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Surgical resection of RCC should be the aim for cure of localized or locally advanced RCC, either by partial or radical nephrectomy, depending on tumor size and patient’s performance status. In cT1 stages partial nephrectomy is recommended. In metastatic stage, immediate CN can be performed in patients with good performance status, who do not need systemic therapy because of oligometatastic disease with feasibility of complete resection.

Objective To compare prospectively early outcome and complications of catheter removal after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) on the 4th or 7th day with a standardized running barbed suture technique. Introduction The time point of removing the indwelling catheter after RARP mainly depends on institute’s/surgeon’s preferences. Removal should be late enough to avoid urinary leakage and complications such as acute urinary retention (AUR) but early enough to avoid unnecessary catheter indwelling. Materials and methods A consecutive single-institutional series of patients underwent RARP between July 2015 and August 2017 and were entered in a prospectively maintained data base. Between July 2015 and December 2016 a cystogram was performed on 7th postoperative day (group A), thereafter the cystogram was performed on 4th postoperative day (group B). Incidence of acute urinary retention (AUR), urinary tract infections (UTI) and adverse events between the two cohorts was compared. Results 425 patients were analyzed (group A: n = 231; group B: n = 194). Both cohorts were comparable regarding demographic and oncological parameters. Watertight anastomosis was present in 84.8% in group A and in 82.5% in group B, respectively. AUR within 4 weeks after RARP occurred in 2.2% (n = 3) in A and 9.4% (n = 15) in B (p = 0.001). AUR within 72 h after catheter removal occurred in group A: 1% (n = 2) and in group B: 6.3% (n = 10) (p = 0.005). Symptomatic urinary tract infections occurred in 8.2% (n = 16) in group A and in 6.9% (n = 11) in group B. There were no differences in the rate of secondary anastomosis dehiscence. Age, BMI, prostate size, surgeon, or intraoperative bladder neck reconstruction were not correlated to the occurrence of AUR or UTI. Conclusions The removal of indwelling catheter on day 4 after a RARP with a running barbed suture shows similar anastomosis leakage rates as on the 7th postoperative day. However, AUR rates are higher for early removal. Patients scheduled for early removal should be carefully informed about the increased risk for AUR. Catheter indwelling time does not represent a risk factor for UTI.

The aim of this study was to compare cancer detection by targeted fusion-guided biopsy with systematic biopsy, and to evaluate the value of combined biopsy, in a daily clinical practice scenario. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the influence of previous biopsies on cancer detection.In this retrospective single-centre study, we evaluated 524 cases of combined biopsy of the prostate from October 2015 to December 2018. All men had a clinical suspicion for prostate cancer due to an elevated PSA and/or a suspicious digital rectal examination and underwent a multiparametric MRI of the prostate read by one out of 6 experienced radiologists. In all cases, fusion-guided biopsy of the prostate was consecutively followed by systematic 12-core biopsy in the same session at the same urological department performed by one out of 5 experienced urologists.In 270/524 (51.5%) cases, cancer was found using combined biopsy. Systematic biopsy alone detected cancer in 205/524 (39.1%) and clinically significant cancer in 137/524 (26.1%) cases. Fusion-guided biopsy alone detected 227/524 (43.3%) and clinically significant cancer in 150/524 (28.6%) cases. A histological upgrade of the Gleason score by fusion-guided biopsy was noted in 20/270 (7.4%) of all cancers found and by systematic biopsy in 31/270 (11.5%). Of all positive cases (clinically insignificant and significant cancer), 65/270 (24.1%) were detected only by fusion-guided biopsy, whereas 43/270 (15.9%) were detected only by systematic biopsy.Fusion-guided biopsy can detect more cases of prostate cancers than systematic biopsy alone, especially clinically significant cancer. However, the combination of both biopsy methods improves the detection rate and can help to identify clinically significant cancer.

Introduction: Lymphocele (LC) formation is a common complication which may cause severe symptoms after robot-assisted radical prostatovesiculectomy (RARP) with concomitant pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). Compared to open radical prostatectomy, the amount of data on potential risk factors for LC formation is still limited. The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors for symptomatic LC formation (sLC) after RARP with PLND. Methods: We used the data of a prospective multicentre series of 232 RARP patients which were treated between March 2017 and December 2017. The primary endpoint was the presence of sLC within 90 days. Asymptomatic LC (aLC) formation was also recorded. We evaluated clinical, perioperative, and histopathological criteria and compared their distribution in patients with and without post-operative sLC. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses (MVAs) were performed to identify potential predictors for LC formation. Regarding the influence of patients’ BMI, 2 models were calculated: BMI continuously (model 1) and BMI dichotomized with cut-off 30 kg/m2 (WHO definition, model 2). Results: Post-operative sLC was present in 21 patients (9.1%), while aLC was detected in 49 patients (21.1%) 90 days after RARP with PLND. Patients with sLC showed higher median baseline PSA levels (9.8 vs. 8.1 ng/mL), higher prevalence of obesity (BMI >30; 42.9 vs. 19.9%), and longer median console time (180 vs. 165 min) compared to patients without sLC. On MVA higher BMI {model 1: OR 1.145 (confidence interval [CI] 1.025–1.278); model 2: OR 2.761 (1.045–7.296)}, longer console time (model 1: OR 1.013 [1.005–1.021]; model 2: OR 1.013 [1.005–1.020]) and an ISUP grade ≥3 (model 1: OR 3.247 [1.182–8.917]; model 2: OR 2.791 [1.050–7.423]) were identified as independent predictors for sLC development. Conclusion: Patients with aggressive tumours and higher BMI should be informed about a potentially increased risk for sLC formation. In case of a long console time, a close and regular follow-up should be considered to check for LC development.

Background Lymphocele is the most common complication arising after pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in the setting of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). The only data available until now on the utility of a peritoneal flap to prevent lymphocele were retrospectively acquired. Methods A randomized, controlled, multi-center trial with blinded assessment of endpoints was carried out on 232 patients with prostate cancer who underwent RARP with PLND. The patients in the intervention group were given a peritoneal flap; in the control group, surgery was performed without this modification. The two joint primary endpoints were the rates of symptomatic lymphocele during the same hospitalization as the operative procedure (iT1) and within 90 days of surgery (iT2). The secondary endpoints were lymphocele volume, the need for treatment of lymphocele, complications requiring an intervention, and the degree of postoperative stress incontinence. German Clinical Trials Register number: DRKS00011115. Results The data were evaluated in an intention-to-treat analysis, which, in this trial, was identical to an as-treated analysis. 108 patients (46.6%) were allotted to the intervention group. There were no statistically significant intergroup differences with respect to any clinical or histopathological criteria. A median of 16 lymph nodes were removed (interquartile range, 11-21). A symptomatic lymphocele arose in 1.3% (iT1) and 9.1% (iT2) of the patients, without any statistically significant difference between the two trial groups (p = 0.599 and p = 0.820, respectively). Nor did the groups differ significantly with respect to lymphocele volume (p = 0.670 on hospital discharge [T1], p = 0.650 90 days after surgery [T2]) or the type and frequency of need for subsequent surgical intervention (p = 0.535; iT2). 81.5% of all patients (n = 189) had no complications at all in the first three months after surgery. Nor were there any intergroup differences at 90 days with respect to the degree of stress urinary incontinence (p = 0.306) or complications (p = 0.486). Conclusion A peritoneal flap after RARP was not found to influence the rate of postoperative lymphocele, whether asymptomatic or requiring treatment.

Introduction Current results concerning the effect of body mass index (BMI) on positive surgical margins (PSMs) after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with localized prostate cancer are inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further analyse the association between BMI and PSMs after RARP. Material and methods Between March 2017 and December 2017 a multicentre, prospective, randomised, single-blind series with a blinded outcome assessment of 232 RARP patients was performed. Multivariate logistical regression models were used to analyse the independent effect of obesity, with body-mass-index (BMI) dichotomised at 30 kg/m2 (model-1) and at 90th percentile (model-2), on PSMs. Results Median BMI was 27.2 kg/m2, PSMs were found in 15.5% (n = 36). In multivariate model-1, obesity did not have a significant effect on PSMs (OR 2.34, p = 0.061). However, if BMI was dichotomized at the 90th percentile (BMI ≥33.7 kg/m²), patients with a higher BMI showed PSMs four-times more frequently (OR 3.99, p = 0.013). In both models, preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and pathological tumour stage had a significant effect on PSMs. There was no significant correlation between BMI and the extent of PSMs, nor a significant difference between the BMI groups and the localisation of PSMs. There was a higher percentage of posteriolateral PSM localisation in obese patients compared to patients with a BMI of less than 30 kg/m2 (58.3% and 25.3% of the localisations were posterolateral in obese and non-obese patients, respectively), however this effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.175). Conclusions In addition to a longer operation time and about twice as many complications, patients with a BMI of ≥33.7 kg/m² had a higher PSM rate after RARP. Differences in localization of PSMs in relation to obesity should be evaluated in future research.

In recent years, new therapeutic options have brought improvements in the treatment of metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Targeted Hormone Therapy (THT) represents a novel therapeutic component for which recent studies have shown a maximum benefit in the time between failure of androgen deprivation therapy (patient is metastatic and still pain-free) and prior to chemotherapy. Prostate cancer experts of the Austrian Society of Urology and Andrology (OGU), the Working Group for Urologic Oncology as part of the OGU, and the Professional Association of Austrian Urologists (BvU) have developed recommendations for the treatment of patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. The definition of failure of classical hormonal therapy has been based on the guidelines of the German Society of Urology (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Urologie, DGU) and the European Association of Urology (EAU). Criteria for the initiation of treatment with hormonal or chemotherapy include: Treatment should only be initiated when all of these four criteria are applicable, with the age of the patient being no exclusion criterion. First-line therapies for these patients include abiraterone, enzalutamide, and docetaxel as well as radium-223. The manuscript refers only to treatment regimens available in Austria. Selection of the initial treatment option—starting with THT or chemotherapy—should be determined based on the individual patient characteristics. When using abiraterone or enzalutamide, re-staging within 3–6 months is recommended.

Introduction and Objectives: Bladder cancer is characterized by gender-dependent disparities. To further address this issue, we analysed a prospective, multicentre cystectomy registry. Methods: An online database was developed that included patient demographics, intra/perioperative data, surgical data and in-house complications. Results: Four hundred fifty-eight patients (112 [24.5%] women and 346 [75.5%] men) were analysed. Men and women were comparable regarding age (mean 68 years), body mass index (mean 26.5) and the mean Charlson score (4.8). Women had more advanced tumour-stages (pT3/pT4; women: 57.1%; men: 48.1%). The rate of incontinent urinary diversion was higher in women (83.1%) than in men (60.2%) and in a multivariate analysis, the strongest predictors were M+ status (OR 11.2), female gender (OR 6.9) and age (OR 6.5). Women had a higher intraoperative blood transfusion rate. The overall rate of in-house complications was similar in both genders (men: 32.0%, women: 32.6%). Severe (Clavien-Dindo grade >2) medical (women: 6.3%; men: 5.2%) and surgical (women: 21.5%; men: 14.4%) in-house complications, however, were more frequent in women. Conclusions: This multicentre registry demonstrates several gender-related differences in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. The higher transfusion rate, the rare use of orthotopic bladder substitutes and the higher in-house complication rate underline the higher complexity of this procedure in women.

Background Case volume has been suggested to affect surgical outcomes in different arrays of procedures. We aimed to delineate the relationship between case volume and surgical outcomes and quality of care criteria of radical cystectomy (RC) in a prospectively collected multicenter cohort. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected European cohort of patients with bladder cancer treated with RC in 2011. We relied on 479 and 459 eligible patients with available information on hospital case volume and surgeon case volume, respectively. Hospital case volume was divided into tertiles, and surgeon volume was dichotomized according to the median annual number of surgeries performed. Binomial generalized estimating equations controlling for potential known confounders and inter-hospital clustering assessed the independent association of case volume with short-term complications and mortality, as well as the fulfillment of quality of care criteria. Results The high-volume threshold for hospitals was 45 RCs and, for high-volume surgeons, was > 15 cases annually. In adjusted analyses, high hospital volume remained an independent predictor of fewer 30-day (odds ratio, 0.34; P = .002) and 60- to 90-day (odds ratio, 0.41; P = .03) major complications but not of fulfilling quality of care criteria or mortality. No difference between surgeon volume groups was noted for complications, quality of care criteria, or mortality after adjustments. Conclusion The coordination of care at high-volume hospitals might confer a similar important factor in postoperative outcomes as surgeon case volume in RC. This points to organizational elements in high-volume hospitals that enable them to react more appropriately to adverse events after surgery.

Introduction. To analyze the impact of radical prostatectomy (RPE) on erectile function and lower urinary tract function in comparison to age-matched healthy men. Materials and Methods. Patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy completed questionnaires containing the IIEF-5, the Bristol female LUTS questionnaire, and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Results. Patients after RPE were included (n=363). Age-matched healthy men (n=363) were included. The mean IIEF-5 of patients aged 61–70 yrs after RPE was 10.4±6.6 versus 18.8±5.3 in the control cohort; the respective values for men aged 71–80 yrs after RPE were 7.2±6.5 versus 13.6±7.7 in the control cohort. Urinary incontinence after RPE was reported in 41.9% (61–70 years) and 37.7% (71–80) versus 7.5% and 15.1% in the control cohort. The mean IPSS of patients after RPE aged 61–70 yrs was 5.0±4.4 versus 5.5±4.9 in the control cohort; the respective values for men aged 71–80 yrs were 6.0±4.9 versus 7.5±5.7 in the healthy cohort. Conclusions. The negative effect of radical prostatectomy on erectile and urinary incontinence remains substantial. The physiologically declining erectile and lower urinary tract function with ageing reduces the difference between healthy men and those after surgery. Healthy men have a higher IPSS presumably due to the presence of bladder outlet obstruction.

Das Ziel der aktuellen Studie war die Evaluierung perioperativer Komplikationen unter Verwendung der Clavien-Dindo Komplikationsklassifikation zum Vergleich zwischen retropubischer, endoskopischer und roboter-assistierter radikaler Protatektomie mithilfe einer prospektiv erhobenen Datenbank.

Active surveillance (AS) is a well-recognized strategy to reduce the risk of overtreatment in men with low-risk prostate cancer. No data on this approach are available from Austria.The Qualitätspartnerschaft Urologie (QuapU) developed an online database for patients managed with AS in Austria. Principal inclusion/exclusion criteria corresponded to those of the S3 prostate cancer guideline of German urologists: prostate-specific antigen (PSA)10 ng/ml, Gleason score7 (maximum 20% of biopsies being positive). Control visits were scheduled at 3‑month intervals, control biopsies were scheduled at 12 and 36 months.To date 131 patients have been entered into this data base. Mean patient age is 64 years, 6% were younger than 50 years, two thirds of patients were aged 50-70 years and 25% were older than 70 years. Mean PSA value was 5.9 ng/ml (PSA 0-4 ng/ml: 15%; PSA4-10 ng/ml: 85%). The prostate volume averaged 39 ml. The mean time under AS was 17.5 months (12 months: 60%;12 months: 40%). The AS adherence at 12 months was 85% and at 24 months 76%. To date, a total of 23 patients (17.6%) stopped AS. The most frequent reasons for discontinuing AS were patient wish for active treatment (43.5%) and PSA progression (30.4%). A histological progression was rarely seen (6.1%) and the control biopsy rate was low (19.8%).This study is the first description of AS in Austria and documents the feasibility of an online registry for AS. The data confirm the international experience with this approach with acceptable adherence rates.

Purpose: We report on our initial experience in terms of efficacy and safety with a new, self-anchoring adjustable transobturator male system (A.M.I.® ATOMS System) for the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence after prostate surgery.Materials and Methods: In this prospective, nonrandomized single center study conducted between March and December 2009, patients with stress urinary incontinence secondary to prostatic surgery were treated with the ATOMS device. Urethroscopy, filling and voiding cystometry were performed preoperatively for all patients. In addition, incontinence symptoms were assessed, and a physical examination, 24-hour pad test and 24-hour pad count were performed before and after surgery.Results: A total of 38 patients were included in the study (36 after radical prostatectomy, 2 after benign prostatic hyperplasia surgery). No intraoperative complications occurred. Mean number of adjustments during followup was 3.97 (range 0 to 9). At a mean followup of 16.9 months (range 13 to 21...

To investigate the association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and both coronary vascular disease (CVD) and stroke in men in a cross-sectional and longitudinal setting.Men aged 30-92 years underwent a free health investigation and completed the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire. In the cross-sectional part, the 10-year CVD and stroke risks were estimated according to the Framingham risk score. In the follow-up period (mean 6.1 years) the CVD and stroke events were recorded.Two-thousand ninety-two men aged 47.8 years (SD 11.5) were analyzed. No to mild LUTS were present in 1,738 men, 337 men had moderate LUTS, and 17 had severe LUTS. The 10-year risk (cross-sectional design) for CVD or stroke in men with no to mild, moderate, and severe LUTS was 8.8%, 10.6%, and 15.9% (P.01) and 6.9%, 7.5%, and 11.7% (P.01), respectively. Adjusted for age, diabetes, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the odds ratios for CVD and stroke risk were 0.98 (P = .58) and 0.99 (P = .72) for moderate and 1.28 (P = .03) and 1.66 (P.01) for severe LUTS. During follow-up, 96 events (CVD or stroke) were recorded: Men with no to mild, moderate, and severe LUTS had 76 (4.4%), 15 (4.5%), and 5 (29.4%) events, respectively. The adjusted (see above) hazard ratios were 0.63 (P = .16) for moderate and 3.82 (P = .01) for severe LUTS.Although moderate LUTS do not seem to be a risk factor for CVD and stroke, men with severe LUTS were at increased risk for both according to a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Studies with a larger group of men with severe LUTS are warranted to further substantiate these observations.

PURPOSE: The known importance of testosterone for the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prompted us to test the hypothesis whether polymorphisms of two genes (CYP19A1 and CYP3A4) involved in testosterone metabolism are associated with clinical BPH-parameters. METHODS: A random sample of the population-based Herne lower urinary tract symptoms cohort was analysed. All these men underwent a detailed urological work-up. Two polymorphisms in the CYP19A1 gene [rs700518 in exon 4 (A57G); rs10046 at the 3'UTR(C268T)] and one in the 3'UTR of CYP3A4 [rs2740574 (A392G)] were determined by TaqMan assay from genomic DNA of peripheral blood. These polymorphisms were correlated to clinical and laboratory BPH-parameters. RESULTS: A total of 392 men (65.4 +/- 7.0 years; 52-79 years) were analysed. Mean International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS; 7.5), Q (max) (15.4 ml/s), prostate volume (31 ml) and prostate specific antigen (PSA) (1.8 ng/ml) indicated a typical elderly population. Both polymorphisms in the CYP19A1 gene were not correlated to age, IPSS, Q (max), prostate volume and post-void residual volume. Serum PSA was higher in men carrying the heterozygous rs10046 genotype (2.0 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) than in those with the CC-genotype (1.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, P = 0.012). Men carrying one a mutated allele of the CYP3A4 gene had smaller prostates (27.0 +/- 2.0 vs. 32 +/- 0.8 ml, P = 0.02) and lower PSA levels (1.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.1 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: The inconsistent associations observed herein and for other gene polymorphisms warrant further studies. In general, the data regarding the association of gene polymorphism to BPH-parameters suggest that this disease is caused by multiple rather than a single genetic variant. A rigorous patient selection based on anatomo-pathological and hormonal profile may possible reduce the number of confounders for future studies thus enabling a more detailed assessment of the association between genetic factors and BPH-parameters

• The most recent evidence for the link between a family history of prostate cancer and individual risk for future disease was examined, with the aim of understanding what the existence and nature of a family history of prostate cancer does to a man's risk of developing the disease. • Our findings highlighted the clear association between a family history of prostate cancer and increased risk of developing the disease; with a greater proximity of relatedness, greater number of family members affected and/or earlier age at diagnosis of the family member elevating risk further. • These findings have important clinical implications for the identification and subsequent management of men deemed to be at increased risk of developing prostate cancer. The evidence for prostate cancer risk reduction with the mono 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) finasteride in a low-risk population and, more recently, with the dual 5ARI dutasteride in a population at increased risk of developing the disease, has potential to expand management options for men at risk of developing prostate cancer beyond more frequent and/or earlier surveillance. • Given that family history can be easily assessed in routine clinical practice, it should be regarded as an important parameter to consider alongside PSA level for prostate cancer risk assessment.

To analyze erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).A consecutive series of men aged 50-65 years undergoing an echocardiography (EC) at the Danube hospital in Vienna was analyzed. All patients completed the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5). LVSD was defined by EC as an ejection fraction (EF) below 55%.A total of 85 men (age, 58.5 years; standard deviation, 4.3) entered the analysis. Mean EF was 60.9% and mean IIEF-5 score 16.8. No ED (IIEF-5, 22-25) was present in 32 men (37.6%), mild ED (IIEF-5, 17-21) in 17 (20%), and 36 (42.4%) had moderate to severe ED (IIEF-5, 5-16). An EF below 55% was seen in 26 men (30.6%). Mean IIEF-5 in men with LVSD was 13.6 compared with 18.2 in those without LVSD (P = .005); the proportion of men with ED (IIEF-522) was 76% in men with LVSD compared with 56.6% in those without LVSD (relative risk, 1.37; P = .05). In a logistic regression analysis adjusted for body mass index and age a declined IIEF-5 score was independently associated with a low EF (or=55%) (P = .02).Our data, generated via standardized assessment of LVSD (EC) and ED (IIEF-5) revealed a significant effect of chronic LVSD on erectile function in middle-aged men.

Objectives: To define the epidemiological impact of the overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) on sexual life. We therefore analyzed this issue in a large cohort of individuals participating in a health screening project. Patients and Methods: A total of 2,365 men and women completed the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Questionnaire (BFLUTS). OAB was defined according to the International Continence Society (ICS). The impact of OAB on sexual life was assessed by a single question: ‘In general, how do your micturition problems affect your sexual life’. Results: A total of 1.199 men and 1.166 women with were analyzed. The overall prevalence of OAB was 13.9% (n = 329): 9.7% had OABdry and 4.2% OABwet. A total of 17.6% (n = 58) of individuals with OAB reported a negative impact of OAB on sexual life as compared to 4.7% of those without OAB (p < 0.001). One of 4 with OABwet reported a negative impact on sexual life (25%) as compared to 14.4% in those with OABdry (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction is frequently reported in individuals with OAB. Individuals with OABwet are experiencing a more profound impact on sexuality. Therefore, patients with OAB should be assessed regarding sexual dysfunction by the urologist.

Despite the widespread use of prostate specific antigen for early prostate cancer (PCa) detection in younger men, PCa is still as disease of the elderly as 2/3 of incident cases are detected in men older than 65 years and 25% are older than 75 years at diagnosis. Opportunistic screening for PCa is not recommended for men with a life expectancy of less than 10 years. The therapeutic strategy for senior adults is driven by tumour stage/aggressiveness, co-morbidity and chronological age. Elderly patients with low/intermediate risk tumours - particularly those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years - are best managed by watchful waiting. Senior adults with intermediate/high risk tumours and a life expectancy of >10 years may benefit from curative local therapy such as radical prostatectomy or combined external beam irradiation/androgen ablation therapy. For elderly patients with metastatic disease, androgen deprivation remains the mainstay of therapy, intermittent androgen ablation is a promising approach.

PSA ist mit Sicherheit der meistgenutzte und meistdiskutierte Marker in der Urologie. Der Einsatz von PSA ist in der in der Hoffnung bedingt, Mortalitat und Morbiditat des Prostatakarzinoms zu senken, welches die haufigste maligne nichtkutane Erkrankung des alteren Mannes in westlichen Industrienationen darstellt. Obwohl es aufgrund des oftmals sehr langen naturlichen Verlaufes bei Prostatakarzinomen sehr schwierig ist, den Nutzen von PSA oder grundsatzlich jeglicher medizinischer Masnahme nachzuweisen, ist aus der Sicht der Autoren die Haufigkeit der PSA-Bestimmungen sehr wohl bedingt durch die vielfaltigen Fragestellungen, wo uns PSA weiterhelfen kann. In Zukunft wird PSA, so nicht ein neuer, potenterer Marker entwickelt und eingefuhrt wird weiter eine grose Rolle spielen. Es wird jedoch auf vielfaltige Kenntnisse des behandelnden Arztes ankommen, um karzinomrelevante Informationen jenseits eines einzelnen PSA-Wertes abzuleiten. Der Einsatz von PSA wird eventuell fruher beginnen und fruher enden (ab 40–75a) und nicht jeder entdeckte Tumor wird tatsachlich auch aktiv therapiert werden.

In contrast to the high prevalence of late onset hypogonadism, little is known regarding correlates for low androgen levels in aging men.We investigated participants of the Vienna Transdanube Aging study and assessed the relationship between vascular risk factors and hormonal status over 5 years.A total of 247 men with a mean age of 75.8 years were analyzed. Despite a tendency for lower testosterone levels in men with vascular risk factors and vascular diseases, none of these associations reached statistical significance. Men with low DHEA-S levels had a lower risk of hypercholesterinemia (-55.2%; P = 0.01) yet an increased prevalence of diabetes (+95.7%; P = 0.02) and coronary heart disease (+47.6%; P = 0.05). Testosterone and DHEA-S remained stable over 5 years of follow-up.While reduced levels of total testosterone did not show an association to vascular disease, low DHEA-S was linked to hypercholesterinemia, diabetes, and coronary heart disease.

For decades, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has been the gold-standard therapy for severe benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Diagnostic work-up and indications for TURP should follow the European Association of Urology benign prostatic hyperplasia guidelines. Pressure flow studies are not indicated as a routine diagnostic procedure but are highly recommended under certain conditions (eg, unsuccessful TURP, young age, previous pelvic surgery). Various technical improvements such as video-TURP, continuous-flow instruments, and bipolar TURP have substantially decreased the mortality and morbidity of TURP today. In the bipolar transurethral resection era, bleeding remains the most significant intra- and perioperative complication. The short-term and, particularly, long-term efficacy of TURP is unsurpassed, as documented by substantial improvements in symptoms, maximum flow rate, and postvoid residual volume. The retreatment rate of TURP is in the range of 8–12% within a decade after primary surgery, a value reached by many minimally invasive procedures as early as within 1–2 yr. Despite an intense 20 yr of research for a minimally invasive alternative, TURP still is and will most likely remain the reference standard for the surgical management of severe BPO.

To assess the current role of plant extracts in the medical management of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement/benign prostatic obstruction.In 2006, two clinical trials meeting the WHO benign prostatic hyperplasia consensus conference criteria (randomized against placebo/standard therapy, study duration 12 months) were published. One trial compared a saw palmetto extract with placebo. This industry-independent trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine was negative, that is, this saw palmetto extract had no effect on symptoms, Qmax and postvoid residual volume. In another trial, a saw palmetto/urtica combination was compared with tamsulosin. After 12 months, the improvement of symptoms was identical in both study arms. No detailed data were presented, however, on Qmax, postvoid residual or prostate volume. The biological mechanisms of plant extracts in vivo are still unknown and the numerous metaanalyses cannot supplement high-quality prospective trials.Further prospective studies according to WHO benign prostatic hyperplasia standards are required to reliably determine the role of plant extracts in contemporary lower urinary tract symptoms management and to be able to answer the question in the title: 'plant extracts: sense or nonsense?' Plant extracts are currently not recommended by the American and European Association of Urology benign prostatic hyperplasia guidelines.

Objective To analyse over 6.5 yr the natural history of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of continent women participating in a health investigation. Methods Women participating in a health screening survey in the area of Vienna in 1998–1999 underwent a detailed health investigation and completed the Bristol Female LUTS questionnaire. In 2005, all women still living in the area of Vienna were contacted by mail to complete the Bristol LUTS questionnaire again. For the current study, only women without urinary incontinence at baseline and follow-up were eligible. Results A total of 223 women (mean age, 50.3 yr; range, 21–79) were included in this 6.5-yr longitudinal study. At baseline, 80 women (35.9%) reported LUTS; this number increased to 105 (47.1%) 6.5 yr later. The calculated mean annual incidence of LUTS was 5.3% and revealed no clear dependency on age: 20–39 yr, 5.6%; 40–59 yr, 5.9%; ≥60 yr, 3.7%. The mean annual remission rate of LUTS was 4.6% without clear age dependency. Symptoms most likely to improve were "urgency"; "frequency"; "nocturia" and "feeling of incomplete bladder emptying" had the highest tendency of worsening. Conclusions This longitudinal study on the natural history of LUTS in women without urinary incontinence provides estimates for incidence and remission rates over 6.5 yr. Compared with men, LUTS in women are a dynamic rather than a necessarily progressive disorder.

Objectives Since decades plant extracts belong to the most popular drugs for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Herein we review biological mechanisms, the placebo effect, results of clinical trials, the role of meta-analyses and guideline recommendations. Methods Review of the literature with particular reference to long-term (study period ≥6 months) controlled trials and of BPH-guideline recommendations. Results Only few of the large number of available studies meet the criteria defined by the WHO-BPH consensus conference. The few, placebo-controlled, long-term (study period ≥6 months) studies suggest a positive effect of some extracts (saw palmetto, s-sitosterol, urtica, saw palmetto/urtica combination) on LUTS, an effect on uroflow, post-void residual volume, prostate volume and PSA was not consistently demonstrable. Randomised trials against active comparators (α1-blocker, 5α-reductase inhibitors) are difficult to interpret. Due to the lack of prospective studies, several meta-analyses have been published that can not replace prospective studies according to WHO-BPH recommendations. None of the BPH-guidelines currently recommends plant extracts, yet universally conclude that this is an interesting approach. Conclusions Further prospective studies according to WHO-standards are required to reliably determine the role of plant extracts in contemporary LUTS-management.

Objectives To determine the prevalence of interstitial cystitis (IC) symptoms in an urban female population, to study their impact on quality of life and sexual function, and to identify correlates for IC symptoms. Methods Women attending a voluntary health survey project in Vienna underwent a detailed health investigation and completed a questionnaire containing the O'Leary-Sant IC questionnaire. Women with high (≥12) symptom and problem scores including nocturia (>2) and pain were considered most likely to have IC. Results A total of 981 women, aged 19 to 89 yr (mean, 49.1±14.7 yr), participated in the study. Of these, 57.9% had a low IC symptom score (score 0–3), 25.9% mild IC symptoms (score 4–6), 13.9% moderate symptoms (score 7–11), and 2.3% a high symptom score (score 12–20). The IC problem score revealed a similar pattern. The overall prevalence of IC was 306/100,000 women with the highest value (464/100,000) in middle-aged women (40–59 yr). About two thirds of the women with moderate to high risk for IC reported an impairment of quality of life; 35% reported an effect on their sexual life. In a multivariate analysis, bowel disorders ( p =0.016) and psychological stress ( p =0.029) were correlated to the probability of IC. Conclusion The prevalence of IC symptoms is higher than previously estimated and substantially affects quality of life and sexuality.

OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term functional and oncological outcome in a consecutive series of patients undergoing palliative transurethral resection of the prostate (pTURP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively assessed all patients who had a pTURP between 1992 and 2004 at our institution. Patients with incidental prostate cancer (pT1a/pT1b) were excluded. In all, 89 patients (mean age 75.9 years, sd 0.9, at diagnosis) entered the study. RESULTS The median (range) prostate-specific antigen level at diagnosis was 25.7 (0.7–5000) ng/mL and the mean Gleason score was 7. The mean (sd, range) interval between the diagnosis of prostate cancer and pTURP was 1.5 (0.3, 0.5–10.9) years. The indications for pTURP were refractory urinary retention in 30%, severe bladder outlet obstruction with a postvoid residual urine volume of > 100 mL in 43%, and bladder stones, haematuria and hydronephrosis in 9% each. The mean (sd, range) follow-up after pTURP was 2.6 (0.2, 0.1–7.3) years. The peri-operative mortality (

Introduction: Aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the sexual function of women after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure. Patients and Methods: To evaluate the female sexual function after the TVT procedure, we designed a 36-item questionnaire including 21 questions on incontinence, 15 questions on sexuality and 3 questions on the personal impression of the procedure. Diagnostic workup consisted of a detailed medical history, urinalysis, postvoid residual urine volume assessment, ultrasound of the kidney and a urodynamic study. Results: Fifty-two women completed the entire questionnaire. Overall, 82.7% of the women were satisfied with the TVT procedure. A proportion of 74.0% indicated that they became totally continent after the operation. One third of the sexually active women reported an improvement of their sexual life after TVT, 14.3% a worsening, and 52.4% reported no change. Deterioration of sexual function was significantly associated with de novo urge, dyspareunia and sensation of postvoid residual urine volume. Conclusion: In summary, our investigations showed that the influence of the TVT procedure on female sexual function is evident, but of low impact, and in general will not be of relevance.

Objectives To test the potential role of atherosclerosis in the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), we investigated the association between vascular risk factors and LUTS in both sexes. Methods Men and women participating in a health screening project completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). In parallel all individuals underwent a detailed health investigation with assessment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and nicotine use. Results A total of 1724 men (52.3±9.1yr, mean±standard deviation; IPSS: 6.3±4.3) and 812 women (56.0±9.9 yr; IPSS: 5.2±4.9) entered the study. A total of 62.5% ( n =1077) of men had no vascular risk factor, 32.1% ( n =554) one, and 5.4% ( n =93) two or more; the corresponding figures for women were 64.7% ( n =525), 30.7% ( n =249), and 4.7% ( n =38). In men, the IPSS was identical in those with no (6.2±4.1) and one (6.2±4.4) vascular risk factor yet increased to 7.7±5.5 (+24.2%) in those with two or more risk factors ( p =0.01). In women, the IPSS increased from 4.8±4.6 in those with no vascular risk factor to 5.7±5.3 (+18.7%) with one and 7.0±5.7 (+45.8%) with two or more factors ( p =0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that vascular risk factors play a role in the development of LUTS in both sexes. This observation opens new aspects in our understanding of the pathogenesis of LUTS and warrants future studies.

We assessed the association between LUTS and renal function in men in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study.Men participating in health investigation in Vienna entered this study. In the cross-sectional analysis a consecutive series of men were studied and in the longitudinal analysis men were reevaluated after 5 years. LUTS were assessed by I-PSS and renal function was evaluated by GFR, as calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation.A total of 2.469 men with a mean age of 47.1 years (range 30 to 80) entered the cross-sectional study and 439 with a mean age of 51.7 years (range 45 to 79) could be assessed in longitudinal analysis. In the cross-sectional study there was no association between the degree of LUTS and GFR during 5 life decades (p = 0.55). An identical pattern was observed for irritative and obstructive scores. In the longitudinal cohort mean GFR +/- SD decreased from 84.3 +/- 20.2 ml per minute at baseline to 79.2 +/- 18.7 ml per minute after 5 years (-6.0%, p0.0001). The mean decrease in GFR after 5 years was 4.5 ml per minute (-5.4%) in men without/mild LUTS (I-PSS 7 or less at ages 55.4 +/- 11.0 years), 3.9 ml per minute (-4.9%) in those with moderate LUTS (I-PSS 8 to 20 at ages 61.3 +/- 11.6 years) and 4.2 ml per minute (-5.2%) in those with severe LUTS (I-PSS greater than 20 at ages 64.3 +/- 7.4 years). On linear regression analysis in the 2 study cohorts neither I-PSS, nor obstructive or irritative score affected GFR (p0.05). The only determinants for GFR less than 90 ml per minute were age (p0.0001) and hypertension (p0.0001).LUTS do not represent an independent risk factor for impaired renal function in men.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of the overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome in an urban population by using the International Continence Society (ICS) definition and to determine its impact on quality of life and sexual function. Methods: Women and men participating in a health screening project in the area of Vienna completed the Bristol Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) questionnaire. To assess the prevalence of OAB the 2002 ICS definition was applied. In addition, all participants underwent a detailed health examination, including physical assessment, evaluation of life style factors, laboratory study and urinalysis. Results: A total of 1199 men and 1219 women aged 20–91 years were analysed. The prevalence of OAB in men (48.5±13.1 years) was 10.2% (OAB dry : 8.4%; OAB wet : 1.8%) and 16.8% in women (49.5±13.5 years; OAB dry :10.3%; OAB wet : 6.5%). In women, the prevalence of OAB dry remained fairly stable over 6 life decades, while OAB wet increased substantially after the age of 40 years. In men OAB wet and OAB dry increased after the third life decade. In men with OAB, 48% did not report a negative impact on quality of life, 36% had minimal, 9.8% moderate and 2.5% severe impairment; the respective percentages for women were 53%, 33%, 7.3% and 6.3%. OAB wet had a more profound impact on quality of life. A negative impact of OAB on sexuality was reported by 24% of men and 31% of women. Conclusion: The high prevalence of OAB in this population, its negative impact of quality of life and sexuality underline the importance of this syndrome.

Considered to be a manifestation of a generalized vascular disease, erectile dysfunction (ED) could serve as an indicator for future cardiovascular events. Aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the role of ED as a predictor for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.Men participating in a health-screening project in the area of Vienna completed the International Index of Erectile Function-5 questionnaire (IIEF5) to assess prevalence and severity of ED. Additionally, all men underwent a detailed health examination. The risk for CHD or stroke within 10 years depending on the severity of ED was estimated according to Framingham risk profile algorithms.In the CHD risk cohort (n = 2.495; 46.2 +/- 9.9 yrs) men with moderate/severe ED (IIEF5 5-16; n = 163) had a 65% increased relative risk for developing CHD within 10 yrs compared to those without ED (IIEF5 22-25; n = 1.784) (absolute risk: 8.0% for no ED to 13.2% for moderate/severe ED; p0.001). Relative risk increase ranged from 13.9% for those aged 30-39 yrs (p = 0.121), to 42.2% for 40-49 yrs (p = 0.012), 27.7% for 50-59 yrs (p = 0.048) and 27.1% for 60-69 yrs (p = 0.021). In the stroke risk population (n = 644; 61.3 +/- 5.1 yrs) men with moderate/severe ED (n = 99) were at a 43% relative risk increase for a stroke within 10 years (absolute risk: 9.3% for no ED to 13.3% for moderate/severe ED; p = 0.041). Increased risk varied between 38.6% for men aged 55-59 yrs (p = 0.013), 24.7% for 60-64 yrs (p = 0.072), 35.9% for 65-69 yrs (p = 0.046) and 43.6% for 70-74 yrs (p = 0.049).Moderate to severe ED, but not mild ED is associated with a considerably increased risk for CHD or stroke within 10 years. A thorough medical surveillance seems therefore advisable for men with ED including cardiological evaluation, treatment of risk factors and lifestyle modifications.

To assess prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED) by using the International Index of Erectile Function- 5 (IIEF-5) in men undergoing a health investigation.Men aged 20-80 years participating in a health-screening project in the area of Vienna completed the IIEF-5 for evaluation of ED. In parallel, all men underwent a detailed health examination including physical assessment, evaluation of various life-style factors, medical history and a blood analysis.A total of 2869 men were analysed. According to the IIEF-5 score, 32.2% reported on any degree of ED (IIEF-5 score22), 23.7% had mild ED (IIEF-5 score 17-21), 5.0% mild to moderate ED (IIEF-5 score 12-16), 2.2% moderate ED (IIEF-5 score 8-11) and 1.3% severe ED (IIEF-5 score 5-7). The proportion of men with ED remained stable from 20 to 50 years (26-29%) and increased thereafter to 37.5% (51-60 years) and to 71.2% in those 71-80 years of age. Severe ED (IIEF-5 score 5-7) increased from 0.4% (20-30 years) to 0.5% (41-50 years), 1.3% (51-60 years) and to 9.6% in those aged 71-80 years. Risk factors for ED were age, diabetes (OR: 3.0; 95%CI: 1.53-5.87), hyperlipidemia (OR: 2.29; 95%CI: 1.42-3.7), lower urinary tract symptoms (OR: 2.2; 95%CI: 1.76-2.76), hypertension (OR: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.61-2.6), psychological stress (OR: 1.68; 95%CI: 1.43-1.98) and low physical activity (OR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.15-1.6) (all, p0.05).Overall, 32.2% of men in our study had ED according to the IIEF-5. Apart from age, most important risk factors for ED were diabetes, hyperlipidemia, lower urinary tract symptoms, hypertension and psychological stress.

Objectives: Aim of this review is provide updated information regarding the current role of minimally invasive treatment (MIT) for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Methods: We reviewed the literature and report on the statements of BPH guidelines released by the European Association of Urology (EAU) and the American Urological Association (AUA). We largely concentrate on randomised clinical trials (RCT) and long-term follow-up series (≥12 months). Results: When assessing the current role of MIT a number of parameters, such as the need for anaesthesia, intra- and postoperative complications, morbidity, short- and long-term outcome have to be considered. MIT can be divided into (i) thermal-based therapies, (ii) laser therapies, (iii) ablative therapies and (iv) other technologies. The currently most attractive MITs are high-energy TUMT, Holmium-laser enucleation and transurethral electrovaporisation. Conclusions: BPH guidelines such as those of the EAU and AUA give clear recommendations in this evolving field. MITs not considered established by BPH guidelines should not be used outside clinical trials.

Objective: A potential strategy to decrease the high complication rate of radical cystectomy (RC) in the elderly is to avoid the use of bowel for urinary diversion. The aim of this study was to address this issue in a multicentre study of patients aged ≥75 years. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective, multicentre study of a consecutive series of patients aged ≥75 years who underwent RC for muscle-invasive bladder cancer between 2006 and 2010. Medical, surgical and wound complications were graded according to the modified Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: A total of 256 patients (68% men, mean age 79.6 years) were analysed. 204 (80%) patients received a urinary diversion with use of bowel and 52 (20%) a ureterocutaneostomy (UC). Patients with UC were older (82.0 vs. 78.9 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher ASA score (2.6 vs. 2.3, p = 0.007), while the mean Charlson score was lower (4.2 vs. 5.6, p < 0.001). Patients with UC had a shorter operating time (279 vs. 311 min, p = 0.002) and a shorter period in the intensive care unit (0.9 vs. 2.2 days). The overall rate of severe complications graded as Clavien III-V was significantly lower in the UC group (11.5%) as compared to patients receiving bowel for urinary diversion (25.0%) (p = 0.003). Severe (Clavien grade III-V) medical (3.9 vs. 10.3%) and surgical (2.1 vs. 14.1%) complications were all less frequent in the UC group. Inpatient, 30- and 90-day mortality was 5.8, 7.7 and 17.3% in the UC group as compared to 3.9, 5.9 and 6.9% in the bowel cohort, respectively. Conclusion: UC following RC is associated with a lower complication rate in geriatric patients. The constantly increasing cohort of geriatric, multimorbid patients requiring cystectomy might justify reconsideration of this form of diversion.

To test a novel technique of processing prostate biopsy specimen by marking the peripheral end (PE) as a predictive tool for positive resection margin after radical prostatectomy (RP) or for locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate (PC). Prospective, multi-institutional study of a consecutive cohort of men who underwent prostate biopsy with marking the peripheral biopsy end and subsequent RP at the same institution. The study cohort comprised 445 men with a mean age of 63 years (40–77 years). Overall, PE-positive cores were found in 174 men (39.1 %) and R1 status was diagnosed in 132 men after RP (29.7 %). In the multivariate analysis, the presence of at least one PE-positive core was correlated with an increased risk of R1 status (OR 2.29, 95 % CI 1.31–4.00, p = 0.003) and was the strongest predictor followed by Gleason score, PSA and percentage of positive cores. Including all predictive parameters, a nomogram with a concordance index of 72.1 % was calculated. In the pT3/pT4 subgroup, PE positivity was the only predictive factor for R1 status (OR 3.03, 95 % CI 1.36–6.75, p = 0.006). In pT2 stage, no single factor was predictive for R1 status. PE-positive biopsies were not predictive for pT3/pT4 stages. PC at the peripheral end of prostate biopsy specimen predicts an increased risk of R1 status in subsequent RP. This simple and cheap technique may contribute to an increased accuracy of risk stratification for curative treatment for PC.

Objective: To assess perioperative complications and 90-day mortality of radical cystectomy (RC) in elderly patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective, multicentre (n = 11) study of a consecutive series of patients ≥75 years who underwent RC for MIBC between 2006 and 2010. Medical, surgical and wound complications were graded according to the modified Clavien-Dindo classification. Results: A total of 256 patients with a mean age of 79.6 years (range 75.0-86.6) were analysed. Urinary diversion with the use of bowel was performed in 79.5% and ureterocutaneostomy in 20.5%, with a higher proportion in the ≥80 cohort (32.2 vs. 14%; p = 0.001). 41.4% of patients had an uneventful postoperative course (Clavien grade 0) and 26.6% developed severe complications (Clavien grade III-V). In a multivariable regression analysis, the Charlson comorbidity index (odds ratio 1.5 per unit increase; p < 0.001) and the body mass index (odds ratio 1.13 per kg/m2 increase; p = 0.015) were predictors for the development of complications. The 90-day mortality rate was 9% and the independent correlates thereof were the development of severe medical complications (p = 0.004), the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (p = 0.03) and age (p = 0.005). Conclusions: Morbidity and 90-day mortality of RC in the elderly remain substantial. The interrelation between comorbidity, complication rate and 90-day mortality underlines the need for a comprehensive geriatric assessment of elderly patients with MIBC in whom RC is indicated.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate perioperative complications between retropubic, endoscopic and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy on basis of a prospective maintained database using the Clavien-Dindo classification of complications. According to our results, implementation of the radical robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy shows a trend to a decrease of minor complications compared to retropubic and endoscopic radical prostatectomy. Major complications are comparable between all three procedures.

To evaluate the reliability of sentinel lymphadenectomy compared to extended lymphadenectomy in men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP).A consecutive cohort of men with intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer underwent RP with sentinel LA with intraoperative frozen section. In addition, extended LA was carried out in all cases. The endpoint was lymph node-positivity.In total, 54 men with a mean age of 65.3 (50.9-75.6) years were analyzed. The mean preoperative prostate-specific antigen was 10.6 (2.8-66.5) ng/ml, mean number of disease-positive cores was 5.8 (1-13), digital rectal examination was positive in 29 men (53.7%). In 12 men (22.2%), a positive lymph node was found (pN1). sLA was positive in 11 cases. One patient had a positive lymph node in eLA not found with sLA. The positive predictive value of frozen section was 50%; the respective figure for sLA compared to eLA was 91.6%.In this cohort, revealing a high prevalence of disease-positive lymph nodes, sLA was a reliable technique with a low rate of false negativity.

Despite the broad use of PSA-testing in western medicine, still an estimated 1/3 of carcinomas of the prostate (PC) are diagnosed in a locally advanced or metastatic stage. In the current treatment-algorithm for locally advanced PC, radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy (with and without hormonal therapy) and primary androgen deprivation are available. In fact, in a majority of patients treatment of this tumor stage will be a multimodal approach, which has to be discussed individually. For metastatic PC hormonal deprivation therapy is still the gold standard. Beside LHRH-agonists, surgical castration and complete androgen deprivation today LHRH-antagonists represent the different therapeutic options in this tumor stage. Effects on natural course of this disease have to be balanced to the side effects of long-term therapy. Castration-resistant PC is not the object of this overview even though there are a variety of new medical interventions emerging for the treatment of this stage of PC.

• The most recent evidence for the link between a family history of prostate cancer and individual risk for future disease was examined, with the aim of understanding what the existence and nature of a family history of prostate cancer does to a man's risk of developing the disease. • Our findings highlighted the clear association between a family history of prostate cancer and increased risk of developing the disease; with a greater proximity of relatedness, greater number of family members affected and/or earlier age at diagnosis of the family member elevating risk further. • These findings have important clinical implications for the identification and subsequent management of men deemed to be at increased risk of developing prostate cancer. The evidence for prostate cancer risk reduction with the mono 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) finasteride in a low-risk population and, more recently, with the dual 5ARI dutasteride in a population at increased risk of developing the disease, has potential to expand management options for men at risk of developing prostate cancer beyond more frequent and/or earlier surveillance. • Given that family history can be easily assessed in routine clinical practice, it should be regarded as an important parameter to consider alongside PSA level for prostate cancer risk assessment.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling-time (PSA-DT) is an important indicator of progression and survival in men with prostate cancer. Three major limitations regarding PSA-DT determination may lead to inconsistent results: the variety of mathematical methods currently applied, the non-standardized handling of input variables and the potential lack of accuracy due to PSA variability. The aim of this project was to develop a reproducible PSA-DT determination tool which simultaneously provides a PSA-DT error estimation.An internet-based PSA-DT calculation tool via nonlinear optimization implementing the least squares error method using the most recent three PSA values was developed. PSA-DT calculation error is estimated via randomly disturbed measurement data streams (n=65) based on a variable (5-25%) PSA variability.According to a simulation in five men, PSA-DT was calculated to be between 1.7 and 15 month (mean: 6.3 month) and determined with another standard tool between 1.3 and 14.5 month (mean: 4.2 month).We present a defined, open and reproducible PSA-DT calculation and PSA-DT error estimation tool based on a standardized PSA data input. This tool is not better compared to other methods but is scientifically standardized and freely accessible via the following internet address: http://adam.drahtwarenhandlung.at/webapp/mg2008/chapter_prostata4/example_psa.

PSA is without any doubt the most frequently used marker in urology due to its helpful information regarding various aspects of diagnosis, therapy and prognosis in men with prostate cancer. On the other hand, many controversies still exist about the various indications for PSA-determination. The following overview is aimed to analyse the current status of PSA in the management of men undergoing screening, therapy or follow-up of prostate cancer. Anyhow, a detailed knowledge of how to use and interpret PSA and PSA-kinetics is considered to play a crucial role in prostate cancer patients. Current strategies are aimed to start and stop PSA-use earlier.

To analyze mortality and morbidity of octogenarians with newly diagnosed invasive transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder who were managed without cystectomy.Retrospective chart review of all patients with newly diagnosed invasive TCC (or = pT1) in the period of 1997-2007, who were 80 years or older at diagnosis.A total of 71 patients (86 + 4 years, mean + standard deviation [SD], pT1: n = 29;pT2: n = 42) entered this analysis. In this geriatric population, treatment regimens were highly individualized. After transurethral resection, 61% of pT1-patients received bacillus Calmette-Guerin and 62% of those withpT2-tumors external beam radiation. Mean overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort (n = 71) was 22 + 26 months for pT1-patients 34 + 33 versus 14 + 15 months for those withor = pT2-tumors (P = .001). Mean cancer-specific survival was 58 months for pT1-patients and 11 months foror = pT2-patients (P.001). OS was correlated to tumor stage and the degree of mobility, to a lesser extent to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, and only marginally to chronologic age. Satisfactorily bladder function was preserved in 73%. pT1-patients spent 16% of their remaining life-span in the hospital compared with 23% for patients withpT2-tumors.OS in TCC is dependent on tumor stage, age, mobility, and comorbidities, and a risk-stratified management is necessary. Patients with pT1G3 tumor and low ASA score have satisfying OS with bladder preservation, but in patients withor = pT2 and ASA 3-4 the prognosis is very bad. It remains questionable whether patients with tumor stagesor = pT2 and ASA 1-2 despite high age would benefit from radical cystectomy.