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Due to rapid urbanisation, urban microclimate research has become increasingly popular in the last decade. Significant variation in microclimate conditions can be created due to diversity in urban geometry and it can affect outdoor thermal comfort. Biometeoro-logical measurements and survey were conducted in different urban settings (square, park, street) of the city of Novi Sad during a warm autumn day in October 2019. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and globe temperature, but also outdoor thermal comfort indices such as Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) and Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) were obtained for each location. The largest differences in the biometeorological conditions are noticed between the urban park and other urban areas. The maximum average value of Ta was at the city square with 27.9oC, while in the urban park and street Ta were about 25oC. The values of RH were the lowest at the city square. Globe temperature (Tg) had the highest values, on average, at the city square (about 40oC), while the average values in the urban park and street were about 26–28oC. The highest average PET values are registered at the city square (41.4oC), followed by substantially lower average PET registered in urban park (27.1oC) and urban street canyon (26.2oC). The analysis showed that during about 70% of the time, urban dwellers experience extreme heat stress at the city square. Contrary to that, no extreme heat stress is noticed in urban park and street canyon.

This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal dynamics and relationship between air temperature and five air humidity parameters (relative humidity, water vapor pressure, absolute humidity, specific humidity, and vapor pressure deficit) in Novi Sad, Serbia, based on two-year data (Dec 2015–Dec 2017). The analysis includes different urban areas of Novi Sad, which are delineated in five built (urban) types of local climate zones (LCZ) (LCZ 2, LCZ 5, LCZ 6, LCZ 8, and LCZ 9), and one land cover (natural) local climate zone (LCZ A) located outside the urban area. Temporal analysis included annual, seasonal, and monthly dynamics of air temperature and air humidity parameters, as well as their patterns during the extreme periods (heat and cold wave). The results showed that urban dry island (UDI) occurs in densely urbanized LCZ 2 from February to October, unlike other urban LCZs. The analysis of the air humidity dynamics during the heat wave shows that UDI intensity is most pronounced during the daytime, but also in the evening (approximately until midnight) in LCZ 2. However, lower UDI intensity is observed in the afternoon, in other urban LCZs (LCZ 6, LCZ 8, and LCZ 9) and occasionally in the later afternoon in LCZ 5. Regression analysis confirms the relationship between air temperature and each of the analyzed air humidity parameters.

An urban environment defines a specific micro-climate which directly affects the quality of life in urbanized areas and often has a negative impact on urban populations. Phenomena like urban heat and surface heat islands are direct products of an urban lifestyle. Urban meteorological networks (UMNs) are a tool that can help to better understand and analyze the current situation and make the right decisions about future urban development. Deployed to monitor and record different objects and their states inside urban areas, UMNs build a long-term meteorological data time series database. The most commonly used systems for achieving this goal include wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper presents a combined experience in deploying three different WSN systems. During seven years of research in this field, the authors have recognized the importance of data reliability in data acquisition. More importantly, due to the lack of research addressing the reliability of the data received from WSNs by the core segment of the server (processes used in receiving, validating, parsing, and storing data into a database instance), the received data are used in scientific studies without questioning their reliability. To determine the possibility of shifting information provided by the data measured from sensor networks before it is stored in a desired form of database, this paper proposes a highly reliable socket server model. The model is built with high reliability and performance in mind and it includes three major processes, which use a combination of signals and control messages to pass information about their states. A case study is performed using high-end hardware, running a Linux operating system stressed to its limits. Repetition testing revealed inconsistency in the information provided by the operating system to the application layer, which could lead to the loss of information about short-term and rarely occurring monitored objects. The results lead to the conclusio

Gaps in comprehension of demographic change in the region of ex-Yugoslavia after 1990, caused by a lack of reliable data series, frequent change of borders, and distinctive historical and cultural tradition in comparison to other post-communist societies, motivated us to contribute to the understanding of the spatial diffusion of recent profound fertility changes in South-Eastern Europe. We analysed changes in the spatial pattern and distribution of typical fertility indicators of the second demographic transition at the sub-national level in Serbia in order to find out whether these demographic shifts could be interpreted to be similar to those in Central and Eastern Europe. We found that differences in economic, historical, and cultural development between sub-regions of the country strongly affect spatial patterns of fertility change. Also, this paper suggests that the sub-regions forerunners of the first demographic transition could be considered as the cores of diffusion for the second demographic transition.

Hot summers with several intensive heat waves lead to strong heat-related mortality in Central and Southeast European cities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate association between maximum temaprature and mortality during the summer period in 2015 and to contribute to the future long-term assessment of heat-related mortality in urban population. The daily number of deaths of all causes and cause-specific mortality for the population of Novi Sad were used, as well as hourly air temperature data from the Novi Sad urban network (NSUNET) system. Four heat waves were detected using the Huth and Kysely methods. Three heat wave periods lasted longer than ten days. In July and August, 45% of days had a maximum temperature above 30 $$C, and more than 70% of days had a maximum temperature above 25 $$C. The average number of deaths was higher during the heat wave days. Significant association was found between Tmax and all-cause, cardiorespiratory, non-cardiorespiratory in total population, all-cause and cardiorespiratory mortality in the age group 65 and over. This study demonstrates a high magnitude of relation between mortality and temperature. Finally, the results show that population in urban areas is highly vulnerable during heat waves.

Предмет истраживања докторске дисертације јесте разлика у смртности по полу у периоду 1950-2012. година, са посебним освртом на факторе који условљавају разлику. Одређивање њиховог утицаја на основу модела који су примењивани у литератури и сагледавање последица недовољног напретка у продужењу чекиваног трајања живота код оба пола (нарочито код мушкараца), основни је задатак докторске дисертације. Резултати истраживања су показали да кретање разлике у смртности по полу у Србији не одговара ни западноевропском ни источноевропском моделу. Разлика у очекиваном трајању живота при живорођењу мушкараца и жена је последњих 20 година стабилна и у европским оквирима умерено ниска (износи око пет година). Анализа морталитета по полу показала је да су вредности специфичних стопа смртности међу највишима у Европи и да су посебно средовечни мушкарци у Србији вулнерабилна категорија становништва. Резултати су показали да се разлике у смртности по полу смањују са старошћу, одражавајући чињеницу да се у најстаријим годинама живота утицај социо-економских фактора губи, а расте значај фактора биолошке природе. У раду је потврђено да су пушење и алкохолизам значајни фактори веће смртности мушког становништва у Србији. Такође је наглашено да постоје извесне тенденције у порасту конзумације дувана код жена и да се скандинавски модел понашања све више прихвата и то нарочито код младих. Анализа појединих фактора смртности на разлику у очекиваном трајању живота по полу у Србији, показала је да се пушење издваја као појединачно најзначајнији фактор више смртности мушкараца. Елиминисањем пушења постиже се значајна промена у смртности мушкараца и жена, а разлика у очекиваном трајању живота новорођених би тада износила свега половину тренутне. У Србији су стопе смртности код становништва које је у браку значајно ниже него код оних ван брака. То се нарочито односи на мушкарце, који просечно у браку имају за 6-7 година дужи животни век. На основу разлике у стопама смртности по, Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije jeste razlika u smrtnosti po polu u periodu 1950-2012. godina, sa posebnim osvrtom na faktore koji uslovljavaju razliku. Određivanje njihovog uticaja na osnovu modela koji su primenjivani u literaturi i sagledavanje posledica nedovoljnog napretka u produženju čekivanog trajanja života kod oba pola (naročito kod muškaraca), osnovni je zadatak doktorske disertacije. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da kretanje razlike u smrtnosti po polu u Srbiji ne odgovara ni zapadnoevropskom ni istočnoevropskom modelu. Razlika u očekivanom trajanju života pri živorođenju muškaraca i žena je poslednjih 20 godina stabilna i u evropskim okvirima umereno niska (iznosi oko pet godina). Analiza mortaliteta po polu pokazala je da su vrednosti specifičnih stopa smrtnosti među najvišima u Evropi i da su posebno sredovečni muškarci u Srbiji vulnerabilna kategorija stanovništva. Rezultati su pokazali da se razlike u smrtnosti po polu smanjuju sa starošću, odražavajući činjenicu da se u najstarijim godinama života uticaj socio-ekonomskih faktora gubi, a raste značaj faktora biološke prirode. U radu je potvrđeno da su pušenje i alkoholizam značajni faktori veće smrtnosti muškog stanovništva u Srbiji. Takođe je naglašeno da postoje izvesne tendencije u porastu konzumacije duvana kod žena i da se skandinavski model ponašanja sve više prihvata i to naročito kod mladih. Analiza pojedinih faktora smrtnosti na razliku u očekivanom trajanju života po polu u Srbiji, pokazala je da se pušenje izdvaja kao pojedinačno najznačajniji faktor više smrtnosti muškaraca. Eliminisanjem pušenja postiže se značajna promena u smrtnosti muškaraca i žena, a razlika u očekivanom trajanju života novorođenih bi tada iznosila svega polovinu trenutne. U Srbiji su stope smrtnosti kod stanovništva koje je u braku značajno niže nego kod onih van braka. To se naročito odnosi na muškarce, koji prosečno u braku imaju za 6-7 godina duži životni vek. Na osnovu razlike, The research topic of the doctoral dissertation is the difference in mortality by sex in the period 1950-2012, with the particular emphasis on the factors that influence the difference. The main task of the doctoral dissertation is to determine their impact based on the models applied in relevant literature and to consider the consequences of the lack of progress in extending life expectancy for both sexes (especially in men). The research results show that the trends in difference in mortality by sex in Serbiacorrespond to neither the Western European nor the Eastern European model. The difference in life expectancy at birth for men and women has been stable over the last 20 years and moderately low in terms of the European framework (approximately five years). The analysis of mortality by sex has shown that the values of the specific mortality rates are among the highest in Europe and that the middle-aged men in Serbia in particular are vulnerable categories of the population. The results has shown that difference in mortality by sex decreases with age, reflecting the fact that in the oldest age the impact of socio-economic factors declines and the importance of factors of biological nature grows. The paper confirms that smoking and alcoholism are significant factors of increased mortality of the male population in Serbia. It also emphasises that there are certain tendencies in increasing consumption of tobacco among women and that the Scandinavian model of behaviour has been increasingly accepted, particularly among young people. The analysis of certain mortality factors that influence the difference in life expectancy by sex in Serbia has shown that smoking stands out as the single most important factor in more deaths in men. By eliminating smoking a significant change in mortality between men and women is achieved, and the difference in life expectancy for the newborn would then be only half of the current one. In Serbia, the mortality rate of the married pop

Urban climate monitoring system (UCMS) was established in Novi Sad (Serbia) in 2014 based on the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) classification system, GIS model calculations and field work. Seven built and two land cover LCZ types were delineated and 27 stations equipped with air temperature and relative humidity sensors were distributed across all LCZs. Suitability of the developed monitoring system for human outdoor thermal comfort research in different LCZs of the city and its surroundings was investigated during a heat wave period using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. During the daytime (night-time) the highest thermal loads are present in open midrise (compact midrise) LCZ, while the most comfortable is LCZ A (dense trees) during the whole day. In general, the highest thermal loads are obtained in midrise, followed by low-rise, sparsely built, low plants and dense trees LCZs. All LCZs (except LCZ A-dense trees) had higher PET when compared to LCZ D (LCZ D-low plants) during evening and nocturnal hours with maximum difference of 7.1 °C (00 UTC) between LCZ 2 (compact midrise) and LCZ D (low plants). Contrary to this, LCZ D (low plants) had higher PET compared to the majority of LCZs during the daytime with maximum difference of 8.5 °C (9 UTC) when compared to LCZ A (dense trees). Furthermore, the smallest thermal comfort differences during heat wave occurred between LCZs with similar structure (i.e. open low-rise and large low-rise, compact midrise and compact low-rise) and cover (i.e. sparsely built and low plants).

Основни циљ ове дисертације је истраживање утицаја температуре ваздуха на сезоналност морталитета становништва у Новом Саду. Однос између температуре ваздуха и морталитета становништва истраживан је у периоду од 1897. до 2009. године. Током анализе, а у циљу бољег уочавања сезоналних промена морталитета становништва, посматрана временска серија је подељена на неколико периода. Први период се односи на крај 19. и прву половину 20. века (1897-1952), други период обухвата другу половину 20. века (1953-1997), а трећи период чини 1998-2009. година. У раду је анализиран утицај температуре ваздуха на морталитет укупног становништва, морталитет становништва према полу и морталитет становништва старог 65 и више година, а у периоду 1998-2009. године, у анализу су укључени и узроци смрти становништва. Посебно је анализиран кардиоваскуларни морталитет и морталитет становништва изазван респираторним болестима, док су остали узроци смрти посматрани заједно. За анализу утицаја температуре ваздуха на сезоналност морталитета коришћене су различите статистичке методе као што су корелациона и регресиона анализа (графички приказане на дијаграму растурања), t-тест, релативни ризик и коефицијент сезоналне варијације морталитета. Код анализе морталитета према полу коришћен је и однос шанси. Резултати добијени у овом раду показују да је морталитет становништва у Новом Саду већи током зимског периода године. У периоду 1897-1952. године није пронађена статистички значајна повезаност између температуре ваздуха и морталитета становништва, док је у другој половини 20. века (1953-1997) и у периоду 1998-2009. године уочена статистички значајна негативна корелација између температуре ваздуха и морталитета становништва, а регресиона анализа показује да се са растом температуре ваздуха морталитет становништва смањује. У периоду 1998-2009. године пронађена је и статистички значајна негативна корелација између морталитета кардиоваскуларних болести и температуре ваздуха, као и између морталитета респ, Osnovni cilj ove disertacije je istraživanje uticaja temperature vazduha na sezonalnost mortaliteta stanovništva u Novom Sadu. Odnos između temperature vazduha i mortaliteta stanovništva istraživan je u periodu od 1897. do 2009. godine. Tokom analize, a u cilju boljeg uočavanja sezonalnih promena mortaliteta stanovništva, posmatrana vremenska serija je podeljena na nekoliko perioda. Prvi period se odnosi na kraj 19. i prvu polovinu 20. veka (1897-1952), drugi period obuhvata drugu polovinu 20. veka (1953-1997), a treći period čini 1998-2009. godina. U radu je analiziran uticaj temperature vazduha na mortalitet ukupnog stanovništva, mortalitet stanovništva prema polu i mortalitet stanovništva starog 65 i više godina, a u periodu 1998-2009. godine, u analizu su uključeni i uzroci smrti stanovništva. Posebno je analiziran kardiovaskularni mortalitet i mortalitet stanovništva izazvan respiratornim bolestima, dok su ostali uzroci smrti posmatrani zajedno. Za analizu uticaja temperature vazduha na sezonalnost mortaliteta korišćene su različite statističke metode kao što su korelaciona i regresiona analiza (grafički prikazane na dijagramu rasturanja), t-test, relativni rizik i koeficijent sezonalne varijacije mortaliteta. Kod analize mortaliteta prema polu korišćen je i odnos šansi. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu pokazuju da je mortalitet stanovništva u Novom Sadu veći tokom zimskog perioda godine. U periodu 1897-1952. godine nije pronađena statistički značajna povezanost između temperature vazduha i mortaliteta stanovništva, dok je u drugoj polovini 20. veka (1953-1997) i u periodu 1998-2009. godine uočena statistički značajna negativna korelacija između temperature vazduha i mortaliteta stanovništva, a regresiona analiza pokazuje da se sa rastom temperature vazduha mortalitet stanovništva smanjuje. U periodu 1998-2009. godine pronađena je i statistički značajna negativna korelacija između mortaliteta kardiovaskularnih bolesti i temperature vazduha, kao i između mortali, The main aim of this dissertation is to investigate the temperature-related human mortality in Novi Sad, for the period from 1897 until 2009. In order to detect temporal sesonal changes during time, research period was split in three parts. First period is related to the end of 19th century and first half of 20th century (1897-1953), second period covers second half of 20th century (1953-1997) and third period is related to 1998-2009. In this dissertation impact of air temerature on human mortality of total population, than mortality by sex and mortality of old population (population aged 65 and over) is scrutinised. In the period 1998-2009 in analyses and causes of death are included. Three group of cause of death are investigated: cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and all other causes of death are observed together. Several different statistical methods were used for analysis of impact of air temperature on seasonal variation of human mortality: correlation and regression analysis (presented at scatter diagram), t-test, relative risk and coefficient of seasonal variation of mortality. The odds-ratio was used in the chapter related to mortality by sex. Results for Novi Sad, show that human mortality in higher during winter period. In the period 1897-1952 statistical analysis does not show significant relation between air temperature and human mortality, while in the period of second half of 20th century (1953-1997) and period 1998-2009 statistical analysis indicated strong negative correlation between air temperature and human mortality and according to results of regression analysis increasing of air temperature is related with decreasing mortality. In the period from 1998 to 2009 statistical analysis show significant and negative correlation between cardiovascular mortality and air temperature, as well as mortality from respiratory disease and air temperature. Analysis of relation between other causes of death and air temperature does not show any si