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A significant development in contemporary times is the emergence of the Indian Ocean as an important economic zone and an area of intensifying rivalry between China and India. In this region, East ...

Objective: To characterize the late adolescent and young adult outcomes of girls diagnosed with ADHD in childhood. Method: The study included 58 women from a larger longitudinal study of ADHD. A total of 34 ( M = 19.97 years old) met DSM criteria for ADHD in childhood, whereas the remaining 24 ( M = 19.83 years old) did not. Self- and parent-reports of psychopathology, delinquency, interpersonal relationships, academic achievement, job performance, and substance use were collected. Results: The findings suggest that girls with ADHD experience difficulties in late adolescence and young adulthood, such as more conflict with their mothers, being involved in fewer romantic relationships, and experiencing more depressive symptoms than comparison women. However, differences did not emerge in all domains, such as job performance, substance use, and self-reported ADHD symptomatology. Conclusion: The findings of this study add to the literature on the negative late adolescent and young adult outcomes associated with childhood ADHD in women. ( J. of Att. Dis. 2011; 15(3) 204-214)

The purpose of the current study was to test the ability of adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD to reliably self-report delinquency history. Data were examined from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a follow-up study of children diagnosed with ADHD between 1987 and 1996. Self-report of lifetime delinquency history was compared to concurrent parent-report and to self-report one year later. Participants included 313 male probands and 209 demographically similar comparison individuals without ADHD. Results indicated that adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD were more likely than comparison participants to fail to report delinquent acts reported by a parent and to recant acts they endorsed one year earlier. This trend was most apparent for acts of mild to moderate severity. After controlling for several covariates, current ADHD symptom severity and parent-report of the participant’s tendency to lie predicted reporting fewer delinquent acts than one’s parent. Current ADHD symptom severity also predicted more recanting of previously endorsed acts. Based on these findings, several recommendations are made for the assessment of delinquency history in adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD.

Over the first decade of the twenty-first century, the scope of India–Africa economic cooperation widened rapidly, reflecting India’s emergence as an important player in the world economy and its substantial need for oil and other natural resources. That need was seen in the two India–Africa Forum summits of 2008 and 2011, in which India offered substantial loans, grants and development assistance in an attempt to “woo” African countries. India has undertaken initiatives to enhance its economic engagement with Africa on a mutually beneficial basis, mainly following the agenda of South–South cooperation. India’s foreign policy directives have aimed to help revamp African services, infrastructure and nascent market mechanisms, ultimately to encourage the move from agriculture to industry. Its engagement has, to a degree, been built on its diaspora. India has also coupled economic vectors—highlighting technology transfer and partnerships—alongside aid and trade agreements. The Indian development assistance scheme of 2003, for example, related aid to trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), with Indian strategic interests and exports prioritized, given India’s resource crunch and Africa’s potential as a resource-rich continent. This chapter reviews India’s promotion of economic ties through institutional frameworks and looks at recent bilateral trade trends, including some promising sectors for bilateral trade.

The period since the early 1990s has witnessed unprecedented economic growth in India, fuelled by economic liberalization and an aggressive export-driven policy. It has also been marked by a shift in India’s foreign policy, including its approach towards Africa. The new approach was pragmatic, with elements of realist thought driving policymakers, contrasting with the older, more idealistically driven, foreign relations. Economically, India now perceives Africa as a market for its manufactured goods and a source of energy, diplomatically a potential international ally.

Contact between India and Africa dates back to ancient times, when Indian merchants were trading extensively with the Indian Ocean littorals in Africa. The period of European colonial expansion, which included the incorporation of the Indian subcontinent and large swathes of Africa into the British Empire, helped establish a large community of people of Indian origin in Africa, adding to a rich history of two-way traffic. This chapter provides an introduction to the contributed volume with details regarding each contribution.

This study compared adult women with childhood ADHD to adult women without childhood ADHD and to adult men with childhood ADHD. The participants, all from a larger longitudinal study, included 30 women and 30 men (approximately age 23 to 24) with childhood ADHD, and 27 women without ADHD. Women with childhood ADHD were matched to comparison women on age, ethnicity, and parental education, and to men with childhood ADHD on age, ethnicity, and IQ. Self- and parent-reports of internalizing, interpersonal, academic, and job impairment, as well as substance use and delinquency indicated group differences on measures of self-esteem, interpersonal and vocational functioning, as well as substance use. Follow-up planned comparison tests revealed that almost all of these differences emerged by diagnostic status, and not by gender. This study adds to research on the negative adult outcomes of ADHD and demonstrates that the outcomes of men and women with childhood ADHD are relatively similar.

This study examined the association between childhood ADHD and juvenile delinquency by examining data from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a follow-up study of individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood (ages 5–12) and recontacted in adolescence and young adulthood for yearly follow-up (age at first follow-up interview M = 17.26, SD = 3.17). Participants were 288 males with childhood ADHD and 209 demographically similar males without ADHD who were recruited into the follow-up study. Delinquency information gathered yearly during the second through eighth follow-up provided a comprehensive history of juvenile delinquency for all participants. Four childhood diagnostic groups [ADHD-only (N = 47), ADHD + ODD (N = 135), ADHD + CD (N = 106), and comparison (N = 209)] were used to examine group differences on delinquency outcomes. Analyses were conducted across three dimensions of delinquency (i.e., severity, age of initiation, and variety). Individuals with childhood ADHD + CD displayed significantly worse delinquency outcomes than the other three groups, across almost all indices of offending. When compared to comparison participants, boys with ADHD-only and ADHD + ODD in childhood displayed earlier ages of delinquency initiation, a greater variety of offending, and higher prevalence of severe delinquency. These findings suggest that although childhood ADHD + CD creates the greatest risk for delinquency, boys with ADHD-only and ADHD + ODD also appear at a higher risk for later offending. The patterns of offending that emerged from the PALS are discussed in the context of the relationship between ADHD, comorbidity, and delinquency.

This study compared the high school academic experience of adolescents with and without childhood ADHD using data from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS). Participants were 326 males with childhood ADHD and 213 demographically similar males without ADHD who were recruited at the start of the follow-up study. Data were collected yearly from parents, teachers and schools. The current study used assessment points at which the participants were currently in or had recently completed grades 9, 10, 11, and 12. Results indicated that adolescents with ADHD experienced significant academic impairment in high school relative to comparison adolescents, including lower overall and main academic subject grade point averages (GPA), lower levels of class placement (e.g. remedial vs. honors), and higher rates of course failure. In addition, teacher reports indicated that adolescents with ADHD completed and turned in a significantly lower percentage of assignments and were significantly less likely to be working up to their potential. Adolescents with ADHD were also significantly more likely to be absent or tardy during the academic year, and they were over eight times more likely than adolescents without ADHD to drop out of high school. These findings demonstrate that children with ADHD continue to experience severe academic impairment into high school.