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Myristicaceae known as one of the plants that widely used as traditional medicine. Utilization of Horsfieldia spicata (Roxb.) J. Sinclair, one of the Myristicaceae family member as a sources of antidiabetic active compounds are still needed. The antidiabetic activity of methanol extract (ME) and its fractions [hexane fraction (HF), ethyl acetate fraction (EF), butanol fraction (BF) and residue fraction (RF)] of H. Spicata stem bark were in vitro tested by measuring of screening of phytochemical contents, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity. Phytochemical screening result showed that (ME) indicated the presence of flavonoid and saponin compounds. Due to the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds measurement result, indicated that ME has a highest value for total phenolic compounds (14.709 ± 0.23 µg/mL) and EF for total flavonoid compounds (55.825 ± 2.21 µg/mL). Antidiabetic activity of the ME, HF, EF, BF, and RF against α-glucosidase enzyme showed that ME has antidiabetic activity with IC50 value 49.30 µg/mL, which is it was higher than HF, BF and RF, but less active compared to EF and quercetin (positive control) with the IC50 value are 159.64, 50.60, 94.01, 22.73, 2.99 µg/mL, respectively. The result showed that (EF) of methanolic extract of H. Spicata has inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme, and potential to be develop as antidiabetic active fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin care products that give the appearance of Korean skin are in increasing demand in Indonesia. Perception of beauty may result in desires to have dewy skin with lighter tones instantly. One of the dangerous ingredients that is often added to skin lightening is mercury. Mercury is added to skin care products as a skin-bleaching agent to inhibits melanin production. This study has been successfully determinate mercury exposure in 15 skin care products that commonly used to get dewy and brighter skin. Mercury determination is carried out using direct mercury analyzer, which is a simple mercury detector that thermally decomposes the sample to release mercury which will be captured by amalgamator and measured with a spectrometer at 253.7 nm. Validation parameters used were linearity, Limit of Detection (LoD), Limit of Quantitation (LoQ), precision and accuracy. Linearity, used standard solution of 0.5 – 25 µg/kg, was obtained from concentrations of 2 to 15 µg/kg and it produced regression equation y=0.0338x+0.0183 with r2 0.9996. The Limit of Detection (LoD) and the Limit of Quantitation (LoQ) in this study were 0.15 and 0.46 µg/kg, respectively. The precision was determined by %RSD with the result 4.66 %. Accuracy used recovery of spiked standard, the % recovery result is 99.49 %. The results of measurement showed that no mercury founded in tested skin care products, it is also under threshold set by Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, <1.0 mg/kg or <1.0 mg/L. Use of skin care that contains mercury must be reduced due to prolonged exposure to mercury through repeated skin care applications may cause mercury accumulation in the body tissues leading to the impairment of brain, nervous and renal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our continuous investigation of the chemical constituent of the leaves of Horsfieldia spicata (Myristicaceae) led to the isolation of asarinin, a furofuran lignan compound. H. spicata dried leaves were macerated with methanol to obtained methanol extract (ME), ME further fractionated with n-hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EAF) and butanol (BF). EAF subjected to column chromatography (CC)(silica gel 0.2-0.5 mm, gradient n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol with 5% increase in polarity), a white needle crystal successfully isolated from sub-fraction of HDEA-SF 2. The chemical structure of asarinin was elucidated based on spectroscopic data collected from LC-MS and NMR data (1D-and 2D-NMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial resistance due to the overuse of antibiotics has become a global health problem. The discovery and development of new active compounds to solve the antimicrobial resistance problems are urgently required. This research was conducted to study the antimicrobial potential of citronellyl isobutyrate (CIB) and geranyl isobutyrate (GIB). CIB and GIB are derivatives of citronella oil extracted from the lemongrass plant, one of the Indonesian native medicinal plants. The esters'antimicrobial was analyzed in vitro by antibacterial and antifungal tests using the agar diffusion method and compared to streptomycin sulfate as a standard. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was then evaluated using a serial microdilution assay. The esters exhibited moderate to vigorous antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, with activity index (AI) values between 34.17-93.59%. The results revealed that the compounds have the potential to be developed as antibiotics. Therefore, this study is expected to help overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of industrial processes involving chlorine and carbon produce pentachlorobenzene as by-product which is emitted into the environment. The presence of pentachlorobenzene in the environment becomes a great concern due to its persistent, long-range fluid nature and toxic biological effects. In this study, the potential of newly basidiomycetes fungal strain to degrade pentachlorobenzene in liquid medium was evaluated. This study also investigated the enzymatic activities involving the degradation of pentachlorobenzene by fungal strain. These experiments were conducted in agar and liquid media. On agar medium containing pentachlorobenzene, five fungi showed the different abilities of growth with range 40 % to 63 % where strain U80 showed the highest growth on this medium. In morphology analysis, USO had short cottony, floccose to floccose-cortony, and white. Based on DNA analysis, U80 belongs to the genus Trametes and named Trametes versicolor U80. Trametes versicolor U80 degraded 43 % of pentachlorobenzene (0.1 mM) in liquid media for 40 d incubation in wliich the relative degradation per-unit biomass w?as similar during the time of degradation, indicating the pollutant was not toxic for the growth of fungal strain. Trametes versicolor U80 secreted higher ligninolytic enzymes on 10 d and 20 d means that catalysis of the decomposition of the recalcitrant aromatic compounds by T. versicolor U80 was affected by extracellular enzymes. The addition of EDTA and piperonyl butoxide revealed that LiP and P-450 monooxygenase handled degradation in the different time. In phytotoxicity test, this strain successfully decreased the toxicity of pentachlorobenzene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ensuring food safety, crucial and strategic policies are taken based on scientific information and analytical measurements obtained from the standard and validated methods. Therefore, accurate and high-quality measurements are essential to ensure that the results align with the regulation. One of the parameters that can be assessed for the reliability of an analytical method is its estimated measurement uncertainty. In this work, the measurement uncertainty for quantitative analysis of endosulfan sulfate in black tea using GC-ECD was estimated based on a bottom-up approach according to EURACHEM/CITAC GUIDE, considering the uncertainty from sample preparation, calibration curve, standard solutions, recovery, repeatability, and water content. The results showed that the main sources of combined measurement uncertainty were calibration curve, recovery, and repeatability. The expanded measurement uncertainty was calculated at around 12% (coverage factor k=2, confidence level 95%) for the sample's concentration of 527 µg/kg. Comparing this value and CV Horwitz showed that the estimation was reasonable and demonstrated its fitness for purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra Miq.) leaves serve as a herbal medicine, particularly used in Indonesian folk medicine, for treating various immunological disorders and cancers. One major active compound of mistletoe plant was flavonoid that occured in the form of glycosides (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) instead of aglycone (quercetin). Quercetin from the flavonoid group had high bioactivities than that in glycosidic form. The fermentation of flavonoid glycoside with filamentous fungi resulted in the conversion of bioactive compounds. The objectives of this study were to explore the derivatives of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside during fungal fermentation of water-extracted mistletoe (D. pentandra Miq.) leaves (B) by A. acueletus LS04-3 and investigate the influence of glucose (B+G), yeast (B+Y), and both glucose and yeast (B+G+Y) in the medium on the metabolism of quercetin-3-O-rhamnosidebased on HPLC and LCMS-MS analysis. Based on HPLC analysis, the addition of yeast to the medium (B+Y) increased the conversion of glucoside to quercetin almost twice as much as that on the control medium (B), during the first day of incubation period (D-1). The 10% increase of quercetin peak was only seen on the third day of incubation in B+G medium, when compared to the control sample (B). Moreover, LCMS-MS analysis revealed that quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin were detected as the major components in fermented mistletoe leaves. Furthermore, quercetin-3-galactoside-7-glucoside and robinetin were found in the medium that had been added with glucose. The study suggest that glycosilation could also occur in processes other than hydrolisis of glycoside because external glucose would affect the energy metabolism and sugar activation of the microbe. Our finding expanded the understanding of the mistletoe leaf fermentation process and provided further guidance for the biotransformation of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside in scale up production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the performance and cost analysis of electrocoagulation process, various electrolytes are picked out to remove Fe, color, and turbidity in peat water through batch and continuous reactors. Peat water has brownish red color, acidity, high turbidity, and a large concentration of Fe which exceed the water standard quality. Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method for water treatment that along the anode where active coagulant as aluminum ions is released into the solution. Several kinds of electrolytes are applied, such as 0.01M NaCl p.a., 0.01M NaCl technical grade, 0.01M NH4Cl p.a., and 0.01M K2SO4 p.a. with process time up to 120 minutes. The results show that the electrocoagulation in a batch process using NH4Cl for 120 minutes obtains the highest of removal percentage of Fe, color, and turbidity, which are 90.92%, 84.93%, and 99.94%, respectively. However, according to scoring evaluation, commercial NaCl using through continuous reactor generates the outputs have fulfilled the water standard quality as well as batch condition with low-cost production about Rp 23.21/Liter, about 64.18% cheaper than without electrolytes addition, and 82.93% more inexpensive than generally chemical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Di(elhylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a plastieizer eommonly used in plasties. Physieally DEHP has a low vapor pressure. DEHP ean seep into the liquid in direct eontaet with the plastic wrapping materials, and typically can occur rapidly if extractable into food or non-polar solvents, such as oil, once the food is packaged in PVC packaging materials. DEHP has been analyzed by using gas chromatography which has a high sensitivity level. If the equipment used for the analysis is made from plastic containing DEHP, then it may be possible that DEHP can be extracted and appear on the outcome of the injection. It can interfere with the process of analysis, especially for the analysis of food samples. This study has identified the present of DEHP in the blank injection performed by Gas Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry with Selected Ion Monitoring mode SIM). Researchers are required to verify whether the gas chromatographic system used is ready for the analysis process. In addition, the comparison and calculation of the intensity of the ion fragmentation spectra generated by mass spectrometry detector can be used for the qualitative determination to ensure the presence of the target compound. In this study is also discussed the differences between the high-intensity fragmentation of DEHP and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]