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The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the car is due to their use as a flame retardant additive in various car components such as dashboard, plastic parts, seat and headliner cushion foams, insulated cables, and electronic circuits. Ingestion of dust inadvertently or dermal contact to dust are significant pathways of human exposure to pollutants including PBDEs. There are no studies documenting presence of car dust associated flame retardants in Turkey. In the current study, a total of 13 PBDEs congeners were investigated in 62 car dust samples collected from Bursa province of Turkey using glass-fiber filters and a vacuum cleaner. Results of the study showed that congener concentrations were within the range of

PubMed ID: 33475343 2-s2.0-85100240278 As a result of its unique location, Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa, making it an important place in terms of long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) of contaminants. Atmospheric levels of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 45 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in two metropolitan cities, Istanbul and Izmir, on a weekly basis from May 2014 to May 2015. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives were dominant OCP species, followed by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) at both sites. The annual mean concentration of ?DDX (sum of o,p?-DDT, p,p?-DDT, o,p?-DDD, p,p?-DDD, o,p?-DDE, and p,p?-DDE) was 82 pg/m3 for Istanbul and 89 pg/m3 for Izmir, while these levels were about 46 pg/m3 for ?HCHs (sum of ?-, ?-, ?-, and ?-HCH) at both of the sites. At both stations, tri- and tetra-PCBs and tetra- and penta-PBDEs were dominant congeners. The temperature dependence indicates that both LRT and local contaminated areas contribute to the elevated levels. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) showed a few potential source regions in northern Africa and Middle East, southern-southwestern and eastern Europe including Russia, as well as from local domestic metropolitan areas. © 2021 American Chemical Society. 112Y315 Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICIT We acknowledge funding from Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) for the financial support under the grant scheme of The Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (Grant No. 112Y315).

Bu çalışmada 2012 yılında İstanbul’un farklı bölgelerinde bulunan evlerden toplanan ev tozu örneklerinde ağır metallerin tespitine yönelik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Şubat-Mart 2012 tarihleri arasında önceden belirlenmiş olan evlerden elektrik süpürgesi vasıtasıyla toplamda 39 adet toz örneği alınmıştır. Toplanan toz örnekleri, insan sindirim sisteminin ağız, mide ve bağırsak aşamalarında devreye giren vücut sıvılarını temsil ediecek şekilde hazırlanan yapay çözeltiler ile muamele edildikten sonra asitle tam yakma işlemine tabi tutulmuş ve indüktif eşleşmiş plazma kütle spektrometre cihazı (ICP-MS) kullanılarak ağır metaller tayin edilmiştir. Sindirim sisteminin her bir aşamasında ağır metallerin biyolojik alınabilirlik miktarları (Bioavailability-BA) ayrı ayrı olarak tespit edilmiş, elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda ağır metaller için kanserojen ve kanserojen olmayan risk değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Ağır metal türüne bağlı olarak ortalama konsantrasyon seviyelerinin 0,450 ila 620 µg/g arasında değiştiği tespit edilirken, biyolojik alınabilirlik değerlerinin ise %45 ile %65 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir.

This paper presents data obtained from concurrently deployed polyurethane foam disk passive samplers in Kuwait, Turkey, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Oman between January and October 2018. The study’s main goal was to initiate a passive air sampling network across the Middle East to generate comparable data, which will help report obligations of the various countries and be used in protocol discussions. The ∑24OCP concentrations were highest in the samples collected from Kartaba in Lebanon (7780 pg·m-3), and the lowest concentration was recorded at the BUTAL site in the Bursa province of Turkey (7.27 pg·m-3). The mean ambient ∑24OCP concentrations on a country-specific basis over consecutive sampling campaigns were: Lebanon (1680 pg·m-3) > Bursa (Turkey) (78.7 pg·m-3) > Oman (55 pg·m-3) > Kuwait (42 pg·m-3) > Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (19.1 pg·m-3). The results show no cancer risk due to inhalation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ambient air. This study provides the first reliable measurements of the spatial variability in the atmospheric concentrations of OCPs across several Middle Eastern countries, providing a baseline for assessing time trends in air, one of the core matrices for the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NFRs) were measured in ambient outdoor air, indoor air and indoor dust collected in homes and offices at urban, semi-urban and rural locations in Istanbul, Turkey. Indoor air levels of Sigma 12PBDEs in homes and offices ranged from 36 to 730 pg/m(3) and 160 to 10 100 pg/m(3), respectively, while levels of Sigma(12)NFRs ranged from 180 to 7600 pg/m(3) and 180 to 42 400 pg/m(3), respectively. Outdoor air levels ranged from 110 to 620 pg/m(3) for Sigma 12PBDEs and 750 to 2800 pg/m(3) for Sigma(12)NFRs. I/O ratios that are greater than 1 suggest that air concentrations detected in indoor environments are mainly from indoor sources. Indoor dust levels in homes and offices of Sigma 12PBDEs ranged from 400 to 12 500 ng/g and 330 to 32 200 ng/g respectively and levels of Sigma(12)NFRs ranged from 320 to 31 400 ng/g and 910 to 97 900 ng/g, respectively. The I/O ratios >1 for PBDEs and NFRs may indicate that emissions of these chemicals detected in homes and offices are mainly from indoor sources. Due to childrens' frequent hand-to-mouth behaviour, lower body weight and increased dust ingestion rate compared to adults, exposure rates to target chemicals for children were greater than those of adults. Based on median concentrations of chemicals of interest in dust and air samples from Istanbul, we estimate that exposure rates of children to PBDEs and NFRs are up to 160 times higher compared to adults but none of the estimated exposure rates results for children or adults were than the recommended daily oral reference dose values of certain analytes. (C) 2017 Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution Research and Control. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Polyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers were employed to assess air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in background, agricultural, semi-urban, urban and industrial sites in Bursa, Turkey. Samplers were deployed for approximately 2-month periods from February to December 2014 in five sampling campaign. Results showed a clear rural-agricultural-semi-urban-urban-industrial PCBs concentration gradient. Considering all sampling periods, ambient air concentrations of Σ43PCBs ranged from 9.6 to 1240 pg/m3at all sites with an average of 24.1 ± 8.2, 43.8 ± 24.4, 140 ± 190, 42.8 ± 24.6, 160 ± 280, 84.1 ± 105, 170 ± 150 and 280 ± 540 pg/m3for Mount Uludag, Uludag University Campus, Camlica, Bursa Technical University Osmangazi Campus, Hamitler, Agakoy, Kestel Organised Industrial District and Demirtas Organised Industrial District sampling sites, respectively. The ambient air PCB concentrations increased along a gradient from background to industrial areas by a factor of 1.7–11.4. 4-Cl PCBs (31.50–81.60%) was the most dominant homologue group at all sampling sites followed by 3-Cl, 7-Cl, 6-Cl and 5-Cl homologue groups. Sampling locations and potential sources grouped in principal component analysis. Results of PCA plots highlighted a large variability of the PCB mixture in air, hence possible related sources, in Bursa area. Calculated inhalation risk levels in this study indicated no serious adverse health effects. This study is one of few efforts to characterize PCB composition in ambient air seasonally and spatially for urban and industrial areas of Turkey by using passive samplers as an alternative sampling method for concurrent monitoring at multiple sites., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (21514107-221.01-8290); TUBITAK (112Y315)

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are found in multi-media indoors, therefore, may pose serious risks to human health. This study investigated the occurrence of BFRs in particulate matter (PM

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were quantified in 18 surface sediment samples, 1 sediment core, and several mangrove tissue samples collected in Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico in September 2013. Total PCBs in surface sediments ranged from 0.42 to 1232ngg-1 dw. Generally, higher levels were observed near-shore close to urban and industrial areas. The levels suggest significant pollution in Jobos Bay with respect to PCBs. Two-thirds of the sites were dominated by lighter PCB congeners (tri- to penta-chlorinated PCBs) while one-third had heavy PCB congeners (hexa- to octa-chlorinated PCBs) dominant. Total PCBs in a sediment core indicated levels fluctuating according to historical usage patterns. Total PCBs were measured in mangal leaves (14-747ngg-1 dw), roots (0.26-120ngg-1 dw), and seeds (16-93ngg-1 dw), suggesting bioaccumulation from sediments. This is the first report of a historical profile of PCBs in the study area and of PCB bioaccumulation in mangroves. This article provides new and useful information on PCBs in the Caribbean area of the GRULAC region.

The composition of atmospheric aerosols is dynamic and influenced by their emission sources, organic and inorganic composition, transport pathways, chemical and physical processes, microorganisms' content and more. Characterization of such factors can improve the ability to evaluate air quality and health risks under different atmospheric scenarios. Here we investigate the microbial composition of the atmospheric particulate matter (

Symposium on Legacy and Emerging Flame Retardants - Occurrence, Human Exposure and Toxicokinetics (DIOXIN) -- 2018 -- Krakow, POLAND WOS:000472694200025 PubMed ID: 31129402 Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are found in multi-media indoors, therefore, may pose serious risks to human health. This study investigated the occurrence of BFRs in particulate matter (PM1 and PM10 and gas phase by active and passive sampling, and settled dust to estimate potential exposure in a computer technical service. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their alternatives (novel BFRs, NBFRs) were studied. PM and gas phase were collected on glass fiber filters and polyurethane foam plugs, respectively, and analyzed with a GC/MS after extraction, clean-up, and concentration. Inhalation exposure of the staff was estimated based on the measured concentrations using Monte Carlo simulation. BDE-209 was the dominating PBDE congener in all media while bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane were those of NBFRs. Submicron particulate matter (PM1) BFR levels constituted about one half of the PM10-associated concentrations, while average PM10 mass concentration (69.9 mu g m(-3)) was nine times that of PM1 (7.73 mu g m(-3)). Calculated log(10) dust-gas and PM-gas partitioning coefficients ranged from -5.03 to -2.10, -2.21 to -0.55, and -2.26 to -1.04 for settled dust, PM10, and PM1, respectively. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratios were >1 for all compounds indicating the strength of indoor sources in the service. The estimated potential inhalation exposures, for future chronic-toxic and carcinogenic risk assessments, indicated that the levels of gas-phase and PM1-associated exposures were similar at approximately one half of PM10-associated levels. Results of this study indicate that the occurrence of BFRs in all studied media should be taken into consideration for occupational health mitigation efforts. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Atmospheric levels of 43 PCBs, 22 OCPs, and 14 PBDEs were determined in 16 cities at urban and rural sites by passive sampling to generate the first large-scale nationwide dataset of POP residues in Turkey's atmosphere. Sampling campaign was performed from May 2014 to April 2015 with three-month sampling periods at locations on east-west and north-south transects through the country to investigate seasonal and spatial variations, including long range atmospheric transport (LRAT). Factor analysis was conducted to infer on the potential sources. Overall average Σ43PCBs concentration was 108 ± 132 pg/m3. PCB-118 (26.3 ± 44.6 pg/m3) was the top congener, and penta-CBs had the highest contribution with 54.3%. ΣDDTs had the highest annual mean concentration with 134 ± 296 pg/m3 among the OCP groups among which the highest concentration compound was p'p-DDE (97.6 ± 236 pg/m3). Overall average concentration of Σ14PBDEs was 191 ± 329 pg/m3 with the highest contribution from BDE-190 (42%). Comparison of OCPs and PCBs concentrations detected at temperatures which were above and below annual average temperature indicated higher concentrations in the warmer periods, hence significance of secondary emissions for several OCPs and Σ43PCBs, as well as inference as LRAT from secondary emissions. The first nationwide POPs database constructed in this study, point to current use, local secondary emissions, and LRAT for different individual compounds, and indicate the need for regular monitoring. The first country-wide passive sampling of selected POPs showed no unequivocal trends reflecting transitional location of Turkey., TUBITAK (112Y314)

Kurt-Karakus, Perihan Binnur/0000-0001-6737-3475; Alegria, Henry/0000-0003-1685-2008, WOS: 000426356600056, PubMed: 29291570, Passive air samples were collected at eight sites in Bursa, Turkey during five sampling periods between February-December 2014. Locations encompassed urban, suburban, industrial, rural and background environments. Soil samples (n = 8) were collected at each site during February 2014. Six OPEs were detected in samples: tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and tris(2-isopropylphenyl) phosphate (T2-iPPP). Frequency of detection in air samples was TCPP and TPHP (100%) > TBOEP (88%) > TCEP (85%) > TEHP (78%) > T2iPPP (20%). Total OPEs in air per site by sampling period (excluding non-detects) ranged from 529 to 19,139 pg/m(3). In soil, total OPEs ranged from 38 to 468 ng/g dw. In air, alkylated OPEs dominated followed by halogenated and aryl OPEs. In air, annual mean concentrations were TBOEP > TCPP > TPHP > T2iPPP > TEHP > TCEP. In soils, alkylated OPEs were dominant at six sites and chlorinated OPEs at two sites. A comparison of OPE profiles between air and soil suggests that soils may be partly a source of OPEs to air. Mean concentrations in air were not directly proportional to temperature, and there were differences between alkylated compared to halogenated and aryl OPEs. In air, total and alkylated OPEs levels were fairly uniform, whereas more variability was found for the halogenated and aryl compounds. The relative contribution to total OPEs decreases for alkylated OPEs and increases for halogenated OPEs in samples going from background to suburban to urban and industrial sites. Levels of individual OPEs were all positively correlated between air and soils. In air, correlations between individual compounds were weak to moderate and were only statistically significant for TBOEP and TPHP. In soils, correlations were generally stronger and statistically significant only for TPHP and T2iPPP. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) samples were collected at traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites in Bursa, Turkey, between June 2008 and June 2009. For the traffic, residential, coastal, and semiurban sites, the average gas phase total PAH (a(12)PAH) concentrations were 113 +/- A 131, 142 +/- A 204, 53 +/- A 73, and 19 +/- A 34 ng/m(3), respectively, whereas the average particle phase total PAH concentrations were 28 +/- A 36, 56 +/- A 85, 24 +/- A 40, and 11 +/- A 23 ng/m(3), respectively. Phenanthrene and fluoranthene had the highest concentrations of all of the sampling sites in the gas phase. The PAH concentrations in the heating period were 5-7 times greater than the nonheating period concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the relationship between the levels of PAHs determined in ambient samples and their possible sources. The PCA model shows that coal combustion and vehicle emissions affected PAH emissions. Moreover, the molecular diagnostic ratios indicated that coal-burning and traffic emissions were the dominant PAH sources. The multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the meteorological parameters also affected the ambient PAH concentrations. The sampling site characteristics, meteorological conditions, dispersion, and local sources all affected the concentration levels.

Atmospheric concentration and deposition samples were collected between June 2008 and June 2009 in an urban sampling site Yavuzselim, Turkey. Eighty-three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were targeted in the collected samples. It was found that 90% of the total PCB concentration was in the gas phase. Deposition samples were collected by a wet-dry deposition sampler (WDDS) and a bulk deposition sampler (BDS). Average total deposition fluxes measured with the BDS in dry periods was5500±2400 pg/(m2day); average dry deposition fluxes measured by the WDDS in the same period were6400±3300 pg/(m2day). The results indicated that the sampler type affected the measured flux values. Bulk deposition samples were also collected in rainy periods by using the BDS and the average flux value was8700±3100 pg/(m2day). The measured flux values were lower than the values reported for the urban and industrial areas. Dry deposition velocities for the WDDS and BDS samples were calculated0.48±0.35 cm/s and0.13±0.15 cm/s, respectively.

Regeneration studies of wastewater effluent from an organized industrial district (OID) for possible reuse in textile industry as process water was investigated. Advanced treatment methods including Fenton process, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) coagulation and ion exchange were applied on OID effluent. In Fenton process removal efficiencies for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SAC(436) (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC(525) and SAC(620) were determined 61%, 36%, 35%, 49% and 67%, respectively. After Fenton process, wastewater samples were coagulated with PAC. Optimum removal efficiencies for SS, COD, Fe ion, SAC(436), SAC(525) and SAC(620) were determined 83%, 18%, 93%, 32%, 36% and 58%, respectively. Ion exchange experiments were conducted on chemically coagulated wastewater samples to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage of resins was determined. The experiments revealed that 1:1 resin ratio (20 mL H-type resin:20 mL OH-type resin) gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that quality of the wastewater was suitable for the process water characteristics of textile industry and unit wastewater treatment cost was determined as 2.54 is an element of/m(3).

Treatment studies on the effluents originating from an organized industrial district (OID) wastewater treatment plant were investigated. Wastewater samples were taken from an OID where most of industries consist of textile producers having mainly dying and finishing processes. Chemical precipitation and ion exchange methods were applied to the samples in the lab conditions. Optimum removal efficiencies were determined based on the applications of different chemical species and pH. Ca(OH) 2 at pH 11 has provided the maximum removal efficiency in chemical precipitation experiments. In the experiments, removal efficiencies for TSS, COD, Fe, SAC 436 (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC 525 and SAC 620 were 96%, 27%, 94%, 75%, 88% and 90%, respectively. After chemical precipitation, ion exchange experiments were conducted to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage and resin type were determined. The experiments revealed that resin I gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that the quality of the treated wastewater reached the suggested process water limits of the textile industry.

The variations in the occurrences of PCB congeners both in soil and air were investigated in conjunction with each other, and the changes in the fugacity fractions and flux levels were examined on a seasonal basis. Air and soil samples were collected concurrently two or three times in a month during a one-year monitoring at two different locations in Bursa, located in the northwestern Turkey. Fugacity fractions and net flux levels of PCB congeners were calculated. Air and soil PCB levels increased together as the soil temperature increased, suggesting the influence of instantaneous air-soil exchange towards the equilibrium conditions. The flux levels and fugacity fractions also showed a positive significant correlation with soil temperature. Flux levels were positive for the dates with fugacity fractions above 0.5, indicating volatilization from soil to air.

The occurrence of PBDEs has been studied in the atmosphere of four sites in the United Kingdom over a period of ten years. The concentrations have exhibited a sharp decrease after 2001-2003. This is evident in the urban sites of Manchester and London and at the semi-rural site of Hazelrigg. The average Sigma PBDE half-lives for these three sites were 3.4, 2.0 and 3.5 years respectively. Sigma PBDEs concentrations in the UK (in 2010 Sigma PBDEs < 10 pg m(-3)) are among the lowest reported in literature. Comparison of concentrations to estimated emissions and employment of PBDE profiles suggest that PBDEs in the UK atmosphere originate from primary emissions from products that contain mainly the penta-BDE technical mixture. The detection of BDE-183 in the majority of samples hints that octa-bromodiphenylether has also been used extensively in the UK, however to a smaller extent than the penta- product. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ambient air and bulk deposition samples were collected between June 2008 and June 2009. Eighty-three polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were targeted in the samples. The average gas and particle PCB concentrations were found as 393 +/- 278 and 70 +/- 102 pg/m(3), respectively, and 85% of the atmospheric PCBs were in the gas phase. Bulk deposition samples were collected by using a sampler made of stainless steel. The average PCB bulk deposition flux value was determined as 6,020 +/- 4,350 pg/m(2) day. The seasonal bulk deposition fluxes were not statistically different from each other, but the summer flux had higher values. Flux values differed depending on the precipitation levels. The average flux value in the rainy periods was 7,480 +/- 4,080 pg/m(2) day while the average flux value in dry periods was 5,550 +/- 4,420 pg/m(2) day. The obtained deposition values were lower than the reported values given for the urban and industrialized areas, yet close to the ones for the rural sites. The reported deposition values were also influenced by the type of the instruments used. The average dry deposition and total deposition velocity values calculated based on deposition and concentration values were found as 0.23 +/- 0.21 and 0.13 +/- 0.13 cm/s, respectively.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of coagulation, Fenton's oxidation (Fe2+/H2O2) and ozonation for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour from biologically pretreated textile wastewater. FeSO4 and FeCl3 were used as coagulants at varying doses and varying colour removal efficiency was measured. For the Fenton process, COD and colour removal efficiencies were found to be 78% and 95% for the Fenton process, and to be 64% and 71% for the Fenton-like process (Fe3+/H2O2), respectively. Ozonation experiments were conducted at different initial pH values and fixed ozone doses. Ozonation resulted in 43% COD and 97% colour removal whereas these rates increased to 54% and 99% when 5 mg/l hydrogen peroxide was added to the wastewater before ozonation at the same dose. The operating costs of all proposed treatment systems were also evaluated in this study.