithelial cells. The 444(ST95) clone strongly affected mosquito survival and parasite development and this could be associated to the Hemolysin F or other toxins released by the bacteria. Further studies will be needed to decipher the virulence factors and to determine their contribution to the observed phenotype of the 444(ST95) E. coli strain that belongs to the epidemiological ST95 clonal group responsible for extra intestinal infections in human and other animals.

International audience; During their immature life stages, malaria mosquitoes are exposed to a wide array of microbes and contaminants from the aquatic habitats. Although prior studies have suggested that environmental exposure shapes the microbial community structure in the adult mosquito, most reports have focused on laboratory-based experiments and on a single mosquito epithelium, the gut. In this study, we investigated the influence of the breeding site on the development of the Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae microbiota in natural conditions. We characterized bacterial communities from aquatic habitats, at surface microlayer and subsurface water levels, to freshly emerge adult mosquitoes using multiplexed 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and we separately analyzed the microbiota associated with the different epithelia of adult individual, midguts, ovaries and salivary glands. We found that the distribution of bacterial communities in the aquatic habitats differed according to the depth of water collections. Inter-individual variation of bacterial composition was large in larvae guts but adult mosquitoes from a same breeding site shared quite similar microbiota. Although some differences in bacterial abundances were highlighted between the different epithelia of freshly emerged An. coluzzii and An. gambiae, an intriguing feature from our study is the particular similarity of the overall bacterial communities. Our results call for further investigations on the bacterial population dynamics in the different tissues to determine the distinctive characteristics of each microbiota during the mosquito lifespan and to identify specific interactions between certain key phyla or species and the insect life history traits.

There were multiple errors in the second paragraph of the Effect of bacterial challenge on P. falciparum development section of the Results: "When efficacy was measured as changes in oocyst intensity, the bacterial challenge had no effect irrespective of the oocyst intensity in the control group (Figure 3C). However, the reduction in oocyst prevalence due to the bacterial exposure was lower when parasite exposure was higher – in feedings that gave rise to the highest oocyst intensities in the PBS control, the bacterial challenge had almost no effect (Figure 3B)." In addition, an affiliation of the ninth author is missing: In addition to institution number 7, Antoine Berry is also affiliated with the the following institution: Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Universite de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

Background: Evaluation of malaria sporozoite rates in the salivary glands of Anopheles gambiae is essential for estimating the number of infective mosquitoes, and consequently, the entomological inoculation rate (EIR). EIR is a key indicator for evaluating the risk of malaria transmission. Although the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for detecting the circumsporozoite protein (CSP-ELISA) is routinely used in the field, it presents several limitations. A multiplex PCR can also be used to detect the four species of Plasmodium in salivary glands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a real-time quantitative PCR in detecting and quantifying wild Plasmodium falciparum in the salivary glands of An. gambiae. Methods: Anopheles gambiae (n=364) were experimentally infected with blood from P. falciparum gametocyte carriers, and P. falciparum in the sporozoite stage were detected in salivary glands by using a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. The sensitivity and specificity of this qPCR were compared with the multiplex PCR applied from the Padley method. CSP-ELISA was also performed on carcasses of the same mosquitoes. Results: The prevalence of P. falciparum and the intensity of infection were evaluated using qPCR. This method had a limit of detection of six sporozoites per mu L based on standard curves. The number of P. falciparum genomes in the salivary gland samples reached 9,262 parasites/mu L (mean: 254.5; 95% CI: 163.5-345.6). The qPCR showed a similar sensitivity (100%) and a high specificity (60%) compared to the multiplex PCR. The agreement between the two methods was "substantial" (k = 0.63, P < 0.05). The number of P. falciparum-positive mosquitoes evaluated with the qPCR (76%), multiplex PCR (59%), and CSP-ELISA (83%) was significantly different (P < 0.005). Conclusions: The qPCR assay can be used to detect P. falciparum in salivary glands of An. gambiae. The qPCR is highly sensitive and is more specific than multiplex PCR, allowing an accurate measure of infective An. gambiae. The results also showed that the CSP-ELISA overestimates the sporozoite rate, detecting sporozoites in the haemolymph in addition to the salivary glands.

International audience; The development of Plasmodium falciparum within the Anopheles gambiae mosquito relies on complex vector-parasite interactions, however the resident midgut microbiota also plays an important role in mediating parasite infection. In natural conditions, the mosquito microbial flora is diverse, composed of commensal and symbiotic bacteria. We report here the isolation of culturable midgut bacteria from mosquitoes collected in the field in Cameroon and their identification based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We next measured the effect of selected natural bacterial isolates on Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence and intensity over multiple infectious feedings and found that the bacteria significantly reduced the prevalence and intensity of infection. These results contrast with our previous study where the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae positively correlated with P. falciparum infection (Boissiere et al. 2012). The oral infection of bacteria probably led to the disruption of the gut homeostasis and activated immune responses, and this pinpoints the importance of studying microbe-parasite interactions in natural conditions. Our results indicate that the effect of bacterial exposure on P. falciparum infection varies with factors from the parasite and the human host and calls for deeper dissection of these parameters for accurate interpretation of bacterial exposure results in laboratory settings.

Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of malaria, a disease that kills almost one million persons each year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. P. falciparum is transmitted to the human host by the bite of an Anopheles female mosquito, and Anopheles gambiae sensus stricto is the most tremendous malaria vector in Africa, widespread throughout the afro-tropical belt. An. gambiae s.s. is subdivided into two distinct molecular forms, namely M and S forms. The two molecular forms are morphologically identical but they are distinct genetically, and differ by their distribution and their ecological preferences. The epidemiological importance of the two molecular forms in malaria transmission has been poorly investigated so far and gave distinct results in different areas. We have developed a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, and used it to detect P. falciparum at the oocyst stage in wild An. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes experimentally infected with natural isolates of parasites. Mosquitoes were collected at immature stages in sympatric and allopatric breeding sites and further infected at the adult stage. We next measured the infection prevalence and intensity in female mosquitoes using the qPCR assay and correlated the infection success with the mosquito molecular forms. Our results revealed different prevalence of infection between the M and S molecular forms of An. gambiae s.s. in Cameroon, for both sympatric and allopatric populations of mosquitoes. However, no difference in the infection intensity was observed. Thus, the distribution of the molecular forms of An. gambiae s.s. may impact on the malaria epidemiology, and it will be important to monitor the efficiency of malaria control interventions on the two M and S forms.

Background Flow cytometry and cell sorting are powerful tools enabling the selection of particular cell types within heterogeneous cell mixtures. These techniques, combined with whole genome amplification that non-specifically amplify small amounts of starting DNA, offer exciting new opportunities for the study of malaria genetics. Among them, two are tested in this paper: (1) single cell genotyping and (2) parasite DNA purification for subsequent whole genome sequencing using shotgun technologies. Methods The method described allows isolation of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites, genotyping and whole genome sequencing from the blood of infected patients. For trophozoite isolation, parasite and host nuclei are stained using propidium iodide (PI) followed by flow cytometry and cell sorting to separate trophozoites from host cells. Before genotyping or sequencing, whole genome amplification is used to increase the amount of DNA within sorted samples. The method has been specifically designed to deal with frozen blood samples. Results and conclusion The results demonstrate that single trophozoite genotyping is possible and that cell sorting can be successfully applied to reduce the contaminating host DNA for subsequent whole genome sequencing of parasites extracted from infected blood samples.

A travers le couple valeur cultuelle/valeur d’exposition present dans son essai sur la reproductibilite technique, Walter Benjamin introduit une conception historique et dialectique de l’apparence. La valeur contemplative que l’esthetique philosophique accorde a la perception esthetique est relativisee au benefice d’une conception pratique de la perception, anciennement tangible dans l’activite magique mais possiblement redeployee avec la photographie et le cinema. Ce texte veut rendre justice a la dimension pratique et politique qui sous-tend la reflexion de Benjamin sur la reproduction technique : la perception auratique est envisagee comme un moment historique indissociablement lie au developpement de la technique.

L’entree dans le xxe siecle voit une revolution discrete, mais non sans consequence sur les arts plastiques et ses eventuels usages extra-artistiques : la ligne s’emancipe de la representation et du dessein ; elle court ou avance librement, deliee de toute intention finale. D’ou lui vient ce mouvement ? Comment comprendre ce dynamisme ? On examinera une reponse possible, celle de Hans Prinzhorn, dans l’idee d’une « pulsion de jeu ».

Theodor Reik propose de penser l’experience vecue comme quelque chose de construit et de differe dans le temps. Il l’envisage comme une activite de maitrise ou de liquidation de l’impression, toujours traumatique, qui s’impose au sujet sensible. C’est sous cet angle emotionnel qu’on envisage l’interpretation par Freud de la statue du Moise de Michel-Ange.