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Previous work has shown the robust nature of gender bias in both children and adults. However, much less attention has been paid toward understanding what factors shape these biases. The current preregistered study used parent surveys and child interviews to test whether parents' conversations with their children about and modeling of gender intergroup relations and/or children's self-guided interests about gender ("self-socialization") contribute to the formation of gender attitudes, status perceptions, and gender intergroup behaviors among young 4- to 6-year-old children. Our participant sample also allowed us to explore variation by child gender, ethnicity (Asian-, Black-, Latiné-, and White-American), and U.S. geographical region (Northeast, Pacific Northwest, West, Southeast, and Hawaii). Data suggest that children whose parents reported they were especially active in seeking information about gender tended to allocate more resources to same-gender versus other-gender children and expressed less positive evaluations of other-gender children in comparison to children who were less active. By contrast, we found that parents' conversations with their children about gender intergroup relations and about gender-play stereotypes showed few connections with children's gender attitudes. In terms of demographic differences, boys raised in households with more unequal versus equal division of labor perceived that men had higher status than women, but few differences by ethnicity or geographic region emerged. In sum, our study suggests that both self- and parent socialization processes are at play in shaping early gender attitudes, status perceptions, and gender intergroup behavior, although self-socialization seemed to play a larger role.

Many studies argue that synchronized movement increases prosocial attitudes and behavior. We reviewed meta-analytic evidence that reported effects of synchrony may be driven by experimenter expectancy, leading to experimenter bias; and participant expectancy, otherwise known as placebo effects. We found that a majority of published studies do not adequately control for experimenter bias and that multiple independent replication attempts with added controls have failed to find the original effects. In a preregistered experiment, we measured participant expectancy directly, asking whether participants have a priori expectations about synchrony and prosociality that match the findings in published literature. Expectations about the effects of synchrony on prosocial attitudes directly mirrored previous experimental findings (including both positive and null effects)-despite the participants not actually engaging in synchrony. On the basis of this evidence, we propose an alternative account of the reported bottom-up effects of synchrony on prosociality: the effects of synchrony on prosociality may be explicable as the result of top-down expectations invoked by placebo and experimenter effects.

Music is a human universal characterized by acoustical forms that are predictive of its behavioral functions. For example,listeners accurately distinguish between unfamiliar lullabies and other songs on the basis of their features alone. Thiscould be attributable to adults extensive musical experience, however. Here we show that infants (N = 144) relax inresponse to foreign lullabies, relative to matched foreign non-lullabies, as measured by heart rate, electrodermal activity,and pupillometry. These results were unrelated to age, suggesting the relaxation response is not a function of infantsrich musical experiences. Infants showed no visual preferences for the animated characters producing the songs, but theyattended more to the lullabies, blinking less during the singing. Moreover, the infants parents chose lullabies as the songsthat they themselves would use to calm their fussy infant. These findings raise the possibility that links between form andfunction in music are innately specified.

Across six preregistered studies (N = 1,292; recruited from university subject pools and Prolific Academic), we investigate how face perception along the dimensions of gender/sex and race can vary based on immediate contextual information as well as personal experience. In Studies 1a and 1b, we find that when placing stimuli along a continuum from male to female, cisgender participants sort prototypical gender/sex faces in a bimodal fashion and show less consensus and greater error when placing faces of intermediate gender/sex. We replicate and extend these findings to race in Study 2. In Study 3, we test whether sorting patterns can be influenced by preexisting experiences, and find evidence that transgender/nonbinary participants show less error than cisgender heterosexual participants when sorting intermediary faces. Finally, in Studies 4 and 5, we test whether cisgender participants' judgments of intermediary faces along the continuum are influenced by the specific circumstances under which they are asked to sort. Here, we find that changing the sorting framework to include a third category resulted in less error when placing intermediary faces along the continuum than when participants were provided with only two category labels or two categories and a line at the midpoint, suggesting that new perceptual categories introduced with minimal training can be adopted quickly and successfully in a perceptual task. These data suggest that both long-term life experiences and quick experimental interventions can shape how we think about gender/sex and race. Public Significance Statement: As scientists and as a society, we often describe social dimensions categorically, using terms like male and female, man and woman, or Black, Asian, and White. Yet in reality, these are continuous dimensions wherein people can be intersex, nonbinary, multiracial, or use other terms to describe themselves and others. This work investigates gender/sex and race face perception, with a focus on how less discrete, more intermediate faces are perceived. Across six studies, we find that people are influenced by both well-known labels (e.g., Black, White, man, and woman) as well as personal experience when sorting faces that vary by gender/sex and race. This both reaffirms the importance of category labels in our thinking about social categories and suggests that these categories might be more flexible than previously acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequalities and discrimination based on gender identity, sexual orientation, and sex characteristics remain pervasive worldwide. Scholars have collaborated to address structural and social barriers in LGBTIQ+ research, creating a substantial literature base. However, much of this work focuses on specific segments of the population, overlooks resilience‐ and strengths‐based approaches, and is predominantly conducted in the U.S. and other Western countries. In this introduction article, we discuss how this special issue extends previous research by uniting scholars globally to collaboratively reimagine the lens through which scientists conduct LGBTIQ+ research. By exploring diverging needs across subgroups of LGBTIQ+ people, discussing the (dis)advantages of various methodological choices, and offering a better understanding of how unique legal and social landscapes affect LGBTIQ+ individuals globally, this special issue aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the current state of research combined with concrete directions for redress. Given that barriers to conducting LGBTIQ+ research differ significantly by nation, we conclude this introductory article by calling for a research community that is more aware of unequal power dynamics within academia, willing to take action to reduce disparities in the global academic system, and inclusive of voices from underrepresented groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing global interest in lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersex, and queer/questioning (LGBTIQ+) research, variations in measurement practices across countries have remained underexplored. In this work, we focused on two fundamental aspects of measurement vital to understanding the experiences of LGBTIQ+ people. Specifically, we documented current measures of sex, gender, and sexual orientation used in national mental well‐being‐related surveys and reviewed whether the mental well‐being scales in those surveys have been validated for LGBTIQ+ people. We employed a stratified sampling strategy and evaluated national surveys from a list of randomly selected countries representing 10% of global nations (N = 21). Fewer than half of the countries measured sexual orientation and fewer than one‐third measured gender beyond the binary in their national surveys. Among the countries that measured gender or sexual orientation, the response options and question phrasing were often not inclusive. In addition, most of the mental well‐being scales lacked validity evidence for LGBTIQ+ populations. Finally, we outline recommendations for the future of reimagining LGBTIQ+ research in terms of measurement, highlighting the importance of research engagement with the global LGBTIQ+ community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past half‐decade has seen an exponential rise in proposed and debated anti‐trans legislation in the United States. These bills are often positioned at the center of divisive political debates between Republicans (who typically support these laws) and Democrats (who typically do not). In the process of discussing these debates, there has been widespread dissemination of anti‐trans rhetoric that has the potential to impact public opinion. In this review, we approach this rhetoric through the lens of social psychology with a specific focus on instances where anti‐trans legislation is portrayed as beneficial for the rights of other vulnerable groups of people, such as cisgender women and children. We identify psychological constructs reflected in anti‐trans rhetoric and then review existing literature on the consequences and beliefs associated with these constructs. Based upon this review, we argue that the kind of reasoning used to promote anti‐trans laws—specifically, essentialist beliefs and benevolent sexism—is actually associated with outcomes that are detrimental to the very groups these laws purport to protect. Given these potentially adverse effects of essentialism and benevolent sexism, we reflect on ways to reduce the impact of these psychological constructs in everyday life and suggest some alternatives to these laws that would improve the lives of both cisgender and transgender individuals. Next, we briefly discuss other forms of anti‐trans rhetoric and suggest ways that social psychology can be used to positively reframe rhetoric and policy to promote the welfare of transgender and gender‐diverse individuals. We close our paper with a brief discussion of limitations and summary of our ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To identify barriers to successful tuberculosis (TB) treatment in Tomsk, Siberia, by analysing individual and programmatic risk factors for non-adherence, default and the acquisition of multidrug resistance in a TB treatment cohort in the Russian Federation. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutively enrolled, newly detected, smear and/or culture-positive adult TB patients initiating therapy in a DOTS programme in Tomsk between 1 January and 31 December 2001. Findings Substance abuse was strongly associated with non-adherence [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 7.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.89-18.46] and with default (adjusted OR: 11.2; 95% Cl: 2.55-49.17). Although non-adherence was associated with poor treatment outcomes (OR: 2.4; 95% Cl: 1.1-5.5), it was not associated with the acquisition of multi-drug resistance during the course of therapy. Patients who began treatment in the hospital setting or who were hospitalized later during their treatment course had a substantially higher risk of developing multidrug-resistant TB than those who were treated as outpatients (adjusted HRs: 6.34; 95% CI: 1.35-29.72 and 6.26; 95% CI: 1.02-38.35 respectively). Conclusion In this cohort of Russian TB patients, substance abuse was a strong predictor of non-adherence and default. DOTS programmes may benefit from incorporating measures to diagnose and treat alcohol misuse within the medical management of patients undergoing TB therapy. Multidrug-resistant TB occurred among adherent patients who had been hospitalized in the course of their therapy. This raises the possibility that treatment for drug-sensitive disease unmasked a pre-existing population of drug-resistant organisms, or that these patients were reinfected with a drug-resistant strain of TB. Objectif Identifier les obstacles s'opposant au traitement avec succes de la tuberculose (TB) a Tomsk en Siberie, par une analyse des facteurs de risque individuels et programmatiques de nonobservance du traitement, d'abandon et d'acquisition d'une pharmacoresistance dans une cohorte traitee contre la TB en Federation de Russie. Methodes Nous avons mene une etude retrospective sur une cohorte d'adultes recemment diagnostiques comme tuberculeux par examen de frottis positif et/ou par culture et debutant un traitement dans le cadre d'un programme DOTS (autrefois appele traitement de breve duree sous surveillance directe) a Tomsk, entre le 1er janvier et le 31 decembre 2001. Resultats Il existe de fortes associations entre la toxicomanie et la non observance du traitement (OR ajuste : 7,3 ;IC a 95 % : 2,89-18,46) et son abandon (OR ajuste : 11,2 ; IC a 95 % : 2,55-49,17). Si la non-observance du traitement est associee a un resultat therapeutique insatisfaisant (OR : 2,4 ; IC a 95 % : 1,1-5,5), elle ne l'est pas avec l'acquisition d'une pharmacoresistance. Les malades ayant debute un traitement dans un cadre hospitalier ou ayant ete hospitalises ulterieurement au cours de leur traitement presentent un risque nettement plus eleve de developper une TB multiresistante que ceux traites en ambulatoire (OR ajustes : 6,34 ; IC a 95 % 1,35-29,72 et 6,26 ; IC a 95 % : 1,02-38,35, respectivement). Conclusion Dans cette cohorte de malades russes, la toxicomanie etait un facteur predictif fort de non-observance et d'abandon. Les programmes DOTS peuvent tirer profit de l'incorporation de mesures de diagnostic et de traitement des abus d'alcool dans le cadre d'une prise en charge medicale des malades traites contre la TB. Les TB multiresistantes apparaissent chez des malades observant leur traitement et hospitalises dans le cadre de celui-ci. Cette observation laisse entrevoir la possibilite que le traitement des maladies pharmacosensibles demasque une population preexistante d'organismes pharmacoresistants ou que les malades concernes aient ete reinfectes par une souche pharmacoresistante de TB. Objetivo Identificar obstaculos al exito del tratamiento de la tuberculosis (TB) en Tomsk (Siberia), analizando Ios factores de riesgo individuales y programaticos de incumplimiento y abandono del tratamiento y de adquisicion de multirresistencia en una cohorte de pacientes tratados de TB en la Federacion de Rusia. Metodos Hemos realizado un estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes adultos consecutivos con TB recien detectada (baciloscopia y/o cultivo positivo) en Ios que se inicio un tratamiento con la estrategia DOTS (tratamiento breve bajo observacion directa) en Tomsk entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2001. Resultados El abuso de sustancias se asocio estrechamente al incumplimiento del tratamiento (OR ajustada: 7,3; IC95%: 2,89-18,46) y a su abandono (OR ajustada: 11,2; IC95%: 2,55-49,17). El incumplimiento se asocio a malos resultados terapeuticos (OR: 2,4; IC95%: 1,1-5,5), pero no a la adquisicibn de multirresistencia en el curso del tratamiento. En comparacion con los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento ambulatorio, el riesgo de presentar multirresistencia fue significativamente mayor en aquellos que iniciaron el tratamiento en un hospital (HR ajustada: 6,34; IC95%: 1,35-29,72) o que fueron hospitalizados posteriormente en el curso de su tratamiento (HR ajustada: 6,26; IC95%: 1,02-38,35). Conclusion En esta cohorte de pacientes rusos con TB, el abuso de sustancias predijo bien el incumplimiento y el abandono del tratamiento. Los programas de DOTS pueden beneficiarse de la incorporacion de medidas para diagnosticar y tratar el abuso de alcohol en pacientes sometidos a tratamiento antituberculoso. Se produjeron casos de TB multirresistente en pacientes que cumplieron su tratamiento pero fueron hospitalizados en el curso de este. Esto plantea la posibilidad de que el tratamiento de la enfermedad sensible a Ios antituberculosos desenmascare una poblacion preexistente de miroorganismos resistentes o de que estos pacientes se hayan reinfectado con cepas farmacorresistentes., Introduction Background After a long period of decline, tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality in the Russian Federation rose dramatically in the 1990s and peaked in 2000. (1) During the same [...]