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International audience; Purpose The prevalence of parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children, varies dramatically across countries and is highest in Western countries characterized by high individualism.Method In this study, we examined the mediators of the relationship between individualism measured at the country level and parental burnout measured at the individual level in 36 countries (16,059 parents). Results The results revealed three mediating mechanisms, that is, self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, high agency and self-directed socialization goals, and low parental task sharing, by which individualism leads to an increased risk of burnout among parents.Conclusion The results confirm that the three mediators under consideration are all involved, and that mediation was higher for self-discrepancies between socially prescribed and actual parental selves, then parental task sharing, and lastly selfdirected socialization goals. The results provide some important indications of how to prevent parental burnout at the societal level in Western countries.

International audience; In Western countries, recent decades have witnessed a revolution toward gender equality. Inequalities have been greatly reduced in areas such as education or employment. Because inequalities lead to distress, this development has largely benefited women. One notable exception is the realm of parenting, which has remained rife with inequalities even in the most egalitarian countries. We hypothesized that experiencing inequality in parenting when one holds egalitarian values and raising a child in a country characterized by a high level of gender equality in other areas, increases mothers’ psychological distress in the specific area of parenting. Multilevel modeling analyses computed among 11,538 mothers from 40 countries confirmed this prediction: high egalitarian values at the individual level and high gender equality at the societal level are associated with higher burnout levels in mothers. The associations hold beyond differences in sociodemographic characteristics at the individual level and beyond economic disparities at the societal level. These findings show the importance of egalitarian values and gender equality and their paradoxical effect when inequalities are still present in specific areas as parenting. This study reveals the crucial need to act not only at the micro level but also at the macro level to promote gender equality in parenting and prevent parental burnout.

What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents emphasized “being caring,” while French-speaking parents valued “listening” or being “present.” Ideal-parent beliefs also differed by education levels within culture zones, but no general pattern was discerned across culture zones. These findings suggest that the country in which parents were born cannot fully explain their differences in ideal-parent beliefs and that differences arising from social class or education level cannot be dismissed. Future research should consider how these differences affect the validity of the measurements in question and how they can be incorporated into parenting intervention research within and across cultures.

This study aimed to examine the validity of the Brazilian–Portuguese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), the current gold‐standard measure of parental burnout (PB). We surveyed parents in Portugal (N = 407) and Brazil (N = 301). We (a) compared the factor structure of the Brazilian–Portuguese version with the original structure of the PBA, (b) tested the adequacy of a second‐order factor structure, (c) evaluated invariance across gender and countries, (d) examined reliability, and (e) evaluated whether PB levels are related to gender, satisfaction with life, and parental self‐efficacy (PSE). Results provided evidence for the validity of the Brazilian–Portuguese PBA and its four facets. Factor models supported the use of both individual facet scores and a global PB score. The structures tested were invariant across countries and gender, and all factors had good reliability. Relations with PSE, life satisfaction, and gender provided initial evidence for validity, and suggested a possible influence of intensive motherhood models.

Parental burnout (PB) results from a chronic imbalance between risks and resources and has severe and extended consequences on the wellbeing of parents and their children. Because same-sex (SS) and different-sex (DS) families face partially different stressors (e.g., SS parents are more stigmatized) but have also partially different resources (e.g., more egalitarian task sharing in SS couples), the current research aimed to investigate whether PB differs or not according to family type. Two studies were conducted. In study 1, family type differences in PB were explored among 114 demographically matched SS and DS families from 18 countries. Study 2 further explored the predictive value of family type, age, gender, and balance between risks and resources (BR2) in PB, using a sample of 222 matched SS and DS families. Parental burnout was not associated with family type in either study. Although differentially composed, the global BR2 score did not differ across family type and was a significant predictor of all PB dimensions, while controlling for the effect of family type, age, and gender. Thus, in accordance with reviewed studies, parental sexual identity was not associated with family functioning. Future studies should investigate the impact of specific risks and resources (e.g., social support from chosen social networks or legal climate) on PB levels among SS families.

High levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to parental burnout, a condition that has severe consequences for both parents and children. It is not yet clear, however, whether parental burnout varies by culture, and if so, why it might do so. In this study, we examined the prevalence of parental burnout in 42 countries (17,409 parents; 71% mothers; M(age) = 39.20) and showed that the prevalence of parental burnout varies dramatically across countries. Analyses of cultural values revealed that individualistic cultures, in particular, displayed a noticeably higher prevalence and mean level of parental burnout. Indeed, individualism plays a larger role in parental burnout than either economic inequalities across countries, or any other individual and family characteristic examined so far, including the number and age of children and the number of hours spent with them. These results suggest that cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-020-00028-4.

A scoping review, based on the RE-AIM framework, was conducted to analyze evidence of reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the Strengthening Families Program (10-14), a preventive family-based substance abuse program for adolescents. Sixty-five articles were included. The results disclosed that effectiveness, implementation, and maintenance at the individual-level were the most evaluated aspects, while reach, maintenance at the setting-level, and adoption were the least investigated aspects. Positive effects on drug abuse prevention and protective parenting factors were found in the U.S. studies. Likewise, Latin American studies have shown the improvement of parenting practices. However, European studies have produced mixed results, with predominantly null effects on substance abuse. The implementation quality was high. There is no available evidence of adoption and maintenance at the setting-level by the organizations that implemented it. New studies must examine the reach, adoption, and sustainability of the program to lay foundations for its future use as an instrument of public policies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41155-021-00182-z.

Adolescents living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are not only exposed to underprivileged conditions - they are also at greater risk of being raised with negative parenting practices that may have detrimental effects on their psychosocial development and health. Thus, the implementation and evaluation of family-based interventions that foster positive parenting practices among vulnerable populations are necessary. The aim of this study is to examine if the Brazilian Strengthening Families Program (SFP) has a differential impact on parenting styles in the short, medium, and long terms. This was achieved through a single-group longitudinal design with four data collection moments. Parenting styles were assessed using the Parental Practices Scale at baseline and then after delivering the program, with follow-ups after 6/8 and 10/12 months. The sample comprised 361 adolescents aged 10–14 years from low-income families in northeastern Brazil. A combination of hierarchical and non-hierarchical cluster-analysis methods offered a four-cluster solution representing the four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and negligent. Mixed ANOVAs revealed a main effect of time on both responsiveness and demandingness, indicating that overall levels were higher post-test than pre-test. There were improvements in the responsiveness levels among authoritarian parents, as well as improvements in the demandingness levels among indulgent parents. The Brazilian SFP (10–14) appears promising for improving parenting styles, which it does by strengthening the weakest parental aspect to enhance positive parenting in families living in underprivileged conditions.

Division of family tasks between the members of a couple often reflects gender (in)equality in the family. Identifying how couples with different unemployment configurations divide family tasks may contribute to a better understanding of the process. In this study, we evaluated how unemployed couples (only husbands, only wives, and both; n = 291) distributed different types of family tasks (domestic, maintenance/repair, and childcare), the effects of this division on the perception of justice, and the influence of attitudes towards gender roles in their perception of justice. We verified that unemployment introduces some changes, for both men and women. Namely, individuals when unemployed start performing more family tasks. However, division is still unequal, with wives performing more domestic and childcare tasks than their husbands. Nevertheless, men and women have a greater perception of justice towards a more equal division, even after we control the effect of traditional gender attitudes.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi testar um modelo de predição para as crenças de autoeficácia de jovens face aos papéis de adulto, identificando seus recursos e de seus contextos. Participaram 434 jovens de ambos os sexos (idade entre 18 e 29 anos), provenientes majoritariamente do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala de Autoeficácia face aos Papéis de Adulto; Inventário de Habilidades Sociais; Índice de Solidariedade Intergeracional; Inventário de Dimensões da Adultez Emergente; Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil. Resultados indicaram que as variáveis sexo, foco em si, instabilidade, valores familiarese habilidades sociais de expressão de sentimentos positivospredisseram as crenças de autoeficácia dos jovens.São discutidas as implicações desses resultados para pesquisas de avaliação e intervenção. Abstract In this study, we tested a predictive model for young people's self-efficacy beliefs regarding adult roles to identify their resources and resources of their contexts in the transition to adulthood. Participants were 434 young men and women (aged between 18 and 29 years) from the State of Rio de Janeiro. The instruments used were: Self-efficacy Scale regarding Adult Roles; Social Skills Inventory; Intergenerational Solidarity Index; Inventory of Emerging Adulthood Dimensions; Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria. Results indicated that the variables as gender, self-focus, instability, family values, and expressing positive feelings predicted young people’s self-efficacy beliefs. We discuss the implications of these results for research on evaluation and intervention.

Objective This work aimed to analyze parental burnout (PB) and establish a comparison between the times before (Wave 1) and during (Wave 2) the COVID-19 pandemic. Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought additional stress to families. The pandemic could be particularly difficult for parents experiencing parental burnout, a condition that involves four dimensions: an overwhelming sense of exhaustion, emotional distancing from the child, saturation or a loss of fulfillment with the parental role, and a sharp contrast between how parents used to be and how they see themselves now. Method A quasi-longitudinal research design was adopted, comparing two cross-sectional studies among Portuguese parents (N = 995), with an interval of 2 years between each wave of data collection. Participants were surveyed voluntarily through an online questionnaire located on the institutional web platform of the universities involved in the study. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to take into account the associations among variables, alongside controlling the possible confounding effects. Results Parents have overall higher parental burnout scores in Wave 2 than Wave 1, with increased exhaustion, emotional distancing, and contrast, but decreased saturation. Although parental burnout levels remain higher for mothers across the two Waves, the growth is greater for fathers than for mothers. Conclusion Reconciling childcare with paid work is a stressful and new experience for many fathers. However, results suggest that even amid a crisis, some parents had the opportunity to deeply bond with their children. Implications We expect this work to encourage stakeholders to consider proper intervention strategies to address potential parental burnout. Also, initiatives that strengthen gender equity within parenting context are needed.

Background Peer victimization and discrimination are two related forms of social victimization. However, the majority of studies only focus on one form or the other. This study investigates resilience in victims of both these forms of violence. Objective To identify individual and family level factors that foster, or hinder, resilience in the face of both peer victimization and perceived discrimination. Participants In a sample of 2975 high-school students, 22% (n = 644) met the criteria for substantial social victimization. The sample's mean age was 16.5 years, 57% were girls, 19% were in vocational courses, 12% were from an ethnic minority background, and 5% were lesbian, gay, or bisexual. Method A measure of resilience was created by regressing the mean levels of current mental health, self-esteem, and life satisfaction on the frequency of lifetime peer victimization and past year perceived discrimination. Regression analyses were conducted to identify correlates of resilience considering protective and vulnerability factors, including sociodemographic information, anxious personality, empathy, coping strategies, familial optimism, and the relationship with their mother and father. Results Resilience was associated with low anxious personality, four coping strategies (active, use of humor, low self-blame, low substance use), and satisfaction with the relationship with the mother. Conclusions Resilience is related to both behavioral and meaning-making coping strategies, personality traits, and satisfaction in relationships. This study's findings can be used to tailor interventions to foster resilience in adolescents exposed to social victimization.

Within the ages of ten and thirteen years, children experience changes in elementary school. Focusing on students from public schools, the aim of this study was to investigate whether, from the 5th to 6th grade, they change indicators of performance, social skills, self-satisfaction and support network, self-concept and stress dimensions from one grade to another. A total of 379 students (212 girls), with a mean age of 10.6 years (SD = 0.91), participated at the beginning of the study. Instruments: Social Skills Assessment System; Child Stress Scale; Proof Brazil; Questionnaire for Self-Concept Evaluation; Multidimensional Scale of Life Satisfaction for Children. The results indicate a decrease in social skills, self-concept and life satisfaction; indicators of stress symptoms and academic performance increased from the 5th to 6th grade. The results are partially in agreement with previous findings of adverse effects of transition. Resumo No período entre dez e treze anos, as crianças vivenciam mudança de ciclos no ensino fundamental. Focalizando alunos de escolas públicas, este estudo objetivou investigar se, na passagem do 5º para o 6º ano, mudam de uma série para outra indicadores de desempenho, habilidades sociais, satisfação com o self e a rede de apoio, dimensões do autoconceito e estresse. Participaram 379 alunos (212 meninas), com idade média de 10,6 anos (DP = 0,91) no início da pesquisa. Instrumentos: Sistema de Avaliação de Habilidades Sociais; Escala de Stress Infantil; Prova Brasil; Questionário para Avaliação do Autoconceito; Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Crianças. Os resultados indicam diminuição em habilidades sociais, autoconceito e satisfação com a vida; indicadores de sintomas de estresse e desempenho acadêmico tiveram aumento do 5º para o 6º ano. A configuração dos resultados se alinha parcialmente às evidências prévias de algum efeito adverso da transição. Resumen En el período entre diez y trece años los niños experimentan cambio de ciclos en la Enseñanza Fundamental. En el caso de los alumnos de escuelas públicas, este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar si, en el paso del 5º al 6º año, cambian de una serie a otros indicadores de desempeño, habilidades sociales, satisfacción con el self y la red de apoyo, dimensiones del autoconcepto y estrés. Participaron 379 alumnos (212 niñas), con una edad media de 10,6 años (DP = 0,91) al inicio de la investigación. Instrumentos: Sistema de Evaluación de Habilidades Sociales; Escala de estrés infantil; Prueba Brasil; Cuestionario para la evaluación del autoconcepto; Escala multidimensional de satisfacción de la vida para los niños. Los resultados indican disminución en habilidades sociales, autoconcepto y satisfacción con la vida; los indicadores de síntomas de estrés y desempeño académico tuvieron aumento del 5º para el 6º año. La configuración de los resultados se alía parcialmente a las evidencias previas de algún efecto adverso de la transición.

The analysis of magazines targeted to mothers allows us to know current dominant motherhood models, as well as their evolution and permeability to social changes, medical concerns, and existing political strategies. In this article, we analyse the content of 16 articles of the 2015 Portuguese edition of Pais & Filhos magazine to verify whether it reflects a greater balance between mothers and fathers in the care of children advocated in today’s society and promoted on the latest legislation on parental leave. Results show that, despite promoting and valuing the role of the father in children’s lives, the magazine still considers that the mother is their main caregiver and promotes highly differentiated parenting in terms of gender.

The objective of this study was to assess the internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Parenting Practices Scales, examining its dimensionality and the internal consistency of their subscales in a sample of vulnerable young individuals (N = 452). The six-factor structure was replicated through Confirmatory Factor Analysis; however, Cronbach’s alpha values for two factors indicated poor internal consistency: autonomy granting (α = 0.55) and punitive control (α = 0.51). Considering the correlations between the factors and the theoretical framework, a 2nd-order structure was performed, evidencing two correlated latent dimensions: demandingness and responsiveness. This model presented a good fit to the data and the 2nd latent dimensions achieved satisfactory internal consistency. The results were discussed considering sociocultural-related issues. Recommendations about the usage of this instrument were made, regarding both assessment and intervention contexts. Resumo Este estudo teve o objetivo de acessar a estrutura fatorial das Escalas de Práticas Parentais, examinando suas dimensões e as consistências internas de suas subescalas em uma amostra de adolescentes vulneráveis brasileiros (N = 452). A estrutura de seis fatores foi replicada por Análise Fatorial Confirmatória; no entanto, os valores de alfa de Cronbach para dois fatores indicaram fraca consistência interna: incentivo à autonomia (α = 0,55) e controle punitivo (α = 0,51). Considerando correlações entre os fatores e o modelo teórico, uma Análise Fatorial Confirmatória de segunda ordem foi realizada e evidenciou duas dimensões latentes correlacionadas: exigência e responsividade. Esse modelo apresentou bom ajuste e alcançou consistência interna satisfatória. Os resultados foram discutidos em relação a questões socioculturais. Recomendações para o uso do instrumento são sugeridas, tanto em contexto de avaliação quanto de intervenção.

Objective To analyze how the endorsement of motives for and against having children act at a dyadic level to predict childbearing intentions. Background Understanding what leads individuals to have children is a topic of interest among family researchers and policy makers given that fertility rates have been decreasing in many countries. Most studies on this topic have not examined intentions about children as a dyadic process, yet most childbearing decisions occur within couple relationships. Method Using a convenience sample of heterosexual dual-earner couples with (n = 100 couples) and without children (n = 60 couples), Actor-Partner-Interdependence-Models were fitted to assess the linkages between motives and childbearing intentions. Results Different processes occur for parents and nonparents when formulating intentions to have a(nother) child. Compared to nonparents, parents are less concerned about potential changes in lifestyle or to their marital relationship, and worries about child development are subdued; rather, they are more focused on the potential emotional benefits of an additional child. In addition, partner effects were found solely in the parents' group: The more the partner perceived an additional child as enriching, the more the individual intended to have another child. Childless women were also particularly concerned about the costs of parenthood, and childless men were primarily driven by emotional enrichment motives. Conclusion Individual attitudes and behaviors with regard to intentions for having a child tend to be affected by their partner's attitudes and behaviors toward the same. Thus, the family systems approach take here provides a more holistic understanding of couple and family decision-making processes on this issue than is possible when only collecting data from individuals. Implications For parents, interventions aimed at enhancing communication and negotiation skills between couple members could foster a more shared and informed decision-making process. Improving women's sense of control and mastery over the juggling of multiple roles may help reduce childless women's concerns about the costs of having children.

O monitoramento parental tem sido associado a desempenho escolar, competência social, autoestima e ajustamento em crianças e adolescentes. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar as propriedades psicométricas do Questionário de Monitoramento Parental (QMP). Em estudo prospectivo em escolas públicas, com duas coletas, no 5º (N = 415) e no 6º ano (N = 379), foram utilizados: QMP, Prova Brasil, Questionário para Avaliação do Autoconceito e Escala Multidimensional de Satisfação de Vida para Crianças. Realizou-se análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC) para avaliar o ajustamento do modelo estrutural. A AFE indicou dois fatores, monitoramento do pai e monitoramento da mãe, confirmada na AFC, com indicadores aceitáveis de consistência interna e estabilidade. O QMP foi associado ao desempenho em português, autoconceito e satisfação com a vida, particularmente com a família. Evidência preliminar de confiabilidade do instrumento e associações sugestivas de validade preditiva justificam novas pesquisas para validação do QMP.

This study aimed to describe the development and the empirical evidence of reliability and validity of an instrument that proposes to assess, in the context of maternal depression, family organization resources and cumulative risks in families with school-age children. The items were constructed based on protection processes and developmental outcomes. The Inventory was conducted during a semi-structured interview with a convenience sample: 100 mothers of school-age children, 50 of them diagnosed with recurrent depression and 50 without psychiatric disorders. Agreement analysis between the coding of interviews by independent evaluators indicated values higher than 85%. Based on the exploratory factor analysis, the final composition of the instrument was 31 items, distributed in the dimensions Family Organization and Negative Beliefs, with Cronbach’s alpha value of, respectively, 0.72 and 0.87. Statistically significant differences between the groups with and without depression sustained the discriminant validity of the instrument, enabling its use as a guiding resource for interventions. Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o desenvolvimento e evidências empíricas de precisão e validade de instrumento que se propõe a avaliar, no contexto da depressão materna, recursos de organização familiar e riscos cumulativos em famílias com escolares. Os itens foram construídos com base em processos de proteção e riscos desenvolvimentais. O inventário foi administrado no decorrer de entrevista semiestruturada com amostra de conveniência: 100 mães de escolares, sendo 50 delas com diagnóstico de depressão recorrente e 50 sem transtornos psiquiátricos. A análise de concordância entre codificação das respostas por examinadores independentes apontou valores superiores a 85%. A partir da análise fatorial exploratória, a composição final do instrumento ficou com 31 itens, distribuídos nas dimensões Organização Familiar e Crenças Negativas, com alpha de Cronbach, respectivamente, de .72 e .87. Diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos com e sem depressão, sustentaram a validade discriminante do instrumento, possibilitando o seu uso como recurso norteador de intervenções. Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el desarrollo y las evidencias empíricas de precisión y validez de un instrumento que propone evaluar, en el contexto de la depresión materna, los recursos de organización familiar y los riesgos acumulativos en familias con escolares. Los ítems se construyeron a partir de procesos de protección y riesgos de desarrollo. Se aplicó el inventario durante una entrevista semiestructurada con una muestra de conveniencia: 100 madres de escolares, 50 de ellas diagnosticadas con depresión recurrente y 50 sin ningún trastorno psiquiátrico. El análisis de concordancia entre la codificación de respuestas por examinadores independientes reveló valores superiores al 85%. Del análisis factorial exploratorio, la composición final del instrumento resultó en 31 ítems, distribuidos en las dimensiones Organización Familiar y Creencias Negativas, con alfa de Cronbach de 72 y de 87, respectivamente. Las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos con y sin depresión respaldaron la validez discriminante del instrumento, permitiendo su uso como recurso guía en las intervenciones.

Introducao: A literatura indica impactos positivos no desenvolvimento infantil de criancas que frequentam creches quando, neste contexto, ha boas praticas. Acredita-se que um conjunto de acoes, em rede, coordenadas pelos gestores, pode impactar positivamente o desenvolvimento integral da crianca. Objetivo: Embora a literatura aponte os campos de conhecimento “saude, educacao e o social” como as redes de colaboracao das creches, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar redes de colaboracao no contexto de creches publicas do Estado de Sao Paulo. Metodo: A metodologia contemplou etapas para efetivacao dos procedimentos eticos e definicao do plano amostral, que resultou em 32 creches dos municipios do Estado de Sao Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas feitas com os dirigentes das creches que buscaram identificar os pontos da rede, a partir de situacoes presentes em sua pratica cotidiana. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram para a presenca de 75 pontos de rede de colaboracao nos 32 municipios com distintas parcerias de servicos, ora contando com redes mais extensas, ora mais curtas. Confirmou-se a forte presenca da intersetorialidade advinda dos campos da educacao, da saude e do social. Alem destes, equipamentos municipais para acoes de infraestrutura foram tambem identificados, bem como a presenca de diversos programas governamentais oriundos da esfera federal. Conclusao: A dimensao do desenvolvimento infantil esta presente de forma intensa na esfera da educacao e da saude. Os dados foram discutidos na perspectiva do apoio aos dirigentes para a resolutividade dos problemas, considerando-se o potencial das acoes reventivas na primeira infância.

As redes sociais online são atualmente fontes de apoio informal importantes para as mães dada a sua acessibilidade e vasta informação sobre o cuidado da criança e o desempenho da maternidade. Este estudo pretendeu identificar o modelo de maternidade dominante atualmente em Portugal através da análise dos objetivos, das atitudes, dos sentimentos e das práticas atribuídas às mães e difundidos por grupos e páginas do Facebook dedicadas à maternidade. Uma pesquisa pelas palavras-chave mãe e maternidade, seguida da técnica “bola de neve”, em outubro de 2015, permitiu identificar 132 Páginas Públicas, 47 Grupos Fechados e 5 Grupos Públicos (N=184) portugueses, tendo sido as respetivas descrições alvo de análise de conteúdo. Esta análise evidenciou que o modelo de maternidade veiculado pressupõe a centralidade da criança e das suas necessidades e interesses, e atribui elevados níveis de exigência ao papel de mãe. As necessidades da mulher não são mencionadas, desaparecendo atrás do papel materno. O estudo parece assim confirmar a predominância de um modelo de maternidade intensivo nos grupos e páginas do Facebook em Portugal. Nowadays, online social networks are important sources of informal support for mothers due to their accessibility and extensive information on childrearing and motherhood performance. This study aims to identify the current motherhood model prevalent in Portuguese Facebook, namely through its groups and pages concerning motherhood. In October 2015, a search was performed by using the words mother and motherhood, followed by other “snowballed” found sites, allowing the identification of 132 Public Pages, 47 Closed Groups and 5 Public Groups (N=184). Their descriptions were submitted to a content analysis in which goals, attitudes, feelings and practices attributed to mothers and spread by Facebook were identified. Results show that the conveyed motherhood model assumes the centrality of the child, and of its needs and interests, and assigns high levels of demand to the mother. Women’s needs are not mentioned, seeming to disappear behind the maternal role. The study confirms the predominance of an intensive motherhood model in Portuguese Facebook. Trabalho financiado pela FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Objective: Many studies point to the negative impact of discrimination on the psychological and social functioning of ethnic minority persons. The realization of these studies across multiple European countries enables a systematization of this knowledge, which is our goal in the present work. Method: This study presents a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the correlates of perceived ethnic discrimination among ethnic minority persons living in European countries. Results: The analyses of 121 effect sizes reveal that discrimination is positively associated with symptoms of psychiatric disturbances, depression, psychosis, perceived stress, and externalizing behavior. Discrimination is also negatively associated with the self-esteem, positive evaluation of life, self-efficacy/mastery, well-being, and psychological adaptation of migrants. The results show that the strength of these relationships is, in some cases, moderated by persons' gender, age, and ethnicity and countries' multicultural preference and countries' rating in the Migrant Integration Policies Index (MIPEX), namely, in regard to labor market mobility, permanent residence, and antidiscrimination policies. Conclusions: The detrimental effect of discrimination on many psychosocial dimensions emphasizes the need for governmental agencies to develop systemic and concrete interventions to decrease ethnic prejudice in Europe. Moreover, the results show that fostering multiculturalism, and implementing broad antidiscrimination policies has a protective function in the face of discrimination. Enforcing the implementation of these policies can be a fundamental way to promote the psychological adjustment of ethnic minority persons., This work was funded by the Portuguese Science Foundation (CPUP UID/PSI/00050/2013; FEDER/COMPETE2020 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007294), info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O Questionário de Autoavaliação da Competência Educativa Parental (QACEP) é um instrumento que tem por objetivo avaliar a percepção de competência dos pais em suas funções. No Brasil, sua utilização é escassa e o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as propriedades psicométricas do QACEP. Foi utilizada uma amostra de 151 mães e pais, a maioria com nível de escolaridade até o ensino médio e renda até dois salários mínimos. A análise fatorial confirmatória do modelo proposto com dois fatores - a percepção de eficácia e de satisfação - revelou bom ajustamento global aos dados recolhidos. Análises posteriores revelam que a satisfação parental aumenta com a idade dos pais, com o nível de escolaridade e salário auferido. Tendo em conta os diversos processos de validação conduzidos, recomenda-se o uso dessa versão do QACEP na investigação e prática clínica com pessoas de baixa renda no Brasil.

Background: Motherhood is an emotional rollercoaster. This is overlooked by most literature, which tends to refer mothers' pathological states of postpartum depression and anxiety, mainly seeking to understand their causes or predicting factors, and consequences on children's development. Objective: In this study, we aim to observe the diversity of mothers' emotional states, and to analyze both positive and negative feelings they disclose on specific public and closed motherhood sites on Facebook. We hypothesize that the intensive motherhood model is prevalent in Portuguese society, thus influencing the type of feelings and circumstances in which mothers disclose them. Methods: We collected posts and comments from the four most popular Portuguese Facebook motherhood sites during 2015 and, then, conducted a quantitative and content analysis to identify the expressed range of feelings concerning motherhood. Results: Mothers preferably share their positive feelings on public pages, whereas negative feelings are shared more in closed groups (CGs). Expressed positive and negative feelings were significantly different whether we look at normative or non-normative, public or closed sites. Discussion: We assume that motherhood sites on Portuguese Facebook reflect an intensive motherhood model that is normative in Portuguese society. Positive feelings toward children are promoted and openly shared in public normative sites, while negative feelings concerning motherhood are dealt with in the privacy of CGs. We propose an extensive motherhood model to overcome this duality and to allow women to pursue several different social roles simultaneously in an equally rewarding way., First author’s Ph.D., including this research and the preparation of this article, was supported by a grant from the Portuguese national funding agency for science, research, and technology FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/110262/2015).

A vitimização por pares e a discriminação, nomeadamente de minorias étnicas e sexuais, têm um efeito negativo no funcionamento psicossocial, mas diversos estudos começam a abordar a resiliência perante estas adversidades. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar mecanismos protetores da saúde mental e do desajustamento externo na presença destas formas de violência social. O estudo foi conduzido numa amostra de 2975 de estudantes do ensino secundário português, dos quais 245 identificaram-se como negros e 84 como gay, lésbicas ou bissexuais. Os mecanismos de proteção avaliados incluem baixos níveis de personalidade ansiosa, competências de empatia, as estratégias de coping usadas, o otimismo familiar e as relações com as figuras parentais. O resultado das regressões revela que a identificação racial e a orientação sexual moderam a influência das diferentes formas de violência e dos diferentes mecanismos de proteção, sugerindo suporte à abordagem socioecológica da resiliência. Peer victimization and discrimination, namely of ethical and sexual minorities, have a negative effect on psychosocial functioning but several studies begin to address the resilience to these adversities. In this sense, the objective of this study was to identify protective mechanisms of mental health and external maladjustment in the presence of these forms of social violence. The study was conducted with a sample of 2975 Portuguese high school students, of which 245 identified as black and 84 as gay, lesbian or bisexual. The protection mechanisms considered include low levels of anxious personality, empathy abilities, the coping strategies used, familial optimism and the relationships with the parental figures. The regression results show that racial identification and sexual orientation moderate the influence of the different forms of violence and the different protection mechanisms, suggesting support to a socio-ecological approach of resilience.

As habilidades sociais são reconhecidas como fator de proteção ao longo do desenvolvimento humano, contra os impactos dos fatores de risco. Neste estudo, considerando a situação de risco de crianças e adolescentes contaminadas por chumbo, buscou-se identificar as variáveis (habilidades sociais, práticas parentais, problemas de comportamento e competência acadêmica) que as diferenciam das não contaminadas e a possível função protetora das habilidades sociais sobre problemas de comportamento em ambos os grupos. Participaram desta pesquisa 100 crianças, suas mães e professores. Os problemas de comportamento, a competência acadêmica e as habilidades sociais das crianças foram avaliados pelo Sistema de Avaliação de Habilidades Sociais (SSRS-BR); as habilidades sociais dos adolescentes pelo Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Adolescentes (IHSA-Del-Prette). As práticas parentais foram avaliadas pelo Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP). Com base nas análises de variância, discriminante e de mediação, foi possível identificar diferenças entre os dois grupos, com maior comprometimento nas crianças contaminadas, exceto para a habilidade social de assertividade autoavaliada, cujo resultado apontou maior repertório para as crianças intoxicadas por chumbo. Comprovou-se também a função mediadora das habilidades sociais minimizando o impacto da plumbemia sobre os problemas de comportamento. O conjunto dos resultados reforça a ideia de que um repertório elaborado de habilidades sociais pode estar relacionado com a competência cognitiva das crianças e adolescentes.

This study investigated the characteristics of students who report extremely high levels of hope. A sample of 682 students (ages 11–17) completed measures of hope, school engagement, life satisfaction, self-worth, and mental health. Academic achievement was obtained from students’ school records. Based on their hope scores, students were divided into three groups: “extremely low” (bottom 10% of the distribution), “average” (middle 25%), and “extremely high” (upper 10%). Results indicate that students in the extremely high hope (EHH) group differed from students with average (AH) and extremely low hope (ELH) on all measures. Further, EHH and AH are associated with mental health benefits that are not found among students reporting comparatively ELH levels. Taken together, the findings support the notion that EHH in students is associated with adaptive psychological and school-related functioning. Overall, given the superior adjustment profile, perhaps ‘‘enough hope’’ should be defined as “EHH.”

In this study we compared prejudice against lesbians and gay men in Portugal and Brazil, in a sample of university students (N = 844). Two forms of prejudice were assessed: one with a more traditional nature (pathologization of homosexuality) and a more contemporary one (modern heterosexism). Because these prejudices are not independent of gender, we explored the relation with this variable. No differences

RESUMO: a presente pesquisa objetivou identificar estudos que investigaram sobre o autoconceito e a autoeficácia em crianças com deficiência física, evidenciar e discutir sobre o que eles têm revelado acerca das autoavaliações nesta população. Trata-se de um levantamento bibliográfico com critérios de revisão sistemática da literatura. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas MEDLINE, LILACS, SCIELO, Biblioteca Cochrane, Index Psi Periódicos, PubMed, PePSIC e Redalyc, utilizando os termos criança, autoeficácia, autoconceito, autopercepção, pessoas com deficiência e paralisia cerebral, além de seus respectivos em inglês. Após triagem e seleção dos artigos por meio de critérios de inclusão, sete estudos foram analisados. Observou-se que todos os estudos analisados são estrangeiros, apenas um deles aborda a autoeficácia e seis investigaram sobre o autoconceito especificamente em crianças com paralisia cerebral. Os resultados sugerem que não há conformidade sobre o autoconceito em crianças com paralisia cerebral, sem evidências suficientes para concluir que este constructo seja inferior nestas crianças. Em relação a autoeficácia, crianças com deficiência física se classificam como menos competentes que crianças com outros problemas no neurodesenvolvimento. Considera-se que novas investigações são necessárias para confirmar o que a literatura sugere sobre o autoconceito e a autoeficácia em crianças com deficiência física, incluindo investigação no cenário brasileiro e contribuindo para o conhecimento de profissionais da Educação e Saúde acerca das autoavaliações nesta população. ABSTRACT: The present review aimed to identify studies, which investigated self-concept and self-efficacy in children with physical disabilities, highlights and discusses what they have revealed about the self-assessments in this population. It is a literature review with systematic review criteria. The search was conducted in MEDLINE, LILACS, SCIELO, Cochrane Library, Index Psi Journals, PubMed, PePSIC and Redalyc databases using the terms child, self-efficacy, self-concept, self-perception, disabled persons and cerebral palsy, as well as their respective in Brazilian Portuguese. After screening and selection of articles using the inclusion criteria, seven studies were analyzed. It was observed that all of the analyzed studies are foreign, just one of them deals with self-efficacy and six investigated self-concept specifically in children with cerebral palsy. Results suggest that there is no compliance on self-concept of children with cerebral palsy, and there is no sufficient evidence to conclude that this construct is lower in these children. Regarding self-efficacy, children with disabilities are classified as less competent than children with other problems in neurodevelopment. It is considered that further investigations are needed to confirm the literature suggestions about self-concept and self-efficacy in children with physical disabilities, including this research in the Brazilian scenario, contributing to education and health professionals' knowledge about self-assessments in this population.

Background Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) restricts endocytic fusion of influenza virus. IFITM3 rs12252_C, a putative alternate splice site, has been associated with influenza severity in adults. IFITM3 has not been evaluated in pediatric influenza. Methods The Pediatric Influenza (PICFLU) study enrolled children with suspected influenza infection across 38 pediatric intensive care units during November 2008 to April 2016. IFITM3 was sequenced in patients and parents were genotyped for specific variants for family-based association testing. rs12252 was genotyped in 54 African-American pediatric outpatients with influenza (FLU09), included in the population-based comparisons with 1000 genomes. Splice site analysis of rs12252_C was performed using PICFLU and FLU09 patient RNA. Results In PICFLU, 358 children had influenza infection. We identified 22 rs12252_C homozygotes in 185 white non-Hispanic children. rs12252_C was not associated with influenza infection in population or family-based analyses. We did not identify the Δ21 IFITM3 isoform in RNAseq data. The rs12252 genotype was not associated with IFITM3 expression levels, nor with critical illness severity. No novel rare IFITM3 functional variants were identified. Conclusions rs12252 was not associated with susceptibility to influenza-related critical illness in children or with critical illness severity. Our data also do not support it being a splice site.

The authors' goal was to characterize predictors of attitudes toward lesbian and gay parent families (LGPF), held by students enrolled in psychology, social work, medicine, nursing, elementary, and preschool education programs in Portugal. The authors examined the predictive value of students' (n = 600) sociodemographic characteristics when assessing their attitudes toward LGPF. Participant's gender, interpersonal contact with lesbians and gay men, gender role attitudes had indirect effects on attitudes toward LGPF, through attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Understanding characteristics associated with attitudes toward LGPF may inform decisions in terms of the education and training of helping professionals.

Existem evidências extensas que apontam a importância da relação pai-filho para o desenvolvimento e o bem-estar dos filhos, das mães e dos próprios pais. O envolvimento paterno é um construto multidimensional que inclui envolvimentos diretos e indiretos do pai com o filho. Para avançar nessa área, no Brasil, é preciso que tenhamos medidas válidas desse construto, tal como o Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (Inventory of Father Involvement - IFI). O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a estrutura fatorial e confiabilidade interna da versão brasileira do IFI (IFI-BR). Um questionário sociodemográfico e o IFI-BR foram aplicados em 200 homens com filhos entre cinco e dez anos de idade. Os resultados indicam evidências de validade interna para o IFI-BR, confirmando uma estrutura fatorial muito similar à do IFI, composta por oito dos nove fatores originais de primeira ordem e um fator geral de envolvimento paterno, de segunda ordem, com uma confiabilidade interna adequada para esses oito fatores.

Few studies have examined lesbians’ and gay men’s parental decision-making processes. Our goal in this work was to review what literature says about this understudied area of research. We first looked at transformations that have made it possible for lesbian- and gay-parented families to gain visibility. We then described how parental aspirations of lesbians and gay men have been operationalized. Factors shaping parental decisions were categorized as sociodemographic (gender, age and cohort, and race/ethnicity), personal (internalization of anti-homosexual prejudice and openness about one’s non-heterosexual orientation), relational (one’s partner’s parental motivation and social support), and contextual (work conditions, access to LGBT support networks, information and resources, and social, legal, and medical barriers). Research findings were discussed and implications for future research and social policies regarding the issue of prospective lesbian and gay parenthood were drawn.