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Propose a system of multivariate multiple regression equations in order to establish a mathematical association that allows estimating the current units needed during the adjustment phase with respect to age and time that were used the implants.Descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 41 pediatric patients with a unilateral cochlear implant participated. Three groups were formed and multivariable multiple regression equations were constructed.For Group 1, in electrode Groups 3 and 4, there is a lower standard deviation and a similar index of asymmetry of the current units; in Group 2, the groups of electrodes with similar index of asymmetry were 2 and 4, while group of electrodes 3 presented average of 21.54 and dispersion smaller (16.25); in Group 3, groups of electrodes 3 and 4 presented similar standard deviation and average and smaller standard deviation. With respect to the standard estimation error, the lowest variability of current units was obtained in Group 2 for electrode Group 3.The proposed equations could be used in the clinical area by knowing the units current needed with respect to age and time of use the implant.Proponer un sistema de ecuaciones de regresión múltiple multivariable para establecer una asociación matemática que permita estimar las unidades de corriente necesarias durante la fase de ajuste con respecto a la edad y el tiempo de uso del implante coclear.Estudio transversal descriptivo. Participaron 41 pacientes pediátricos con implante coclear unilateral. Se conformaron tres grupos y se construyeron ecuaciones de regresión múltiple multivariable.Para el grupo 1 se observa en los grupos de electrodos 3 y 4 menor desviación estándar y similar índice de asimetría de las unidades de corriente; en el grupo 2, los grupos de electrodos con similar índice de asimetría fueron el 2 y el 4, y el grupo de electrodos 3 presentó un promedio de 21.54 y una dispersión más pequeña (16,25); en el grupo 3, los grupos de electrodos 3 y 4 presentaron similar desviación estándar y promedio y desviación estándar más pequeños. Con respecto al error estándar de estimación, se obtuvo una menor variabilidad de unidades de corriente en el grupo 2 para el grupo de electrodos 3.Las ecuaciones propuestas son de utilidad clínica al conocer las unidades de corriente necesarias considerando la edad y el tiempo de uso del implante coclear.

The progressive degeneration of the excitable cells of the ear depends on the sustained excitation of the voltage-sensitive sodium channels, so the negative pharmacological modulation could be a rational therapeutic strategy against the damage of these cells. The objective was to demonstrate the effectiveness of Vinpocetine (VPC), a potent sodium channel blocker, as a treatment for acquired sensorineural hearing loss. A phase II, longitudinal and prospective open clinical study, was conducted over a period of 12 months with patients older than 18 years, to demonstrate the effectiveness of Vinpocetine (VPC) as a treatment for acquired sensorineural hearing loss, using evoked potentials, otoacoustic emissions, audiometry and logoaudiometry, analyzing the results at 6 and 12 months of treatment with Vinpocetine (30 mg/day in 3 doses). It was observed that from 0 to 6 months there was hearing impairment (which was already expected due to the age of the patients). From 6 to 12 months and from 0 to 12 months there were significant differences with a tendency towards improvement, indicating that the aforementioned deterioration not only stopped, but that with the use of vinpocetine, the hearing capacity improved. It is concluded that Vinpocetine helps to stop hearing impairment and even improve hearing.

The science of animal welfare has evolved over the years, and recent scientific advances have enhanced our comprehension of the neurological, physiological, and ethological mechanisms of diverse animal species. Currently, the study of the affective states (emotions) of nonhuman animals is attracting great scientific interest focused primarily on negative experiences such as pain, fear, and suffering, which animals experience in different stages of their lives or during scientific research. Studies underway today seek to establish methods of evaluation that can accurately measure pain and then develop effective treatments for it, because the techniques available up to now are not sufficiently precise. One innovative technology that has recently been incorporated into veterinary medicine for the specific purpose of studying pain in animals is called infrared thermography (IRT), a technique that works by detecting and measuring levels of thermal radiation at different points on the body's surface with high sensitivity. Changes in IRT images are associated mainly with blood perfusion, which is modulated by the mechanisms of vasodilatation and vasoconstriction. IRT is an efficient, noninvasive method for evaluating and controlling pain, two critical aspects of animal welfare in biomedical research. The aim of the present review is to compile and analyze studies of infrared thermographic changes associated with pain in laboratory research involving animals.

Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago. Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been implemented widely in animal research establishments for clinical pain assessment. We discuss potential reasons for this based on the knowledge gained to date on their use and suggest avenues for further research, which might improve uptake of their use in laboratory animal medicine. Abstract Animals’ facial expressions are widely used as a readout for emotion. Scientific interest in the facial expressions of laboratory animals has centered primarily on negative experiences, such as pain, experienced as a result of scientific research procedures. Recent attempts to standardize evaluation of facial expressions associated with pain in laboratory animals has culminated in the development of “grimace scales”. The prevention or relief of pain in laboratory animals is a fundamental requirement for in vivo research to satisfy community expectations. However, to date it appears that the grimace scales have not seen widespread implementation as clinical pain assessment techniques in biomedical research. In this review, we discuss some of the barriers to implementation of the scales in clinical laboratory animal medicine, progress made in automation of collection, and suggest avenues for future research.

Purpose: The hearing loss is the most frequent sensory alteration of the human being, with numerous medical, social, emotional and cultural implications.

Objective Propose a system of multivariate multiple regression equations in order to establish a mathematical association that allows estimating the current units needed during the adjustment phase with respect to age and time that were used the implants. Method Descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 41 pediatric patients with a unilateral cochlear implant participated. Three groups were formed and multivariable multiple regression equations were constructed. Results For Group 1, in electrode Groups 3 and 4, there is a lower standard deviation and a similar index of asymmetry of the current units; in Group 2, the groups of electrodes with similar index of asymmetry were 2 and 4, while group of electrodes 3 presented average of 21.54 and dispersion smaller (16.25); in Group 3, groups of electrodes 3 and 4 presented similar standard deviation and average and smaller standard deviation. With respect to the standard estimation error, the lowest variability of current units was obtained in Group 2 for electrode Group 3. Conclusion The proposed equations could be used in the clinical area by knowing the units current needed with respect to age and time of use the implant.

One of the main functions of infrared thermography (IRT) consists in detecting temperature changes in organisms caused by variations in surface blood circulation. IRT is a useful tool that has been used mainly as a diagnostic method for various stress-causing pathologies, though recent suggestions indicate that it can be used to assess the block quality of certain body regions. In the field of anaesthesiology, IRT has been applied to brachial and epidural blocks, while in algology, changes in surface blood circulation associated with sympathetic activity have been investigated. Thermography has also been employed to complement pain level scales based on the facial expressions of patients in critical condition, or after surgery. In addition, it has been used as a tool in research designed to evaluate different surgical procedures in human medicine, as in the case of surgical burrs for placing dental implants, where IRT helps assess the degree of heating associated with bone devascularisation, reduction in vascular perfusion as a consequence of stroke, and changes in the autonomous nervous system, or the degree of vascular changes in flaps applied to burn patients. In veterinary medicine, thermography has brought several benefits for animals in terms of evaluating lesions, diseases, and surgical procedures. The aim of this review is to evaluate how IRT can be used as a tool in surgical procedures, cases of vascular change, and pain monitoring in veterinary medicine with an emphasis on small animals.

ResumenAntecedentesEl aracnoidocele selar es una herniación del diafragma selar hacia el espacio hipofisario, es un hallazgo incidental y los pacientes pueden manifestar trastornos neurológicos, oftalmológicos y/o endocrinológicos, así como episodios de vértigo, mareo e hipoacusia.ObjetivoDeterminar la probabilidad condicional, así como la dependencia estadística por medio del análisis bayesiano en pacientes con aracnoidocele selar y enfermedad audiovestibular.PacientesIndividuos que acudieron al Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación entre enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2011, con diagnóstico de aracnoidocele selar y enfermedad audiovestibular.Material y métodosSe analizó una muestra conformada por 18 pacientes con diagnóstico de aracnoidocele selar, confirmado con estudios de resonancia magnética y que manifestaron vértigo, hipoacusia y mareo.ResultadosTres (16.66%) pacientes presentaron aracnoidocele selar como única evidencia clínica; en 9 (50%) pacientes se asoció con vértigo; 16 (88.88%) se diagnosticaron con hipoacusia, la sensorineural fue la más frecuente con el 77.77%. Se calculó la intersección entre las proporciones de aracnoidocele selar con la presencia y el tipo de pérdida auditiva, así para la hipoacusia sensorial, la proporción fue P(A∩B)=0.6912 y para la hipoacusia conductiva y mixta el valor de P(A∩B)=0.0493 en ambos casos.ConclusionesEl análisis bayesiano y de probabilidad condicional permiten calcular la dependencia entre 2 o más variables; en este estudio se utilizaron ambos modelos matemáticos para analizar las comorbilidades y las enfermedades audiovestibulares en pacientes diagnosticados con aracnoidocele selar.AbstractBackgroundPrimary empty sella is a herniation of the sellar diaphragm into the pituitary space. It is an incidental finding and patients may manifest neurological, ophthalmological and/or endocrine disorders. Episodes of vertigo, dizziness, and hearing loss, have been reported.ObjectiveTo determine the conditional probability, as well as the statistical dependency, through the Bayesian analysis in patients with primary empty sella and audiovestibular disorders.PatientsIndividuals who attended the National Rehabilitation Institute from January 2010 to December 2011, diagnosed with primary empty sella and audiovestibular disorders.Material and methodsAn analysis was performed on a sample of 18 patients with a diagnosis of primary empty sella confirmed with magnetic resonance studies and who had signs of vertigo, hearing loss and dizziness.ResultsOf the 18 patients studied, 3 (16.66%) had primary empty sella as the only clinical evidence. In 9 patients (50%) empty sella was associated with vertigo, and 16 patients (88.88%) were diagnosed with hearing loss, with sensorineural hearing loss being the most frequent (77.77%). The intersection between the proportions of primary empty sella with the presence and type of hearing loss was calculated. Thus for sensorineural hearing loss, the calculated ratio was P(AB)=0.6912, and for conductive and mixed hearing loss the value of P(AB)=0.0493 in both cases.ConclusionsBayesian analysis and conditional probability enables the dependence between two or more variables to be calculated. In this study both mathematical models were used to analyse comorbidities and audiovestibular disorders in patients diagnosed with primary empty sella.

Resumen Antecedentes En los dislexicos se ha demostrado que existe una alteracion de la via magnocelular, lo cual ha sido corroborado con estudios electrofisiologicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilidad de los potenciales evocados visuales con patron invertido (PEVp) en el diagnostico de la dislexia. Metodo Estudio comparativo en el que se estudiaron 16 ninos dislexicos del Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion en Mexico D.F. El diagnostico de dislexia se efectuo con la prueba ENI; se realizaron estudios de agudeza visual, la prueba WISC-R y PEVp. Los dislexicos ingresaron a un programa de terapia de aprendizaje durante 6 meses, de esta manera se obtuvieron y compararon mediciones neuropsicologicas y neurofisiologicas al inicio y al concluir el programa terapeutico. Resultados En la bateria neuropsicologica se encontraron puntuaciones superiores al 75% en las areas de lectura, escritura y habilidades espaciales. Al aplicar la prueba t-Student se encontraron diferencias significativas para las amplitudes de N2 en PEVp mono y binocular con una p Conclusiones Las amplitudes en los PEVp se deben tomar en cuenta para poder entender los mecanismos de procesamiento visual y de compensacion cerebral en pacientes con dislexia. Se recomienda una terapia especifica para los problemas de lectoescritura de acuerdo con el sujeto dislexico.

RESUMEN. Se describe la vasculatura arterial carotidea-cerebral del gallo domestico ( Gallus gallus Linnaeu s ). Se utilizaron 10 gallos de 2.5 kg de peso, estirpe Rhode Island, los cuales fueron sometidosa la tecnica de conservacion replesion vascular. Se concluyo que la anastomosis intercarotidea, laformacion de la arteria basilar y la ausencia de las arterias vertebrales son los componentes massobresalientes de la vasculatura cefalica. Se propone estandarizar la nomenclatura de las diversasestructuras anatomicas y vasculares ligadas a la vasculatura arterial carotidea-cerebral ya que sonconfusas en las diversas publicaciones. Palabras clave: Gallo domestico, arterias, encefalo, anatomia, diseccion Verduzco M., A., E. Arch T., M. E. Contreras F., J. Leybon I., A. Alfaro R., & J. Licona B. 2009.Anatomical description of the vessels arterial carotid-cerebral in domestic chicken Gallus gallus Linnaeus (Aves: Galliformes: Phasianidae). Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n. s.), 25(3): 465-477.

Background Tinnitus is defined as the conscious perception of a sensation of sound that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus. This audiological symptom affects 7–19% of the adult population. The aim of this study is to describe the associated comorbidities present in patients with tinnitus using joint and conditional probability analysis. Patients Patients of both genders, diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral tinnitus, aged between 20 and 45 years, and who had a full computerised medical record, were selected. Methods Study groups were formed on the basis of the following clinical aspects: (1) audiological findings; (2) vestibular findings; (3) comorbidities such as, temporomandibular dysfunction, tubal dysfunction, otosclerosis and, (4) triggering factors of tinnitus noise exposure, respiratory tract infection, use of ototoxic and/or drugs. Results Of the patients with tinnitus, 27 (65%) reported hearing loss, 11 (26.19%) temporomandibular dysfunction, and 11 (26.19%) with vestibular disorders. When performing the joint probability analysis, it was found that the probability that a patient with tinnitus having hearing loss was 27 42 0.65, and 20 42 0.47 for bilateral type. The result for P(A ∩ B)=30%. Bayes’ theorem P( A i B ) = P ( A i ∩ B ) P ( B ) was used, and various probabilities were calculated. Therefore, in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction and vestibular disorders, a posterior probability of P(Aі/B)=31.44% was calculated. Conclusions Consideration should be given to the joint and conditional probability approach as tools for the study of different pathologies.

The noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems are associated with the motor system and have anatomical and functional connections that have not yet been studied. The present study aimed to examine the specific role of D1 receptors (D1Rs) on noradrenergic and dopaminergic responses in the rat brain. Male Wistar rats were assigned to eight groups to receive systemic injection of a D1R agonist (SKF-38393) at 0, 1, 5 or 10mg/kg or injection of a D1R antagonist (SCH-23390) at 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1mg/kg. Dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Injection of SKF-38393 alone at 1, 5 and 10mg/kg did not alter DA levels in the midbrain, cerebral cortex or pons, while it significantly increased these levels in the striatum (at 1 and 10mg/kg), hippocampus (at 1mg/kg) and cerebellum (at 1 and 5mg/kg). Administration of SKF-38393 at 1, 5, and 10mg/kg decreased the NA levels in the midbrain, pons, hippocampus (except at 1mg/kg) and cortex (except at 5mg/kg), whereas the opposite effect was observed in the striatum. SCH-23390 decreased the DA levels in the cortex (at 0.25 and 0.5mg/kg) and pons (at 0.5mg/kg). In contrast, 0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/kg SCH-23390 increased the DA levels in the cerebellum, whereas no differences from the control levels were observed for the DA levels in the striatum, midbrain and hippocampus. SCH-23390 at 0.5 and 1mg/kg increased the NA levels in the striatum. In contrast, the midbrain, hippocampus, cortex, pons and cerebellum did not exhibit altered NA levels. Our results demonstrate that the activation of D1Rs modulates the response of the noradrenergic system in nearly all of the investigated brain structures; thus, the blockade of D1Rs attenuates the effects induced by D1R activation.

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar las diferencias morfológicas entre mamíferos, aves y batracios, por lo que se realizó una comparación de la trompa de Eustaquio (TE) en tres especies animales diferentes: cobayo, gallo doméstico y rana. Para el estudio se utilizaron 30 cabezas (10 por especie) de los animales antes mencionados. Se determinó que en estas tres especies la TE está adaptada al hábitat, en el caso de los cobayos los torus tubarios se encuentran en la rinofaringe, en las aves se encuentra un torus tubario (que se bifurca hacia el oído medio) en el techo de la cavidad oral y en las ranas está en la porción lateral de la orofaringe y está permanentemente abierto. La trompa difiere en tamaño y forma en las diferentes especies.

Noise-induced hearing loss has increased due to factors such as industrialization. It is estimated that one third of the world's population suffers from some degree of hearing loss caused by exposure to high-intensity noise. Exposure to noise can cause disease of various ear structures, especially destruction of outer hair cells, causing varying degrees of hearing lossObjective: To describe the audiological findings in a group of subjects who were exposed to a source of fireworks explosion in the state of Tlaxcala Mexico.We carried out an audiometric study in eight patients admitted to CENIAQ-INR who were exposed to a firecracker explosion. In each subject, airway with conventional pure tone audiometry from 125 to 8000 Hz was assessed using a clinical audiometer (model 622, Minimate, Madsen) Clinical case: Hearing loss at all frequencies was found in all eight patients, from mild to severe in both ears. Audiogram showed decreases from 4000 Hz, diagnosing third-degree acoustic trauma in all patients.The main symptom was reported by patients with tinnitus. Other scenarios in which patients report the presence of tinnitus are acoustic trauma due to use of audio players in symphony orchestra musicians and detonating military firearms. Audiometric assessment is recommended after an explosive accident as an accurate method to determine if there is any hearing impairment.Antecedentes: la pérdida auditiva inducida por ruido se ha incrementado debido a factores como la industrialización. Se estima que un tercio de la población mundial padece algún grado de hipoacusia causada por exposición a ruidos de alta intensidad. La exposición al ruido puede afectar diferentes estructuras del oído y destruir las células ciliadas externas, que provocan diferentes grados de hipoacusia. Objetivo: describir los hallazgos audiológicos encontrados en un grupo de personas expuestas a una fuente de explosión en el estado de Tlaxcala, México. Metodología: estudio transversal, descriptivo, con muestreo censal efectuado en ocho pacientes ingresados al Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados del Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, expuestos a una explosión de pólvora. En cada sujeto se evaluó la vía aérea con audiometría de tonos puros, convencional, de 125 a 8000 Hz. Se utilizó un audiómetro clínico marca Madson, modelo Midimate 622, de dos canales y audífonos THD 39. Casos clínicos: en los 8 pacientes se encontró hipoacusia en todas las frecuencias, de media a severa en ambos oídos. Las audiometrías tuvieron caídas a partir de los 4000 Hz, en todos los pacientes se diagnosticó trauma acústico de tercer grado. Conclusiones: el principal síntoma referido por los pacientes fue el acúfeno, otros estudios donde los pacientes refieren acúfeno son, en el trauma acústico por uso de reproductores de audio, en músicos de orquesta sinfónica y en militares por detonación de arma de fuego. Para determinar de manera certera si existe alguna disfunción auditiva posterior a un accidente explosivo se recomienda la valoración audiométrica.

Decompressive craniectomy is an alternative in cases where there is increased intracranial pressure. Bone autografts are accepted as a method of reconstruction of the skull. The aim of this paper is to describe the macroscopic and radiological findings of autologous parietal bone in rats after storage in adipose tissue as a reservoir.We used 20 Wistar rats which underwent a craniectomy. 4 groups were formed: group I, the bone flap fat remained for 14 days, group II, the flap remained for 21 days, in group III, for 28 days and in group IV for 35 days. They were euthanized 70 days after reattached.When removing the flap of subcutaneous fat, a high bright whitish microvasculature and presence in 11 of the flaps. Following 70 days of re-injertarse was found that 56.25% of the animals presented terraced edges, reflecting some consolidation in the radiological analysis 31.25% of cases showed areas of consolidation. Animals in group II and III findings showed more consolidation.The bone flap remained viable during their stay in adipose tissue. Fibrous tissue and neovasculature were important findings that reflect the proper process of bone healing. You need the histological studies complemented biomechanics, neurological and bioacoustics.

Parkinson's disease (PD) has a high incidence in Mexico and is estimated at approximately 500,000 patients. One of the main clinical manifestations of PD is dysphagia, which is the difficult passage of food from the mouth to the stomach. The aim of this study was to assess oropharyngeal dysphagia through fibroendoscopy evaluation of swallowing in patients with PD.We conducted a census sample of patients with PD: 17 males and 10 females, aged49 years. Clinical history, physical examination and neurological evaluation of swallowing fibroendoscopy were carried out.Of the symptomatic patients, 16 patients (59.25%) reported dysphagia. Fibroendoscopic evaluation demonstrated swallowing disorders in 25 patients (92.59%). The main findings were poor bolus control in 19 patients (70.37%), deficits in bolus propulsion in 25 patients (92.59%), impaired swallowing in 14 patients (51.85%), fractional swallowing in 11 patients (40.74%), reduced epiglottic tilting in 11 patients (48.14%), food residue in vallecula in 24 patients (88.88%) and piriform sinus in 19 patients (70.37%). There was no correlation between duration of PD and degree of involvement of oropharyngeal dysphagia.Oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with PD is a common symptom and can range from the oral cavity to the upper esophageal sphincter. Early onset of severe dysphagia is exceptional in this disease and should alert the clinician to the diagnostic possibility of parkinsonism.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a cause of disability in the infant population. One of the most used animal models in the hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in immature brain is the preparation of Levine applied by Rice in newborn rats and consists of the bond of the left common carotid artery followed by induced hypoxia. The objective of this investigation was to study the neurological effects of the bond of the left common carotid and induced hypoxia in newborn rats.Five control rats, five sham rats and five rats with hypoxic-ischemic lesion by means of the application of Levine's preparation at 7 days of age were used. On day 42, all rats were evaluated by time of grasping, posterior reflex test and analysis of the spontaneous locomotor activity (number of bipedal movements, number of stepped stalls, grooming time).The lesioned group presented less grasping time, lower number of positive responses to the posterior reflex and lower number of stepped stalls (p = 0.024, 0.002 and 0.0001, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in grooming time or number of bipedal movements.Newborn rats in whom Levine preparation was applied presented clinical alterations that may resemble some of the signs that accompany infantile cerebral palsy (grasp problems, wrong response to postural reflexes and alteration in locomotion).

Paralysis of the left vocal chord is frequent in human clinical practice; because of its anatomic similarity with human, the guinea pig might be a suitable biological model to analyze the phoniatric behavior in denerved animals. Forty newborn guinea pigs were used (20 control and 20 experimental); an incision was made in the ventricular region with the animals under general anesthesia over the middle line of the neck, until the lower left laryngeal nerve was found, the same was secured with alligator clips so that afterward a two-part dissection could be performed and the middle section could be removed (1cm) from the nerve endings (distal and proximal) before they were separated from the laryngeal structure. After recovery from surgery, vocal emissions were recorded in solitary for 6 minutes. The animals that had nerves removed showed an increase in fundamental vocalization frequency compared with the controls. F test was carried out (P=0.05) and no significant difference was found. When analyzing functional recovery, we found that the guinea pigs compensated vocal emissions at 20 days. With regard to the unilateral paralysis, the motility was frequently compensated by the healthy vocal chord, improving voice emission, and loss of air inhalation.

We discuss the utility of the guinea pig model in audiology research and describe the different surgical accesses to the middle and inner ear in order to use these techniques for the production of experimental deafness. In addition, we describe a surgical technique for laryngeal denervation. Finally, we discuss the auditory-evoked potentials obtained in newborn and mature animals, in whom experimental deafness was produced. Our purpose was to confirm the use of the guinea pig as an ideal model for audiologic studies and for neck surgery.

Presently paper mentions the importance that has the use and the production of animal models in scientific research, the relevance that has its use to be able to make a good pursuit in the research, highlighting as well as to facilitate the reproductive of the study in question. Lastly it is mentioned the models more used in the field of the audiology.

Background Primary empty sella is a herniation of the sellar diaphragm into the pituitary space. It is an incidental finding and patients may manifest neurological, ophthalmological and/or endocrine disorders. Episodes of vertigo, dizziness, and hearing loss, have been reported. Objective To determine the conditional probability, as well as the statistical dependency, through the Bayesian analysis in patients with primary empty sella and audiovestibular disorders. Patients Individuals who attended the National Rehabilitation Institute from January 2010 to December 2011, diagnosed with primary empty sella and audiovestibular disorders. Material and methods An analysis was performed on a sample of 18 patients with a diagnosis of primary empty sella confirmed with magnetic resonance studies and who had signs of vertigo, hearing loss and dizziness. Results Of the 18 patients studied, 3 (16.66%) had primary empty sella as the only clinical evidence. In 9 patients (50%) empty sella was associated with vertigo, and 16 patients (88.88%) were diagnosed with hearing loss, with sensorineural hearing loss being the most frequent (77.77%). The intersection between the proportions of primary empty sella with the presence and type of hearing loss was calculated. Thus for sensorineural hearing loss, the calculated ratio was P ( AB ) = 0.6912, and for conductive and mixed hearing loss the value of P ( AB ) = 0.0493 in both cases. Conclusions Bayesian analysis and conditional probability enables the dependence between two or more variables to be calculated. In this study both mathematical models were used to analyse comorbidities and audiovestibular disorders in patients diagnosed with primary empty sella.

ResumenAntecedentesEl acúfeno se define como la percepción consciente de una sensación sonora en ausencia de un estímulo externo que lo produzca. Este síntoma audiológico, afecta del 7 al 19% de la población adulta. El objetivo del este trabajo es describir las comorbilidades asociadas presentes en los pacientes con acúfeno, mediante el análisis de probabilidad conjunta y condicional.PacientesSe seleccionaron pacientes diagnosticados con acúfeno unilateral o bilateral, de ambos géneros, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y 45 años; con expediente electrónico completo.Material y métodosSe formaron grupos de estudio en base a los siguientes aspectos clínicos: 1) hallazgos audiológicos; 2) hallazgos vestibulares; 3) comorbilidades tales como disfunción temporomadibular, disfunción tubaria, otoesclerosis, y 4) factores desencadenantes del acúfeno como exposición a ruido, infección de vías respiratorias, uso de ototóxicos y/o drogas.ResultadosDel total de pacientes con acúfeno, 27 (65%) pacientes refirieron hipoacusia; 11 (26.19%) disfunción temporomandibular y 11 (26.19%) alteraciones vestibulares. Al realizar el análisis de probabilidad conjunta, se obtuvo que la probabilidad de que un paciente con acúfeno tenga hipoacusia fue 2742 0.65 y que la hipoacusia sea de tipo bilateral 2042 0.47, el resultado para P (A ∩ B) = 30%. Se utilizó el teorema de Bayes P (AiB) = P(Ai∩B)P(B) y se calcularon diversas probabilidades; así, en los pacientes con disfunción temporomandibular y con alteraciones vestibulares, la probabilidad a posteriori calculada fue P (Aі/B) = 31.44%.ConclusionesSe debe considerar la probabilidad conjunta y condicional como herramientas de aproximación probabilística para el estudio de las diversas patologías.AbstractBackgroundTinnitus is defined as the conscious perception of a sensation of sound that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus. This audiological symptom affects 7% to 19% of the adult population. The aim of this study is to describe the associated comorbidities present in patients with tinnitus usingjoint and conditional probability analysis.PatientsPatients of both genders, diagnosed with unilateral or bilateral tinnitus, aged between 20 and 45 years, and had a full computerised medical record, were selected.MethodsStudy groups were formed on the basis of the following clinical aspects: 1) audiological findings; 2) vestibular findings; 3) comorbidities such as, temporomandibular dysfunction, tubal dysfunction, otosclerosis and, 4) triggering factors of tinnitus noise exposure, respiratory tract infection, use of ototoxic and/or drugs.ResultsOf the patients with tinnitus, 27 (65%) reported hearing loss, 11 (26.19%) temporomandibular dysfunction, and 11 (26.19%) with vestibular disorders. When performing the joint probability analysis, it was found that the probability that a patient with tinnitus having hearing loss was 2742 0.65, and 2042 0.47 for bilateral type. The result for P (A ∩ B)=30%. Bayes’ theorem P (AiB) = P(Ai∩B)P(B) was used, and various probabilities were calculated. Therefore, in patients with temporomandibulardysfunction and vestibular disorders, a posterior probability of P (Aі/B)=31.44% was calculated.ConclusionsConsideration should be given to the joint and conditional probability approach as tools for the study of different pathologies.