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This paper presents an analytic framework for the formulation and evaluation of automaticgeneration control in the Ecuadorian Electrical System (SNI) taking like reference mark theapproaches CPS-1 and CPS-2 of NERC. The article is divided in sections that they explain indetail the approaches CPS of NERC, how the limits of these approaches are calculated havingin consideration the specific conditions of the electric Ecuadorian system (section 2), and howthe approaches are applied in the evaluation of the automatic control of the generation in SNIof Ecuador keeping in mind the interconnection with Colombia (section 3). The minimum valueof BIAS is also suggested to fix in the Ecuadorian system for the execution of the approach CPS-2.

This paper presents a procedure to study the dynamics of the frequency of theinterconnected system Ecuador-Colombia when a generation unit comes out of thesystem, and when one doesn't have the necessary information of the electric Colombiansystem, furthermore the paper presents the results obtained when this procedure isapplying it to a real example

The main aim of this paper has been to analyse the tax burden exerted by Corporate Income Tax (CIT) on European Union (EU) companies using the effective tax rate (ETR) as a tool for analysis. For this purpose, a sample of listed companies in the EU was extracted from the Datastream/Worldscope database for the period 1995-2005. This analysis allowed us to determine the tax burden experienced by companies. The results have showed significant differences between the different EU countries as well as between statutory tax rates (STR) and ETRs. Likewise it has been proved that general reductions in STR do not have the expected effect on the tax burden. These results are especially relevant in the present environment, which is characterized by the discussion regarding harmonizing measures for CIT, which will limit its impact on business decisions regarding locating within the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]