Descriptor: "Antibodies, Viral/blood" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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107 results on '"Antibodies, Viral/blood"'

1. Neutralizing antibody activity in convalescent sera from infection in humans with SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern

Author: Jia Zhe Su, Michael H. Malim, Daniel Cox, Neophytos Kouphou, Sam Acors, Carl Graham, Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto, Luke B Snell, Cassandra Fairhead, Stuart J. D. Neil, Liane Dupont, Helena Winstone, Thomas Lechmere, Rui Pedro Galão, Sadie R. Hallett, Gaia Nebbia, Isabella Huettner, Nathalia Almeida, Marie Jose Lista, Adela Alcolea-Medina, Thomas J. A. Maguire, Suzanne Pickering, Manu Shankar-Hari, Rahul Batra, Jonathan D. Edgeworth, Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño, Katie J. Doores, Ruth E Dickenson, Jeffrey Seow, Themoula Charalampous, Harry Wilson, and Blair Merrick
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, COVID-19 Vaccines, Immunology, Alpha (ethology), Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, Neutralization, Immunoglobulin G, Virus, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Neutralization Tests, SARS-CoV-2/genetics, Genetics, Humans, Neutralizing antibody, Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood, 030304 developmental biology, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, biology, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination, Immunization, Passive, Cell Biology, Middle Aged, Virology, 3. Good health, COVID-19/immunology, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics, Immunoglobulin M, Viral infection, Mutation, biology.protein, Female, Antibody, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: COVID-19 vaccine design and vaccination rollout need to take into account a detailed understanding of antibody durability and cross-neutralizing potential against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants of concern (VOCs). Analyses of convalescent sera provide unique insights into antibody longevity and cross-neutralizing activity induced by variant spike proteins, which are putative vaccine candidates. Using sera from 38 individuals infected in wave 1, we show that cross-neutralizing activity can be detected up to 305 days pos onset of symptoms, although sera were less potent against B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B1.351 (Beta). Over time, despite a reduction in overall neutralization activity, differences in sera neutralization potency against SARS-CoV-2 and the Alpha and Beta variants decreased, which suggests that continued antibody maturation improves tolerance to spike mutations. We also compared the cross-neutralizing activity of wave 1 sera with sera from individuals infected with the Alpha, the Beta or the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants up to 79 days post onset of symptoms. While these sera neutralize the infecting VOC and parental virus to similar levels, cross-neutralization of different SARS-CoV-2 VOC lineages is reduced. These findings will inform the optimization of vaccines to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants., The authors assess the durability and long-term cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies raised in response to infections with SARS-CoV-2 or variants of concern in humans.
Published: 2021

2. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among patients with severe mental illness:A cross-sectional study

Author: Sass, Marie Reeberg, Juul, Tobias Søgaard, Skov, Robert, Iversen, Kasper, Harritshøj, Lene Holm, Sørensen, Erik, Ostrowski, Sisse Rye, Andersen, Ove, Ekstrøm, Claus Thorn, Ullum, Henrik, Nielsen, Jimmi, Hageman, Ida, Fink-Jensen, Anders, Sass, Marie Reeberg, Juul, Tobias Søgaard, Skov, Robert, Iversen, Kasper, Harritshøj, Lene Holm, Sørensen, Erik, Ostrowski, Sisse Rye, Andersen, Ove, Ekstrøm, Claus Thorn, Ullum, Henrik, Nielsen, Jimmi, Hageman, Ida, and Fink-Jensen, Anders
Abstract: Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) i.e. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder are at increased risk of severe outcomes if infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether patients with SMI are at increased risk of COVID-19 is, however, sparsely investigated. This important issue must be addressed as the current pandemic could have the potential to increase the existing gap in lifetime mortality between this group of patients and the background population. The objective of this study was to determine whether a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was performed between January 18th and February 25th, 2021. Of 7071 eligible patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, 1355 patients from seven psychiatric centres in the Capital Region of Denmark were screened for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. A total of 1258 unvaccinated patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 40.5 years (SD 14.6), 54.3% were female. Fifty-nine of the 1258 participants had a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, corresponding to a adjusted seroprevalence of 4.96% (95% CI 3.87-6.35). No significant difference in SARS-CoV-2-risk was found between female and male participants (RR = 1.32; 95% CI 0.79-2.20; p = .290). No significant differences in seroprevalences between schizophrenia and bipolar disease were found (RR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.67-1.87; p = .667). Seroprevalence among 6088 unvaccinated blood donors from the same region and period was 12.24% (95% CI 11.41-13.11). SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among included patients with SMI was significantly lower than among blood donors (RR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.31-0.52; p < .001). Differences in seroprevalences remained significant when adjusting for gender and age, except for those aged 60 years or above. The study is registered at
Published: 2022

3. Systems serology detects functionally distinct coronavirus antibody features in children and elderly

Author: Allen C. Cheng, Francesca L Mordant, Katherine Kedzierska, Keith J. Chappell, Daniel Watterson, Brendon Y. Chua, Hannah G. Kelly, Suzanne K. Shoffner, Jane Crowe, Carolien E. van de Sandt, Melissa M. Lemke, Naphak Modhiran, Bruce D. Wines, Fatima Amanat, Thi H. O. Nguyen, Adam K. Wheatley, Marios Koutsakos, Wen Shi Lee, Hyon-Xhi Tan, Luca Hensen, Kelly B. Arnold, David C. Jackson, Paul R. Young, Amy W. Chung, Paul V. Licciardi, Katie L. Flanagan, Shidan Tosif, Samantha K Davis, Louise C. Rowntree, Chinn Yi Wong, Jennifer A Juno, Stephen J. Kent, Nigel W Crawford, P. Mark Hogarth, Philip Sutton, Melanie R Neeland, Robyn Esterbauer, Kevin J. Selva, Florian Krammer, Denise L. Doolan, Christina Lee, and Landsteiner Laboratory
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Immunoglobulin A, Antibody Formation/immunology, viruses, Antibodies, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Infection, Viral infection, General Physics and Astronomy, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Viral/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Serology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunoglobulin A/blood, Receptors, 80 and over, Medicine, Child, skin and connective tissue diseases, Coronavirus, Aged, 80 and over, Multidisciplinary, biology, virus diseases, Middle Aged, Spike Glycoprotein, 3. Good health, Vaccination, COVID-19/immunology, Child, Preschool, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Antibody, Adult, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, Science, Cross Reactions, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Humans, Preschool, Aged, business.industry, Receptors, IgG, fungi, Coronavirus/immunology, General Chemistry, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Receptors, IgG/immunology, Immunoglobulin M/blood, body regions, 030104 developmental biology, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Antibody Formation, Humoral immunity, Immunology, biology.protein, IgG/immunology, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology, COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology, Cross Reactions/immunology, business
Abstract: The hallmarks of COVID-19 are higher pathogenicity and mortality in the elderly compared to children. Examining baseline SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive immunological responses, induced by circulating human coronaviruses (hCoVs), is needed to understand such divergent clinical outcomes. Here we show analysis of coronavirus antibody responses of pre-pandemic healthy children (n = 89), adults (n = 98), elderly (n = 57), and COVID-19 patients (n = 50) by systems serology. Moderate levels of cross-reactive, but non-neutralizing, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are detected in pre-pandemic healthy individuals. SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific Fcγ receptor binding accurately distinguishes COVID-19 patients from healthy individuals, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces qualitative changes to antibody Fc, enhancing Fcγ receptor engagement. Higher cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG are observed in healthy elderly, while healthy children display elevated SARS-CoV-2 IgM, suggesting that children have fewer hCoV exposures, resulting in less-experienced but more polyreactive humoral immunity. Age-dependent analysis of COVID-19 patients, confirms elevated class-switched antibodies in elderly, while children have stronger Fc responses which we demonstrate are functionally different. These insights will inform COVID-19 vaccination strategies, improved serological diagnostics and therapeutics., Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 are critical in the immune response to infection, but the potential cross-reactivity to other human corona viruses is poorly appreciated. Here the authors apply a systems based approach to characterise the antibody response in pre-pandemic cohorts and assess heterotypic reactivity to SARS-CoV-2.
Published: 2021

4. SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics in blood donors with a previously positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test within a seroprevalence survey

Author: Joschka Martin Bauer, Søren Thue Lillevang, Mette Bøegh Levring, Line D Rasmussen, Iben Skov Jensen, Anna Christine Nilsson, Jesper Rømhild Davidsen, Ulrik Sprogøe, and Dorte Kinggaard Holm
Subjects: Male, Adult, Reinfection/blood, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Igm antibody, Denmark, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19/blood, Blood Donors, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Severity of Illness Index, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, Persistence (computer science), lateral flow test, Lateral flow test, Young Adult, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Virology, antibody, Immunoglobulin A/blood, medicine, Seroprevalence, Humans, Coronavirus, biology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Immunoglobulin M/blood, Denmark/epidemiology, Immunoglobulin A, Blood Donors/statistics & numerical data, Kinetics, Infectious Diseases, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Reinfection, Immunology, biology.protein, blood donors, Female, Antibody, business
Abstract: The persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies is a matter of importance regarding the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. To observe antibody dynamics, 105 blood donors, positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by a lateral flow test within a seroprevalence study, were included in this study. Thirty-nine (37%) of 105 the donors were confirmed positive by a total Ig Wantai enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three (8%) in this group of 39 reported severe and 26/39 (67%) mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms. By further ELISA-testing, 33/39 (85%) donors were initially positive for IgG antibodies, 31/39 (79%) for IgA, and 32/39 (82%) for IgM, while 27/39 (69%) were positive for all three isotypes. Persistence of IgG, IgA, and IgM was observed in 73%, 79%, and 32% of donors, respectively, after 6–9 months of observation. For IgM antibodies, the decline in the proportion of positive donors was statistically significant (p = 0.002) during 12 months observation, for IgG only the decline at 3 months was statistically significant (p = 0.042). Four donors exhibited notable increases in antibody levels. In conclusion, persistent SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies and IgG antibodies at 6–9 months are present in approximately three of four individuals with previous mild to moderate COVID-19.
Published: 2022

5. Accurate serology for SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses using a multiplex approach

Author: van Tol, Sophie, Mögling, Ramona, Li, Wentao, Godeke, Gert-Jan, Swart, Arno, Bergmans, Barbara, Brandenburg, Afke, Kremer, Kristin, Murk, Jean-Luc, van Beek, Josine, Wintermans, Bas, Reimerink, Johan, Bosch, Berend-Jan, Reusken, Chantal, Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, Virologie, and dI&I I&I-1
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Epidemiology, viruses, Coronavirus/blood, serology, Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Viral/blood, Severity of Illness Index, Serology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, COVID-19 Testing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/blood, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology, Drug Discovery, Multiplex, Longitudinal Studies, Antigens, Viral, Coronavirus, education.field_of_study, Nucleocapsid Proteins/blood, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, immune profiling, Articles, General Medicine, Nucleocapsid Proteins, Middle Aged, Spike Glycoprotein, Infectious Diseases, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, Female, micro-array, Antibody, Coronavirus Infections, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, SARS Virus/immunology, Pneumonia, Viral, 030106 microbiology, Immunology, Population, Protein Array Analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Microbiology, Antibodies, Betacoronavirus, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, Neutralization Tests, Virology, medicine, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Humans, Antigens, education, Pandemics, Aged, Betacoronavirus/immunology, Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods, Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Phosphoproteins, Antigens, Viral/blood, 030104 developmental biology, Immunoassay, Viral/diagnosis, biology.protein, Parasitology, business
Abstract: Serology is a crucial part of the public health response to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we describe the development, validation and clinical evaluation of a protein micro-array as a quantitative multiplex immunoassay that can identify S and N-directed SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies with high specificity and sensitivity and distinguish them from all currently circulating human coronaviruses. The method specificity was 100% for SARS-CoV-2 S1 and 96% for N antigen based on extensive syndromic (n=230 cases) and population panel (n=94) testing that also confirmed the high prevalence of seasonal human coronaviruses. To assess its potential role for both SARS-CoV-2 patient diagnostics and population studies, we evaluated a large heterogeneous COVID-19 cohort (n=330) and found an overall sensitivity of 89% (≥ 21 days post onset symptoms (dps)), ranging from 86% to 96% depending on severity of disease. For a subset of these patients longitudinal samples were provided up to 56 dps. Mild cases showed absent or delayed, and lower SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. Overall, we present the development and extensive clinical validation of a multiplex coronavirus serological assay for syndromic testing, to answer research questions regarding to antibody responses, to support SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and to evaluate epidemiological developments efficiently and with high-throughput.
Published: 2020

6. Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Author: Obbina Abani, Ali Abbas, Fatima Abbas, Mustafa Abbas, Sadia Abbasi, Hakam Abbass, Alfie Abbott, Nabeel Abdallah, Ashraf Abdelaziz, Mohamed Abdelfattah, Bushra Abdelqader, Basir Abdul, Althaf Abdul Rasheed, Ajibode Abdulakeem, Rezan Abdul-Kadir, Abdullah Abdullah, Abdulfatahi Abdulmumeen, Rasheed Abdul-Raheem, Niyaz Abdulshukkoor, Kula Abdusamad, Yazeed Abed El Khaleq, Mai Abedalla, Abeer Ul-Amna, Katrina Abernethy, Adebanke Aboaba, Hani Abo-Leyah, Ahmed Abou-Haggar, Mahmoud Abouibrahim, Miriam Abraham, Tizzy Abraham, Abraheem Abraheem, Judith Abrams, Hyacinth-John Abu, Ahmed Abu-Arafeh, Syed M Abubacker, Akata Abung, Yaa Aceampong, Amaka Achara, Devikumar Acharya, Sarah Acheampong, Janet Acheson, Andres Acosta, Catherine Acton, Jacqueline Adabie-Ankrah, Fiona Adam, Matthew Adam, Huzaifa Adamali, Carol Adams, Charlotte Adams, Kate Adams, Richard Adams, Tim Adams, Krishma Adatia, Kirsty Adcock, Ade Adebiyi, Ken Adegoke, Vicki Adell, Sherna Adenwalla, Oluwasegun A Adesemoye, Emmanuel O Adewunmi, Joyce Adeyemi, Binay Adhikari, Rina Adhikary, Gabrielle Adkins, Adnan Adnan, John Aeron-Thomas, Debbie Affleck, Carmel Afnan, Muhammad Afridi, Zainab A Aftab, Meenakshi Agarwal, Rachel Agbeko, Chris Agbo, Sunil Aggarwal, Arameh Aghababaie, Shafana Ahamed Sadiq, Mohamed H Ahammed Nazeer, Mohammad Ahmad, Syed Ahmad, Asim Ahmed, Bilal Ahmed, Forizuddin Ahmed, Hamze Ahmed, Irshad Ahmed, Khaled Ahmed, Liban Ahmed, Mahin Ahmed, Maria C Ahmed, Muhammad S Ahmed, Naseer Ahmed, Nausheen Ahmed, Osama Ahmed, Rajia A Ahmed, Rizwan Ahmed, Saif Ahmed, Sammiya Ahmed, Syed Ahmed, Syed Haris Ahmed, Roa Ahmed Ali, Sana Ahmed, Sana Ahmer, Dhiraj Ail, Mark Ainsworth, Myriam Aissa, Lindianne Aitken, Bini Ajay, Abdulakeem Ajibode, Ayesha Ajmi, Nasim Akhtar, Nauman Akhtar, Suha Akili, Oludoyinsola Akindolie, Yinka Akinfenwa, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Ibrahim Akinpelu, Olugbenro Aktinade, Ahmad S A R Al Aaraj, Asma Al Balushi, Majd Al Dakhola, Aladdin Al Swaifi, Eslam Al-Abadi, Narendra Aladangady, Ayaz Alam, Sajid Alam, Abbas Al-Asadi, Kyriaki Alatzoglou, Paul Albert, Lorraine Albon, Gemma Alcorn, Stephen Alcorn, Aggie Aldana, David Alderdice, Rayan Aldouri, Jonathan Aldridge, Nicolas Aldridge, Ana Alegria, Alison Alexander, John Alexander, Peter D G Alexander, Julyan Al-Fori, Laith Alghazawi, Bahij Al-Hakim, Shams Al-Hity, Ali Ali, Asad Ali, Fawzia R Ali, Jawad Ali, Mariam Ali, Mohammad Ali, Nayab Ali, Oudai Ali, Sakina Ali, Syed Ali, Abid Alina, Fine Aliyuda, Katrin Alizadeh, Maithem Al-Jibury, Saba Al-Juboori, Majid Al-Khalil, Moutaz Alkhusheh, Fiona Allan, Alison Allanson, Robert Allcock, Eireann Allen, Kerry Allen, Louise Allen, Poppy Allen, Rebecca Allen, Sam Allen, Sharon Allen, Simon Allen, Kathryn Allison, Bethan Allman, Lynne Allsop, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Magda Al-Obaidi, Lina Alomari, Akram Al-Rabahi, Bahar Al-Ramadhani, Zayneb Al-Saadi, Inji Alshaer, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Warkaq Al-Shamkhani, Bashar Al-Sheklly, Sara Altaf, Mary Alvarez, Maysaa Alzetani, Susan Amamou, Noor Amar, Sakkarai Ambalavanan, Robert Ambrogetti, Chris Ambrose, Amir Ameen, Maria R Amezaga, Allison Amin, Amina Amin, Kanish Amin, Syed Amin, Tara Amin, Amjad Amjad, Neelma Amjad, Victoria Amosun, Khaled Amsha, Pugh Amy, Atul Anand, Samantha Anandappa, Julie Anderson, Laura Anderson, Michelle Anderson, Nicola Anderson, Rachel Anderson, Rory Anderson, Wendy Anderson, Prematie Andreou, Angela Andrews, Antonette Andrews, Jill Andrews, Kanayochukwu Aneke, Andrew Ang, Wan Wei Ang, Tammy Angel, Aramburo Angela, Paola Angelini, Lazarus Anguvaa, Oleg Anichtchik, Millicent Anim-Somuah, Krishnan Aniruddhan, Jessica Annett, Louise Anning, Patrick J Anstey, Rebekah Anstey, Alpha Anthony, Aaron Anthony-Pillai, Philip Antill, Zhelyazkova Antonina, Varghese Anu, Muhammad Anwar, Aristeidis Apostolopoulos, Sarah Appleby, Diane Appleyard, Maia Far Aquino, Bianca Araba, Samuel Aransiola, Mariana Araujo, Ann Archer, Denise Archer, Simon Archer, Christian Ardley, Ana-Maria Arias, Ryoki Arimoto, Charlotte Arkley, Charlotte Armah, Ilianna Armata, Adam Armitage, Ceri Armstrong, Maureen Armstrong, Sonia Armstrong, Philippa Armtrong, Heike Arndt, Clare Arnison-Newgass, David Arnold, Rachael Arnold, Dhawal Arora, Kavan Arora, Pardeep Arora, Rishi Arora, Arslam Arter, Ayush Arya, Rita Arya, Denisa Asandei, Adeeba Asghar, Catherine Ashbrook-Raby, Helen Ashby, Jan Ashcroft, John Ashcroft, Samuel Ashcroft, Georgia Asher, Ayesha Ashfaq, Abdul Ashish, Sally Ashman-Flavell, Sundar Ashok, Abd-El-Aziz Ashour, Muhammad Z Ashraf, Saima Ashraf, Mohammad B Ashraq, Deborah Ashton, Susan Ashton, Andrew Ashworth, Rebecca Ashworth, Arshia Aslam, Harshini Asogan, Atif Asrar, Omar Assaf, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Deborah Athorne, Billie Atkins, Christopher Atkins, Stacey Atkins, John Atkinson, Vicki Atkinson, Brygitta Atraskiewicz, Abdul A Attia, Paula Aubrey, Avinash Aujayeb, Aye CT Aung, Hnin Aung, Kyaw T Aung, Yin Aung, Zaw M Aung, Emily Austin, Karen Austin, Abdusshakur Auwal, Miriam Avery, Nicholas Aveyard, Joanne Avis, Georgina Aviss, Cristina Avram, Paula Avram, Gabriel Awadzi, Atia Awan, Aszad Aya, Eman Ayaz, Amanda Ayers, Jawwad Azam, Mohammed Azharuddin, Ghazala Aziz, N Aziz, Ali Azkoul, Ashaari Azman Shah, Giada Azzopardi, Hocine Azzoug, Fiyinfoluwa Babatunde, Melvin Babi, Babiker Babiker, Gayna Babington, Matthew Babirecki, Marta Babores, Adetona O Babs-Osibodu, Sammy Bacciarelli, Roudi Bachar, Gina Bacon, Jenny Bacon, Bibi Badal, Gurpreet R Badhan, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Joseph P Bae, Alice Baggaley, Amy Baggott, Graham Bagley, Dinesh Bagmane, Lynsey Bagshaw, Kasra Bahadori, James Bailey, Katie Bailey, Lindsey Bailey, Liz Bailey, Morgan Bailey, Pippa Bailey, Sarah Bailey, Hamish Baillie, J Kenneth Baillie, Jennifer Bain, Vikram Bains, David Baird, Kevin Baird, Susan Baird, Tracy Baird, Yolanda Baird, Aiysha Bajandouh, Evelyn Baker, Johanne Baker, Josephine Baker, Kenneth Baker, Rebecca Baker, Terri-Anne Baker, Victoria Baker, Hugh Bakere, Nawar Bakerly, Michelle Baker-Moffatt, Nauman Bakhtiar, Panos Bakoulas, Niranjan Balachandran, Andrea Balan, Theodosios Balaskas, Madhu Balasubramaniam, Alison Balcombe, Alexander Baldwin, Ashley Baldwin, Caron Baldwin, Danielle Baldwin, Rebekah Baldwin-Jones, James Balfour, Matthew Ball, K Ballard, Ismael Balluz, Craig Balmforth, Emese Balogh, Amir Baluwala, Gabby Bambridge, Alasdair Bamford, Amy Bamford, Peter Bamford, Adefunke Bamgboye, Elizabeth Bancroft, Hollie Bancroft, Joyce Banda, Krishna Bandaru, Srini Bandi, Nageswar Bandla, Somaditya Bandyopadhyam, Amit Banerjee, Ritwik Banerjee, Harrison Banks, Luke Banks, Paul Banks, Oliver Bannister, Laura Banton, Tran Bao, Mariamma Baptist, Tanya Baqai, Ananya M Baral, Desislava Baramova, Russel Barber, Emma Barbon, Miriam Barbosa, Monica Barbosa, Jamie Barbour, Alexander Barclay, Claire Barclay, George Bardsley, Stephanie Bareford, Shahedal Bari, Morris Barimbing, Amy Barker, Debbie Barker, Helen Barker, Joseph Barker, Leon Barker, Oliver Barker, Kerry Barker-Williams, Sinha Barkha, Juliana Barla, Gavin Barlow, Richard Barlow, Valerie Barlow, James Barnacle, Alex Barnard, Debi Barnes, Nicky Barnes, Theresa Barnes, Calum Barnetson, Amy Barnett, Ashton Barnett-Vanes, William Barnsley, Andrew Barr, David Barr, Shaney Barratt, Manuella Barrera, Amy Barrett, Fiona Barrett, Jessica Barrett, Jazz Bartholomew, Claire Bartlett, Georgina Bartlett, Greg Barton, Jill Barton, Lorna Barton, Rachael Barton, Rosaleen Baruah, Sonia Baryschpolec, Archana Bashyal, Betsy Basker, Buddha Basnyat, Ayten Basoglu, John Bassett, G Bassett, Chris Bassford, Bengisu Bassoy, Victoria Bastion, Anup Bastola, Anupam Basumatary, Tristan Bate, Harry J Bateman, Kathryn Bateman, Vhairi Bateman, Eleanor Bates, Hayley Bates, Michelle Bates, Simon Bates, Sally Batham, Ana Batista, Amit Batla, Dushyant Batra, Harry Batty, Thomas Batty, Miranda Baum, Rachel Baumber, Carina Bautista, Fareha Bawa, Fatima S Bawani, Simon Bax, Matt Baxter, Nicola Baxter, Zachary Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Farid Bazari, Rohit Bazaz, Ahmad Bazli, Laura Beacham, Wendy Beadles, Philip Beak, Andy Beale, Jack Bearpark, Karen Beaumont, Dawn Beaumont-Jewell, Theresa Beaver, Sarah Beavis, Christy Beazley, Sarah Beck, Virginia Beckett, Rosie Beckitt, Heidi Beddall, Seonaid Beddows, Deborah Beeby, Gail Beech, Michelle Beecroft, Sally Beer, Jane Beety, Gabriela Bega, Alison Begg, Susan Begg, Sara Beghini, Ayesha Begum, Salman Begum, Selina Begum, Teresa Behan, Roya Behrouzi, Jon Beishon, Claire Beith, James Belcher, Holly Belfield, Katherine Belfield, Ajay Belgaumkar, Dina Bell, Gareth Bell, Gillian Bell, Lauren Bell, Louise Bell, Nicholas Bell, Pippa Bell, Stephanie Bell, Jennifer L Bell, Jennifer Bellamu, Mary Bellamy, Arianna Bellini, Amanda Bellis, Fionn Bellis, Lesley Bendall, Naveena Benesh, Nicola Benetti, Leonie Benham, Guy Benison-Horner, Ann Bennett, Caroline Bennett, Gillian Bennett, Kristopher Bennett, Lorraine Bennett, Sara Bennett, Karen Bennion, Vivienne Benson, Andrew Bentley, James Bentley, Ian Benton, Eva Beranova, Matthew Beresford, Colin Bergin, Malin Bergstrom, Jolanta Bernatoniene, Thomas Berriman, Zoe Berry, Kimberley Best, Ans-Mari Bester, Yvonne Beuvink, Emily Bevan, Sarah Bevins, Tom Bewick, Andrew Bexley, Sonay Beyatli, Fenella Beynon, Arjun Bhadi, Sanjay Bhagani, Shiv Bhakta, Rekha Bhalla, Khushpreet Bhandal, Kulbinder Bhandal, Ashwin Bhandari, Sangam Bhandari, Aashutosh Bhanot, Ravina Bhanot, Prashanth Bhat, Rahul Bhatnagar, Karan Bhatt, Janki Bhayani, Deepika Bhojwani, Salimuzzaman Bhuiyan, Anna Bibby, Fatima Bibi, Naheeda Bibi, Salma Bibi, Tihana Bicanic, Sarah Bidgood, Julie Bigg, Sarah Biggs, Alphonsa Biju, Andras Bikov, Sophie Billingham, Jessica Billings, Alice Binns, Muhammad BinRofaie, Oliver Bintcliffe, Catherine Birch, Jenny Birch, Katherine Birchall, Sam Bird, Sumedha Bird, Mark Birt, Kilanalei Bishop, Linda Bishop, Lisa Bishop, Karen Bisnauthsing, Nibedan Biswas, Sahar Biuk, Karen Blachford, Ethel Black, Helen Black, Karen Black, Mairead Black, Polly Black, Hayley Blackgrove, Bethan Blackledge, Joanne Blackler, Samantha Blackley, Helen Blackman, Caroline Blackstock, Francesca Blakemore, Helen Blamey, Alison Bland, Sujata Blane, Simon Blankley, Parry Blaxill, Katie Blaylock, Jane Blazeby, Natalie Blencowe, Ben Bloom, Jack Bloomfield, Angela Bloss, Hannah Bloxham, Louise Blundell, Andrew Blunsum, Mark Blunt, Ian Blyth, Kevin Blyth, Andrew Blythe, Karen Blythe, Marilyn Boampoaa, Boniface Bobie, Karen Bobruk, Pritesh N Bodalia, Neena Bodasing, Tanya Bodenham, Gabriele Boehmer, Marta Boffito, Kristyna Bohmova, Niamh Bohnacker, Sumit Bokhandi, Maria Bokhar, Saba Bokhari, Sakina Bokhari, Syed O Bokhari, Ambrose Boles, Charlotte Bond, Helena Bond, Stuart Bond, Thomas Bond, Alice Bone, Georgia Boniface, Lizzy Bonney, Sarah Boot, Joanne Borbone, Naomi Borman, Mamu Boshir, Fiona Bottrill, Laura Bough, Hayley Boughton, Zoe Boult, Miriam Bourke, Stephen Bourke, Michelle Bourne, Rachel Bousfield, Lucy Boustred, Alexandra Bowes, Amy Bowes, Philip Bowker, Louise Bowman, Simon Bowman, Rachel Bowmer, Angie Bowring, Helen Bowyer, Aileen Boyd, Jenny Boyd, Laura Boyd, Namoi Boyle, Pauline Boyle, Rosalind Boyle, Louise Boyles, Leanna Brace, Jodie Bradder, Clare J Bradley, Pamela Bradley, Patrick Bradley, Paul Bradley, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Lynne Bradshaw, Zena Bradshaw, Rebecca Brady, Shirin Brady, Denise Braganza, Marie Branch, Thomas Brankin-Frisby, Jamie Brannigan, Sophie Brattan, Fiona Bray, Nancy Bray, Manny Brazil, Lucy Brear, Tracy Brear, Stephen Brearey, Laura Bremner, Morwenna Brend, Giovanna Bretland, Chris Brewer, Gavin Bridgwood, Sara Brigham, John Bright, Chris Brightling, Lutece Brimfield, Elaine Brinkworth, Robin Brittain-Long, Vianne Britten, Lauren Broad, Sarah Broad, Rosie Broadhurst, Andrew Broadley, Marie Broadway, Christopher Brockelsby, Megan Brocken, Tomos Brockley, Mary Brodsky, Fiona Brogan, Liz Brohan, Felicity Brokke, Jacob Brolly, David Bromley, Hannah Brooke-Ball, Verity 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Caroline Burchett, Dorota Burda, Christy Burden, Thomas G Burden, Mika Burgess, Richard Burgess, Sophia Burgess, Adrian Burman, Sara Burnard, Caroline Burnett, Amy Burns, Collette Burns, James Burns, Karen Burns, Daniel Burrage, Kate Burrows, Claire Burston, Ben Burton, Fiona Burton, Matthew Burton, Deborah Butcher, Aaron Butler, Jessica Butler, Joanne Butler, Joshua Butler, Peter Butler, Susan Butler, Al-Tahoor Butt, Mohammad M Butt, Caryl Butterworth, Nicola Butterworth-Cowin, Robert Buttery, Tom Buttle, Heather Button, Daniel Buttress, Jane Byrne, Wendy Byrne, Victoria Byrne-Watts, Amanda Cabandugama, Ruth Cade, Anthony Cadwgan, Ajeng Cahyareny, Donna Cairney, James Calderwood, Darren Caldow, Giorgio Calisti, Debbie Callaghan, Jennifer Callaghan, Claire Callens, Donaldson Callum, Caroline Calver, Melissa Cambell-Kelly, Tracey Camburn, David R Cameron, Eleanor Cameron, Fraser Cameron, Sarah Cameron, Sheena Cameron, Christian Camm, Renee F D Cammack, Alison Campbell, Amy Campbell, Barbara Campbell, Bridget Campbell, Debbie Campbell, Helen Campbell, Hilary Campbell, Jonathan Campbell, Mark Campbell, Robyn Campbell, Wynny Campbell, Quentin Campbell Hewson, Julie Camsooksai, Lisa Canclini, Shaula M Candido, Janie Candlish, Cielito Caneja, Alexandra Cann, Johnathon Cann, Ruby Cannan, Emma Cannon, Michael Cannon, Petra Cannon, Vivienne Cannons, Jane Cantliff, Ben Caplin, Santino Capocci, Noemi Caponi, Angelika Capp, Thomas Capstick, Mary Cardwell, Rachel Carey, Simon Carley, Tammy Carlin, Samantha Carmichael, Mandy Carnahan, Charlotte Caroline, Jodi Carpenter, Sharon Carr, Anna Carrasco, Zoe Carrington, Amy Carroll, Paul Carroll, Jonathan Carter, Michael Carter, Paul Carter, Penny Carter, Douglas Cartwright, Jo-Anne Cartwright, Claire Carty, Jaime Carungcong, Susan Casey, Annie Cassells, Teresa Castiello, Gail Castle, Bridget Castles, Melanie Caswell, Ana Maria Catana, Heidi Cate, Susanne Cathcart, Katrina Cathie, Christine Catley, Laura Catlow, Matthew Caudwell, Anna Cavazza, Luke Cave, Simon Cavinato, Frianne Cawa, Kathryn Cawley, Chloe Caws, Hankins Cendl, Hannah Century, Jeva Cernova, Mansur Cesay, Ed Cetti, Stephanie Chabane, Manish Chablani, Cathleen Chabo, David Chadwick, Julie Chadwick, Robert Chadwick, Ela Chakkarapani, Arup Chakraborty, Mallinath Chakraborty, Mollika Chakravorty, Bimal Chalise, James Chalmers, Richard Chalmers, Georgina Chamberlain, Sarah Chamberlain, Emma Chambers, Jonathan Chambers, Lucy Chambers, Naomi Chambers, Alex Chan, Carmen Chan, Cheuk Chan, Evelyn Chan, Kayen Chan, Kimberley Chan, Ping Chan, Rebekah (Pui-Ching) Chan, Xin Hui S Chan, Chris Chandler, Heidi Chandler, Kim J Chandler, Stuart Chandler, Zoe Chandler, Sumit Chandra, Navin Chandran, Badrinathan Chandrasekaran, Yvonne Chang, Josephine Chaplin, Graeme Chapman, John Chapman, Katie Chapman, Laura Chapman, Lianne Chapman, Polly Chapman, Timothy Chapman, Lucy C Chappell, Lucy Chappell, Amanda Charalambou, Bethan Charles, Dianne Charlton, Kevin Chatar, Calvin Chatha, Ritesh Chaube, Muhammad Y N Chaudhary, Iram Chaudhry, Nazia Chaudhuri, Muhammad Chaudhury, Anoop Chauhan, Ruchi Singh Chauhan, Nicola Chavasse, Vipal Chawla, Lindsay Cheater, James Cheaveau, Charlotte Cheeld, Michelle Cheeseman, Fang Chen, Hui Min Chen, Terence Chen, Floria Cheng, Lok Yin Cheng, Zhihang Cheng, Helen Chenoweth, Chun How Cheong, Shiney Cherian, Mary Cherrie, Helen Cheshire, Chee Kay Cheung, Elaine Cheung, Michelle Cheung, Claire Cheyne, Swati Chhabra, Wei Ling Chia, Eric Chiang, Angela Chiapparino, Rosavic Chicano, Zviedzo A Chikwanha, Sam Chilcott, Phillipa Chimbo, KokWai Chin, Wen Jie Chin, Rumbidzai Chineka, Amol Chingale, Heather Chisem, Claire Chisenga, Ben Chisnall, Carolyn Chiswick, Sunder Chita, Nihil Chitalia, Matthew Chiu, Brenda Chivima, Catherine Chmiel, Soha Choi, Willy Choon Kon Yune, Vandana Choudhary, Sarah Choudhury, Bing-Lun Chow, Mahibbur Chowdhury, Shahid Chowdhury, Victoria Christenssen, Peter Christian, Alexander Christides, Fiona 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Rhys Davies, Ruth Davies, Sarah Davies, Simon Davies, Alison Davis, Gwyneth Davis, Illinos Davis, Julie-Ann Davis, Katherine Davis, Peter Davis, Alexander Davison, Christine Dawe, H Dawe, Mark Dawkins, Danielle Dawson, Elizabeth Dawson, Joy Dawson, Susan Dawson, Tom Dawson, Andrew Daxter, Andrew Day, Jacob Day, Jeremy N Day, Jamie D'Costa, Parijat De, Duneesha de Fonseka, Toni de Freitas, Frederico De Santana Miranda, Eleanor de Sausmarez, Shanika de Silva, Thushan de Silva, Jessica De Sousa, Paulo De Sousa, James de Souza, Anthony De Soyza, Natasha de Vere, Johannes de Vos, Bethan Deacon, Sharon Dealing, Anna Dean, Julie Dean, Katrina Dean, Stephen Dean, Tessa Dean, Jill Deane, James Dear, Effie Dearden, Alison Deary, Catherine Deas, Samuel Debbie, Gabor Debreceni, Vashist Deelchand, Matthew Deeley, Joanne Deery, Emmanuel Defever, Manuela Del Forno, Arnold Dela Rosa, Amanda Dell, Carrie Demetriou, David DeMets, Jane Democratis, Jacqueline Denham, Emmanuelle Denis, Laura Denley, Craig 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Elfar, Mayy M Elgamal, Amr Elgohary, Stellios Elia, Jennifer Elias, Tania Elias, Nadia Elkaram, Andrew V Elkins, Julie Ellam, Nikki Ellard, Laura N Ellerton, Lucy Elliot, Amy Elliott, Fiona Elliott, Kerry Elliott, Scott Elliott, Annie Ellis, Christine Ellis, Kaytie Ellis, Tak-Yan Ellis, Yvette Ellis, Rahma Elmahdi, Einas Elmahi, Hannah-May Elmasry, Najla Elndari, Omer Elneima, Mohamed Elokl, Ahmed Elradi, Mohamed Elsaadany, Sally El-Sayeh, Hana El-Sbahi, Tarek Elsefi, Karim El-Shakankery, Hosni El-Taweel, Sarah Elyoussfi, Jonathan Emberey, Jonathan R Emberson, John Emberton, Julian Emmanuel, Ingrid Emmerson, Michael Emms, Florence Emond, Marieke Emonts, Nicu Enachi, Angila Engden, Katy English, Emma Entwistle, Hene Enyi, Marios Erotocritou, Peter Eskander, Hanif Esmail, Lise Estcourt, Brynach Evans, Chris Evans, Debra Evans, Gail Evans, Gareth Evans, Jennifer Evans, Jolanta Evans, Lisa Evans, Lynn Evans, Mim Evans, Morgan Evans, Ranoromanana Evans, Teriann Evans, Terry J Evans, Caroline Everden, Serenydd Everden, Hayley Evison, Lynsey Evison, David Eyre, Jacqueline Faccenda, Leila Fahel, Youstina Fahmay, Sara Fairbairn, Terry Fairbairn, Andy Fairclough, Louise Fairlie, Mark Fairweather, Anne Fajardo, Naomi Falcone, Euan Falconer, John Fallon, Andrea Fallow, David Faluyi, Victoria Fancois, Qayyum Farah, Nowin Z Fard, Leila Fares, Amr Farg, Adam Farmer, Katie Farmer, Toni Farmery, Samantha Farnworth, Faiyaz Farook, Hadia Farooq, Sidrah Farooq, Fiona Farquhar, Aaron Farrell, Barbara Farrell, James Farthing, Syeda Farzana, Rahmatu Fasina, Azam Fatemi, Mina Fatemi, Nibah Fatimah, Maria Faulkner, Saul N Faust, Joe Fawke, Sinmidele Fawohunre, Abul Fazal, Simon Fearby, Alex Feben, Federico Fedel, Daria Fedorova, Christopher Fegan, Mae Felongco, Lynsey Felton, Tim Felton, Kate Fenlon, Andrea Fenn, Isabelle Fenner, Ciara Fenton, Melisa Fenton, Cameron Ferguson, Jenny Ferguson, Kathryn Ferguson, Katie Ferguson, Susan Ferguson, Susie Ferguson, Victoria Ferguson, Denzil 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Linda Folkes, Daniela M Font, Aiwyne Foo, Jane Foo, Andrew Foot, Jayne Foot, Jane Forbes, Jamie Ford, Jennifer Foreman, Caroline Fornolles, Adam Forrest, Ellie Forsey, Miranda Forsey, Thomas Forshall, Elliot Forster, Julian Forton, Emily Foster, Joseph Foster, Rachel A Foster, Tracy Foster, Angela Foulds, Ian Foulds, Folakemi Fowe, Emily Fowler, Robert Fowler, Stephen Fowler, Claire Fox, Heather Fox, Jonathan Fox, Lauren Fox, Natalie Fox, Olivia Fox, Simon Fox, Sarah-Jane Foxton, Rebecca Frake, Alex Francioni, Olesya Francis, Rebecca Francis, Sarah Francis, Sasha Francis, Theodora Francis-Bacon, Helen Frankland, Jessica Franklin, Catherine Fraser, Sharon Frayling, Martyn Fredlund, Carol Freeman, Elaine Freeman, Hannah Freeman, Nicola Freeman, Clare Freer, Eleanor French, Matthew Frise, Renate Fromson, Adam Frosh, John Frost, Victoria Frost, Oliver Froud, Rachel Frowd, Arun Fryatt, Bridget Fuller, Liz Fuller, Tracy Fuller, Duncan Fullerton, Carrie Fung, Gayle Fung, Sarah Funnell, John Furness, Andrew Fyfe, Nytianandan G, Elizabeth Gabbitas, Claire Gabriel, Zoë Gabriel, Hadiza Gachi, Joshua Gahir, Sarveen Gajebasia, Katarzyna Gajewska-Knapik, Christopher Gale, Hugo Gale, Rebecca Gale, Swetha Gali, Bernadette Gallagher, Jude Gallagher, Rosie Gallagher, William Gallagher, Joanne Galliford, Catherine Galloway, Chris Galloway, Emma Galloway, Jacqui Galloway, James Galloway, Laura Gamble, Liz Gamble, Brian Gammon, Jaikumar Ganapathi, Ramesh Ganapathy, Kaminiben Gandhi, Sarah Gandhi, Usha Ganesh, Abrar Gani, Emma-James Garden, Antoni D Gardener, Emma Gardiner, Michael Gardiner, Phil Gardiner, Siobhan Gardiner, Caroline Gardiner-Hill, Jonathan Gardner, Mark Garfield, Atul Garg, Nathan Garlick, Justin Garner, Lucie Garner, Zoe Garner, Rosaline Garr, Florence Garty, Rachel Gascoyne, Hyeriju Gashau, Aoife Gatenby, Erin Gaughan, Alok Gaurav, Mariana Gavrila, Jane Gaylard, Emma Gaywood, Catherine Geddie, Ian Gedge, Sarah Gee, Minerva Gellamucho, Karzan Gelly, Leila Gelmon, Sandra Gelves-Zapata, Gemma Genato, Susan Gent, Natalie Geoghegan, Sam George, Tina George, Simon Georges, Domonique Georgiou, Peter Gerard, Leigh Gerdes, Louise Germain, Helen Gerrish, Abel Getachew, Louise Gethin, Hisham Ghanayem, Anca Gherman, Alison Ghosh, Justin Ghosh, Sudhamay Ghosh, Sarra Giannopoulou, Malick Gibani, Ben Gibbison, Kerry Gibbons, Alex Gibson, Bethan Gibson, Kimberley Gibson, Kirsty Gibson, Sian Gibson, Cat Gilbert, Jeanette Gilbert, Kayleigh Gilbert, Benjamin Giles, Mandy Gill, Lynne Gill, Paul Gillen, Annelies Gillesen, Katherine Gillespie, Elizabeth Gillham, Andrew Gillian, Deborah Gilliland, Robert Gillott, Danielle Gilmour, Kate Gilmour, Franciscus Ginting, Theodora Giokanini-Royal, Anna Gipson, Joanna Girling, Rhian Gisby, Angelena Gkioni, Aikaterini Gkoritsa, Effrossyni Gkrania-Klotsas, Amy Gladwell, James Glanville, Jessica Glasgow, Susannah Glasgow, Jon Glass, Lynn Glass, Sharon Glaysher, Lisa Gledhill, Ana Glennon, John Glover, Kyle Glover, Jan Glover Bengtsson, Deborah Glowski, Chevanthy Gnanalingam, Julie Goddard, Wendy Goddard, Emily Godden, Jo Godden, Emma Godson, Sukanya Gogoi, Aiky Goh, Rebeca Goiriz, Sriya Gokaraju, Raphael Goldacre, Arthur Goldsmith, Portia Goldsmith, Darren Gomersall, Lucia Gomez, Raquel Gomez-Marcos, Ali Gondal, Celia Gonzalez, Jack Goodall, Bob Goodenough, Laura Goodfellow, James Goodlife, Camelia Goodwin, Elizabeth Goodwin, Jayne Goodwin, Paula Goodyear, Rajiv Gooentilleke, Michelle Goonasekara, Sheila Gooseman, Shameer Gopal, Sally Gordon, Robin Gore, Hugh Gorick, Caitlin Gorman, Claire Gorman, Stuart Gormely, Diana Gorog, Michelle Gorst, Thomas Gorsuch, Jayshreebahen Gosai, Rebecca Gosling, Sally Gosling, Georgina Gosney, Vanessa Goss, Dzintars Gotham, Naomi Gott, Elizabeth Goudie, Susan Gould, Lysander Gourbault, Abha Govind, Sharon Gowans, Girish Gowda, Rohit Gowda, Hannah Gower, Pankaj Goyal, Sunil Goyal, Sushant Goyal, Clive Graham, Jonathan Graham, Justin Graham, Libby Graham, Sharon Graham, Matthew Graham-Brown, Julia Grahamslaw, Gianluca Grana, Tracyanne Grandison, Louis Grandjean, Alison Grant, Ann Grant, David Grant, Matthew Grant, Pauleen Grant, Rhys Gravell, Jenny Graves, Alasdair Gray, Catherine Gray, Georgina Gray, Jackie Gray, Karen Gray, Nicola Gray, Sebastian Gray, Alan Grayson, Fiona Greaves, Paul Greaves, Alastair Green, Charlotte Green, Christopher A Green, David Green, Frederick Green, Joel Green, Marie Green, Nicola Green, Stacey Green, Diarra Greene, Philippa Greenfield, Alan Greenhalgh, Daniel Greenwood, Sandra Greer, James Gregory, Jane Gregory, Katie Gregory, Tamsin Gregory, Jill Greig, Julia Greig, Rebecca Grenfell, Teena Grenier, Susan Grevatt, Glaxy Grey, Andrew Gribbin, Amy Gribble, Natasha Grieg, Douglas Grieve, Ben Griffin, Denise Griffin, Mel Griffin, Sian Griffith, Andrew Griffiths, Daniel Griffiths, David Griffiths, Donna Griffiths, Isabel Griffiths, Mark Griffiths, Nicola Griffiths, Oliver Griffiths, Sarah Griffiths, Yvonne Griffiths, Sofia 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Fiona McGill, Sarah McGinnity, Hannah McGivern, Neil McGlinchey, Phil McGlone, Deborah McGlynn, Claire McGoldrick, Clare McGoldrick, Elizabeth McGough, Brendan McGrath, Amanda McGregor, Annemarie McGregor, Heather McGuinness, Sean McGuire, Tara McHugh, Caroline McInnes, Neil McInnes, Karen McIntyre, Mhairi McIntyre, Lorna McKay, Conor P McKeag, Madeleine McKee, Joseph McKeever, Shirley McKenna, Donogh McKeogh, Caroline McKerr, Anthony M McKie, Laura Mckie, Gerard McKnight, Heather McLachlan, Andrew McLaren, Barbara McLaren, Nicola McLarty, Maria McLaughlin, James McLay, Mary McLeish, Tina McLennan, Stewart McLure, Anne-Marie McMahon, Genevieve McMahon, Mike McMahon, Stephen McMahon, Terence McManus, Moyra McMaster, Paddy McMaster, Samuel McMeekin, Nicola McMillan, Jason McMinn, Liam McMorrow, Helen McNally, Fiona McNeela, Lynne McNeil, Claire McNeill, Shea McNeill, Una McNelis, Melanie McNulty, Roisin McNulty, Christopher McParland, Mark McPhail, Alison McQueen, Anna McSkeane, Denise 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Abdelrahman Mohamed, Arez Mohamed, Osab Mohamed, Waheed Mohammad, Aliabdulla Mohammed, Omer Mohammed, Yaser N S Mohammed, Bilal A Mohamud, Amr Moharram, Hoi-Ping Mok, Jonathan Mok, Christine Moller-Christensen, Mateus Mollet, Malid Molloholli, Aoife Molloy, Linda Molloy, Andrew Molyneux, Tasnim Momoniat, Holly Monaghan, Krista Monaghan, Shiva Mongolu, Tesha Monika, Katelyn Monsell, Mahmoud Montasser, Alan Montgomery, Hugh Montgomery, Prebashan Moodley, Margaret Moody, Nick Moody, Angela Moon, James Moon, Ji-Hye Moon, Maria Moon, May Moonan, Parvez Moondi, Alex Moore, Christopher Moore, David A J Moore, Faye Moore, Judith Moore, Laura Moore, Sally Moore, Sonia Moore, Rachel Moores, Ed Morab, Jose Morales, Nuria Moramorell, Louise Moran, Grishma Moray, Jeronimo Moreno-Cuesta, Amy Morgan, Caitlin Morgan, Christine Morgan, Colin Morgan, Lauren Morgan, Leila Morgan, Matthew Morgan, Patrick Morgan, Katie Morgan-Jones, Emily Morgan-Smith, Anna Morley, Thomas Morley, Wendy Morley, Anna Morris, 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Gireesha Naik, Rishi Naik, Samir Naik, Devu S Nair, Rajiv Nair, Tanushree Nair, Jay Naisbitt, Kerry Naismith, Sri Nallapareddy, Soum Nallapeta, Arumugan Nallasivan, Uttam Nanda, Aarti Nandani, Ali Raza Naqvi, Asadullah Naqvi, Sara Naqvi, Sophia Nasa, Dominic Nash, Nader Nasheed, Abdul Nasimudeen, Umer Nasir, Tahir Nasser, Anuja Natarajan, Geetha Natarajan, Nalin Natarajan, Nikhila Natarajan, Rajkumar Natarajan, Noel Nathaniel, Mala Nathvani, Priyan Nathwani, George Nava, Neena Navaneetham, Jeya Navaratnam, Helen Navarra, Sadaf Naveed, John Navin, Khuteja Nawaz, Sarfaraz Nawaz, Shasta Nawaz, Bonilla Nayar, Suzanne Naylor, Moez Nayyar, Farrah Naz, Mobeena Naz, Babak Nazari, S Nazir, Sehar Nazir, Dumisani Ncomanzi, Onyine Ndefo, Alan Neal, Elaine Neary, Mostafa Negmeldin, Paula Neill, Hector E Neils, Avideah Nejad, Louise Nel, Marie Nelson, Richard Nelson, Scott Nelson, Erni Nelwan, Rajesh Nemane, Samiksha Nepal, Daniel Nethercott, Kimberley Netherton, Kimberley Nettleton, Alison Newby, Angela Newby, David Newby, Tracy Newcombe, Diana Newman, Julie Newman, Oscar Newman, Tabitha Newman, Thomas Newman, Rachel Newport, Maria Newton, Anthony Y K C Ng, Ka Wing Ng, Maxine Ng, Sarah Ng, Wee Jin Ng, Thomas Ngan, Gabriel CE Ngui, Alice Ngumo, Caoimhe Nic Fhogartaigh, Nathalie Nicholas, Philip Nicholas, Donna Nicholls, Lisa Nicholls, Alice Nicholson, Anne Nicholson, Annette Nicholson, Ian Nickson, Eileen Nicol, Elizabeth Nicol, Rebecca Nicol, Pantelis Nicola, Antony Nicoll, Pantzaris Nikolaos, Georgii Nikonovich, Annette Nilsson, Kofi Nimako, Louise Nimako, Camus Nimmo, Preethy Ninan, Mahesh Nirmalan, Muhammad Nisar, Toby Nisbett, Aksinya Nisha James, Sabaahat Nishat, Tomoko Nishiyama, Sara Nix, Jennifer Nixon, Maxine Nixon, Khwaja Nizam Ud Din, Maria Nizami, Lyrics Noba, Harriet Noble, Hsu M Noe, Jerry Nolan, Zahid Noor, Zaid Noori, Louis Norman, Rachel Norman, Karen Norris, Lillian Norris, Sally Ann Nortcliffe, Fiona North, Julie North, Thomas North, John Northfield, Samantha 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Snehal Shah, Suraj Shah, Syed Shah, Wajid Shah, Saarma Shahad, Sousan Shahi, Sipan Shahnazari, Muhammad Shahzeb, Aisha Shaibu, Zara Shaida, Amina Y Shaikh, Maliha Shaikh, Rajit Shail, Mariya Shaji, Muhammad Shakeel, Korah Shalan, Nadia Shamim, Kazi Shams, Thomas Shanahan, Hamed Sharaf, Asir Sharif, Ajay Sharma, Ash Sharma, Bhawna Sharma, Mona Sharma, Ojasvi Sharma, Poonam Sharma, Rajeev Sharma, Sanjeev Sharma, Sarkhara Sharma, Shriv Sharma, Sonal Sharma, Alexander Sharp, Charles Sharp, Gemma Sharp, Paula Sharratt, Phoebe Sharratt, Katherine Sharrocks, Serene Shashaa, Christopher Shaw, Daisy Shaw, David Shaw, Deborah Shaw, Joanne Shaw, Jonathon Shaw, Lisa Shaw, Tomos G Shaw, Anna Shawcross, Jill Shawe, Lou Shayler, Sophy Shedwell, Jonathan Sheffield, Zak Shehata, Arshiya Sheik, Asif Sheikh, Noorann Sheikh, Benjamin Shelley, Sarah Shelton, Anil Shenoy, Julie Shenton, Amy Shepherd, Kate Shepherd, Lorna Shepherd, Scott Shepherd, Rhian Sheppeard, Helen Sheridan, Ray Sheridan, Samuel Sherridan, Leanne Sherris, Susanna Sherwin, Shaad Shibly, Chiaki Shioi, Anand Shirgaonkar, Kim Shirley, Adebusola Shonubi, Rob Shortman, Rohan Shotton, Sarah Shotton, Ervin Shpuza, Anil Shrestha, Apurba Shrestha, Nora Shrestha, Suchita Shrestha, Karen Shuker, Jack Shurmer, Gilbert Siame, Loria Siamia, Seshnag Siddavaram, Nasir Siddique, Sohail Siddique, Nyma Sikondari, Claudia Silva Moniz, Malcolm Sim, Theresa Simangan, Vimbai Simbi, Robert Sime, Oliver Simmons, Richard Simms, Merritt Simon, Natalie Simon, Angela Simpson, Anna Simpson, Danny Simpson, Georgina Simpson, Joanne Simpson, Kerry Simpson, Phillip Simpson, Thomas Simpson, Kathryn Simpson, Cindy Sing, Ankita Singh, Claire Singh, Jayaprakash Singh, Jyoti Singh, Lokeshwar Singh, Manjeet Singh, Nadira Singh, Pankaj Singh, Prabhsimran Singh, Salil Singh, Saurabh Singh, Parag Singhal, Bryan Singizi, Manas Sinha, Utkarsh Sinha, Guy Sisson, Sarah Sithiravel, Karthikadevi Sivakumar, Shanmugasundaram Sivakumar, Darsh Sivakumran, Sivanthi Sivanadarajah, Pasupathy-Rajah Sivasothy, Nicole Skehan, Robert Skelly, Orlagh Skelton, Imogen Skene, Denise Skinner, Tabitha Skinner, Victoria Skinner, Agnieszka Skorko, Iwona Skorupinska, Mariola Skorupinska, Amy Slack, Katie Slack, Wendy Slack, Heather Slade, Mark Slade, Lynda Slater, Nicola Slawson, Andrew Sloan, Brendan Sloan, Derek Sloan, Geraldine Sloane, Benjamin Small, Ellen Small, Samuel Small, Dawn Smalls, Karen D Smallshaw, Andy Smallwood, Carien Smit, Aileen Smith, Alex Smith, Amanda Smith, Amy Smith, Andrew Smith, Catherine Smith, Chris Smith, Christopher Smith, Dominic Smith, Eleanor Smith, Harriet Smith, Hazel Smith, Helen Smith, Jacky Smith, Jessica Smith, Kate Smith, Kerry Smith, Lara Smith, Linda Smith, Lisa Smith, Loren Smith, Maria Smith, Mel Smith, Oliver Smith, Rachel Smith, Rebecca Smith, Richard Smith, Sally Smith, Samantha Smith, Stacey Smith, Stephanie Smith, Susan Smith, Imogen Smith, John Smith, Sue Smolen, Sara Smuts, Naoise Smyth, Annette Snell, David Snell, Luke Snell, Beng So, Michelle Soan, Toluleyi Sobande, Alberto Sobrino Diaz, Basit Sohail, Bina Sohail, Herminder Sohal, Roy Soiza, Olajumoke Solademi, Babak Soleimani, Amanda Solesbury, Reanne Solly, Louise Solomon, Subash Somalanka, Chandrashekaraiah Somashekar, Raj Sonia, Shiu-Ching Soo, Pavandeep Soor, Germanda Soothill, Jennifer Soren, Apina Sothinathan, Pragalathan Sothirajah, Najwa Soussi, Donna Southam, David Southern, Iain Southern, Louise Southern, Sara M Southin, Jessica Southwell, Thomas Southworth, Jason Sowter, Claudia Spalding, Enti Spata, Katie Spears, Mark Spears, Michelle Spence, Branwell Spencer, Gisele Spencer, Sue Spencer, Tom Spencer, Helen Spickett, Jennifer Spillane, William Spiller, Kerry Spinks, Michelle Spinks, Nick Spittle, Janet Spriggs, Oliver Spring, Gemma Squires, Jack Squires, Rebecca Squires, Ram Sreenivasan, Shiva Sreenivasan, K Sri Paranthamen, Ramesh Srinivasan, Asha Srirajamadhuveeti, Vino Srirathan, Sybil Stacpoole, Louise Stadon, Jocasta Staines, Nikki Staines, Katie Stammers, Roxana Stanciu, Grazyna Stanczuk, Robyn Staples, Simon Stapley, Natalie Staplin, Adam Stark, Michelle Starr, Rached Stead, Conor Steele, John Steer, Vergnano Stefania, Paula Stefanowska, Caroline Stemp, Alison Stephens, David Stephensen, Elaine Stephenson, Monique Sterrenburg, Melanie Stevens, Will Stevens, Amy Stevenson, Andrew Stevenson, Lesley Stevenson, Sarah Stevenson, Matthew Steward, Claire Stewart, Colin Stewart, McKenna Stewart, Rachel Stewart, Richard Stewart, Jo Stickley, Gemma Stiller, Sarah Stirrup, Sarah Stock, Alexander Stockdale, Lynne Stockham, Paul Stockton, Emma Stoddard, Chris Stokes, Ben Stone, Roisin Stone, Sarah Stone, Imogen Storey, Kim Storton, Frederick Stourton, Angela Strachan, Catherine Strait, Emma Stratton, Jane Stratton, Sam Straw, Dieter Streit, Emma Stride, Sally Stringer, Sophia Strong-Sheldrake, Siske Struik, Carmel Stuart, Anna Stubbs, Harrison Stubbs, Ann Sturdy, Sharon Sturney, Matt Stuttard, Cristina Suarez, Karuna Subba, Christian P Subbe, Manjula Subramanian, Venkatram Subramanian, Chinari Subudhi, Rebecca Suckling, Srivatsan Sudershan, Peter Sugden, Rudresh Sukla, Ali Suliman, Fatimah Suliman, Sugrah Sultan, Samyukta Sundar, Reka Sundhar, Edmond Sung, Nadia Sunni, Jay Suntharalingam, Amitava Sur, Dharmic Suresh, Shilpa Suresh, Michael Surtees, C Susan, Danielle Suter, Helen Sutherland, Rachel Sutherland, Rebecca Sutherland, Dovile Sutinyte, Deborah Sutton, Sam Sutton, Mihaela Sutu, Marie-Louise Svensson, Sima Svirpliene, Andrew Swain, Rose Swain, Thomas Swaine, Christopher Swales, Tirion Swart, Stephen Sweetman, Samaher Sweity, Ealish Swift, Paul Swift, Pauline Swift, Rachael Swift, Rachel Swingler, Sophie Swinhoe, Katarzyna Swist-Szulik, Luke Swithenbank, Omair Syed, Catriona Sykes, Daisy Sykes, Eliot Sykes, Luke Sylvester, Dominic Symon, Andrew Syndercombe, Zoe Syrimi, Jen Syson, Gemma Szabo, Tamas Szakmany, Megan Szekely, Matthew Szeto, Maria Tadros, Amr Tageldin, Lucy Tague, Hasan Tahir, Muhammad Tahir, Abigail Takyi, Peter Talbot, Alison Talbot -Smith, James Talbot-Ponsonby, Richard Tallent, Bradley Tallon, Phoebe Tamblin-Hopper, Adrian Tan, Bee Theng Tan, Hock Tan, Huey Tan, Keith Tan, WeiTeen Tan, Anand Tana, Christina Tanney, Tabitha Tanqueray, Emma Tanton, Anita Tantri, Hayley Tarft, Priyal Taribagil, Obaid Tarin, Syed Tariq, David Tarpey, Lisa Tarrant, Antonia Tasiou, Margaret L Tate, Kate Tatham, Vera Tavoukjian, Alexander Taylor, Beverley Taylor, Charlie Taylor, David Taylor, Elisabeth Taylor, Janet Taylor, Jennifer Taylor, Joanne Taylor, Julie Taylor, Karen Taylor, Leanne Taylor, Margaret Taylor, Matthew Taylor, Melanie Taylor, Natalie Taylor, Rachael Taylor, Rachel Taylor, Samantha Taylor, Suzanne Taylor, Tracey Taylor, Vicky Taylor, Michelle Taylor-Siddons, Thomas Taynton, Amelia Te, Jessica Teasdale, Julie Tebbutt, Caroline Tee, Rajni Tejwani, Adam Telfer, Vibha Teli, Jennifer Tempany, Julie Temple, Natalie Temple, Helen Tench, Yi He Teoh, Lynne Terrett, Louise Terry, Dariusz Tetla, Shirish Tewari, Daniel Tewkesbury, Joana Texeira, ChiaLing Tey, Clare Thakker, Manish Thakker, Hilary Thatcher, Andrew Thayanandan, Krishna Thazhatheyil, Eaint Thein, Lambrini Theocharidou, Phyu Thet, Kapeendran Thevarajah, Mayooran Thevendra, Nang Thiri Phoo, Yvette Thirlwall, Muthu Thirumaran, Alice Thomas, Andrew Thomas, Caradog Thomas, Emma Thomas, Enson Thomas, Esther Thomas, Helen Thomas, James Thomas, Karen Thomas, Koshy Thomas, Lucy Thomas, Rachel Thomas, Rebecca Thomas, Rhys Thomas, Ruth Thomas, Sarah Thomas, Sherine Thomas, Tessy Thomas, Vicky Thomas, Rhian Thomas-Turner, Catherine Thompson, Christopher Thompson, Clara Thompson, Fiona Thompson, Katharine Thompson, Laura Thompson, Liz Thompson, Luke Thompson, Michael Thompson, Orla Thompson, Rebecca Thompson, Roger Thompson, Nicola Thomson, Natasha Thorn, Charlotte Thorne, Nicola Thorne, Danielle Thornton, Jim Thornton, Richard Thornton, Sara Thornton, Susan Thornton, Thomas Thornton, Tracey Thornton, Christopher Thorpe, Sarah Thorpe, Paradeep Thozthumparambil, Laura Thrasyvoulou, Hannah Thraves, Vicky Thwaiotes, Guy Thwaites, Simon Tiberi, Serena Tieger, Carey Tierney, Caroline Tierney, Mark Tighe, Sorrell Tilbey, Amanda Tiller, John Timerick, Elizabeth Timlick, Alison Timmis, Hayley Timms, Anne-Marie Timoroksa, Samakomva Tinashe, Heather Tinkler, Marianne Tinkler, Myat Tin Trafford, Jacqui Tipper, Helen Tivenan, Helen T-Michael, Anne Todd, Jackie Todd, Stacy Todd, Mohamed Tohfa, Melanie Tolson, Ana Luisa Tomas, Natalia Tomasova, Sharon Tomlin, Simon Tomlins, Jo Tomlinson, James Tonkin, Ivan Tonna, Catherine Toohey, Kirsty Topham, Mathew Topping, Ruhaif Tousis, Peter Tovey, Gareth Towersey, Jill Townley, Alain Townsend, Richard Tozer, Helen Tranter, Christopher Travill, Sarah Traynor, Ascanio Tridente, Sanchia Triggs, Fiona Trim, Alex Trimmings, Tom Trinick, Sven Troedson, Emily Tropman, Amy Trotter, Madeleine Trowsdale Stannard, Nigel Trudgill, Robert Truell, Maria Truslove, Shaun Trussell, Tariq Trussell, Kyriaki Tsakiridou, Christine Tsang, Hoi Pat Tsang, Peter Tsang, Tan Tsawayo, Kyriaki K Tsilimpari, Georgios Tsinaslanidis, Simon Tso, Sally Tucker, Aisha Tufail, Redmond Tully, Grace Tunesi, Killiam Turbitt, Rezon Turel, Tolga Turgut, Claudia Turley, Alison Turnbull, Aine Turner, Ash Turner, Charlotte Turner, Gail Turner, Kate Turner, Kelly Turner, Lucy Turner, Mark Turner, Patricia Turner, Sally Turner, Samantha Turner, Victoria Turner, Sharon Turney, Jon Turvey, Conor Tweed, David Tweed, Rebecca Twemlow, Emma Twohey, Bhavya Tyagi, Vedang Tyagi, Abigail Tyer, Jayne Tyler, Jennifer Tyler, Alison Tyzack, Petros Tzavaras, Mohammad S Uddin, Ruhama Uddin, Ruzena Uddin, Waqar Ul Hassan, Salamat Ullah, Sana Ullah, Sanda Ullah, Ju Um, Athavan Umaipalan, Judith Umeadi, Akudo Umeh, Wilfred Umeojiako, Ben Ummat, Charlotte Underwood, Jonathan Underwood, Adam Unsworth, Veerpal S Uppal, Gerry Upson, Masood Ur Rasool, Sebastian Urruela, Hiromi Uru, Miranda Usher, Rebecca Usher, Alex UsherRea, Andrew Ustianowski, Linda C Vaccari, Uddhav Vaghela, Abhay Vaidya, Bernardas Valecka, Jennifer Valentine, Balan Valeria, Pramodh Vallabhaneni, Luke Vamplew, Ekaterini Vamvakiti, Joannis Vamvakopoulos, Maud van de Venne, Alex van der Meer, Nora van der Stelt, Joseph Vance-Daniel, Rama Vancheeswaran, Samuel I Vandeyoon, Padma Vankayalapati, Piyush Vanmali, Chloe Vansomeren, William Van't Hoff, Sejal Vara, Stehen J Vardy, Anu Varghese, Maria Varghese, William Varney, Giulia Varnier, Valeria Vasadi, Olivia Vass, Vimal Vasu, Vasanthi Vasudevan, Manu Vatish, Heloyes Vayalaman, Christopher Vaz, Niki Veale, Sachuda Veerasamy, Swati Velankar, Luxmi Velauthar, Neyme Veli, Nicola Vella, Anitha Velusamy, Ian Venables, Mavi Venditti, Ramya Venkataramakrishnan, Richard Venn, Robert Venn, Lyn Ventilacion, Joanne Vere, Mark Veres, Stefania Vergnano, Will Verling, Amit Verma, Rachel Vernall, Britney Vernon, Mark Vertue, Jerik Verula, Natalie Vethanayagam, Lucy Veys, Carinna Vickers, Saji Victor, Celine Vidaillac, Jennifer Vidler, Bavithra Vijayakumar, Vinod W Vijayaraghavan Nalini, Brigita Vilcinskaite, Neringa Vilimiene, Lynn Vinall, Sylvia Vinay, Latha Vinayakarao, Rachel Vincent, Rosie Vincent, Pritpal Virdee, Emma Virgilio, Abdullah M Virk, Elisa Visentin, Karunakaran Vithian, Sorice Vittoria, Elena Vlad, Ben Vlies, Alain Vuylsteke, Eleftheria Vyras, Richard Wach, Beverley Wadams, Susan Wadd, Natalia Waddington, Phillip Wade, Kirsten Wadsworth, Syed E I Wafa, Daniel Wagstaff, Lynda Wagstaff, Dalia Wahab, Zaroug Wahbi, Abiodun Waheed Adigun, Sawan Waidyanatha, Rachel Wake, Alice Wakefield, William Wakeford, Fiona Wakinshaw, Andrew Walden, Lorna Walding, Alexandria Waldron, Gemma Walker, Harriet Walker, Ian Walker, Kevin Walker, Kim Walker, Linda Walker, Olivia Walker, Rachel Walker, Rebecca Walker, Susan Walker, Rebecca Wallbutton, Jessica Wallen, Karl Wallendszus, Arabella Waller, Rosemary Waller, Gabiel Wallis, Gabriel Wallis, Louise Wallis, Donna Walsh, Elizabeth Walsh, Livia Walsh, Deborah Walstow, Daniel Walter, Alex Walters, Holt Walters, James Walters, Jocelyn Walters, Eileen Walton, Lucy Walton, Olivia Walton, Sharon Walton, Susan Walton, Mandy Wan, Thin Wan, Junita Wanda, Mary Wands, Rachel Wane, Frank Wang, Nick Wang, Ran Wang, Deborah Warbrick, Samantha Warburton, Deborah Ward, Emma Ward, Joanna Ward, Luke Ward, Nicola Ward, Rachael Ward, Thomas Ward, Tom Ward, Scott A Warden, Steve Wardle, Hassan Wardy, Scott Waring, Jenny Warmington, Ben Warner, Christian Warner, Lewis Warnock, Sarah Warran, Jade Warren, Lisa Warren, Yolanda Warren, Hannah Warren-Miell, Adilia Warris, Gill Warwick, Hazel J Watchorn, Holly Waterfall, Abby Waters, Donald Waters, Mark Waterstone, Catherine Watkins, Catrin Watkins, Eleanor Watkins, Karen Watkins, Lynn Watkins, Abigail Watson, Adam J R Watson, Ekaterina Watson, Eleanor Watson, J G R Watson, Paul Watson, Rebecca Watson, Robert Watson, Malcolm Watters, Donna Watterson, Daniel Watts, John Watts, Merlin Watts, Victoria Waugh, Emma Wayman, Akhlaq Wazir, Mark Weatherhead, Nick Weatherly, Hayley Webb, Kathryn Webb, Kylie Webb, Stephen Webb, Cheryl Websdale, Deborah Webster, Ian Webster, Tim Webster, Ling Wee, Rebecca Weerakoon, Thanuja Weerasinghe, Janaka Weeratunga, Maria Weetman, Shuying Wei, Immo Weichert, David M Weinreich, Hugh Welch, James Welch, Leanne Welch, Steven Welch, A Welford, Samantha Weller, Lucy Wellings, Brian Wells, Susan Wellstead, Berni Welsh, Richard Welsh, Ingeborg Welters, Rachael Welton, Lauren Wentworth, Kate Wesseldine, Magdelena West, Raha West, Ruth West, Sophie West, Luke Western, Ruth Westhead, Heather Weston, Alice Westwood, Bill Wetherill, Sharon Wheaver, Helen Wheeler, Ben Whelan, Matthew Whelband, Amanda Whileman, Alison Whitcher, Andrew White, Benjamin White, Christopher White, Duncan White, Hannah White, James White, Jonathan White, Katie White, Marie White, Nick White, Sarah White, Sonia White, Tracey White, Catherine Whitehead, Anne Whitehouse, Claire Whitehouse, Tony Whitehouse, Julia Whiteley, Sophie Whiteley, Gabriel Whitlingum, David Whitmore, Elizabeth Whittaker, Lindsay Whittam, Ashley Whittington, Helen Whittle, Robert Whittle, Eunice Wiafe, Lou Wiblin, Olivia Wickens, John Widdrington, Jason Wieboldt, Hannah Wieringa, Cornelia Wiesender, Laura Wiffen, Andrew Wight, Christopher Wignall, Danielle Wilcock, Emma Wilcock, Louise Wilcox, Laura Wild, Stephen Wild, Michael Wilde, Peter Wilding, Tracey Wildsmith, Joe Wileman, Joy Wiles, Kate Wiles, Elva Wilhelmsen, Thomas Wiliams, Janet Wilkie, David Wilkin, Hannah Wilkins, Joy Wilkins, Suzanne Wilkins, Iain Wilkinson, Lesley Wilkinson, Nicola Wilkinson, Sophia Wilkinson, Susan Wilkinson, Tim Wilkinson, Sylvia Willetts, Aimee Williams, Alexandra Williams, Alison Williams, Angharad Williams, Ava Williams, Carl Williams, Caroline V Williams, Claire Williams, Dewi Williams, Gail Williams, Gemma Williams, Gina Williams, Hannah Williams, James Williams, Jennie Williams, John Williams, Joseph Williams, Karen Williams, Kathryn Williams, Marie Williams, Matthew Williams, Patricia Williams, Penny Williams, Rupert Williams, Samson Williams, Sarah Williams, Sophie Williams, Tamanna Williams, Annie Williamson, Cath Williamson, Catherine Williamson, Dawn Williamson, James D Williamson, Jodie Williamson, Rachel Williamson, Helen Williamson, Elizabeth Willis, Emily Willis, Heather Willis, Herika Willis, Joanna Willis, Louise Wills, Lucy Willsher, Catherine Willshire, Francesca Willson, Alison Wilson, Andrea Wilson, Antoinette Wilson, Billy Wilson, James Wilson, Karen Wilson, Kate Wilson, Lucinda Wilson, Mark Wilson, Toni Wilson, Marlar Win, Tin Tin Win, Wut Yee Win, Lucinda Winckworth, Laura Winder, Piers Winder, Helen Winmill, Simon Winn, Carmen Winpenny, Helen Winslow, Helen Winter, Jonathan Winter, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Stephen Wisdom, Matthew Wise, Martin Wiselka, Rebecca Wiseman, Sophie Wiseman, Steven Wishart, Eric Witele, Nicholas Withers, Janet Wittes, Donna Wixted, Therese Wodehouse, Will Wolf, Nicola Wolff, Kirsten Wolffsohn, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Magda Wolna, Elena Wolodimeroff, Adam Wolstencroft, Alan Wong, Charlotte Wong, Chi-Hung Wong, Chi-Man Wong, Edwin Wong, Jessica Sue Yi Wong, Kit Y Wong, Mei Yin Wong, Nick Wong, Sam Wong, Amanda Wood, Caroline Wood, Dianne Wood, Fiona Wood, Hannah Wood, Jennifer Wood, Joe Wood, Lisa Wood, Louise Wood, Stephen Wood, Tracy Wood, Katharine Woodall, Rebecca Woodfield, Christopher Woodford, Elizabeth Woodford, Jill Woodford, Louise Woodhead, Timothy Woodhead, Philip Woodland, Marc Woodman, Jane Woods, Katherine Woods, Sarah Woods, Zoe Woodward, Megan Woolcock, Gemma Wooldridge, Rebecca Woolf, Chris Woollard, Christopher Woollard, Louisa Woollen, Emma Woolley, Jade Woolley, Daniel Woosey, Dan Wootton, Joanne Wootton, Daniel Worley, Stephy Worton, Jonathan Wraight, Maria Wray, Kim Wren, Lynn Wren, Caroline Wrey Brown, Catherine Wright, Demi Wright, Francesca Wright, Imogen Wright, Lianne Wright, Rachel Wright, Stephanie Wright, Tim Wright, Caroline Wroe, Hannah Wroe, Henry Wu, Peishan Wu, Pensee Wu, Jonathan Wubetu, Fitria Wulandari, Retno Wulandari, Craig Wyatt, Frederick Wyn-Griffiths, Inez Wynter, Bindhu Xavier, Arnold Xhikola, Zhongyang Xia, Huiyuan Xiao, Masseh Yakubi, May Yan, Freda Yang, Yingjia Yang, Michael Yanney, Woei Lin Yap, Nabil Yaqoob, Salima Yasmin, Bryan Yates, David Yates, Edward Yates, Helen Yates, Thomas Yates, Mark Yates, Charlotte Yearwood Martin, Khin Yein, Fiona Yelnoorkar, Peter Yew, Laura Ylquimiche, Laura Ylquimiche Melly, Inez Ynter, H Yong, Jemma Yorke, Jasmine Youens, Abdel Younes Ibrahim, Eoin Young, Gail Young, Louise Young, Asfand Yousafzar, Sajeda Youssouf, Ahmed Yousuf, Chrissie Yu, Bernard Yung, Daniel Yusef, Said Yusef, Intekhab Yusuf, Anna-Sophia Zafar, Silvia Zagalo, Su Zaher, Aqsa Zahoor, Kareem Zaki, Nabhan Zakir, Kasia Zalewska, Ane Zamalloa, Mohsin Zaman, Shakir Zaman, Julie Zamikula, Louise Zammit, Marie Zammit-Mangion, Esther Zebracki, Daniel Zehnder, Lisa Zeidan, Xiaobei Zhao, Dongling Zheng, Doreen Zhu, Madiha Zia, Omar Zibdeh, Rabia Zill-E-Huma, Ei Thankt Zin, Eleanor Zinkin, Vivian Zinyemba, Christos Zipitis, Arkadiusz Zmierczak, Azam Zubir, Naz Zuhra, Rasha Zulaikha, Sabrina Zulfikar, Carol Zullo, Ana Zuriaga-Alvaro, Sheba Zyengi, Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Group, RECOVERY Collaborative, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division
Subjects: Male, Antiviral agents/adverse effects, Drug therapy, combination, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Antibodies, Viral, COVID-19/drug therapy, Antiviral Agents, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, Infusions, intravenous, Humans, QR180 Immunology, Treatment outcome, Infusions, Intravenous, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Aged, MCC, Medicine(all), Aged, 80 and over, SARS-CoV-2, Antibodies, monoclonal, humanized/adverse effects, COVID-19, General Medicine, 3rd-DAS, Antibodies, viral/blood, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Hospitalization, Treatment Outcome, QR180, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female
Abstract: The RECOVERY trial is supported by grants to the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK) from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI; Medical Research Council) and the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR; MC_PC_19056), the Wellcome Trust (222406/Z/20/Z) through the COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator, and by core funding provided by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Wellcome Trust, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. TJ is supported by a grant from UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00002/14) and an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001). Background : Casirivimab and imdevimab are non-competing monoclonal antibodies that bind to two different sites on the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, blocking viral entry into host cells. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of casirivimab and imdevimab administered in combination in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Methods : RECOVERY is a randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial comparing several possible treatments with usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. 127 UK hospitals took part in the evaluation of casirivimab and imdevimab. Eligible participants were any patients aged at least 12 years admitted to hospital with clinically suspected or laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual care plus casirivimab 4 g and imdevimab 4 g administered together in a single intravenous infusion. Investigators and data assessors were masked to analyses of the outcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality assessed by intention to treat, first only in patients without detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection at randomisation (ie, those who were seronegative) and then in the overall population. Safety was assessed in all participants who received casirivimab and imdevimab. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936). Findings : Between Sept 18, 2020, and May 22, 2021, 9785 patients enrolled in RECOVERY were eligible for casirivimab and imdevimab, of which 4839 were randomly assigned to casirivimab and imdevimab plus usual care and 4946 to usual care alone. 3153 (32%) of 9785 patients were seronegative, 5272 (54%) were seropositive, and 1360 (14%) had unknown baseline antibody status. 812 (8%) patients were known to have received at least one dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In the primary efficacy population of seronegative patients, 396 (24%) of 1633 patients allocated to casirivimab and imdevimab versus 452 (30%) of 1520 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio [RR] 0·79, 95% CI 0·69-0·91; p=0·0009). In an analysis of all randomly assigned patients (regardless of baseline antibody status), 943 (19%) of 4839 patients allocated to casirivimab and imdevimab versus 1029 (21%) of 4946 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (RR 0·94, 95% CI 0·86-1·02; p=0·14). The proportional effect of casirivimab and imdevimab on mortality differed significantly between seropositive and seronegative patients (p value for heterogeneity=0·002). There were no deaths attributed to the treatment, or meaningful between-group differences in the pre-specified safety outcomes of cause-specific mortality, cardiac arrhythmia, thrombosis, or major bleeding events. Serious adverse reactions reported in seven (
Published: 2022

7. Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate by age and comorbidity status using antibody screening of blood donors during the COVID-19 epidemic in Denmark

Author: Anna Christine Nilsson, Kathrine Agergård Kaspersen, Bitten Aagaard, Ida Rask Moustsen-Helms, Søren Thue Lillevang, Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen, Henrik Ullum, Susan Mikkelsen, Erik Sørensen, Christian Erikstrup, Lotte Hindhede, Henrik Hjalgrim, Tyra Grove Krause, Dorte Kinggaard Holm, Jens Kjærgaard Boldsen, Sisse R. Ostrowski, Ann-Sofie Nicole Berthelsen, Lasse S Vestergaard, Lene Holm Harritshøj, Ole Birger Vestager Pedersen, and Susanne Gjørup Sækmose
Subjects: Adult, Male, infection fatality rate, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Adolescent, Denmark, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19/blood, Blood Donors, Comorbidity, Antibodies, Viral, Danish, Young Adult, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Case fatality rate, Major Article, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, Seroprevalence, Humans, Aged, Estimation, seroprevalence, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification, COVID-19, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, language.human_language, Denmark/epidemiology, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, Infectious Diseases, language, blood donors, Female, business, Antibody screening, Demography
Abstract: Background Studies presenting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection fatality rate (IFR) for healthy individuals are warranted. We estimate IFR by age and comorbidity status using data from a large serosurvey among Danish blood donors and nationwide data on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality. Methods Danish blood donors aged 17–69 years donating blood October 2020–February 2021 were tested with a commercial SARS-CoV-2 total antibody assay. IFR was estimated for weeks 11 to 42, 2020 and week 43, 2020 to week 6, 2021, representing the first 2 waves of COVID-19 epidemic in Denmark. Results In total, 84944 blood donors were tested for antibodies. The seroprevalence was 2% in October 2020 and 7% in February 2021. Among 3898039 Danish residents aged 17–69 years, 249 deaths were recorded. The IFR was low for people, The COVID-19 infection fatality rate was low for citizens younger than 51 years without comorbidity (3.36 per 100000 infections). The infection fatality rate increased with age and comorbidity but declined from the first to second wave of the epidemic.
Published: 2022

8. Characteristics associated with serological COVID-19 vaccine response and durability in an older population with significant comorbidity: the Danish Nationwide ENFORCE Study

Author: Ole Schmeltz Søgaard, Joanne Reekie, Isik Somuncu Johansen, Henrik Nielsen, Thomas Benfield, Lothar Wiese, Nina Breinholt Stærke, Kasper Iversen, Kamille Fogh, Jacob Bodilsen, Mette Iversen, Lene Surland Knudsen, Vibeke Klastrup, Fredrikke Dam Larsen, Sidsel Dahl Andersen, Astrid Korning Hvidt, Signe Rode Andreasen, Lone Wulff Madsen, Susan Olaf Lindvig, Anne Øvrehus, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Christiane Abildgaard, Charlotte Matthews, Tomas O. Jensen, Dorthe Raben, Christian Erikstrup, Thea K. Fischer, Martin Tolstrup, Lars Østergaard, and Jens Lundgren
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Male, COVID-19 Vaccines, Denmark, Comorbidity, Antibodies, Viral, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Humans, Antibodies, Blocking, Antibody, COVID-19/epidemiology, Aged, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination, Immunity, COVID-19, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Denmark/epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, Immunoglobulin G, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology, Female, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, mRNA Vaccines, COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify individual characteristics associated with serological COVID-19 vaccine responsiveness and durability of vaccine-induced antibodies.METHODS: Adults without history of SARS-CoV-2 infection from the Danish population scheduled for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were enrolled in this parallel group, phase IV study. SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG and Spike-ACE2-receptor-blocking antibodies were measured at days 0, 21, 90 and 180. Vaccine responsiveness was categorized according to Spike IgG and Spike-ACE2-receptor-blocking levels at day 90 post-1st vaccination. Non-durable vaccine-response was defined as day 90 responders that no longer had significant responses by day 180.RESULTS: Of 6544 participants completing two vaccine doses (median age 64, interquartile range:54-75), 3654 (55.8%) received BTN162b2, 2472 (37.8%) mRNA-1273, and 418 (6.4%) ChAdOx1 followed by a mRNA vaccine. Levels of both types of antibodies increased from baseline to day 90 and then decreased to day 180. The decrease was more pronounced for levels of Spike-ACE2-receptor-blocking antibodies than for Spike IgG. Proportions with vaccine hypo-responsiveness and lack of durable response were 5.0% and 12.1% for Spike IgG; 12.7% and 39.6% for Spike-ACE2-receptor-blocking antibody levels, respectively. Male sex, vaccine type and number of co-morbidities were associated with all four outcomes. Additionally, age >=75y was associated with hypo-responsiveness for Spike-ACE2-receptor-blocking antibodies (adjusted odds-ratio:1.59, 95% confidence interval:1.25-2.01) but not for Spike IgG.CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity, male sex and vaccine type were risk factors for hypo-responsiveness and non-durable response to COVID-19 vaccination. The functional activity of vaccine-induced antibodies declined with increasing age and had waned to pre-2nd vaccination levels for most individuals after 6 months.
Published: 2022

9. Early high antibody titre convalescent plasma for hospitalised COVID-19 patients: DAWn-plasma

Author: Devos, Timothy, Van Thillo, Quentin, Compernolle, Veerle, Najdovski, Tomé, Romano, Marta, Dauby, Nicolas, Jadot, Laurent, Leys, Mathias, Maillart, Evelyne, Loof, Sarah, Seyler, Lucie, Moonen, Martial, Moutschen, Michel, Van Regenmortel, Niels, Ariën, Kevin K., Barbezange, Cyril, Betrains, Albrecht, Garigliany, Mutien, Engelen, Matthias M., Gyselinck, Iwein, Maes, Piet, Schauwvlieghe, Alexander, Liesenborghs, Laurens, Belmans, Ann, Verhamme, Peter, Meyfroidt, Geert, DAWn-plasma investigators, [ missing ], Gyselinck, Iwein/0000-0002-4068-7228, Barbezange, Cyril/0000-0001-9606-2983, Dauby, Nicolas/0000-0002-7697-6849, Liesenborghs, Laurens/0000-0001-5616-8548, Devos , Timothy, Van Thillo, Quentin, Compernolle, Veerle, Najdovski, Tome, Romano, Marta, Dauby, Nicolas, Jadot, Laurent, Leys, Mathias, Maillart, Evelyne, Loof, Sarah, Seyler , Lucie, Moonen , Martial, Moutschen, Michel, Van Regenmortel, Niels, Arien, Kevin K., Barbezange, Cyril, Betrains, Albrecht, Garigliany, Mutien, Engelen, Matthias M., Gyselinck, Iwein, Maes, Piet, Schauwvlieghe, Alexander, Liesenborghs, Laurens, Belmans, Ann, Verhamme, Peter, Meyfroidt, Geert, DAWn-plasma investigators, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine Specializations, and Clinical sciences
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Convalescent plasma, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), medicine.medical_treatment, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Antibodies, Viral, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Internal medicine, medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Humans, Prospective Studies, Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood, Adverse effect, Mechanical ventilation, biology, business.industry, Immunization, Passive, COVID-19, Odds ratio, Sciences bio-médicales et agricoles, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Clinical trial, Hospitalization, Treatment Outcome, DAWn-plasma investigators, biology.protein, Human medicine, Antibody, business, COVID-19/therapy
Abstract: Background Several randomised clinical trials have studied convalescent plasma (CP) for COVID-19 using different protocols, with different SARS-CoV-2 neutralising-antibody-titres, at different time-points and severities of illness. Methods In the prospective multicentre DAWN-plasma trial, adult patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were randomised to 4 units of open-label convalescent plasma combined with standard of care (intervention group) or standard of care alone (control group). Plasma from donors with neutralising-antibody-titres (NT50) ≥1/320 was the product of choice for the study. Results Between May 2nd, 2020 and January 26th, 2021, 320 patients were randomised to convalescent plasma and 163 patients to the control group according to a 2:1 allocation scheme. A median volume of 884 mL convalescent plasma (IQR 806–906 mL) was administered, and 80.68% of the units came from donors with neutralising-antibody-titres (NT50) ≥1/320. Median time from onset of symptoms to randomisation was 7 days. The proportion of patients alive and free of mechanical ventilation on Day 15 was not different between both groups (convalescent plasma: 83.74% (n=267) versus control: 84.05% (n=137) – Odds ratio 0.99 (0.59–1.66) – p-value=0.9772). The intervention did not change the natural course of antibody titres. The number of serious or severe adverse events was similar in both study arms, and transfusion-related side effects were reported in 19/320 patients in the intervention group (5.94%). Conclusions Transfusion of 4 units of convalescent plasma with high neutralising-antibody-titres early in hospitalised COVID-19 patients did not result in a significant improvement of the clinical status, or a reduced mortality., info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2022

10. Aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG is a prothrombotic stimulus for platelets

Author: Neline Kriek, Willianne Hoepel, Jonathan M. Gibbins, Tanya Sage, Marit J. van Gils, Joanne L. Mitchell, Sophie M. Jegouic, Jeroen den Dunnen, Steven W. de Taeye, Silvia Loureiro, Ian M. Jones, Nichola Cooper, Jan Nouta, Manfred Wuhrer, Alexander P. Bye, Gestur Vidarsson, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, AII - Inflammatory diseases, AGEM - Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Landsteiner Laboratory, Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, and Infectious diseases
Subjects: Glycosylation, Immunology, Syk, Fostamatinib, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Viral/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Antibodies, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, P2Y12, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Von Willebrand factor, Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism, medicine, Humans, Thrombosis/immunology, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Platelet, Platelet activation, Platelet Activation/immunology, Blood Platelets/immunology, Immunoglobulin G/immunology, Coronavirus, biology, business.industry, Coronavirus/metabolism, Regular Article, Cell Biology, Hematology, Spike Glycoprotein, von Willebrand Factor/genetics, biology.protein, COVID-19/complications, business, Sugars, medicine.drug
Abstract: A subset of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) become critically ill, suffering from severe respiratory problems and also increased rates of thrombosis. The causes of thrombosis in severely ill patients with COVID-19 are still emerging, but the coincidence of critical illness with the timing of the onset of adaptive immunity could implicate an excessive immune response. We hypothesized that platelets might be susceptible to activation by anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti-SARS-CoV-2) antibodies and might contribute to thrombosis. We found that immune complexes containing recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and anti-spike immunoglobulin G enhanced platelet-mediated thrombosis on von Willebrand factor in vitro, but only when the glycosylation state of the Fc domain was modified to correspond with the aberrant glycosylation previously identified in patients with severe COVID-19. Furthermore, we found that activation was dependent on FcγRIIA, and we provide in vitro evidence that this pathogenic platelet activation can be counteracted by the therapeutic small molecules R406 (fostamatinib) and ibrutinib, which inhibit tyrosine kinases Syk and Btk, respectively, or by the P2Y12 antagonist cangrelor.
Published: 2021

11. Robust and prototypical immune responses toward influenza vaccines in the high-risk group of Indigenous Australians

Author: Thi H. O. Nguyen, Jane Davies, Aeron C. Hurt, Carolien E van de Sandt, Malet Aban, Damian A. Oyong, Marios Koutsakos, Kim L. Harland, Steven Y. C. Tong, Jessica R. Webb, Katie L. Flanagan, Cath Blacker, Adam K. Wheatley, Peter C. Doherty, Jane Nelson, Louise C. Rowntree, Amy W. Chung, Timon Damelang, Anngie Everitt, Katherine Kedzierska, Maria Auladell, E. Bridie Clemens, Stephen J. Kent, Luca Hensen, Magdalena Plebanski, Bruce D. Wines, Jessica R. Loughland, P. Mark Hogarth, Adrian Miller, and Landsteiner Laboratory
Subjects: follicular T helper cells, T-Lymphocytes, Disease, Antibodies, Viral, Lymphocyte Activation, Viral/blood, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunology and Inflammation, Influenza, Human/immunology, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0303 health sciences, B-Lymphocytes, Multidisciplinary, biology, Indigenous people, Antibody titer, Human/immunology, B-Lymphocytes/immunology, Biological Sciences, Influenza Vaccines/immunology, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Influenza Vaccines, Immunologic Memory/immunology, Antibody, Risk, T Follicular Helper Cells, Lymphocyte Activation/immunology, Mass Vaccination, Indigenous, Virus, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Influenza, Human, Humans, Lymphocyte Count, Indigenous Peoples, 030304 developmental biology, B cells, business.industry, Australia, T-Lymphocytes/immunology, T Follicular Helper Cells/immunology, Influenza, Immunization, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Immunology, biology.protein, business, Immunologic Memory, Indigenous Peoples/statistics & numerical data
Abstract: Significance Indigenous populations worldwide are highly susceptible to influenza virus infections. Vaccination with inactivated virus is highly recommended to protect Indigenous populations, including Indigenous Australians. There is no study to date that assessed immune responses induced by the inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine in the Indigenous population. Vaccine recommendations are thus based on data generated for non-Indigenous populations and might not be representative for Indigenous people. We found robust antibody responses to influenza vaccination induced in Indigenous Australians, with activation profiles of cTFH1 cells at the acute response strongly correlating with total change of antibody vaccine titers induced by vaccination. Our work strongly supports the recommendation of influenza vaccination to protect Indigenous populations from severe seasonal influenza virus infections and subsequent complications., Morbidity and mortality rates from seasonal and pandemic influenza occur disproportionately in high-risk groups, including Indigenous people globally. Although vaccination against influenza is recommended for those most at risk, studies on immune responses elicited by seasonal vaccines in Indigenous populations are largely missing, with no data available for Indigenous Australians and only one report published on antibody responses in Indigenous Canadians. We recruited 78 Indigenous and 84 non-Indigenous Australians vaccinated with the quadrivalent influenza vaccine into the Looking into InFluenza T cell immunity - Vaccination cohort study and collected blood to define baseline, early (day 7), and memory (day 28) immune responses. We performed in-depth analyses of T and B cell activation, formation of memory B cells, and antibody profiles and investigated host factors that could contribute to vaccine responses. We found activation profiles of circulating T follicular helper type-1 cells at the early stage correlated strongly with the total change in antibody titers induced by vaccination. Formation of influenza-specific hemagglutinin-binding memory B cells was significantly higher in seroconverters compared with nonseroconverters. In-depth antibody characterization revealed a reduction in immunoglobulin G3 before and after vaccination in the Indigenous Australian population, potentially linked to the increased frequency of the G3m21* allotype. Overall, our data provide evidence that Indigenous populations elicit robust, broad, and prototypical immune responses following immunization with seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines. Our work strongly supports the recommendation of influenza vaccination to protect Indigenous populations from severe seasonal influenza virus infections and their subsequent complications.
Published: 2021

12. Tracheostomy for COVID-19: evolving best practice

Author: Brendan McGrath and Thomas Williams
Subjects: COVID-19/diagnosis, Critical Care, media_common.quotation_subject, Best practice, Review, Antibodies, Viral, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Tracheostomy/methods, Time-to-Treatment, Tracheostomy, Antibodies, Viral/blood, SARS-CoV-2/genetics, Intensive care, Pandemic, Health care, Medicine, Humans, Quality (business), RNA, Viral/blood, media_common, SARS-CoV-2, RC86-88.9, business.industry, COVID-19, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, medicine.disease, Respiration, Artificial, Surprise, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, Workforce, Candidacy, RNA, Viral, Medical emergency, business
Abstract: Tracheostomy is an established tool for the management of the critically ill. The dominant indication is to facilitate weaning from invasive respiratory support, and it is no surprise that the COVID-19 pandemic has seen a rapid increase in the use of tracheostomy in the critically ill, rising from around 12% to around 20% of all ventilated admissions. The pandemic has thrown a spotlight onto existing and unanswered questions around tracheostomy candidacy, timing, technique and optimal post-procedural care. However, the very nature of tracheostomy insertion and subsequent management risks of aerosolization of potentially infectious particles, bringing new questions particularly focused on providing timely, high-quality care while protecting healthcare workers. A new paradigm has emerged where strategies are needed to balance the needs of the workforce as well as the needs of the patient and their families. This state-of-the-art review of tracheostomy care during the pandemic examines the emerging literature built on best practices, informed by global collaboration and quality improvements. As we learn more about COVID-19 disease and reflect on adaptations to practice, critical care staff can continue to provide the high quality, safe and efficient care—for their patients and for their staff.
Published: 2021

13. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial

Author: Sophie Varkonyi-Clifford, Sue Charlton, Anna England, Matthew D. Snape, Parvinder K. Aley, Elizabeth A. Clutterbuck, Pauline Ambrose, Eva P. Galiza, Adam Finn, Laura L. Walker, Emma Plested, Ehsaan Qureshi, Chanice Knight, David P. J. Turner, Lisa Hitchins, Mujtaba Ghulam Farooq, Christopher A Green, Melanie Greenland, J. Claire Cameron, Stephanie Leung, Karen Buttigieg, Jonathan S. Nguyen-Van-Tam, Cecilia Hultin, Florentina D Penciu, Jazz Bartholomew, Yama F Mujadidi, Nisha Singh, Sarah Horswill, Tommy Rampling, Kush Naker, Rabiullah Noristani, Xinxue Liu, Marivic Ricamara, Tawassal Riaz, Phill Brown, Rajeka Lazarus, Imam Shaik, Johanna K Kellett Wright, Kerry Godwin, Kelly Davies, Robert Shaw, Paminder Lall, Neil J. Oldfield, Farah Shiham, Sue Belton, Karishma Gokani, Carla Solórzano, Mary Ramsay, Kirsty Adams, Ross Fothergill, Hannah Robinson, Claudio Di Maso, Rachel Williams, Lauren Allen, Paul T. Heath, Sarah Whittley, Stephen Saich, E Howe, Bassam Hallis, Alberto San Francisco Ramos, Simon Royal, Alasdair Munro, Tanya Dinesh, Vincenzo Libri, Helen Hill, Arabella Stuart, Samuel Provstgaard-Morys, Xin L Yao, Andrea M. Collins, Rachel White, Paul Turner, Teresa Lambe, Nick Andrews, Iason Vichos, Daniela M. Ferreira, Natalie Baker, Nicole Y Yee Ting, Claire Brown, M N Ramasamy, Sarah Warren, Amisha Desai, Fei Long, Laura Presland, Hannah Sainsbury, Daniel Hammersley, Saul N. Faust, Robert C. Read, Nicola Turner, Group, Com-COV Study, and Department of Health
Subjects: Male, COVID-19/prevention & control, Antibodies, Viral, law.invention, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Randomized controlled trial, law, qv_771, wc_505, Single-Blind Method, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage, education.field_of_study, Immunogenicity, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Intention to Treat Analysis, Vaccination, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, COVID-19 Vaccines, Population, REACTOGENICITY, Equivalence Trials as Topic, qw_806, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, education, BNT162 Vaccine, Immunization Schedule, Aged, Science & Technology, Intention-to-treat analysis, Reactogenicity, business.industry, Com-COV Study Group, Comment, qu_58, COVID-19, EFFICACY, Clinical trial, Regimen, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology, business
Abstract: Background Use of heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine schedules could facilitate mass COVID-19 immunisation. However, we have previously reported that heterologous schedules incorporating an adenoviral vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, AstraZeneca; hereafter referred to as ChAd) and an mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2, Pfizer–BioNTech; hereafter referred to as BNT) at a 4-week interval are more reactogenic than homologous schedules. Here, we report the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous schedules with the ChAd and BNT vaccines. Methods Com-COV is a participant-blinded, randomised, non-inferiority trial evaluating vaccine safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity. Adults aged 50 years and older with no or well controlled comorbidities and no previous SARS-CoV-2 infection by laboratory confirmation were eligible and were recruited at eight sites across the UK. The majority of eligible participants were enrolled into the general cohort (28-day or 84-day prime-boost intervals), who were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1) to receive ChAd/ChAd, ChAd/BNT, BNT/BNT, or BNT/ChAd, administered at either 28-day or 84-day prime-boost intervals. A small subset of eligible participants (n=100) were enrolled into an immunology cohort, who had additional blood tests to evaluate immune responses; these participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to the four schedules (28-day interval only). Participants were masked to the vaccine received but not to the prime-boost interval. The primary endpoint was the geometric mean ratio (GMR) of serum SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG concentration (measured by ELISA) at 28 days after boost, when comparing ChAd/BNT with ChAd/ChAd, and BNT/ChAd with BNT/BNT. The heterologous schedules were considered non-inferior to the approved homologous schedules if the lower limit of the one-sided 97·5% CI of the GMR of these comparisons was greater than 0·63. The primary analysis was done in the per-protocol population, who were seronegative at baseline. Safety analyses were done among participants receiving at least one dose of a study vaccine. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 69254139. Findings Between Feb 11 and Feb 26, 2021, 830 participants were enrolled and randomised, including 463 participants with a 28-day prime-boost interval, for whom results are reported here. The mean age of participants was 57·8 years (SD 4·7), with 212 (46%) female participants and 117 (25%) from ethnic minorities. At day 28 post boost, the geometric mean concentration of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG in ChAd/BNT recipients (12 906 ELU/mL) was non-inferior to that in ChAd/ChAd recipients (1392 ELU/mL), with a GMR of 9·2 (one-sided 97·5% CI 7·5 to ∞). In participants primed with BNT, we did not show non-inferiority of the heterologous schedule (BNT/ChAd, 7133 ELU/mL) against the homologous schedule (BNT/BNT, 14 080 ELU/mL), with a GMR of 0·51 (one-sided 97·5% CI 0·43 to ∞). Four serious adverse events occurred across all groups, none of which were considered to be related to immunisation. Interpretation Despite the BNT/ChAd regimen not meeting non-inferiority criteria, the SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG concentrations of both heterologous schedules were higher than that of a licensed vaccine schedule (ChAd/ChAd) with proven efficacy against COVID-19 disease and hospitalisation. Along with the higher immunogenicity of ChAd/BNT compared with ChAD/ChAd, these data support flexibility in the use of heterologous prime-boost vaccination using ChAd and BNT COVID-19 vaccines. Funding UK Vaccine Task Force and National Institute for Health Research.
Published: 2021

14. Negative SARS-cov-2 antibodies, T-cell response and virus neutralisation following full vaccination in a renal transplant recipient – A call for vigilance

Author: Isik Somuncu Johansen, Ditte Sandfeld Tornby, Rune Micha Pedersen, Ulrik Stenz Justesen, Claus Bistrup, and Thomas Emil Andersen
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), media_common.quotation_subject, COVID-19/prevention & control, Organ transplantation, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Renaltransplantation, Immunity, Neutralization Tests, Medicine, Humans, Letter to the Editor, Kidney transplantation, Antibody, media_common, biology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Vaccination, fungi, General Medicine, Middle Aged, T-Lymphocytes/immunology, medicine.disease, Kidney Transplantation, Infectious Diseases, Renal transplant, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunology, biology.protein, Female, COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology, business, Vaccine, Interferon-gamma Release Tests, Vigilance (psychology)
Abstract: This letter concerns the absence of an immunological response in a renal transplant recipient on immunosuppressive therapy after a full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and the need to be vigilant. We find it very important to report this to the scientific community, so that transplant patients can be monitored, protected and helped to stimulate further immunity.
Published: 2021

15. Performance evaluation of the Diasorin LIAISON® XL Zika capture IgM CLIA test

Author: M Van Esbroeck, Y Van der Beken, D De Geyter, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical Biology, Basic (bio-) Medical Sciences, Supporting clinical sciences, Experimental Pharmacology, and Microbiology and Infection Control
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), 030106 microbiology, Cross Reactions, Antibodies, Viral, Diagnostic tools, Sensitivity and Specificity, Zika virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, ZikV Infection, Humans, Serologic Tests, 030212 general & internal medicine, Retrospective Studies, Automation, Laboratory, Serologic Tests/methods, Zika Virus Infection/blood, biology, Zika Virus Infection, business.industry, Cross reactions, Outbreak, Zika Virus, General Medicine, Immunoglobulin M/blood, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Ebv infection, Infectious Diseases, Immunoglobulin M, Zika Virus/immunology, business, Malaria
Abstract: Because Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause serious birth defects and is involved in cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome, the ZIKV outbreak in the American continent in 2015 resulted in an enormous need for ZIKV diagnostic tools. We evaluated the LIAISON® XL Zika Capture IgM test on 106 samples from patients, mainly travelers, with a confirmed or probable ZIKV infection. Sensitivity between 0 and 84 days after onset of symptoms was 92.5%. Specificity was evaluated on a panel of 56 samples known to cause possible cross-reactions. Cross-reaction with DENV antibodies was limited (10.5%) but false-positive results occurred in samples from patients with malaria, CMV and EBV infections.
Published: 2019

16. an obscure but present danger in regions endemic for Dengue and Chikungunya viruses

Author: Stringari, Lorenzzo Lyrio, de Souza, Michel Norbim, de Medeiros Junior, Nésio Fernandes, Goulart, Jaqueline Pegoretti, Giuberti, Camila, Dietze, Reynaldo, Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Rodrigo, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Individual Health Care (IHC), and Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM)
Subjects: Adult, Male, viruses, SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity, virus diseases, Dengue Virus/pathogenicity, Dengue/epidemiology, Middle Aged, Disease Outbreaks, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, Diagnostic Errors/trends, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Immunoglobulin G/blood, COVID-19/complications, Prevalence, Brazil/epidemiology, Coinfection/epidemiology, Humans, Female, Chikungunya virus/pathogenicity
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The impact of SARS-CoV-2 in regions endemic for both Dengue and Chikungunya is still not fully understood. Considering that symptoms/clinical features displayed during Dengue, Chikungunya and SARS-CoV-2 acute infections are similar, undiagnosed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in co-endemic areas may be more prevalent than expected. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of covert cases of SARS-CoV-2 among samples from patients with clinical symptoms compatible with either Dengue or Chikungunya viral infection in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: Presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody specific to SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein was detected using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay in samples from 7,370 patients, without previous history of COVID-19 diagnosis, suspected of having either Dengue (n = 1,700) or Chikungunya (n = 7,349) from December 1st, 2019 to June 30th, 2020. FINDINGS: Covert cases of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 210 (2.85%) out of the 7,370 serum samples tested. The earliest undiagnosed missed case of COVID-19 dated back to a sample collected on December 18, 2019, also positive for Dengue Virus. Cross-reactivity with either Dengue virus or other common coronaviruses were not observed. INTERPRETATION: Our findings demonstrate that concomitant Dengue or Chikungunya outbreaks may difficult the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate, with a robust sample size (n = 7,370) and using highly specific and sensitive chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method, that covert SARS-CoV-2 infections are more frequent than previously expected in Dengue and Chikungunya hyperendemic regions. Moreover, our results suggest that SAR-CoV-2 cases were occurring prior to February, 2020, and that these undiagnosed missed cases may have contributed to the fast expansion of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Brazil. Data presented here demonstrate that in arboviral endemic regions, SARS-CoV-2 infection must be always considered, regardless of the existence of a previous positive diagnosis for Dengue or Chikungunya. publishersversion published
Published: 2021

17. Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike versus Nucleoprotein Antibody Responses Impact the Estimates of Infections in Population-Based Seroprevalence Studies

Author: Semira Gonseth Nusslé, Antony Croxatto, Murielle Bochud, Cyril Andre, Florence Pojer, Kelvin Lau, Jérémy Campos, Alix T. Coste, Berend Jan Bosch, Alex Farina, Didier Trono, Céline Pellaton, Gilbert Greub, Giuseppe Pantaleo, David L. Hacker, Craig Fenwick, and Valérie D'Acremont
Subjects: Male, Time Factors, Immunology, Population, serology, Biology, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Epitope, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigen, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Virology, Protein trimer, medicine, S protein trimer, Seroprevalence, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins, Humans, serological assays, 030212 general & internal medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, COVID-19/blood, COVID-19/epidemiology, COVID-19/immunology, Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology, Female, Immunoassay, Immunoglobulin A/blood, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Phosphoproteins/immunology, Protein Multimerization, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology, Switzerland/epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2, Spotlight, education, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, medicine.diagnostic_test, COVID-19, Phosphoproteins, 3. Good health, Immunoglobulin A, Insect Science, Immunoglobulin G, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, biology.protein, Population study, Pathogenesis and Immunity, Antibody, Switzerland
Abstract: In the present study, we have determined SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in sera of acute and postinfection phase subjects. Our results indicate that antibody responses against viral S and N proteins were equally sensitive in the acute phase of infection, but that responses against N appear to wane in the postinfection phase where those against the S protein persist over time. The most sensitive serological assay in both acute and postinfection phases used the native S protein trimer as the binding antigen, which has significantly greater conformational epitopes for antibody binding compared to the S1 monomer protein used in other assays. We believe these results are extremely important in order to generate correct estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the general population. Furthermore, the assessment of antibody responses against the trimeric S protein will be critical to evaluate the durability of the antibody response and for the characterization of a vaccine-induced antibody response., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific antibody responses to the spike (S) protein monomer, S protein native trimeric form, or the nucleocapsid (N) proteins were evaluated in cohorts of individuals with acute infection (n = 93) and in individuals enrolled in a postinfection seroprevalence population study (n = 578) in Switzerland. Commercial assays specific for the S1 monomer, for the N protein, or within a newly developed Luminex assay using the S protein trimer were found to be equally sensitive in antibody detection in the acute-infection-phase samples. Interestingly, compared to anti-S antibody responses, those against the N protein appear to wane in the postinfection cohort. Seroprevalence in a “positive patient contacts” group (n = 177) was underestimated by N protein assays by 10.9 to 32.2%, while the “randomly selected” general population group (n = 311) was reduced by up to 45% relative to the S protein assays. The overall reduction in seroprevalence targeting only anti-N antibodies for the total cohort ranged from 9.4 to 31%. Of note, the use of the S protein in its native trimer form was significantly more sensitive compared to monomeric S proteins. These results indicate that the assessment of anti-S IgG antibody responses against the native trimeric S protein should be implemented to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infections in population-based seroprevalence studies. IMPORTANCE In the present study, we have determined SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in sera of acute and postinfection phase subjects. Our results indicate that antibody responses against viral S and N proteins were equally sensitive in the acute phase of infection, but that responses against N appear to wane in the postinfection phase where those against the S protein persist over time. The most sensitive serological assay in both acute and postinfection phases used the native S protein trimer as the binding antigen, which has significantly greater conformational epitopes for antibody binding compared to the S1 monomer protein used in other assays. We believe these results are extremely important in order to generate correct estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the general population. Furthermore, the assessment of antibody responses against the trimeric S protein will be critical to evaluate the durability of the antibody response and for the characterization of a vaccine-induced antibody response.
Published: 2021

18. A randomized, multicentre, open-label phase II proof-of-concept trial investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

Author: Anne Luyten, Geert Verbeke, David Grimaldi, Michel Moutschen, Marta Romano, Cyril Barbezange, Michel Toungouz Nevessignsky, Veerle Compernolle, Daniel Desmecht, Geert Meyfroidt, Jean-Cyr Yombi, Peter Verhamme, Johan van Griensven, Lucie Seyler, Bart N. Lambrecht, Alexander Schauwvlieghe, Tatjana Geukens, Kevin K. Ariën, Katleen Vandenberghe, Myriam Cleeren, Timothy Devos, Erika Vlieghe, Nicolas Dauby, Laurens Liesenborghs, Piet Maes, Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Internal Medicine, UCL - SSS/IREC/SLUC - Pôle St.-Luc, and UCL - (SLuc) Service de médecine interne générale
Subjects: Male, Convalescent plasma, COVID-19/diagnosis, medicine.medical_treatment, Medicine (miscellaneous), Disease, Antibodies, Viral, Global Burden of Disease, Study Protocol, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Belgium, Pandemic, Health care, Medicine and Health Sciences, Clinical endpoint, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Hospitalization/trends, lcsh:R5-920, 0303 health sciences, medicine.diagnostic_test, Standard of Care, Combined Modality Therapy, Hospitalization, Treatment Outcome, Combined Modality Therapy/methods, Standard of Care/statistics & numerical data, Female, Safety, lcsh:Medicine (General), Adult, safety, medicine.medical_specialty, Randomization, Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, SARS-CoV-2/genetics, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Mortality, Belgium/epidemiology, 030304 developmental biology, Mechanical ventilation, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Immunization, Passive, Immunity, Médecine pathologie humaine, COVID-19, Respiration, Artificial, Clinical trial, Immunization, Passive/methods, Bronchoalveolar lavage, Human medicine, business
Abstract: Background The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed an enormous burden on health care systems around the world. In the past, the administration of convalescent plasma of patients having recovered from SARS and severe influenza to patients actively having the disease showed promising effects on mortality and appeared safe. Whether or not this also holds true for the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus is currently unknown. Methods DAWn-Plasma is a multicentre nation-wide, randomized, open-label, phase II proof-of-concept clinical trial, evaluating the clinical efficacy and safety of the addition of convalescent plasma to the standard of care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Belgium. Patients hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 are eligible when they are symptomatic (i.e. clinical or radiological signs) and have been diagnosed with COVID-19 in the 72 h before study inclusion through a PCR (nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or bronchoalveolar lavage) or a chest-CT scan showing features compatible with COVID-19 in the absence of an alternative diagnosis. Patients are randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either standard of care and convalescent plasma (active treatment group) or standard of care only. The active treatment group receives 2 units of 200 to 250 mL of convalescent plasma within 12 h after randomization, with a second administration of 2 units 24 to 36 h after ending the first administration. The trial aims to include 483 patients and will recruit from 25 centres across Belgium. The primary endpoint is the proportion of patients that require mechanical ventilation or have died at day 15. The main secondary endpoints are clinical status on day 15 and day 30 after randomization, as defined by the WHO Progression 10-point ordinal scale, and safety of the administration of convalescent plasma. Discussion This trial will either provide support or discourage the use of convalescent plasma as an early intervention for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04429854 .Registered on 12 June 2020 - Retrospectively registered., info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020

19. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among patients with severe mental illness: A cross-sectional study

Author: Marie Reeberg Sass, Tobias Søgaard Juul, Robert Skov, Kasper Iversen, Lene Holm Harritshøj, Erik Sørensen, Sisse Rye Ostrowski, Ove Andersen, Claus Thorn Ekstrøm, Henrik Ullum, Jimmi Nielsen, Ida Hageman, and Anders Fink-Jensen
Subjects: Adult, Male, Multidisciplinary, SARS-CoV-2, Mental Disorders, COVID-19/blood, COVID-19, Mental Disorders/blood, Middle Aged, Antibodies, Viral, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Cross-Sectional Studies, SARS-CoV-2/metabolism, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Humans, Female
Abstract: Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) i.e. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder are at increased risk of severe outcomes if infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether patients with SMI are at increased risk of COVID-19 is, however, sparsely investigated. This important issue must be addressed as the current pandemic could have the potential to increase the existing gap in lifetime mortality between this group of patients and the background population. The objective of this study was to determine whether a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder is associated with an increased risk of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was performed between January 18th and February 25th, 2021. Of 7071 eligible patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, 1355 patients from seven psychiatric centres in the Capital Region of Denmark were screened for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. A total of 1258 unvaccinated patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 40.5 years (SD 14.6), 54.3% were female. Fifty-nine of the 1258 participants had a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, corresponding to a adjusted seroprevalence of 4.96% (95% CI 3.87–6.35). No significant difference in SARS-CoV-2-risk was found between female and male participants (RR = 1.32; 95% CI 0.79–2.20; p = .290). No significant differences in seroprevalences between schizophrenia and bipolar disease were found (RR = 1.12; 95% CI 0.67–1.87; p = .667). Seroprevalence among 6088 unvaccinated blood donors from the same region and period was 12.24% (95% CI 11.41–13.11). SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among included patients with SMI was significantly lower than among blood donors (RR = 0.41; 95% CI 0.31–0.52; p < .001). Differences in seroprevalences remained significant when adjusting for gender and age, except for those aged 60 years or above. The study is registered at ClinicalTrails.gov (NCT04775407). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04775407?term=NCT04775407&draw=2&rank=1.
Published: 2022

20. Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Three Months Post Infection in Healthcare Professionals at an Oncology Hospital in Northern Portugal

Author: Ana Torgal, Joana Marinho‑Dias, Álvaro Oliveira, Carlos Ochoa, Inês Baldaque, Daniela Fonseca e Silva, Diana Rocha, Sara Braga, Luis M. Rocha, and Paulo Dias Silva
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Medicine (General), Health Personnel, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Antibodies, Viral, Immunoglobulin G, R5-920, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Humans, Seroprevalence, Medicine, antibodies, viral/blood, Portugal, biology, Health professionals, business.industry, General Medicine, Virology, Hospitals, Post infection, immunoglobulin g, sars-cov-2, covid-19, Immunoglobulin M, biology.protein, immunoglobulin m, Antibody, business, Delivery of Health Care
Abstract: N/a.
Published: 2021

21. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children of United Kingdom healthcare workers: a prospective multicentre cohort study protocol:A prospective multicentre cohort study protocol

Author: Corr, Michael, Christie, Sharon, Watson, Chris, Maney, Julieann, Fairley, Derek, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lyttle, Mark David, McFetridge, Lisa, Mitchell, Hannah, Shields, Michael David, McGinn, Claire, McKenna, James, Mallett, Peter, Ferris, Kathryn, Rowe-Setz, Gala, Moore, Rebecca, Foster, Steven, Evans, Jennifer, and Waterfield, Tom
Subjects: Male, Medicine(all), Adolescent, United Kingdom/epidemiology, Health Personnel, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Child, Preschool, Humans, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Child, Pandemics
Abstract: Background: A novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for a worldwide pandemic. Children typically have very mild, or no, symptoms of infection. This makes estimations of seroprevalence in children difficult. Research is therefore required to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children. The primary objective of this study is to report the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and/or IgG antibodies in healthy children at baseline, 2 months and 6 months. This is the only longitudinal UK study of seroprevalence in an exclusively paediatric population. Determining the changing seroprevalence is of vital public health importance and can help inform decisions around the lifting of paediatric specific social distancing measures such as school closures and the cancellation of routine paediatric hospital services. Methods and analysis: 1000 healthy children of healthcare workers aged between 2 and 15 years will be recruited from five UK sites (Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow, London and Manchester). The children will undergo phlebotomy at baseline, 2 months and 6 months to measure IgM and/or IgG positivity to SARS-CoV-2. A sample size of 675 patients is required to detect a 5% change in seroprevalence at each time point assuming an alpha of 0.05 and a beta of 0.2. Adjusted probabilities for the presence of IgG and/or IgM antibodies and of SARS-CoV-2 infection will be reported using logistic regression models where appropriate. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was obtained from the London - Chelsea Research Ethics Committee (REC Reference—20/HRA/1731) and the Belfast Health & Social Care Trust Research Governance (Reference 19147TW-SW). Results of this study will be made available as preprints and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.
Published: 2020

22. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in three children of parents with symptomatic COVID-19

Author: Richard Saffery, Kevin J. Selva, Rachel A Higgins, Daniel G. Pellicci, Celeste M. Donato, Nigel Curtis, David Burgner, Shidan Tosif, Sohinee Sarkar, Amy W. Chung, Katie L. Flanagan, Christina Lee, Katherine Kedzierska, Sarah McNab, Suzanne K. Shoffner, Kanta Subbarao, Melissa M. Lemke, Andrew C Steer, Kim Mulholland, Nigel W Crawford, Francesca L Mordant, Julie E Bines, Kelly B. Arnold, Carolien E. van de Sandt, Kate Dohle, Melanie R Neeland, Paul V. Licciardi, Zheng Quan Toh, Lien Anh Ha Do, Philip Sutton, and Landsteiner Laboratory
Subjects: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, Parents, 0301 basic medicine, Immunoglobulin A, viruses, General Physics and Astronomy, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Viral/blood, Monocytes, Immunoglobulin G, Serology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, Immunoglobulin A/blood, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, skin and connective tissue diseases, Child, Viral/immunology, Coronavirus, Multidisciplinary, biology, Middle Aged, Spike Glycoprotein, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Cytokines, Female, Antibody, medicine.symptom, Coronavirus Infections, Adult, Science, Immunology, Pneumonia, Viral, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Paediatric research, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Cytokines/blood, Pneumonia, Viral/immunology, Asymptomatic, Article, Antibodies, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Betacoronavirus, Coronavirus Infections/immunology, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Saliva/immunology, Immunity, Humans, Serologic Tests, Saliva, Preschool, Pandemics, Betacoronavirus/immunology, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, fungi, Australia, COVID-19, Monocytes/immunology, Coronavirus/immunology, Pneumonia, General Chemistry, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, body regions, 030104 developmental biology, Immunoglobulin G/blood, biology.protein, lcsh:Q, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology, business
Abstract: Compared to adults, children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have predominantly mild or asymptomatic infections, but the underlying immunological differences remain unclear. Here, we describe clinical features, virology, longitudinal cellular, and cytokine immune profile, SARS-CoV-2-specific serology and salivary antibody responses in a family of two parents with PCR-confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and their three children, who tested repeatedly SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative. Cellular immune profiles and cytokine responses of all children are similar to their parents at all timepoints. All family members have salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected, predominantly IgA, that coincide with symptom resolution in 3 of 4 symptomatic members. Plasma from both parents and one child have IgG antibody against the S1 protein and virus-neutralizing activity detected. Using a systems serology approach, we demonstrate higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody features of these family members compared to healthy controls. These data indicate that children can mount an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 without virological confirmation of infection, raising the possibility that immunity in children can prevent the establishment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Relying on routine virological and serological testing may not identify exposed children, with implications for epidemiological and clinical studies across the life-span., Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are more likely to have mild symptoms and may be asymptomatic, but underlying reasons remain unclear. Here, the authors show cellular, cytokine and antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in three children who repeatedly tested negative for the virus by PCR, despite high exposure in the household.
Published: 2020

23. Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans

Author: Manu Shankar-Hari, Kathryn J. A. Steel, Carl Graham, Helena Winstone, Johanna Honey, Amelia E. B. Moore, Claire Kerridge, Rahul Batra, Gilberto Betancor, Karen Bisnauthsing, Alba Izquierdo-Barras, Brielle Stokes, Eithne MacMahon, Aoife M O'Byrne, Amita Patel, Sam Douthwaite, Maria Jose Lista, Rui Pedro Galão, Isabella Huettner, Gaia Nebbia, Sam Acors, Katie J. Doores, Gill Arbane, Suzanne Pickering, Luke B Snell, Mark Kia Ik Tan, Jeffrey Seow, Michael H. Malim, Harry Wilson, Rocio T. Martinez-Nunez, Blair Merrick, Adrian Green, Lorcan O’Connell, Nigel J. Temperton, Oliver Hemmings, Neophytos Kouphou, Stuart J. D. Neil, Geraldine O’Hara, Adrian W. Signell, Lauren Martinez, Jonathan D. Edgeworth, Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño, Graduate School, and Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism
Subjects: Male, Antibodies, Viral, Viral/blood, Severity of Illness Index, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Serology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 80 and over, Medicine, Longitudinal Studies, Young adult, Neutralizing antibody, Aged, 80 and over, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, biology, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Seroconversion, Cohort, Female, Antibody, Adult, Microbiology (medical), Population, Immunology, COVID-19/blood, Microbiology, Antibodies, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, Article, Neutralizing/blood, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Severity of illness, Genetics, Humans, education, Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood, 030304 developmental biology, Aged, QR355, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Cell Biology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Kinetics, biology.protein, business
Abstract: Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most infected individuals 10–15 d after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, due to the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, it is not known how long antibody responses will be maintained or whether they will provide protection from reinfection. Using sequential serum samples collected up to 94 d post onset of symptoms (POS) from 65 individuals with real-time quantitative PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show seroconversion (immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgA, IgG) in >95% of cases and neutralizing antibody responses when sampled beyond 8 d POS. We show that the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response is typical of an acute viral infection, with declining neutralizing antibody titres observed after an initial peak, and that the magnitude of this peak is dependent on disease severity. Although some individuals with high peak infective dose (ID50 > 10,000) maintained neutralizing antibody titres >1,000 at >60 d POS, some with lower peak ID50 had neutralizing antibody titres approaching baseline within the follow-up period. A similar decline in neutralizing antibody titres was observed in a cohort of 31 seropositive healthcare workers. The present study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, and may suggest that vaccine boosters are required to provide long-lasting protection.
Published: 2020
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24. Diagnostic strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and interpretation of microbiological results

Author: Caruana, G., Croxatto, A., Coste, A.T., Opota, O., Lamoth, F., Jaton, K., and Greub, G.
Subjects: Antibodies, Viral/blood, COVID-19/diagnosis, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing, COVID-19 Serological Testing, COVID-19 Testing/methods, Humans, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Molecular diagnostic testing, Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, SARS-COV-2, Serology
Abstract: To face the current COVID-19 pandemic, diagnostic tools are essential. It is recommended to use real-time RT-PCR for RNA viruses in order (a) to perform a rapid and accurate diagnostic, (b) to guide patient care and management and (c) to guide epidemiological strategies. Further studies are warranted to define the role of serological diagnosis and a possible correlation between serological response and prognosis. The aim was to guide clinical microbiologists in the use of these diagnostic tests and clinicians in the interpretation of their results. A search of literature was performed through PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnosis, SARS-CoV-2 immune response, SARS-CoV-2 serology/antibody testing, coronavirus diagnosis. The present review discusses performances, limitations and use of current and future diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2. Real-time RT-PCR remains the reference method for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. On the other hand, notwithstanding its varying sensitivity according to the time of infection, serology represents a valid asset (a) to try to solve possible discrepancies between a highly suggestive clinical and radiological presentation and negative RT-PCR, (b) to solve discrepancies between different PCR assays and (c) for epidemiological purposes.
Published: 2020

25. Development and Validation of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassay as a Highly Specific Tool for Determining Past Exposure to SARS-CoV-2

Author: Michael Hombach, Peter Muench, Verena Wenderoth, Isabella Eckerle, Christopher Sachse, Simon Jochum, Beatus Ofenloch-Haehnle, Henrik Sadlowski, Alexander Riedel, Giulia Torriani, and Matthias Strobl
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Prevalence, Cross Reactions, Antibodies, Viral, Gastroenterology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Betacoronavirus/immunology/isolation & purification, Betacoronavirus, Antibodies, Viral/blood, COVID-19 Testing, Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, In patient, skin and connective tissue diseases, ddc:616, Immunoassay, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Infections/blood/diagnosis/epidemiology, Diagnostic test, Reproducibility of Results, Confidence interval, business, Coronavirus Infections
Abstract: The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics) was developed to provide accurate, reliable detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We evaluated sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and agreement with a vesicular stomatitis virus-based pseudoneutralization assay for the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay. Sensitivity and agreement between Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and pseudoneutralization assay measurements were evaluated using samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, a majority of whom were hospitalized. Specificity was evaluated using samples from routine diagnostic testing/blood donors collected before December 2019 and thus deemed negative for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Cross-reactivity was evaluated using samples containing a wide range of potentially cross-reacting analytes, purchased from commercial vendors. For sensitivity and specificity, point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Agreement between the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and the pseudoneutralization assay was calculated. The sensitivity of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay in patients with prior PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was 99.5% (95% CI, 97.0 to 100.0%) at ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation. Overall specificity (n = 10,453) was 99.80% (95% CI, 99.69 to 99.88%). Only 4/792 samples containing potential cross-reacting analytes were reactive with the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay, resulting in an overall specificity in this cohort of 99.5% (95% CI, 98.6 to 99.9%). Positive, negative, and overall agreement (n = 46) between the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and the pseudoneutralization assay were 86.4% (95% CI, 73.3 to 93.6%), 100% (95% CI, 34.2 to 100%), and 87.0% (95% CI, 74.3 to 93.9%), respectively. The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay demonstrated high sensitivity (99.5% at ≥14 days post-PCR confirmation) and specificity (99.80%), supporting its use as a tool for identification of past SARS-CoV-2 infection, including use in populations with low disease prevalence.
Published: 2020

26. Analytical and clinical validation of an ELISA for specific SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies

Author: Jonathan Douxfils, Laurent Blairon, Ingrid Beukinga, Alain Wilmet, Julien Favresse, Jean-Michel Dogné, and Marie Tré-Hardy
Subjects: Immunoglobulin A, Male, COVID-19/diagnosis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards, Virologie générale, Antibodies, Viral, Gastroenterology, Viral/blood, Severity of Illness Index, Immunoglobulin G, SARS‐CoV‐2, Serology, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Immunoglobulin A/blood, 80 and over, antibodies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pathologie maladies infectieuses, Research Articles, Aged, 80 and over, biology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Middle Aged, Intensive Care Units, Infectious Diseases, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, ELISA, Female, Antibody, IgA, COVID-19, ELISA, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, IgM, IgG, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virus, SARS-CoV-2/immunology, COVID‐19, ELISA, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Virologie médicale, COVID-19, Immunoglobulin M/blood, Survival Analysis, Confidence interval, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G/blood, kinetics, biology.protein, business
Abstract: The development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological tests is massive. The external validation of their performance is needed before use in clinical routine practice. Our study aims at assessing the analytical and clinical performance of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests detecting antibodies directed against the virus nucleocapsid protein: The NovaLisa SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) test (NovaTec) allowing a separate detection of each antibody and the Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab test (Bio-Rad) detecting total antibodies (IgM, IgA, and IgG). Two-hundred and eight coronavirus disease 2019 samples from 48 quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed patients were used to perform the sensitivity analysis. Non-SARS-CoV-2 sera (n = 79) with a potential cross-reaction to SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays were included in the specificity analysis. In addition, using receiver operator characteristic curves, adapted cut-off for improvement of the performances were proposed. The kinetics of these antibodies was also assessed over 8 weeks. Two weeks after the RT-qPCR positive detection, the NovaLisa test shows a sensitivity and specificity of 94.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.1%-98.6%) and 96.2% (95% CI: 89.4%-98.7%) for IgG, of 89.7% (95% CI: 76.4%-95.9%) and 98.7% (95% CI: 93.2%-98.8%) for IgA, and of 48.7% (95% CI: 33.9%-63.8%) and 98.7% (95% CI: 93.2%-99.8%) for IgM. With the Platelia system, the specificity and sensitivity were 97.4% (95% CI: 92.1%-99.7%) and 94.9% (95% CI: 87.7%-98.0%) for total antibodies using the adapted cut-offs. The NovaLisa and the Platelia tests have satisfactory analytical performances. The clinical performances are excellent for IgG, IgA, and total antibodies especially if the cut-off is optimized., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020

27. Biotin interferences

Author: Damien Gruson, Tatiana Roy, Benoît Kabamba-Mukadi, Julien Favresse, Anke Stoefs, Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos, Jean-Louis Bayart, Mélanie Closset, Catherine Fillée, Brussels Heritage Lab, Clinical Biology, UCL - SSS/IREC/MONT - Pôle Mont Godinne, UCL - SSS/IREC/MBLG - Pôle de Microbiologie médicale, UCL - SSS/IREC/SLUC - Pôle St.-Luc, UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, UCL - (MGD) Laboratoire de biologie clinique, UCL - (SLuc) Service de biochimie médicale, and UCL - (SLuc) Service de microbiologie
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Virus Diseases/diagnosis, Clinical Biochemistry, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Biochemistry, Serology, Hepatitis, chemistry.chemical_compound, Hepatitis C/diagnosis, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Biotin, Immunological status, Medicine, False Negative Reactions, Immunoassay, medicine.diagnostic_test, virus diseases, General Medicine, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Healthy Volunteers, AIDS, HIV Infections/diagnosis, Virus Diseases, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Hepatitis B/diagnosis, Female, Adult, Biotin/administration & dosage, Immunoassay/standards, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Humans, business.industry, Biochemistry (medical), medicine.disease, Highly sensitive, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Immunology, business, Interference, Biomarkers, Biomarkers/blood
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Biotin has been reported to be a leading cause of interference on several immunoassay platforms using the streptavidin-biotin immobilization system. While biotin interferences have now been well characterized for several assays, only few data are available on their impact on serological markers of infectious viral diseases. METHODS: Overall, 10 healthy volunteers (HVs) received a single 100 mg dose of biotin to evaluate its effect on hepatitis B serological markers. Blood samples were taken several times before and after biotin intake. In addition, spiking experiments were applied to investigate biotin's impact on anti-HIV/p24 Ag and anti-HCV antibody levels. Several procedures designed to overcome this interference were evaluated. RESULTS: Biotin intake resulted in a false-negative anti-HBs immunological status (
Published: 2020

28. Corona Immunitas: study protocol of a nationwide program of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and seroepidemiologic studies in Switzerland

Author: Erin A. West, Anja Frei, Idris Guessous, Thomas Vermes, Silvia Stringhini, Daniel H. Paris, Daniela Anker, Adina Mihaela Epure, Ania Wisniak, Rebecca Amati, Luca Crivelli, Nicolas Rodondi, Jan Fehr, Milo A. Puhan, Audrey Butty, Medea Imboden, Laurent Kaufmann, Emiliano Albanese, Arnaud Chiolero, Gisela Michel, Valérie D'Acremont, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Christian R Kahlert, Murielle Bochud, Irène Frank, Nicolai Mösli, Stéphane Cullati, Fabian Vollrath, Philipp Kohler, Aude Richard, Semira Gonseth, Antoine Flahault, Luc Fornerod, Azman, Andrew, Baysson, Hélène, Collombet, Prune, Dibner, Yaron, Kaiser, Laurent, Petrovic, Dusan, Picazio, Attilio, Portier, Jane, Pugin, Caroline, University of Zurich, Puhan, Milo A, Corona Immunitas Research Group, Albanese, E., Amati, R., Amendola, A., Anker, D., Annoni, A.M., Azman, A., Bally, F., Balmer, B., Baysson, H., Berthod, D., Blankenberger, J., Bochud, M., Bodenmann, P., Bopp, M., Butty, A., Camerini, A.L., Cappeli, C., Carmelli, C., Chiolero, A., Collombet, P., Corna, L., Crawford, J., Crivelli, L., Cullati, S., Cusini, A., D'Acremont, V., De Pietro, C., Deschamps, A., Droz, S., Dumoulin, A., Duperrex, O., Dupraz, J., Egger, M., Engler, N., Epure, A.M., Estoppey, S., Fadda, M., Faivre, V., Fehr, J., Felappi, A., Fiordelli, M., Flahault, A., Fornerod, L., Fragoso Corti, C., Frangville, M., Frank, I., Franscella, G., Frei, A., Gille, D., Michel, G., Gonseth Nusslé, S., Gouzowski, A., Guessous, I., Guggisberg, J., Günthard, H., Gutzwiller, F., Incici, L., Jendly, E., Jung, R., Kahlert, C., Kaiser, L., Kaufmann, L., Kaufmann, M., Kessler, S., Kohler, P., Kriemler, S., Lenoir, L., Levati, S., Maeschli, B., Magnin, J.L., Masserey, E., Morese, R., Mösli, N., Noël, N., Orhant, M., Pasquier, J., Pennacchio, F., Petrovic, D., Pfister, S., Picazio, A., Prandi, C., Piumatti, G., Portier, J., Probst-Hensch, N., Pugin, C., Puhan, M., Radtke, T., Richard, A., Robert, C.F., Rodondi, P.Y., Rodondi, N., Salberg, E., Sanchis Zozaya, J., Schlüter, V., Schneider, V., Steiner-Dubuis, A., Stringhini, S., Sumer, J., Tall, I., Thabard, J., Tonolla, M., Troillet, N., Ulyte, A., Vassaux, S., Vermes, T., Vollrath, F., von Wyl, V., West, E., Wisniak, A., Zaballa, M.E., and Zuppinger, C.
Subjects: Research design, Health (social science), Ethnic group, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Socioeconomic differences, Antibodies, Viral, Viral/blood, ddc:616.89, 0302 clinical medicine, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Pandemic, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Ethnicity, 030212 general & internal medicine, Serosurvey, Child, 610 Medicine & health, COVID-19/epidemiology, education.field_of_study, SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification, Middle Aged, Viral/epidemiology, Geography, Research Design, Original Article, Switzerland, 360 Social problems & social services, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Betacoronavirus/immunology, Ethnic Groups, Humans, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology, Young Adult, Hygiene practices, Longitudinal, SARS-CoV-2, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Pneumonia, Viral, Antibodies, Health(social science), 03 medical and health sciences, Betacoronavirus, Environmental health, medicine, Seroprevalence, education, ddc:613, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, 10060 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), 2739 Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Pneumonia, ddc:618.97
Abstract: Objectives: Seroprevalence studies to assess the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population and subgroups are key for evaluating mitigation and vaccination policies and for understanding the spread of the disease both on the national level and for comparison with the international community. Methods: Corona Immunitas is a research program of coordinated, population-based, seroprevalence studies implemented by Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+). Over 28,340 participants, randomly selected and age-stratified, with some regional specificities will be included. Additional studies in vulnerable and highly exposed subpopulations are also planned. The studies will assess population immunological status during the pandemic. Results: Phase one (first wave of pandemic) estimates from Geneva showed a steady increase in seroprevalence up to 10.8% (95% CI 8.2-13.9, n = 775) by May 9, 2020. Since June, Zurich, Lausanne, Basel City/Land, Ticino, and Fribourg recruited a total of 5973 participants for phase two thus far. Conclusions: Corona Immunitas will generate reliable, comparable, and high-quality serological and epidemiological data with extensive coverage of Switzerland and of several subpopulations, informing health policies and decision making in both economic and societal sectors. ISRCTN Registry: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN18181860 ., + ID der Publikation: unilu_50428 + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2020-11-02 15:42:18
Published: 2020
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29. Paper-based antibody detection devices using bioluminescent BRET-switching sensor proteins

Author: Daniel Citterio, Yuki Hiruta, Benice van Gerven, Keisuke Tenda, Maarten Merkx, Remco Arts, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Protein Engineering, and Chemical Biology
Subjects: Paper, Analyte, whole-blood analysis, Computer science, Swine, Energy transfer, Point-of-Care Systems, Microfluidics, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques/instrumentation, 02 engineering and technology, paper-based analytical devices, Antibodies, Viral, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Viral/blood, Catalysis, Antibodies, Analytical Methods | Very Important Paper, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Virus Diseases/blood, Bioluminescence, Humans, Animals, business.industry, 010405 organic chemistry, Communication, 010401 analytical chemistry, Pipette, Luminescent Measurements/instrumentation, General Chemistry, Paper based, General Medicine, Equipment Design, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, bioluminescence, Communications, 0104 chemical sciences, Colorimetry/instrumentation, point-of-care testing, Virus Diseases, Luminescent Measurements, Colorimetry, 0210 nano-technology, business, Computer hardware, Antibody detection
Abstract: This work reports on fully integrated “sample‐in‐signal‐out” microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (μPADs) relying on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switches for analyte recognition and colorimetric signal generation. The devices use BRET‐based antibody sensing proteins integrated into vertically assembled layers of functionalized paper, and their design enables sample volume‐independent and fully reagent‐free operation, including on‐device blood plasma separation. User operation is limited to the application of a single drop (20–30 μL) of sample (serum, whole blood) and the acquisition of a photograph 20 min after sample introduction, with no requirement for precise pipetting, liquid handling, or analytical equipment except for a camera. Simultaneous detection of three different antibodies (anti‐HIV1, anti‐HA, and anti‐DEN1) in whole blood was achieved. Given its simplicity, this type of device is ideally suited for user‐friendly point‐of‐care testing in low‐resource environments.
Published: 2018

30. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of intradermal rabies immunization with DebioJect™

Author: Julie Liberman, Pierre-Alexandre Bart, Laurent-Dominique Piveteau, Paul Vescovo, Reto Zanoni, Nirinarilala Ramaniraka, Astrid Cachemaille, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Nils Rettby, and Karen Hart
Subjects: Male, 02 engineering and technology, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, 0302 clinical medicine, Rabies vaccine, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, 030212 general & internal medicine, Intradermal injection, 610 Medicine & health, 630 Agriculture, Vaccination, Middle Aged, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood, Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Antibodies, Viral/immunology, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Injections, Intradermal, Injections, Intramuscular, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Rabies/prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage, Rabies Vaccines/adverse effects, Rabies Vaccines/immunology, Vaccination/adverse effects, Vaccination/methods, Young Adult, Drug delivery, Microneedle, Infectious Diseases, Tolerability, Anesthesia, Molecular Medicine, 0210 nano-technology, medicine.drug, Rabies, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunology and Microbiology(all), medicine, Adverse effect, Reactogenicity, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Rabies virus, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, veterinary(all), Antibodies, Neutralizing, Rabies Vaccines, Immunology, 570 Life sciences, biology, business
Abstract: In a single-center study, 66 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 50years were randomized to be immunized against rabies with three different injection routes: intradermal with DebioJect™ (IDJ), standard intradermal with classical needle (IDS), also called Mantoux method, and intramuscular with classical needle (IM). "Vaccin rabique Pasteur®" and saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) were administered at D0, D7 and D28. Antigen doses for both intradermal routes were 1/5 of the dose for IM. Tolerability, safety and induced immunogenicity of IDJ were compared to IDS and IM routes. Pain was evaluated at needle insertion and at product injection for all vaccination visits. Solicited Adverse Event (SolAE) and local reactogenicity symptoms including pain, redness and pruritus were recorded daily following each vaccination visit. Adverse events (AE) were recorded over the whole duration of the study. Humoral immune response was measured by assessing the rabies virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers using Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). Results demonstrated that the DebioJect™ is a safe, reliable and efficient device. Significant decreases of pain at needle insertion and at vaccine injection were reported with IDJ compared to IDS and IM. All local reactogenicity symptoms (pain, redness and pruritus) after injection with either vaccine or saline solution, were similar for IDJ and IDS, except that IDJ injection induced more redness 30min after saline solution. No systemic SolAE was deemed related to DebioJect™ and classical needles. No AE was deemed related to DebioJect™. No Serious Adverse Event (SAE) was reported during the study. At the end of the study all participants were considered immunized against rabies and no significant difference in humoral response was observed between the 3 studied routes.
Published: 2017

31. A DNA-Modified Live Vaccine Prime–Boost Strategy Broadens the T-Cell Response and Enhances the Antibody Response against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Author: Elise Bordet, Virginie Jakob, Cindy Bernelin-Cottet, Céline Barc, Edwige Bouguyon, Ivan Trus, Nicolas Collin, Olivier Boulesteix, Christophe Barnier-Quer, Elisabeth Stubsrud, Céline Urien, Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil, Vanessa Contreras, Nicolas Bertho, Hans Nauwynck, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Vaccibody AS, Partenaires INRAE, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Plateforme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme Grant Agreement number 633184, DIM-ASTREA, Department of Animal Health at INRA (Grant number AST160021), French government 'Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir' (PIA), grant ANR-11-INBS- 0008, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), and Schwartz, Isabelle
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, COMMERCIAL ELISAS, Swine, Virologie, T-Lymphocytes, viruses, lcsh:QR1-502, Antibodies, Viral, Epitope, lcsh:Microbiology, NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS, 0302 clinical medicine, Animals, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Antibody Formation, Immunity, Cellular, Immunization Schedule, Organisms, Genetically Modified/genetics, Organisms, Genetically Modified/immunology, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/genetics, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology, T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage, Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics, Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology, Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage, Vaccines, DNA/genetics, Vaccines, DNA/immunology, Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage, Viral Vaccines/genetics, Viral Vaccines/immunology, DNA vaccine, PRRSV, antigen-presenting cell targeting, modified-live vaccine, pigs, INFECTION, Vaccines, DNA, Attenuated vaccine, IFN-GAMMA, biology, IMMUNE-RESPONSES, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Veterinary medicine and animal Health, stratégie vaccinale, Antibody, réponse immunitaire, vaccin à adn, ANTIGEN, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome, Vaccines, Attenuated, DENDRITIC CELLS, Article, antigen-presenting cell, DNA vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, DELIVERY, Immune system, Antigen, Virology, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, Veterinary Sciences, Antigen-presenting cell, targeting, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Organisms, Genetically Modified, Biology and Life Sciences, Viral Vaccines, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, biology.organism_classification, CROSS-PROTECTION, Médecine vétérinaire et santé animal, maladie respiratoire, 030104 developmental biology, maladie virale, biology.protein, porc, 030215 immunology, GENERATION
Abstract: The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory illnesses in growing pigs and is considered as one of the main pathogenic agents responsible for economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. Modified live PRRSV vaccines (MLVs) are very effective vaccine types against homologous strains but they present only partial protection against heterologous viral variants. With the goal to induce broad and cross-protective immunity, we generated DNA vaccines encoding B and T antigens derived from a European subtype 1 strain that include T-cell epitope sequences known to be conserved across strains. These antigens were expressed either in a native form or in the form of vaccibodies targeted to the endocytic receptor XCR1 and CD11c expressed by different types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). When delivered in skin with cationic nanoparticles and surface electroporation, multiple DNA vaccinations as a stand-alone regimen induced substantial antibody and T-cell responses, which were not promoted by targeting antigens to APCs. Interestingly, a DNA-MLV prime&ndash, boost strategy strongly enhanced the antibody response and broadened the T-cell responses over the one induced by MLV or DNA-only. The anti-nucleoprotein antibody response induced by the DNA-MLV prime&ndash, boost was clearly promoted by targeting the antigen to CD11c and XCR1, indicating a benefit of APC-targeting on the B-cell response. In conclusion, a DNA-MLV prime&ndash, boost strategy, by enhancing the potency and breadth of MLV vaccines, stands as a promising vaccine strategy to improve the control of PRRSV in infected herds.
Published: 2019
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32. Paper-based antibody detection devices using bioluminescent BRET-switching sensor proteins

Author: Tenda, Keisuke, van Gerven, Benice, Arts, Remco, Hiruta, Yuki, Merkx, Maarten, Citterio, Daniel, Tenda, Keisuke, van Gerven, Benice, Arts, Remco, Hiruta, Yuki, Merkx, Maarten, and Citterio, Daniel
Abstract: This work reports on fully integrated “sample-in-signal-out” microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) relying on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switches for analyte recognition and colorimetric signal generation. The devices use BRET-based antibody sensing proteins integrated into vertically assembled layers of functionalized paper, and their design enables sample volume-independent and fully reagent-free operation, including on-device blood plasma separation. User operation is limited to the application of a single drop (20–30 μL) of sample (serum, whole blood) and the acquisition of a photograph 20 min after sample introduction, with no requirement for precise pipetting, liquid handling, or analytical equipment except for a camera. Simultaneous detection of three different antibodies (anti-HIV1, anti-HA, and anti-DEN1) in whole blood was achieved. Given its simplicity, this type of device is ideally suited for user-friendly point-of-care testing in low-resource environments.
Published: 2018

33. Impact of flavivirus vaccine-induced immunity on primary Zika virus antibody response in humans

Author: Franz X. Heinz, Lena Roßbacher, Pascal Cherpillod, Kristina Lydia Huber, Silke Wölfel, Elena Percivalle, Judith H. Aberle, Stephan W. Aberle, Denise Haslwanter, Melissa Thaler, Iris Medits, Michael Kundi, Stefan Malafa, Georgios Tsouchnikas, and Karin Stiasny
Subjects: RNA viruses, 0301 basic medicine, Serum Proteins, Physiology, viruses, RC955-962, Antibody Affinity, Antibody Response, Dengue virus, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Polyethylene Glycols, Zika virus, Dengue fever, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, Viral Envelope Proteins, Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System, Immune Physiology, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Antigens, Viral/immunology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, Immune Response, Antigens, Viral, ddc:616, Immune System Proteins, biology, Zika Virus Infection, Yellow fever, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Flavivirus, Infectious Diseases, Neurology, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, Encephalitis, Pathogens, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Antibody, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control, Immunology, 030231 tropical medicine, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Research and Analysis Methods, Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology, Microbiology, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, Neutralization Tests, Immunity, medicine, Humans, Immunoassays, Microbial Pathogens, Biology and life sciences, Flaviviruses, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Proteins, Viral Vaccines, Zika Virus, Dengue Virus, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Zika Virus/genetics/immunology, Tropical Diseases, Zika Fever, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, 030104 developmental biology, Viral Vaccines/immunology, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Immunologic Techniques, biology.protein
Abstract: Background Zika virus has recently spread to South- and Central America, causing congenital birth defects and neurological complications. Many people at risk are flavivirus pre-immune due to prior infections with other flaviviruses (e.g. dengue virus) or flavivirus vaccinations. Since pre-existing cross-reactive immunity can potentially modulate antibody responses to Zika virus infection and may affect the outcome of disease, we analyzed fine-specificity as well as virus-neutralizing and infection-enhancing activities of antibodies induced by a primary Zika virus infection in flavivirus-naïve as well as yellow fever- and/or tick-borne encephalitis-vaccinated individuals. Methodology Antibodies in sera from convalescent Zika patients with and without vaccine-induced immunity were assessed by ELISA with respect to Zika virus-specificity and flavivirus cross-reactivity. Functional analyses included virus neutralization and infection-enhancement. The contribution of IgM and cross-reactive antibodies to these properties was determined by depletion experiments. Principal findings Pre-existing flavivirus immunity had a strong influence on the antibody response in primary Zika virus infections, resulting in higher titers of broadly flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies and slightly lower levels of Zika virus-specific IgM. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of Zika virus was mediated by sub-neutralizing concentrations of specific IgG but not by cross-reactive antibodies. This effect was potently counteracted by the presence of neutralizing IgM. Broadly cross-reactive antibodies were able to both neutralize and enhance infection of dengue virus but not Zika virus, indicating a different exposure of conserved sequence elements in the two viruses. Conclusions Our data point to an important role of flavivirus-specific IgM during the transient early stages of infection, by contributing substantially to neutralization and by counteracting ADE. In addition, our results highlight structural differences between strains of Zika and dengue viruses that are used for analyzing infection-enhancement by cross-reactive antibodies. These findings underscore the possible impact of specific antibody patterns on flavivirus disease and vaccination efficacy., Author summary The explosive spread of Zika virus, a flavivirus, to South- and Central America underscores the potential threat of newly emerging arthropod-borne viruses. Zika virus infection can cause congenital birth defects and neurological complications. Many people at risk are flavivirus pre-immune because of prior infections with other flaviviruses (e.g. dengue virus, which co-circulates in Zika outbreak regions) or vaccinations (e.g. against yellow fever or tick-borne encephalitis) and have non-protective cross-reactive antibodies at the time of infection. Since pre-existing immunity can modulate the specificity and functional activity of antibody responses, and cross-reactive antibodies have been implicated in disease enhancement, we compared the specificities of serum samples from flavivirus-naïve and vaccinated individuals after primary Zika virus infections. Prior immunity led to a strong booster of cross-reactive antibodies that did not neutralize Zika virus. Importantly, we could also show that newly formed IgM antibodies contributed significantly to virus neutralization and prevented infection enhancement by other antibodies. Our data thus show how pre-existing cross-reactive immunities can alter the specificities and functional activities of antibody responses in flavivirus infections, which may affect flavivirus-induced disease and the efficacy of vaccinations.
Published: 2020

34. Modified Measles

Author: Regina Fölster-Holst, Celine Rohaert, Annelien Jadoul, Dirk Van Gysel, Jozefien Roose, Dermatology, and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage, Dermatology, Antibodies, Viral, Polymerase Chain Reaction, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Predictive Value of Tests, Medicine, Humans, Serologic Tests, 030212 general & internal medicine, Measles virus/genetics, Immunization Schedule, business.industry, General Medicine, Modified measles, Measles/diagnosis, RNA, Viral/genetics, Measles virus, RL1-803, RNA, Viral, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Biomarkers, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine, Biomarkers/blood, Measles
Published: 2018

35. Hepatitis E prevalence in a sexual high-risk population compared to the general population

Author: Inge H.M. van Loo, Geneviève A F S van Liere, Jeanne Heil, Christian J. P. A. Hoebe, Nicole H. T. M. Dukers-Muijrers, Jochen W L Cals, RS: CAPHRI - R4 - Health Inequities and Societal Participation, Med Microbiol, Infect Dis & Infect Prev, Promovendi PHPC, MUMC+: DA MMI Infectieserologie (9), MUMC+: DA MMI Staf (9), MUMC+: DA MMI AIOS (9), RS: CAPHRI - R5 - Optimising Patient Care, and Family Medicine
Subjects: RNA viruses, Bacterial Diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Male, Cross-sectional study, NETHERLANDS, lcsh:Medicine, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Viral/blood, Geographical locations, Treponematoses, DISEASE, Chlamydia Infection, law.invention, Men who have sex with men, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Hepatitis E virus/immunology, Immunodeficiency Viruses, Hepatitis E virus, law, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Risk Factors, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, Pathology and laboratory medicine, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Chlamydia, DEVELOPED-COUNTRIES, Medical microbiology, E VIRUS-INFECTION, Middle Aged, Hepatitis E, Europe, IGG SEROPREVALENCE, Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), Viruses, Female, Pathogens, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, Adult, Hepatitis B virus, Sexual transmission, TRANSMISSION, Urology, Sexual Behavior, 030106 microbiology, Population, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Men WHO Have Sex with Men, Netherlands/epidemiology, Microbiology, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Retroviruses, medicine, Humans, European Union, Syphilis, education, Aged, Medicine and health sciences, Biology and life sciences, Genitourinary Infections, business.industry, Lentivirus, lcsh:R, Viral pathogens, Organisms, Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology, HIV, Tropical Diseases, medicine.disease, Hepatitis viruses, Microbial pathogens, INDIVIDUALS, Cross-Sectional Studies, ORGAN-TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Population Groupings, lcsh:Q, People and places, business, Hepatitis E/epidemiology, Sexuality Groupings, Demography
Abstract: Transmission routes of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) are under debate. Here, we studied possible sexual transmission by comparing HEV prevalence in a Dutch sexual high-risk population (n = 1,482) with that in a general population (n = 1,487) while assessing sociodemo-graphic and sexual risk factors. Overall prevalence of anti-HEV IgG of 18.9% (n = 562) was, adjusting for confounders, similar between the two populations (p = 0.44). Prevalence was higher with each year's increase in age (adjusted OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02-1.04, p
Published: 2018

36. A simian-adenovirus-vectored rabies vaccine suitable for thermostabilisation and clinical development for low-cost single-dose pre-exposure prophylaxis

Author: Adrian V. S. Hill, Roland Ventura, Anthony R. Fooks, Hildegund C.J. Ertl, Nicolas Collin, Rebecca Ashfield, Alexander D. Douglas, Livia Brunner, Pawan Dulal, Chuan Wang, Ashley C. Banyard, Xiangyang Zhou, Hooman Goharriz, N Green, Simon J. Draper, and Zhiquan Xiang
Subjects: RNA viruses, Serotype, Adenoviruses, Viral Diseases, Physiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, Biochemistry, Immunologic Adjuvants, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Rabies vaccine, Drug Stability, Zoonoses, Immune Physiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, Neutralizing antibody, Vaccines, Drug Carriers, Vaccines, Synthetic, 0303 health sciences, Immune System Proteins, biology, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Immunogenicity, Vaccination and Immunization, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Viral Pathogens, Viruses, Costs and Cost Analysis, Female, Pathogens, Adjuvant, Research Article, Neglected Tropical Diseases, medicine.drug, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Infectious Disease Control, Rabies, lcsh:RC955-962, Immunology, Genetic Vectors, Research and Analysis Methods, Microbiology, Antibodies, Rabies Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Adjuvants, Immunologic, medicine, Animals, Immunoassays, Microbial Pathogens, Immunization Schedule, 030304 developmental biology, Biology and life sciences, business.industry, Rabies virus, Organisms, Proteins, lcsh:RA1-1270, Adenoviruses, Simian/genetics, Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage, Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods, Rabies/prevention & control, Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage, Rabies Vaccines/economics, Rabies Vaccines/genetics, Rabies Vaccines/immunology, Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage, Vaccines, Synthetic/economics, Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics, Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology, Tropical Diseases, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Virology, Rabies Vaccines, Immunization, Immunologic Techniques, biology.protein, Adenoviruses, Simian, Lyssavirus, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Preventive Medicine, DNA viruses, business
Abstract: Background Estimates of current global rabies mortality range from 26,000 to 59,000 deaths per annum. Although pre-exposure prophylaxis using inactivated rabies virus vaccines (IRVs) is effective, it requires two to three doses and is regarded as being too expensive and impractical for inclusion in routine childhood immunization programmes. Methodology/ Principal findings Here we report the development of a simian-adenovirus-vectored rabies vaccine intended to enable cost-effective population-wide pre-exposure prophylaxis against rabies. ChAdOx2 RabG uses the chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 68 (AdC68) backbone previously shown to achieve pre-exposure protection against rabies in non-human primates. ChAdOx2 differs from AdC68 in that it contains the human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdHu5) E4 orf6/7 region in place of the AdC68 equivalents, enhancing ease of manufacturing in cell lines which provide AdHu5 E1 proteins in trans. We show that immunogenicity of ChAdOx2 RabG in mice is comparable to that of AdC68 RabG and other adenovirus serotypes expressing rabies virus glycoprotein. High titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (VNA) are elicited after a single dose. The relationship between levels of VNA activity and rabies virus glycoprotein monomer-binding antibody differs after immunization with adenovirus-vectored vaccines and IRV vaccines, suggesting routes to further enhancement of the efficacy of the adenovirus-vectored candidates. We also demonstrate that ChAdOx2 RabG can be thermostabilised using a low-cost method suitable for clinical bio-manufacture and ambient-temperature distribution in tropical climates. Finally, we show that a dose-sparing effect can be achieved by formulating ChAdOx2 RabG with a simple chemical adjuvant. This approach could lower the cost of ChAdOx2 RabG and other adenovirus-vectored vaccines. Conclusions/ Significance ChAdOx2 RabG may prove to be a useful tool to reduce the human rabies death toll. We have secured funding for Good Manufacturing Practice- compliant bio-manufacture and Phase I clinical trial of this candidate., Author summary Rabies was, after smallpox, the second human disease for which an efficacious vaccine was developed, by Pasteur in 1885. Although it is eminently preventable, with highly efficacious vaccines available for both humans and animals, it still causes considerable mortality in low and middle-income countries. It is a particular problem in areas with the weakest healthcare and veterinary infrastructure, where achieving prompt post-exposure prophylaxis or high-coverage dog vaccination are challenging. Here, we report the development of a new candidate rabies vaccine, designed to enable low-cost single-dose pre-exposure human rabies prophylaxis in such settings. ChAdOx2 RabG is based upon a simian adenovirus-vectored candidate previously shown to achieve protection after a single dose in non-human primates, now modified to allow clinical-grade bio-manufacture. We show that it induces a potent immune response in mice, that this response can be further enhanced by a clinically-relevant adjuvant, and that we can stabilise it such that it can withstand temperatures of up to 45 °C for a month. We will be performing a clinical trial of this candidate in the near future.
Published: 2018

37. Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Three Months Post Infection in Healthcare Professionals at an Oncology Hospital in Northern Portugal.

Author: Silva DF, Silva PD, Torgal A, Braga S, Rocha D, Ochoa C, Oliveira Á, Rocha L, Dias JM, and Baldaque I
Subjects: Antibodies, Viral, Delivery of Health Care, Health Personnel, Hospitals, Humans, Portugal epidemiology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2
Published: 2021
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38. Test selection for antibody detection according to the seroprevalence level of Schmallenberg virus in sheep

Author: Srđan Pejaković, Damien Coupeau, James Mason, Laetitia Wiggers, Benoît Muylkens, and Nathalie Kirschvink
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, Orthobunyavirus, Physiology, lcsh:Medicine, Antibodies, Viral, Viral/blood, Biochemistry, Geographical locations, 0403 veterinary science, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Belgium, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Germany, Immune Physiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Enzyme-Linked Immunoassays, lcsh:Science, Animal Management, Mammals, Multidisciplinary, Immune System Proteins, biology, Eukaryota, Schmallenberg virus, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Ruminants, Europe, Sheep/blood, Veterinary Diseases, Vertebrates, Antibody, Sheep Diseases/blood, Antibody detection, Research Article, Livestock, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary, 040301 veterinary sciences, Immunology, Sheep Diseases, Context (language use), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunologic Tests, Bunyaviridae Infections, Research and Analysis Methods, Sensitivity and Specificity, Antibodies, 03 medical and health sciences, Bunyaviridae Infections/blood, Neutralization Tests, Neutralization Tests/instrumentation, Seroprevalence, Animals, European Union, Immunoassays, Animal Performance, Sheep, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Amniotes, biology.protein, Immunologic Techniques, lcsh:Q, Veterinary Science, Flock, People and places, Ireland
Abstract: Schmallenberg virus (SBV), initially identified in Germany in 2011, spread rapidly throughout Europe causing significant economic losses in ruminant livestock. The ability to correctly detect emerging and re-emerging diseases such as SBV with reliable tests is of high importance. Firstly, we tested diagnostic performance, specificity, and sensitivity of three different assays used in SBV antibody detection using control sheep samples of determined status. After obtaining the results from the control samples, we assessed the potential of the assays to detect previously infected animals in field situations. The samples were investigated using IDEXX Schmallenberg virus Antibody Test Kit, ID Screen Schmallenberg virus Competition Multi-species ELISA and Serum Neutralisation Test (SNT). Analysis of control samples revealed that SNT was the most suitable test, which was therefore used to calculate concordance and test performance for the two other ELISA tests. To evaluate whether different assay performances had an impact under field conditions, sheep samples from two different contexts were tested: the emergence of SBV in Ireland and the re-emergence of SBV in Belgium. Comparing the results obtained from different assays to the non-reference standard assay SNT, we showed considerable differences in estimates of their sensitivity to detect SBV antibodies and to measure seroprevalence of the sheep flocks. Finally, a calculation of the number of randomly selected animals that needs to be screened from a finite flock, showed that SNT and ID.Vet are the most suitable to detect an introduction of the disease in low seroprevalence situations. The IDEXX ELISA test was only able to detect SBV antibodies in a higher seroprevalence context, which is not optimal for monitoring freedom of disease and surveillance studies.
Published: 2017

39. Predominant Influence of Environmental Determinants on the Persistence and Avidity Maturation of Antibody Responses to Vaccines in Infants

Author: Tessa Goetghebuer, Paul-Henri Lambert, Maria Pihlgren, Arnaud Marchant, Helen A. Weiss, Martin O. Ota, Susana E. Schlegel-Hauter, Claire-Anne Siegrist, Melanie J. Newport, and Hilton Whittle
Subjects: Aging, Measles Vaccine, Antibody Affinity, Antibody Formation/genetics, Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, ddc:616.07, Environment, Antibodies, Viral, Immunoglobulin G, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Antigen, medicine, Tetanus Toxoid, Twins, Dizygotic, Immunology and Allergy, Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage/immunology, Humans, Avidity, 030212 general & internal medicine, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Vaccines, ddc:618, Tetanus, Toxoid, Infant, Antibodies, Bacterial/blood, Twins, Monozygotic, medicine.disease, Antibodies, Bacterial, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Immunization, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunology, Tetanus Toxoid/administration & dosage/immunology, Antibody Formation, biology.protein, Gambia, Measles vaccine, Antibody
Abstract: BACKGROUND Immune responses are complex traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors. We previously reported that genetic factors control early antibody responses to vaccines in Gambian infants. For the present study, we evaluated the determinants of the memory phase of immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. METHODS Antibody responses to tetanus toxoid (TT), measles vaccines, and environmental antigens (total IgG levels) were measured in 210 Gambian twin pairs recruited at birth. Intrapair correlations for monozygous and dizygous pairs were compared to estimate the environmental and genetic components of variations in response. RESULTS In contrast to antibody responses measured in infants at age 5 months, 1 month after immunization, no significant contribution of genetic factors to anti-TT antibody and total IgG levels was detected at age 12 months. Genetic factors controlled measles antibody responses in 12-month-old infants, which indicates that the increasing influence of environmental determinants on anti-TT responses was not related to the older age of the children but, rather, to the time elapsed since immunization. Environmental factors also predominantly controlled affinity maturation and the production of high-avidity antibodies to TT. CONCLUSIONS Genetic determinants control the early phase of the vaccine antibody response in Gambian infants, whereas environmental determinants predominantly influence antibody persistence and avidity maturation.
Published: 2017

40. Are infectious agents involved in the pathogenesis of postpartum psychosis?

Author: Steven A. Kushner, Lot de Witte, Veerle Bergink, Astrid M. Kamperman, G. Snijders, René S. Kahn, Manja Litjens, and Psychiatry
Subjects: Herpesvirus 4, Human, Cytomegalovirus/immunology, Herpesvirus 2, Human, Antibodies, Protozoan, Cytomegalovirus, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Viral/blood, Immunoglobulin G, Cohort Studies, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology, Prevalence, Medicine, Non-U.S. Gov't, biology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Postpartum Period, Human/immunology, Antibody titer, Middle Aged, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Female, Postpartum Period/immunology, Antibody, Toxoplasma, Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology, Adult, Toxoplasma/immunology, Research Support, Antibodies, Puerperal Disorders/epidemiology, Virus, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Journal Article, Protozoan/blood, Humans, Antibodies, Protozoan/blood, Herpesvirus 1, business.industry, Herpesvirus 2, Herpesvirus 4, Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology, Puerperal Disorders, Immunoglobulin M/blood, medicine.disease, 030227 psychiatry, Herpes simplex virus, Cross-Sectional Studies, Immunoglobulin M, Psychotic Disorders, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Immunology, biology.protein, Postpartum psychosis, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background Since postpartum psychosis has been linked to activation of the immune system, it has been hypothesized that infectious agents may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. We therefore investigated whether exposure to pathogens that can infect the central nervous system is increased in patients with postpartum psychosis. Methods We measured the prevalence and titers of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma Gondii (TG) in a cohort of patients with postpartum psychosis (n = 81) and compared these to matched postpartum controls. Results We did not find significant differences in seroprevalence or antibody titers for any of these pathogens. Limitations Limitations of this study include the indirect measurement of infectious disease and the cross-sectional design. Conclusion Our results do not support the hypothesis that exposure to these neurotropic pathogens is involved in postpartum psychosis.
Published: 2017

41. Transfer of Anti-Rotavirus Antibodies during Pregnancy and in Milk Following Maternal Vaccination with a Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Amplicon Vector

Author: Mathias Ackermann, Andrea S. Laimbacher, Kurt Tobler, Mark Suter, Bruno M. Humbel, Elisabeth M. Schraner, Anita F. Meier, and University of Zurich
Subjects: Rotavirus, 0301 basic medicine, lactogenic antibody transfer, 10077 Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, 1607 Spectroscopy, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Antibodies, Viral, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Chemistry, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, HSV-1 amplicon vector, rotavirus-like particles, Antibody Specificity, Pregnancy, Transduction, Genetic, Chlorocebus aethiops, like particles, 030212 general & internal medicine, Vector (molecular biology), lcsh:QH301-705.5, Spectroscopy, HSV, Vaccination, General Medicine, Computer Science Applications, Diarrhea, Milk, Female, medicine.symptom, Antibody, 1606 Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 10244 Institute of Virology, 1 amplicon vector, 1503 Catalysis, Genetic Vectors, Biology, Article, Rotavirus Infections, Catalysis, Inorganic Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, Immune system, Cell Line, Tumor, 1312 Molecular Biology, 1706 Computer Science Applications, medicine, Animals, Humans, Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Codon, Vero Cells, Molecular Biology, Viral Structural Proteins, 1604 Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Rotavirus Vaccines, medicine.disease, Virology, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Herpes simplex virus, Immunization, lcsh:Biology (General), lcsh:QD1-999, Immunology, biology.protein, 570 Life sciences, biology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Antibodies, Viral/immunology, Cercopithecus aethiops, Genetic Vectors/genetics, Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics, Milk/immunology, Rotavirus/immunology, Rotavirus Infections/immunology, Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control, Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage, Rotavirus Vaccines/genetics, Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology, Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage, Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics, Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology, Viral Structural Proteins/genetics, Viral Structural Proteins/immunology, 1605 Organic Chemistry
Abstract: Rotaviruses (RVs) are important enteric pathogens of newborn humans and animals, causing diarrhea and in rare cases death, especially in very young individuals. Rotavirus vaccines presently used are modified live vaccines that lack complete biological safety. Previous work from our laboratory suggested that vaccines based on in situ produced, non-infectious rotavirus-like particles (RVLPs) are efficient while being entirely safe. However, using either vaccine, active mucosal immunization cannot induce protective immunity in newborns due to their immature immune system. We therefore hypothesized that offspring from vaccinated dams are passively immunized either by transfer of maternal antibodies during pregnancy or by taking up antibodies from milk. Using a codon optimized polycistronic gene expression cassette packaged into herpesvirus particles, the simultaneous expression of the RV capsid genes led to the intracellular formation of RVLPs in various cell lines. Vaccinated dams developed a strong RV specific IgG antibody response determined in sera and milk of both mother and pups. Moreover, sera of naïve pups nursed by vaccinated dams also had RV specific antibodies suggesting a lactogenic transfer of antibodies. Although full protection of pups was not achieved in this mouse model, our observations are important for the development of improved vaccines against RV in humans as well as in various animal species.
Published: 2017

42. Risk Factors for Secondary Glaucoma in Herpetic Anterior Uveitis

Author: Lisette Hoeksema, Leonoor I. Los, Nomdo M. Jansonius, Perceptual and Cognitive Neuroscience (PCN), and Restoring Organ Function by Means of Regenerative Medicine (REGENERATE)
Subjects: Male, Intraocular pressure, Herpesvirus 3, Human, Viral/genetics, Viral/virology, Herpetic/virology, genetic structures, Eye Infections, Glaucoma, Eye Infections, Viral, Anterior/virology, Antibodies, Viral, Viral/blood, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus/virology, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Risk Factors, 80 and over, Simplexvirus, Child, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Human/genetics, Incidence, Middle Aged, Uveitis, Anterior, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, Uveitis, Anterior/virology, Female, Uveitis, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Open angle glaucoma, Adolescent, Population, Antibodies, Tonometry, 03 medical and health sciences, Tonometry, Ocular, Ophthalmology, Ocular, Glaucoma/epidemiology, medicine, Simplexvirus/genetics, Humans, Risk factor, education, Preschool, Intraocular Pressure, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Keratitis, business.industry, Herpesvirus 3, Retrospective cohort study, DNA, Eye infection, medicine.disease, DNA, Viral/genetics, eye diseases, Eye Infections, Viral/virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human/genetics, Keratitis, Herpetic/virology, DNA, Viral, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus, Keratitis, Herpetic, sense organs, business
Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of elevated intraocular pressure (TOP) and secondary glaucoma in herpetic anterior uveitis (AU), owing to either herpes simplex or varicella zoster virus, by using the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) criteria, and to identify risk factors for the development of glaucoma.DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study.METHODS: Patients with herpetic AU presenting themselves between 2001 and 2013 at the ophthalmology department of the University Medical Center Groningen were included. Main outcome measures were the incidence of elevated KW and glaucoma and risk factors for the development of glaucoma.RESULTS: Seventy-three herpetic AU patients were included. Ocular complications most commonly seen during follow-up for uveitis were elevated IOP (75%), keratitis (59%), dry eyes (34%), posterior synechiae (34%), cataract (32%), and glaucoma (15%). Glaucoma patients, in comparison to non-glaucoma patients, had a higher number of IOP peaks during their follow-up for uveitis (P CONCLUSIONS: Using the SUN criteria, our study confirmed that elevated IOP and secondary glaucoma are major complications in herpetic AU. If an elevated IOP occurred, it was usually already present at the start of a uveitis episode. A risk factor for the development of glaucoma was the number of endured IOP peaks. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether early and prolonged use of antiviral and IOP-lowering medication may prevent glaucoma.
Published: 2017

43. The anti-influenza M2e antibody response is promoted by XCR1 targeting in pig skin

Author: Edwige Bouguyon, Pierre-Louis Hervé, Nicolas Collin, Olivier Boulesteix, Even Fossum, Charlotte Deloizy, Céline Urien, Tiphany Chrun, Pauline Maisonnasse, Nicolas Bertho, Audrey Duval, Jérémy Pezant, Marc Dalod, Céline Barc, Maelle Codjovi, Christophe Barnier-Quer, Bjarne Bogen, Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil, Christophe Chevalier, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), University of Oslo (UiO), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Plateforme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Agence National de la Recherche grant DCskin-VacFlu [ANR 2011-ISV3-001-01], Research Council of Norway [220642/H10], K.G. Jebsen Foundation, and Université de Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, grippe, Influenza vaccine, Swine, Science, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Monophosphoryl Lipid A, Antibodies, Viral, Virus, Article, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Viral Matrix Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Adjuvants, Immunologic, immunogenicite, Animals, Intradermal injection, Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Antibody Formation, Chemokines, C/administration & dosage, Chemokines, C/genetics, Chemokines, C/metabolism, Dendritic Cells/immunology, Dendritic Cells/metabolism, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage, Influenza Vaccines/genetics, Influenza Vaccines/immunology, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism, Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage, Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics, Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology, Skin/immunology, Skin/metabolism, Viral Matrix Proteins/administration & dosage, Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics, Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology, Skin, Multidisciplinary, biology, Immunogenicity, Dendritic Cells, 3. Good health, Chemokines, C, 030104 developmental biology, CpG site, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Influenza Vaccines, Immunoglobulin G, Immunology, anticorps, biology.protein, Medicine, Antibody, porc, 030215 immunology, XCL1
Abstract: XCR1 is selectively expressed on a conventional dendritic cell subset, the cDC1 subset, through phylogenetically distant species. The outcome of antigen-targeting to XCR1 may therefore be similar across species, permitting the translation of results from experimental models to human and veterinary applications. Here we evaluated in pigs the immunogenicity of bivalent protein structures made of XCL1 fused to the external portion of the influenza virus M2 proton pump, which is conserved through strains and a candidate for universal influenza vaccines. Pigs represent a relevant target of such universal vaccines as pigs can be infected by swine, human and avian strains. We found that cDC1 were the only cell type labeled by XCR1-targeted mCherry upon intradermal injection in pig skin. XCR1-targeted M2e induced higher IgG responses in seronegative and seropositive pigs as compared to non-targeted M2e. The IgG response was less significantly enhanced by CpG than by XCR1 targeting, and CpG did not further increase the response elicited by XCR1 targeting. Monophosphoryl lipid A with neutral liposomes did not have significant effect. Thus altogether M2e-targeting to XCR1 shows promises for a trans-species universal influenza vaccine strategy, possibly avoiding the use of classical adjuvants.
Published: 2017

44. JCV serology in time: 3 years of follow-up

Author: Patrick Vermersch, M. Cambron, A. Chouraki, E. Duhin, A Lacour, N Hadhoum, and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/blood, viruses, Antibody level, JC Virus/immunology, Antibodies, Viral, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, Natalizumab, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting, Immunologic Factors/adverse effects, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Immunologic Factors, In patient, Serologic Tests, Seroconversion, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/complications, business.industry, Multiple sclerosis, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Natalizumab/adverse effects, Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal, virus diseases, General Medicine, medicine.disease, JC Virus, nervous system diseases, Titer, 030104 developmental biology, Neurology, Immunology, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Objectives Although many neurologists are reluctant to use natalizumab in MS (multiple sclerosis) given the increased risk for PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy), trust was regained with the introduction of JCV antibody titres as a potent disease-modifying therapy. Literature shows that in patients with a negative JCV serology, the risk of PML is virtually non-existent. Unfortunately, seroconversion causes concern amongst many neurologists. Furthermore, when patients seroconvert, it is still unclear what the risk is of passing the important threshold of 1.5. Materials & Methods JCV serology data of 161 patients were analysed, upon treatment with natalizumab at the University Hospital in Lille, France, between May 2012 and November 2014. Results Of the 81 patients who tested negative for JCV antibody at baseline, 23 (28.3%) seroconverted but only seven (8.6%) passed the threshold of 1.5. Of the 80 patients testing positive for JCV antibody at baseline, eight had an initial JCV antibody titre of 0.9 or lower of which only one of eight (12.5%) patients passed the threshold of 1.5 in the following 3 years. Eight of 15 (53.3%) patients passed this threshold if the initial serology was higher than 0.9. Conclusions JCV-negative patients and JCV-positive patients with antibody levels below or equal to 0.9 both have a low risk of surpassing the 1.5 threshold.
Published: 2016

45. Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia

Author: Daniel Lozano, Sonia Apaza, Susan Espetia, Faustino Torrico, Monica J. Pajuelo, Mayuko Saito, Roxanna Challappa, Carolina Mejia, Rachel Webman, Jose P. Ribera, Richard Soria, Robert H. Gilman, Casey L. McAtee, and Caryn Bern
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Rotavirus, Urban Population, Bolivia/epidemiology, viruses, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Norovirus/genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Antibodies, Viral/blood, 0302 clinical medicine, fluids and secretions, Genotype, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, 030212 general & internal medicine, Caliciviridae Infections, Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology/virology, virus diseases, Articles, Rotavirus vaccine, Hospitals, Gastroenteritis, Vaccination, Diarrhea, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Rotavirus/genetics, Female, medicine.symptom, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.03.06 [https], Bolivia, 030106 microbiology, Rotavirus Infections, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, medicine, Humans, Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control, Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology, business.industry, Norovirus, Rotavirus Vaccines, Infant, Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology, Parasitology, business, Urban hospital
Abstract: The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in the field may set the stage for a changing landscape of diarrheal illness affecting children worldwide. Norovirus and rotavirus are the two major viral enteropathogens of childhood. This study describes the prevalence of norovirus and rotavirus 2 years after widespread rotavirus vaccination in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Stool samples from hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and outpatients aged 5-24 months without AGE were recruited from an urban hospital serving Bolivia's third largest city. Both viruses were genotyped, and norovirus GII.4 was further sequenced. Norovirus was found much more frequently than rotavirus. Norovirus was detected in 69/201 (34.3%) of specimens from children with AGE and 13/71 (18.3%) of those without diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 38/201 (18.9%) of diarrheal specimens and 3/71 (4.2%) of non-diarrheal specimens. Norovirus GII was identified in 97.8% of norovirus-positive samples; GII.4 was the most common genotype (71.4% of typed specimens). Rotavirus G3P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype (44.0% of typed specimens) and G2P[4] was second most prevalent (16.0% of typed specimens). This community is likely part of a trend toward norovirus predominance over rotavirus in children after widespread vaccination against rotavirus.
Published: 2016

46. Chickenpox in a Swiss prison: Susceptibility, post-exposure vaccination and control measures

Author: Hans Wolff, Claire-Anne Siegrist, Philippe Sudre, Beat Stoll, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Constantin Franziskakis, Yvan Scherrer, Laurent Getaz, and Jean-Paul Humair
Subjects: Adult, Male, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, ddc:174.957, Attack rate, Vaccination/*methods, Antibodies, Viral, Chickenpox Vaccine, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Chickenpox, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, Prisons, Index case, ddc:613, Infection Control, ddc:618, Infection Control/*methods, Chickenpox/*diagnosis/prevention & control, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Prisoners, Public health, Chickenpox Vaccine/*administration & dosage, Vaccination, virus diseases, General Medicine, medicine.disease, stomatognathic diseases, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Viral disease, business, Switzerland, Contact tracing
Abstract: After the occurrence of a case of chickenpox in Switzerland's largest pre-trial prison, protective measures including post-exposure vaccination were implemented, as chickenpox can cause severe complications in adults. Serology for chickenpox was carried out for all contacts of the index case and rapid post-exposure vaccination proposed to all prisoners with a negative history for chickenpox. Susceptibility was found in 14 out of 110 prisoners (12.7%; 95% confidence interval 6.5-18.9). The positive predictive value of a history of chickenpox was 90%. In this predominantly migrant population, susceptibility to chickenpox was approximately 6 times higher than in the general Swiss adult population. Since the attack rate among susceptible household contacts is usually high, preventive measures such as vaccination and quarantine probably allowed containment of the spread of infection.
Published: 2010

47. Type I IFN controls chikungunya virus via its action on nonhematopoietic cells

Author: Stephen Higgs, Marco Colonna, Alain Michault, Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos, Thérèse Couderc, Nicolas Gangneux, Marion Sourisseau, Matthew L. Albert, Anton Kraxner, Olivier Schwartz, Lucie Peduto, Fabrice Chrétien, Marc Lecuit, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Jürg Tschopp, Clémentine Schilte, Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Microorganismes et Barrières de l'Hôte (Equipe avenir), Cellules Souches et Développement, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Virus et Immunité, Institute of Biochemistry, Université de Lausanne (UNIL)-BIL Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Service de microbiologie, Groupe Hospitalier Sud-CHR La réunion, Pathogénie Virale Moléculaire, Virologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Immunology, Washington University, Développement des Tissus Lymphoïdes, Centre d'infectiologie Necker-Pasteur [CHU Necker], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), This work was supported in part by grants from L'Agence Nationale de la Récherche and the Institut Pasteur Programmes Traversaux de Recherche (O. Schwartz, M. Lecuit, and M.L. Albert) and La Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The EURYI Scheme, and European Science Foundation (M.L. Albert)., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL)-BIL Biomedical Research Center, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Gau, Mireille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Equipe avenir Microorganismes et Barrières de l'Hôte, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale ( IMRB ), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ), Université de Lausanne ( UNIL ) -BIL Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch ( UTMB ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)-CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], and Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 )
Subjects: Immunology, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, Virus, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Immune system, Interferon, [ SDV.MP ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism, Alphavirus Infections/blood, Alphavirus Infections/immunology, Animals, Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood, Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Antibodies, Viral/immunology, Blood Cells/immunology, Blood Cells/metabolism, Chikungunya virus, Humans, Interferon Type I/immunology, Mice, Knockout, RNA, Viral, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism, Signal Transduction, Viral Load, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Chikungunya, Alphavirus infection, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 030304 developmental biology, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, 0303 health sciences, Blood Cells, biology, 030306 microbiology, Alphavirus Infections, virus diseases, medicine.disease, Virology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Interferon Type I, biology.protein, Antibody, Viral load, Interferon type I, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the causative agent of an outbreak that began in La Réunion in 2005 and remains a major public health concern in India, Southeast Asia, and southern Europe. CHIKV is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and the associated disease is characterized by fever, myalgia, arthralgia, and rash. As viral load in infected patients declines before the appearance of neutralizing antibodies, we studied the role of type I interferon (IFN) in CHIKV pathogenesis. Based on human studies and mouse experimentation, we show that CHIKV does not directly stimulate type I IFN production in immune cells. Instead, infected nonhematopoietic cells sense viral RNA in a Cardif-dependent manner and participate in the control of infection through their production of type I IFNs. Although the Cardif signaling pathway contributes to the immune response, we also find evidence for a MyD88-dependent sensor that is critical for preventing viral dissemination. Moreover, we demonstrate that IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) expression is required in the periphery but not on immune cells, as IFNAR(-/-)-->WT bone marrow chimeras are capable of clearing the infection, whereas WT-->IFNAR(-/-) chimeras succumb. This study defines an essential role for type I IFN, produced via cooperation between multiple host sensors and acting directly on nonhematopoietic cells, in the control of CHIKV.
Published: 2010

48. Determinants of Vaccine Immunity in the Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Living in Switzerland

Author: Catherine, Myers, Klara M, Posfay-Barbe, Christoph, Aebi, Jean-Jacques, Cheseaux, Christian, Kind, Christoph, Rudin, David, Nadal, Claire-Anne, Siegrist, S, Yerly, Gervaix, Alain, and University of Zurich
Subjects: Male, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Population, 610 Medicine & health, HIV Infections, Antibodies, Viral, Measles, 2726 Microbiology (medical), Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, 2735 Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Prospective Studies, Guideline Adherence/*statistics & numerical data, Child, education, Vaccines, education.field_of_study, ddc:618, Vaccination/*utilization, business.industry, Vaccination, HIV Infections/*immunology, 2725 Infectious Diseases, Viral Load, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Infectious Diseases, Immunization, 10036 Medical Clinic, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Immunology, Female, Vaccine-preventable diseases, Guideline Adherence, Vaccines/*immunology, business, Viral load, Switzerland
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are at increased risk of infections caused by vaccine preventable pathogens, and specific immunization recommendations have been issued. METHODS: A prospective national multicenter study assessed how these recommendations are followed in Switzerland and how immunization history correlates with vaccine immunity. RESULTS: Among 87 HIV-infected children (mean age: 11.1 years) followed in the 5 Swiss university hospitals and 1 regional hospital, most (76%) had CD4 T cells >25%, were receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment (79%) and had undetectable viral load (60%). Immunization coverage was lower than in the general population and many lacked serum antibodies to vaccine-preventable pathogens, including measles (54%), varicella (39%), and hepatitis B (65%). The presence of vaccine antibodies correlated most significantly with having an up-to-date immunization history (P
Published: 2009

49. Adaptive immune responses against parvovirus B19 in patients with myocardial disease

Author: Susanne Modrow, Jürgen J. Wenzel, Juha Lindner, Uwe Kuehl, Heinz-Peter Schultheiss, Michel Noutsias, and Dirk Lassner
Subjects: Adult, Male, Cardiomyopathies/virology, Myocarditis, T-Lymphocytes, Viral pathogenesis, Blotting, Western, 610 Medizin, Cardiomyopathy, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Antibodies, Viral, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Serology, Parvoviridae Infections, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Immune system, Virology, Parvovirus B19, Human, medicine, Humans, Aged, Parvovirus B19, Human/immunology, biology, Parvovirus, business.industry, Dilated cardiomyopathy, Middle Aged, T-Lymphocytes/immunology, Viral Load, Immunoglobulin M/blood, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Acquired immune system, Parvoviridae Infections/immunology, Infectious Diseases, Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G/blood, Immunoglobulin G, DNA, Viral, Immunology, DNA, Viral/blood, Female, Cardiomyopathies, business
Abstract: Background Parvovirus B19 (B19V)-DNA is frequently detected in endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) from patients with acute myocarditis (AMC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but also in various healthy tissues. The clinical relevance of this DNA-persistence is unclear. Objectives To investigate potential pathogenic influences of B19V-DNA in EMBs, we analyzed B19V-specific adaptive immune responses in AMC/DCM patients and healthy controls. Study design 15 AMC/DCM patients with detectable B19V-DNA in EMBs and 51 controls were analyzed for signs of acute B19V-infections and virus-specific immune responses by PCR, ELISA, Western line, and ELISpot-assays. Results Productive B19V-infection was determined in three patients. Slightly lower levels of B19V-specific T-cells were observed in patients as compared to the controls, no differences were observed in virus-specific serology. Viral DNA-load in EMBs could not be correlated to the number of B19V-specific T-cells. No differences in T-cell response, viremia and/or serological markers indicative for viral pathogenesis were observed in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Conclusions Discrepancies in B19V-specific adaptive immunity were not observed in AMC/DCM patients as compared to controls. The data indicate that the exclusive detection of B19V-DNA in EMBs is not sufficient to associate B19V with AMC/DCM but should be complemented with additional virological and immunological parameters in further studies.
Published: 2009

50. Comparison of Three Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays to Detect Porcine Circovirus-2 (PCV-2)—Specific Antibodies after Vaccination or Inoculation of Pigs with Distinct PCV-1 or PCV-2 Isolates

Author: John K. Johnson, Abby R. Patterson, Tanja Opriessnig, Sheela Ramamoorthy, Xiang-Jin Meng, and Patrick G. Halbur
Subjects: Circovirus, Swine, Circoviridae Infections/diagnosis, Circovirus/immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Diagnostic accuracy, Antibodies, Viral, Circoviridae Infections/immunology, complex mixtures, Vaccination/veterinary, Serology, Open Reading Frames, Antibodies, Viral/blood, Swine Diseases/immunology, Animals, Vaccination/methods, Circoviridae Infections, Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage, Circovirus/isolation & purification, Swine Diseases/virology, Swine Diseases, chemistry.chemical_classification, General Veterinary, biology, Inoculation, Vaccination, Circoviridae Infections/veterinary, Reproducibility of Results, Viral Vaccines, biology.organism_classification, veterinary(all), Virology, Porcine circovirus, Specific antibody, Enzyme, chemistry, Circovirus/genetics, biology.protein, Antibody
Abstract: Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) serology is frequently used to determine PCV-2 status and optimal timing of PCV-2 vaccination in the field. The objectives of the current study are to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 3 currently available commercial anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG) PCV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and to compare the ability of the 3 assays to detect and differentiate between anti—PCV-2a and anti—PCV-2b antibodies, as well as anti—PCV-2 and anti—PCV-1 antibodies. Fifty-five 3-week-old, conventional pigs were randomly allocated to 7 groups: 1) negative controls ( n = 7), 2) PCV-2a ( n = 8; inoculated with PCV-2 ISU-40895), 3) PCV-2b ( n = 8; inoculated with PCV-2 NC-16845), 4) PCV-1 ( n = 8), 5) vaccine A ( n = 8; Ingelvac® CircoFLEX™), 6) vaccine B ( n = 8; Circumvent® PCV2), and 7) vaccine C ( n = 8; Suvaxyn® PCV2 One Dose). Blood samples were collected weekly, and all sera were tested by 3 different anti-PCV-2 IgG ELISAs. The results indicated that all ELISAs had area under the receiver operating curve values greater than 0.94, detected both anti-PCV-2a and −2b antibodies with no differentiation, and did not detect anti-PCV-1 antibodies in infected animals. One of the ELISAs was able to distinguish pigs vaccinated with vaccine B from pigs inoculated with either PCV-2a or PCV-2b.
Published: 2008

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